BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY,.\ND FIEi\[,-[FI

TABLB OF CO|'.ITENTS

Property of

Engr. Edward Ang

TOPIC

OSH Legislation in the PhilippinesAccident Causation theoriesEffbctive CourmunicationFluman Elements in SafetyEmployee Safety TrainingRole of SuperVisors in SafetyFire SafetyMachine GuardingMaterials t{andling and StorageElectrical Saf'etyPersonal Protective EquipntentOSH L{ azards : Identi tlcati on,Assessnr en t & Controllndustrial HygieneOccupational Health ProgramntingSafety lnspectionAccident Investi gationJob Hazard AnalysisSafety ProgrammingBasic First AidRe- Entry Plan .

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and LOTO

OCCUPATTONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

The Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OS[{S) are mandatory rules on occupationalsafety and health promulgated pursuant to Article 162; Book IV of the Labor Code of thePhilippines. It is a codified compilation of updated safety ad health rules aimed at protectingman against the dangers of injury and death thru safe rvorking conditions.

The Standards provide the legal framework for all safety and health progrems of theDepartment of Labor and Employments irnposing a responsibility on the employer and acorresponding duty on all workers to observe safety and health measures at the enterpriselevel.

The Standards are administered and enforced by the Department of I-abor and Employment.Its enforcement is canied out by the fourteen (1a) Regional Labor Offices and their districtoft-rces nationwide. However, local governments rnay be authorized by the Secretary toenforce the Standards within their respective jurisdictions rvhere they have adequate facilitiesand personnel for the purpose as determined by and subject to national standards prescribed b1,

the DOLE.

Rule 1000 - General Provisions

1001 : Purpose and Scope :

1) The objective of this Standards is to protect gvery working man against thedangers of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions, therebyassuring the conservation of valuable manpower resources: and the prevention of loss ordamage to lives and properties, consistent rvith national developrnent goals and rvith the statecommitment for the total development of every lvorker as a complete human being.

2) This Standards shall apply to all places of ernployment except as otherrviseprovided.

1005 : Dr.rties of Ernployer's, Workers and other Persons :

l) Each Employer covere I by the provisions of this Standards shall:a) Furnish his workers a place of employrnent free lrorn hazardclus conditions

thatare causing or likely to cause death, illness or ph1,5r.^' harrn to his rvorkers:b) Give complete job safety instructions to all his rvorkcrs, especiallv to tlrose

Entcring thc.job lbr tlrc first tirno, including tlrdsc lclrting to (hc lirrrriliarizationwith their rvork environment, hazards to u,hich the u,orkers are e.\posed and

steps taken in case of emergency;c) Comply rvith the requirements of the Standards. and,

d) Use only the approved devices and equipment in his rvorkplace.

2) Every worker shall cooperate with the employer in carrying out the provisions ofthe standarcls. Shall report to his supervisor any work hazard that may be

discovered in his workplace.

3) Every workcr shall make proper use ol'all safeguards and devices furnished fbr hisprotection and that of others, and shall {bllow all instructiorts given by the

employer.

(4) Any person, irrcluding any builder, oontractor, enforcernent agent, rvho visits,builds, renovates, install devices, or conducts business in anv establishrnent or

rvorkplace shall comply lvith the provisions of the Standards and all regLtlations ofthe Bmployer, as well as other subsequent issuanccs olthc Secrctary.

Rule 1010 -Other Safety Rules :

1012.02: lmminent I)angcr Defined :

It is a condition or practice that could reasonably be expected to cause death or seriousphysical harm before abatement under the enforcement procedure can be accomplished.

How an Imminent Danger is Corrected:* An Inspection Officer informs the affected employer and the workers of the dander and

that he is recommending to the Regional Director the issuance of an order lbr thestoppage of operation.

* The Regional Director shall determine whether the danger exists and is of subh nature asto wanant the issuance of a stoppage order or other appropriate action.

* The Order shall require specific measures that are necessary to avoid, correct or removethe irnminent danger and to prohibit the preSence of workers in such location where thedangcr exists.

* The Secretary of Labor is informed of the Order and given full details and shall reviewthe Order. Within 5 working days a Final Order (either lifting or sustaining the Order) isissued.

* The Order shall remain in effect until the danger is corrected.

1013 : Hazardous Workplaces :

1. Where the nature of work exposes the workers to dapgerbus environmental elements,contaminants or rvork conditions including ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire, flammablesubstances, noxious components and the like.

2. Where workers are engaged in construction rvork, lqgging, firefighting, rnining andquarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep sea fishing, mechanized farming.

3. Where workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and otherpyrotechnic products.

4. Where workers use or are exposes to power driven or explosive powder actuated tools.5. Where the workers are exposed to biological agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses,

protozoa, nematodes and other parasites.

Rule 1020 - Registration :

Purpose : to provide the Department with the information as guide in its enforcementactivities

1022 : Registrable Unit :

All establishments regardless of size, of economic activity, whether small,medium, or large scale in one single location shall be one registable unit.

1024 : Registration:

l. Shall be made in form DOLE-BWC-[P-3 in three (3) copies and to be submitted tothe Regional Labor Offrce or authorized representdtives.

2. Shall be free of charge and valid for the lifetime of the establishment except whenany of the following condition exists, in which case re-registration as if it were a

' :"Hl['J I J l',i,l X i""o;.,.,r Change in location* Change in ownership, or

Re-openi ng r,rfter previous closin g.

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lkrlc 1030 -'l'r'ainirrg:rnd Accreditation of Pcrsonnel on OSH:

1031 : General Provisions

l. The bureau, accredited organization, OSHC, and other authorized institLrtion rlayconduct continuing progranrs to increase the number and competence of qualifiedpersonnel.

2. The bureau shall prescribed tlre required training progranls and Lrpdate toincorporate latcst trends, practices and technology in OSH.

1032 : Dclin itiorr

l. Safety Oftlcer ntay employee/worker trained and tasked to intplenrent OSI-lprograms irr the workplace.

2. OSH Persortncl Physiciart, Nurse. Dcntist, Clremist, Engineers, Saf'ety OfI'icer',Irirst Aider, arrd other persolts cngaucd by thc establishntent.

.1. l)ractitioncr in Safety and llcalth - any qualilicd person as asscsscd and cluly-accredited by the Bureau to render OSH services.

4. Occupational Satbty and Health Consultant - any practitioner in OSI{ or group ofpersons or organizations duly-accredited by this Bureau to render consultativeservices on OSH.

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-5: Trainer - a perscin who facilitates learning situatioti in one or more topics in OSHtrdining,

6. Trairting Organization - an institr.rtion accredited or authorized by law to conducttraining in OSH.

7 . Flazardous Establishment - an establishrnent where work operations itself or as an

incident to such operations exposes the worker to hazardous likely to causedisabling irrjury,'illness, death or physical or psychological health.

8. Highly Ilazardous Establishment - is one whose potential hazard within thecompany rnay affect the safety and health or person in and outside the premises as

fbllows:a) Petrochenrical works arrd refirreries;b) Chernical works and ch.emical prodLrction pJarrts.

c) LPG storage and rnaterials;d) Stores and distribution center for toxic/hazardous chenricals;e) Large f'ertilizer stores;

0 Explosives factories;g) Works in which chlorine is used in bulk; ;

h) Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above; andi) Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing

issuances related to classification of establishments.

1033 : Training and Personnel Complement:

'l'hs rrrininrunr qualitication, dutics, attd nurnbcr of required sat'cty arrd ltealth ollrcersshoulcl bc as lbllorvs:

t

l. Must complete the Bureau - prescribed training course prior to their appointment.2. Full-time safbty officers must meet the requirement of duly accreditecl practitioner

or consultants by the Bureau.3. Required number of personnel shall be trained and:appointed as Safety Officer in

a fulltime or part-time basis, defending on the number of workers employed, andhazardous nature of the workplace.

a) . For hazardous workplaces:

Nunrbcr ol'rrorl<crs

Vt ininrurrr.Nurlr11.111_ q

H:unrdous.U.fg!I o{Lt1's

_

Hiuhh'Htzlrdous

l--s0 Onc( l) part-timc One( l) full-tirncl -200 One(l) full-tinre One(l) full-timc and

Onc oart-timcz0 l -250 Orre( I ) firll-tirne and

one(t)Dart-tinreTu,o (2) flull-tinrc

2-51--500 Tso (2) full-time Trvo (2) full-tirne and

One nart-tirneIvcn'additional 50

rr fractiou thcrcolOnc (l) additional

full-tirncvcn'additional 250

r fraction tlrercofOne (l) additional

ful[-tirne

b) For non-hazardous workplaces:

Numbcr of Workers Mininrum numbcr of Srrfctv Officcrs

I -250 Onc ( l) Dart-linrc2-5 I -500 Trvo (2) part- lllc50 r -750 Orre(l) full-tirnc7-51-1000 Tu'o (2) full-(iruc

Even additional 50() or fractiou One (l) additional full-tirnchcrcol

Duties of Saf'ety Ofliceri specified on Rule 1040.'l'he employnrent of a fihll-tirne sal'ety ofllcer nray not be re<;uircd if the enrploycrenters into a written( contract with a qualitied consultant or consultingorganization lvhose duties and responsibilities shall be the duties of a safetypractitioner as stated in his Rule. The employment of a consultant. however, willrlot excuse the employer f}om the required training'of his supervisors or technicalpersonnel.

Accreditation:

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Rule 1034

The Secretary, upon the recomrnendation of the Bureau Director, nray accredited andqualified safety and health consulting and training organization and, through the Bureau,rnay issue accreditation to any.qualified safety and health personnel, individual, to canyout the provisions ol'tlrese Standards.

1034.01 : Requirements for Accreditation of a Practitioner irr

Occupntional Safety and Health

A. Practitioner in Occupational Saf'ety and Health

l. The inctiviclual rnust have conrpleted tlre 40-hour Basic Occupational Sal'etl, n1111

l-lealth Training Course as prescribed by the Bureaul2. Must have at least three (3) years of relevant experience in occupational safbty

and health;.j. Must llusst:ss thc rrrinirnunr tlualilications statcd urrdcr l(ulc l96z{.()l nos I to.5,

whichever nray be applicable; and4. Must be duly-licensed to practice his/her profession in the Philippines;5. lf the applicant is a graduate of any 4 to 5 year colle-ee course r.vithout a license,

he/she must have at least four (4) years relevant $xperience in any or the sub-conlponents in a field of specialization as enumerated in Annex "A" and

6| lf the applicant is a college undergraduate he/she must have at least ten (10) years

relevant experience in occupational safety and health.

B. Consultant in Occupational Safety and Health

L The applicant flrust be an accredited practitioner for at least (-5) years r,vith

experience in at least two (2) field of specialization enumerated in Annex "A"2. Must have experience in policy formulation and development, nronitoring and

evaluatiorr, arrd implementation of occupational safety and health nlanagenrent

systems.

3. Must have completed the S0.hour Advance Occupational Satbty and TrainingCourse as prescribed by the Bureau; and

4. Must have earned and additional 480 hours of training/senrinar or related learningprocesses in various fields of occupational safety and health from accreditedorganizations or institutions authorized by law:

1034.02 : Issuitnce and validity of certificate of accreditationnnd identificntion card

Aller evaluation and verification by the Bureau, a certificate of accreditation valid fbr

three (3) years and an identification card shall be issued to any applicarrt ',vlto has

satisfactorily met all the requirements specified in this rule, and upon payment of theprescribed fee a s provided for under Rule 1974 of the Standards.

1034.03 : Dutiei and responsibilities of Practitioners inOccupational Safety and Health

A. Practitioners in Occupational Safety and Health

1. To develop, implernent and promote occupational saf'ety and health progrants ittthe workplace;

2. To advise and assist the enrployer in complying with the provision: of the

Standards, especially in the subnrission of the reporting requirenrerrts,I To pcrl'orrn at lcast a qrrartcrly appraisal/asscssntcnt ol' tlrc ittrplcnrcrttittiort ol'

occupatiotral satbty and health progranrs in the workplace.4. To prepare an annual repoft of safety and health programs ofestablishrnents.5. To be present clrrring the scheduled safety inspections by authorizecl governnrettt

agents and as requested during regular health and safety committee nteetings.6. For Occupatiorral Health Personnel, the duties shall be in accordance rvith Rule

t960

B. OccupationalsafetyandHealthConsultants/Consulti,rgOrganizations

l. To assist, advise or guide the employer in complying r,vith provisiorts of these

Standards. or includin.; the developnrent of health and sat'ety progranrs.

2 To rrrake at least a quiarterly appraisal of progranrs and sat'ety pet'fbrnrance of tlreestablishrncrrt, includir''g the activities of the health and saf'ety conrnrittccln the abserice of d Safety Officer to be present during scheduled saf'ety

inspections by authorized government agents and as requested during regularhealth and safety' committee meetings and to render at least six (6) ltours ofservice a week in the establishment I in the perforrnance of these activities.To advise and assist the ernployer in complying, vvi11', the reporting recluirenrents

of the Standards.

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6.

Rule 1030 - Training of Personnel in OSH :

* Mandates the BWC to conduct training program on bSH directly or through accreditedSafety Training Organizations.

* The training course prescribed by the BWC shall be requisite for the alrpointment of thesafety man in the place of employment.

1032 : Accreditation* Safety Practitioner. SafeU Consultant* Safety Training Organization

: Duties of the Safety Man :

Advice the employer, supervisors and workers on OSH;Investigate accidents;Coordinates safety training programs,Conduct safety and health inspections;Maintain accident records systemProvide assistance to government agencies in the conduct of health and safi:tyinspections, accident investigation or any other related activities.

Rule 1040 - Health and Safety Committees :

Health and Safety Committee is a group of employees 'and management that plans anddevelo.ps policies in all matlers pertaining to safety and health in the workplace.

1041 : General Provisions :

In every place of employment, a health and safety commiftee shall be organized rvithinone (l) month from the date the business starts operating. Health and Saf'ety Corlmittee shall['le reorganized every.lanuary of the following year,

1043 : Duties of the Health and Safety Comrnittee :

* Plans and develops accident prevention programs* Directs the accident prevention efforts of the company* Review reports related to safety and health* Submits reports to the manager on its meetings and activities* Provides necessary assistance to government inspectin! authorities* Initiates and supervises safety training for employees* Develops and maintains a disaster contingency plan.

1045 : [)utics of [irnploycrs :

* Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health* Report to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required reporting forms* Acts on the recommendations of the Health and Safety pommittee, and in case of non-

adoption, to inform the committee of the reason.

1046 : Duties of the Workcrs

* Works in ascordance with accepted safety practices and standards established by theemployer in compliance with the provisions of the Standards.

* Reports unsaf'e conditions and practices to the supervisor by making suggestions firrcorrection or removal of hazards.

* Serves as members of the Health and Safety Committee.

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* Cooperates with the Health and Safety Committee* Assists government agencies in the conduct of health and safety inspection or other

proglams.

Rule 1050 - Notification & (eeping of Records of Accidents/Occupational lllnesses :

1054 : Keeping of Records

l. The employer shall mairtain and keep an accident or illness record which shall be openat all times for inspectio,n to authorized personnel containing the following mirrirnumdata:

* Date of accidentor illness* Name of injured or ill employee, sex, age* Occupation at the time of accidenVillness* Assigned cause of accident/illness* Extent and nature of disability* Period of disability (actual or charged)* If accident involved damaged to materials, equipment or rnachincry, kind and

extent or damage, including estimated or actual cost2. The employer shall accomplish an Annual Work Accident Exposure Data Report in

Duplicate using the prescribed form DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6b which shall be submittedto the Bureau or Regional Office or its duly authorized representative havingjurisdiction on or before the 30s day of the month following the end of each calendar

. year. :

1055 : Evaluation of Disability '

1055.01 : Charges :

1. Death resulting liom accident shall be assigned a time charge of 6,000 days.

2. Permanent 'l otal Disability (PTD) -- shall be assigned a tirne charge of 6,000 days ancl

shall mean any injury or sickness other than death which permanently and totallyincapacitates an employee from engaging in any gainful occupation or rvhich results ilr

the loss or the complete loss of use of any of the following in one accident:,r Both eyes;* One eye and one hand, or aITn, or leg, or foot;

'r Any two of the following not in the same limb, hand, arrn. foot, leg;* Permanent complete paralysis of two limbs;* Brain injury resulting in incurable imbecility or insanity.

3. Permanent Partial Disability - shall mean any injury other than death or pennanent

Partial disability which results in the loss or loss of use of any member or part of amember of the body regardless of any pre-existing disability of the injured member orimpaired body function. Time charges shall be assigned as provided in Table 6 of the

OSHS and shall be used whether the actual number of days lost is greater or less than

the scheduled charges or even ifno actual days are lost at all.4. Temporary Total Disability - shall mean injury or illness which does not result in death

or pennanent total or permanent partial disability but which results in disability frontwork for a day or more. The day of injury or illness and the day on which the

ernployee was able to return to full+ime ernployment shall not be counted as days ofdisability but all intervening period or calendar days subsequent to the day of injury or

illness shall be counted as days of disability.5, Medical Treatrnent lnjury - shall mean an injury which does not result in a disabling

injury but which requires firstaid and medical treatment of any kind.4

Definitions:

* Disabling Injury - shall mean a work inju.y which results in death, permanent total,permanent partial or temporary total disability.

* Total Days Lost - shall mean the combined total, for all ilrjuries or illnesses of all days ofdisabling resulting from temporary total injuries; and/or all scheduled charges assigned tofatal, permanent total and permanent partial injuries.

* Scheduled Charges - shall mean the specific charge (in full days) assigned to apermanent partial, permanent total, or fatal injury or illness.

r Exposure - shall mean the total number of employee-hours worked by all employees ofthe reporting establishment or unit.

* Disabling Injury Frequency Rate - is the number of disabling injuries per 1,000,000employee hours of exposure rounded to the nearest two(2) decimal places.

* Disabling Injury Severity Rate - is the number of days lost per 1,000,000 employee hoursof exposure rounded to the nearest whole number.

Rule 1960 - Occupational Health Services :

livcry r:rnpklycr is lcquirod to provitlc irr lris wurklllacc, rrrudicul trrtl dcrrttl surviccs,emergency medicines and dental facilities.

Coverage : All establishments whether for profit or not, government and its politicalsubdivi si on, govemment owned or control I ed corporati on s.

Services to be provided are :

* Preventive Health Services* Emergency Health Services* Training of OH Personnel* OH Program at the Workplace

Preventive Health Services. - are activities which are preventive in nature and are entrusted toemployers, workers and their representative for the purpose of maintaining sat'e and healthyworking environment that will optimize physical and mental health, and adapting work to the

capabilities of workers..

Emergency Health Services - m( ans the hiring of occupational health personnel and theprovision of emergency medicines and facilities as required by the Standards.

Training of OH Personnel - hiring of OH personnel with the required and mandated trainingin OSH and having passed the licensure board examinations.

OH Program - maintenance of healthful work environment by requiring OH personnel toconduct regular appraisal of sanitary conditions, periodic inspection of premises and planningfor OH pro$ams that will improve the health status of the workers.

ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIBS

Work Accident

It is an unplanned or unexpecteioccu.r.nce that may or may not result in personal injury,property damage, work stoppage or interference or any combination thereo[, which arisesout of and in the course of employment.

It causes the work system to break down since it intervenes betrveen the rvorker,equipment, and environment and the task to be performed.

Objectives of accident prevention activities:

. To prevent personal injuries, permanent impairment or deaths.o' Avoid loss of hurnan resources to the country as a rvhole.. To prevent the economic and social effects of injuries on workers and their

families.. Avoid property and/or equipment damage

Mechanism of accident occurrence:

l. Heinrich's five dominoes model - accidents happen Uy frnain reaction of phenomenaahd accidents are prevented when one of the dominoes file removed.

2. Basic accident mechanism - analysis of accidents is baSed on phenomena. When ahuman body comes in direct contact with an object or is exposed to a hannfulenvironment.

Causal factors of accidents:

o UNSAFE ACT (behavioral) - violation of a commonly accepted safeprocedure, which resulted in an accident. (Ex.: improper attitude, lack ofknowledge or skill, physical or mental defects, etc.)

. UNSAFE CONDIION (environmental) - thd unsafe condition of theagency, which could have been guarded or corrected. (ex.: improper guarding,defective agencies, poor housekeeping, poor ventilation, improperillurnination, etc.)

More or less, 90% of accidents are caused by unsafe acts and the remaining l0o/o arecaused by unsafe conditions. It has also been estimated that about 98% of accidents couldhave been prevented and the remaining 2%o only are unpreventable in nature.

lVlultiple causation theory - many contributing factors, causes and sub-causes combinetogether in random fashion causing accidents. These factors can fall under four general

classifications known as PEME:

. 'Pur"on - worker's.qualification, health condition, relationship with co-workers.

. Environment - enviionmental conditions of the workplace, weather, plantlayout, workspace.

. Management existence' or non-existence , of safety policy,mismanagement, lack of written job procedures, poor commrrnication,

I poor training design.I r Equlpment - defectlve equipment, improper uso of equipment,inappropriate PPE, poor equipment design.

Accident ratio study :

ln 1969, a study of industrial accidents was undertaken by Frank E. Bird, Jr.,theln the Director of Engineering Services for the insurance Company of NorthAnrerica. An analysis was made of 1,753,498 accidents reporteo by 297co.tperating companies. These companies represented 21 different industrialgroups, employing 1,750,000 employees who worked over 3 billion man-hoursdu:ing the exposure period analyzed

.scrious in.jrrr'1,

nrinor injtrr'1,

properly darnage

incidents with no visible injury /clamage (- uZ-tt1 e4c-(l' s.Z.r\

-./

Hoinrich's Domino Modol :

Heinrich's theory analyzes accidents based on five factors that are assumed tooccur in a fixed, chronological order that results to injury, but otherwise believesthirtwhen one of the domino orfactor is removed, accidents could be prevented.

. Ancestry and social environment ':

., Personal defect or unsafe condition

. Unsafe act or fault of ,perso;r. Accident :

. injuU

Basic conccpts of countcr measures for :tccidcnt prcvcntion:

1. Engineering - ideally hazards should be initially designed out oIthe rvorkplaceduring the design and construction stage. Other engineering controls inclucle astudy of all working areas to detect and eliminate or control physical hazards. Italso includes a study of all operating methods and practices.'l'he lilll<lwingshould be considered:

o Proper guarding of machinery, equipment and tools.o Machines, equipment and tools should be properly maintained and in

good conditions.o Good housekeeping. Provide proper illumination and ventilation.o Provide adequate and appropriate PPEs.

2. Education - workers should be given trainings and orientation on saf'ejobprocedures. Refresher courses as well as updates on information of the hazardsthey are exposed to, and the procedure to follow for their prevention.

3. Enforcement - safety policies, written job procedures should be pursued andimplemented by the management, for workers to follow. Regular and intennittentsafety inspections should be undertaken by supervisors and safety officers tornaintain safe and healthful working conditions. Violptibn of some rules should

. be penalized. rXi

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4. Environment - check ventilation, illumination and noise levels, temperatureextremes presence of levels of air contaminants, sufficient workspaces, locationand position of equipment, materials and workers, etc.

Evaluation of safety performance:

1. Evaluation of disability - determine whether the accident that occurred is adisabling injury (death, permanent total, permanent partial, or temporary totaldisability) or first-aid case only.

Determine employeehours of exposure - as much a possible, use actualemployee-hours of exposure based on time clock or payroll records. I-lorvever, ilsuch is not available, calculated man-hours can be used based on the followingprocedure:

o Determine average number of workers per year. Average numberof workers x2,400 hrs. (300days/yr. X 8 hrs/day)o Calculate the total number of disabling injuries incurred for the pcriod,

and the conesponding total number of days lost/charged for all disablinginjuries.

o Calculate for FR and SR. (refer to OSHS)

FR and SR are relative values, for them to be meaningful, they have to be compared rvitheach other. The lower the values, the better the safety performance,

2.

EFFECTIVE COMUNICATION

Communication:

It is the imparting or interchange of'thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, inwriting, or signs.

Effective:

Producing the intended or expected results.

Ways/lVlanners of Com m unication

1. Verbal (spoken)

2. Written (letters, memos)

3. Non-verbal (facial expression, gestures, body language)

Essentials for Effective Com mu ri ication

1. Level oftrustWe need to have some reasonable level of confidence in the person we are listeningto or else it is difficult to establish good communication.

2. Non+hreatening atmosphereWhen a person feels uncomfortable or threatened by the speaker (or conversation),effective comm unica;i on becomes hi ghl y un stabl e.

3. Good feedbackCommunication must always be a two-way process. When the other pr::rson is nottruly listening arld responding, the speaker has no idea whether or not the message

has been properly received.

Communication Cycle Components

1' ttnLttrn.ocling (interpretation) - the rvay sender intends to be interprete<I.

b. Message vehicle (environment) - verbal, written, or non-verbal.c. Decoding (interpretation) - translation made of words just spoken.d. Evaluation (receiver) - receiver makes initial judgment on the message and

takes an attitude either positive or ncgativc.

2. Receivera. llasic reaction - attitude formed based on how message was perceived.

b. Feedback encoding (interpretation) - the way receiver intends to respond

c. Message vehicle (environment) - verbal, written, or non-vertral.d. Decoding (interpretation) - translation of words just spoken.

e. Evaluation (sender) - sender forms judgment on the feedback.

How to be an Effective Listener

1. Full attention focus;2. Maintain eye contact;3. Keep ahead ofthe speaker;4. Mentally summarize main points,5. Periodically confirm you are listening;6. Paraphrasc kcy remarks.

Barriers to Effective Listening

l. Short attention span;2. Bias;3. Disagreerncnt;4. Lack of comprehension;5. No motivation;6. Unfavorable environment;7. Boredom;8. Fatigue;9, Perception.

Safety Communication

As earlier defined, the employer or company wishes to impart upon all employees theircommitment to provide a work place that is safe, healthful and environment-friendly. To maketheir commitment understandable and motivate cooperation, it has adopted an effective tvay ofcommunicating. Firstly, the company's support is usually shown in well-designed frame rvherethe write up is done and exhibited in a very visible place to the enrployees. Various fonns ofcommunication medium and programs are then utilized to maintain the safety and healthawareness by all its employees.

'l'ypcs And Manncr Of *.rro*. Vchictc

1. Wriuen and displayed Managemcnt Philosophy dnd Comrnitment;2. Written and distributed to all employees Safety Rules and Regulation;3. Written and distributed to all concerned employees standard equipment operating

procedures;4. Bulletin boards and newsletters;5. Itegular, periodic, special meetings - Central Committce and Sectional;6. Directional Signs - Entry, Exit, Parking, Orte Way, Right/Left Turns, No Entry;7. Locational Signs - Fire Extinguishers, Emergency Exits, Fire Alarms, Hydrants8. Warning Signs - Aisle yellow line, Operate Automatically, Authoriz-cd operator

Only, Keep Closed, Restricted, No Smoking, Eye Protection Area;9. Warning Systems (Audio-Visual) - Siren, Fire/Evacuation Alarm, Bell light, I-lorn,

Computerized Messages;10. Waming Tags, Labels, Material Safety Data Sheets;

11. Warning Convex and Dome Minors;12. Color Coding - Yellow for Caution, Red for Danger/Fire Related, Green for Saf'e,

Orange for Electricals/Hazardous Materi als;

13. Work Permits - Hot, Elevated, Confined Space, Flammable, Explosive, foxic:14. Campaign Materials - Illustration, Posters, Brochures, Flyers VI-IS Tapes;

15. Outreach Programs to households of employees.

HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFBTY

Despite great differences in people the reason for their activities are common to all. Mostlyneeds are the same, particularly at the biological level and psychosocial level. It is upon theseNeeds that the safety professiona{ and others in the position of leadership in industry cacapitalize to most effectively promote safety:

o PhysicalCharacteristicso Emotional Stabilityo Previous Work Experiences ,o Work Attitudeso Aptitude

. o Physical and Emotional Needs

Physical Characteristics and Safety:

It is a common practice to screen job candidates by testing for physical characteristicssuch as hearing, sight, response time, manual dexterity, steadiness, size, strength, respiratoryand cardiovascular capacity and stamina, one or more of which may be essential to the type ofwork performed. No relationshil has been shown, however, between physical deficienciei andbccidents rate. Some jobs requirr a high degree of physical comiretence; others don't, however,it is a much different matter to lirrk physical conditions and capaeity to industrial accidents,

Emotiohs:

Actions on the purely emotional can be confusing and disruptive, detrimental to theiildividual and group. Emotion best serves motivation when a low and reasoned level ofintensity, constructively guided stimuli perceived by individuals of a group as believable andcontributory to self esteem, peer approval, financial progress and security.

Factors leading to unsafe uttituO. at work:

1. Job Factors

o Poor lcaderships and supervisiono Poor working conditionso Poor rvorking standardso Abuse and misuse

2. Personal Factors

o Physical; and rnental capabilityo Physical and mental stresso Lack of knowledge and skillso Poor motivation

I{uman behavior is man in relation to his culture, social and physical environment. [t is also

man's action and reaction in its environment.

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Examples of unmotivated attitude towards of workers:. Ignores procedures, instructions, directions, rvarnings. Makes shortcuts

Lacks appreciation to hygieneo Doesn't use PPEso Lacks appreciation to standardso Uncooperative

Examples of Unsafe Acts:

. Operating without permit, clearanceo Failure to secure, wam. Operating at unsafe speedo Making safety devices inoperativeo ljsing unsafe or substandard equipment, toolso Taking unsafe position or postureo Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, etc.o Working on moving or dangerous equipmento Distracting, teasing, abusirtg, etc.o Failure to use PPEs.

Motivaiion

It is willingness to expend energy to achieve a goal / need / want / retvard. In each individualthere is perceived hierarchy (scale or order of relative rvork or value) of motivational factors.Factors that play a role in human motivation are:

o Biology .o psychology

o Economic

People have more than onc source of motivation, thc rclativc valuc of rvhich varics with:o Upbringingo Environmento Experienceo Immediate and long - term circumstanceso Expectations

Needs are caused by deficie,ncies which can be either be physical or ernotional orpsychological which produce rirotives or stimulus rvhich can lead to an action in order toaccomplish the goal or satisfy th': need / rvant.

Once need is satisfied or achieved, motives are reduced and restores a temporary balancewithin a person.

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Common characteristics of Motives:

. It activates human behavioro It directs this behavior towards achieving a particular goal lneed / want.o It sustains this behavior

Hierarchy of Human needs are:

1. Physiological Needs - needs of the human body that must be satisfied in order tolive and sustain life.'

2. Security / safety nee( s - protection against danger, threat or deprivation.3. Social Needs - the, needs for love, affection, belongingness, acceptance into

meaningful groups.4. Ego Needs - this influence the development of various kinds of relationship based

on adequacy, independence, and the giving and receiving of indications of self-esteem and acieptance.

5. Self-fulfillment Needs - the will to operate at the optimum and thus receiverewards resulting from attainments.

Safety against conflicting desires among workers :

o Safety vs. timeo Safety vs. effort

'o Safety vs. comforto Safery vs. attentiono Safety vs. acceptanceo Safety vs. independence

Responses from unmotivated workers :

o "pwede na yan" / "ok na yan"o "hayaan mo na yan" l "kayayan"o "bukas na yan"o "hindi mangyayari yan"o "malusog ako, hindi ko kailangan yan"o "aksidentc yan, di maiiwasan"o "bahala na"o "kung oras mo na, oras mo na talaga"

Principles in Understnnding People :

l. I{uman behavior is caused. An effective supervisor can uncover tlrese cause an<l

take steps to correct them.2. Motives are always present in every behavior, whether one is aware or not.' 3. Motives are often disguised.4. Some motives have priority over others.5. Individuals differ in so many aspects, including motives-

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EMPLOYEE SAFETY T'RAINING

Introduction

Many accidents occur because the.worker has not be trained adequately on how to do the jobproperly. The purpose of safety and health training is make employees aware of the safety andhealth hazards under which they operate during the working day, as well as to show them howto perfonn their jobs without endangering themselves or their fellow employees.

Safety training is one. specific solution to address a safety or health need caused by lack ofappropriate behavioral skills, related knowledge, and /or attitudes. Training piovides the"how-to-do" of a subject, and usually the "rvhat". It only provides the "why" to the extent thalthe people need to know is in order to complete the. risk.

Training is primarily focused on behavior or performance change, on how to do somethingproperly and how to apply the new information and skills on the job. Safety performanceeffectively and by insisting that they be followed. Safe work performance is also encouragedby teaching people the facts about accident causes and preventive measures.

Employee safety training is required under the Occupational Safety & I-lealth Standards rvhichis enforced by the Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) of the Departnrent of Labor &Employment.

; Reasons why people fail to follow safbty procedures:1. Ernployees were not given specific instructions on the operation.2. They misunderstood the operation.3. They were not listening to instructions given.4. They intentionally disregarded the instructions.5. They considered the instructions unimportant or un4ecessary.

Benefits of Training: ' ' i

1. ReinforcJment of th,.: operational goals of the organ'lzation.

3. Fewer incidents/acci lents 'l

4. Reduced costs. t

How & When to Provide Safety TrainingTraining should start as soon as a new errtployce is hircd, or when atr crnployec is

transt'erred to another job, or when the need arises.

Who Conducts Safety Training Programs:l. Director of Training2. Training Department personnel3. Director of Safety4. Safety Engineer5. First-line supervisor6. Consultants7. Others.

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Qualities of a good trainer:1, Thorough knowledge of the subject,2. Have the desire to initruct.3, Have a friendly and cooperative attitude.4. Must have leadership qualities.5. Have a professional ahitude and approach.6. Must set an example for others.

Developing the Training Program:When developing a training program, consider the training needs, program objectives,

course content, materials and methodology.l. Assessment - Training needs analysis

A training program is needed for:- new employees- transferredemployees

Indications of a need for a training program- frequency ofaccidents- new equipment or processes are introduced- procedures have been rcvised- when employee performance need to be irnproved.

2. Objectivesa. Performance objectives provide the safety prot'essional or trainer with a

structure or framework for developing the training progran.l.Objectives are also important guides in the .

. selection and development of course conlent.

. selection and development of learning activities.

. nleasurement of learner's performance.Otrjcctives are important to the workers being trained because they:

. provide a target for performance (or behavior).

. h'elp learners identify their focus.

. inform leamers how they will be evaluated.

Four parts of an effective objective (abcd method of objective writing). audience - always identify the audience.. behavior - identiS what learners must do in order to

demonstrate mastery.. condition - identify what learners will be given or not given in

order to do the behavior.. degree - speciff how well the learner must perfonn the behavior.

Organization of contents and materialsAfter defining the objectives, the next step is to determine what is to becovered. Often, course contents can use existing texts, SOP's and JSA's,graphics, flowcharts, examples, etc. :

Sometimes a completely new progranr must be designed to conform to theobjectives.

Methodology, trai ning techniquesa. On-the-job (OJT) training

- Job instruction training (a - stef method)- Coaching

. b. Group methods

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confereircebrainstormingcase studyincident processrole playinglectirequestion and answer

c. Individual inethods

DemonstrationVideo-based trainingComputer assisted training i

5. Testing and evaluationPretestReview testPosttest

Location of Safety Training Programs:

L Workplace2. Simulated workplace (trainer)3. Offrce '

.4. Classroom5. Laboratory6. Outside company pr;lmises.

Types of Training: i

l. New Employee Safety Training and OrientationSubjects usually include: :

a. -Compiny

orientation, history and goals ,

b. Adrninistrative - policy statements, pay rates, pay days, etc.c. Safety Policyd. General Safety rules & regulations :

e. Responsibilitiesf. Housekeepingstandardsg. PPEh. Gcncral Emergency procedures, location,ol' Ilre fighting equipment,

Ilxits, medical, etc.i. Reporting of accidents/injuries

2, Job TrainingThis relers to training on the task or job assignment.JIT - is a technique for providing on-the-iob training lbr a particular task.

4-stcll methoda. Preparation - prepare the workerb. Presentation - present the operatroh ,,

c. Performance - try-out performance. Waich the worker perfomr the taskd. Follow-up

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3. SpecializedTraininga. Fire fighting:- fire brigade dutiesb. Hot work permits/proceduresc. First Aidd. Lockout and tagout procedurese. Wclding/cuttihgf. I:icluiprnent operator trainingg. Confined space entry proceduresh. Others

Safety Training for SupervisorsThe immediate job of preventing accidents and controlling rvork hazards fall upon the

supervisor not because it has been assigned to hinr but because safety and production controlare associated supervisory functions. One of the duties arising out of these functions is givingjob instructions and therefore, supervisors should also undergo safety training. The objectivesof this training are:

l. To establish them as the "key man" in preventing accidents2. To provide them the tools for accident prevention3. To help them gain skill in safety activities4. To help them in the implementation of safety practices in their own areas of

responsibilities.

Saf'ety Training fbr Sa l'ety En gineers/Practi t i oners

.Safety engineers act as consultants and are expectcd to provide timely advisc tomanagement and line people with regards to Salety and loss c<lntrol. 'fhey shouldtherefbre possess the expertise in all aspects of safety ancl loss control to eflectivelydischarge of this f unction. This expcrtise is acquired, tlrrough attending sal'et1, training,conf-erences, and of course actual exposure and experiencc ot1 the job.

The government, through DOLE, regulates the practice of safety and requires safetypractitioners to undergo the required 40 - hr. Occupational Safety and Health training from anaccredited trainin g instituti on.

Safety Training for ManagementFor a safety program to succeed, management must participate and providc thc support

fbr the program. But in order for them to provide this support, they must be able to appreciatethe work of safety, their responsibilities in saf'ety, and the role of the sal'ety engineer orpractitioner. Managers therefore should also undergo safety training - Management saletytraining.

Rcfresher Course

Refresher training to update people on safety should also be conducted. LJsually, salbtyorientation is given annually, and training for supervisors and managers every three years ofoftener. r"

These are some indicators for the need of a refresher course:l. When an individual or a group begins to exhibit a fairly steady record of'

poor performance.When injuries resulting from a specific operation are ttequent.Wren new products, processes, materials or nerv nrachines necessitate

Changes in work methods.

2.

3.

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ROLE OF ST]PERVISORS IN SAI.'ETY

What makes a supervisor?

r The supervisor is management on tlre front line.I They directly influence the quality and quantity of goods and services prorluced.r IIc nltlsl l)c atr ctttploycc rclatiort's luan, a 1lr<lductiorr nrilr). an irrslluctor arrtl a

quality control man.r He has to be both friendly and at the sane tirne disciplinarian.

To fulfill his responsibility to management and employees, he must leanr to be atthe right place at the riglrt time. That means he lras to be a planner not ohly fortoday, but tomorrow, next week, next month. He has to anticipate demands andmeet schedules in a manner, which will benefit the company and its ernployees.

Being at the riglrt place at the right time means the supervisor has to be, at times, asalesman, fatlrer confessor, engineer, ptrblic and 1 cornntunity relatiolts mall,spokesman for management, arbiter and many other things.

Among the troublesome aspects of a supervisor's job is the matter of discipline. Butmost of them agree that discipline cannot be brought about by the use of threats orpunishment. The type of discipline that is built on fear is fast disappearing inindustry today. Supervisors are getting far more satisfactory results by building themorale of thcir ernployees. Discipline situations griTc less frequently when

. employees are lrappy in their jobs $l::l

Pointers On Horv To Boost Morale Of The Workers l

r Have as few rules as possible, but see to it that tlrey are observed.r Involve workers to develop minimum workable mles.r Remember that workers are people and that they prefer to be led.r Avoid playing fayorites - treat all workers alike.! Speak to offenders privately.r Make sure the worker is aware of and krtows the rules he broke, if not, see that he

is informed about it and that all workers know about it.

Basic Principle Of Supervision

It would be difficult to establish a hard and fast set of rules that a supervisor should go - byin every situation with which he may be confronted. There are, howevtir, certain principlesthat are applicable to almost all conditions and situations, provided a person understandshow to apply them.

A man who fully understands all of his responsibilities and duties as well as his authority,he will obtain better cooperation from his fellow supervisors and his ernployees. It wouldbe to his advantage to have a clean understanding of company policies and to know how toexplain thern to the workers. He should assume the responsibility not only for the quantityand quality of the production efforts of his employees, but also for the actions of hisemployees.

. The Supervisors and Ernployee Motivationr The Supervisor and job Economicsr Organizational Communication i

I Employee Trainingr The.Supervisors and Accident Preventon

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Safety Responsibility Of The Line Supcrvisor

The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries onthe job falls on the shoulders of the supervisors, not becaus,i it tras been arbitrarity assignedto him, but because accident prevention and productjon control are closely associated tosupervisory fi.rnctions- Wrether or not a company has a safety program, tlre supervisor hasthese principle responsibilities:

r Establish Worker MethodsI Giving Job Instructionsr Assignirrg People to Jobs! Supervising l)eople at Workr Maintaining the Equipment and the Workalacer Instill Safety Consciousnessr Proper Safety Equipmentr Education Program

Superuisor's Role ln Accident Prevention

The supervisor should know all there is to know about preventing accidents, especially as

sirclr knowledgc relatcs to the work in his own department.

In these days of changing technologies, new equipment and materials, it is not alwayspossible to know all tlrtjre is about safety and prevention ol'accidents. But the supervisorshould be interestcd in safety and should have it in the hi[h bcarr, rlust have as aminirnun, general knowledge of the basic elerncnts necessary for an elfective safetyproglam.

lt is a rnust for a supervisor to know:

I Something about the general principle of machine guarding and horv to recognize a

bazard against unreasonable mechanical safeguards can be built. Needless to say,

this knowledge is of little value to a supervisor who thinks that an occasional safetyinspection of his departnent is a regular job for somebody else.

r That no manufacturing or processing operation can be made foolproof.r What personal protective equipment is being used in his department.r How to investigate an accident and to apply corrective action so that this will not

happen again.r Something about the general principle of fire prevention.r The basic role which good housekeeping plays, not only in eliminating accidents,

but also in fire prevention and in occupational health and protection of personnel.r What mishaps occurred in his department over the past few years.r The safety regulations, which apply to the operations and personnel in his

Department.r Basic needs of his

instruction,r That the modern

controlling are rnost

personnel and the value of human relations and proper job

management concept of planning, organizittg, traittirtg attd

important to safcty and every phase o[his work.

These ten points are by no means represent all that a supervisor rnight reasonably be

expected to know in accident prevention. They, however, give a broad coverage and some

control of the People-liquipment-Machine and Envirottmeni concept so nccossary to the

achievement of a successful safety program.

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F.IRE SAFETY

The best defense against fire is to prevent a fire from starting in the first place. Althoughmany products stored in a warehouse or work area not flammable, sonre packaging typecommonly used today, such as cardboard, excelsior, fbam compositions, and paper packagingare definite fire hazards. In aidition, some of the chernicals you work with rnay be able to

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You need to know what to dt to keep fires from sta(ing, as well as holv to deal with theemergency of an accidental firi. Because of the deadly danger of fire, it's to yourbenefit toknow how to size up a fire and how to respond in a fire emergency.

What Are The Regulations?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates aspects of fire preventionand response. Emergency planning, fire prevention plans and evacuation are addressed in 29

CFR 1910.38. In addition, the provisions for fire extinguishers and other protection areaddressed at 29 CFR 1910.157.

Elements Of Fire Safcty

A, Fire PreventionI I Fire sal'cty engineering, design of building, operations, proccsscs

I l. Cood housckr:cpingI I Electrical sal'ctyt I Proper storage of materials (combustible & Ilanrrnable)tl Safety practices

B. Fire Protectiont I Detentiont.l Alarm .

l.l Fire locatort.l Extinguishmentt'l Evacuationn Rescuel- l First-Aidl-l Salvagc

Definitions:

Fire Prevention - is an engineering principle applied to prevent the starting of fires.

Fire Protection - refers to the detection, extinguishments and control of f ire spread after the

fire gas started.

Fire - a rapid oxidation accompanied by heat and light.

Flash Point - the lowest temperature at which a substance will give ol'f f'lammable vapors.

Ignition Temperature - temperature at which a substance will ignite and continue to burn.

Combustible - substance that can burn.

Flammable - substance that ca easily burn.

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Fire Chemistry

ln ordcr t<l havr: a Iirc, thrcc conditions must be prc.scnt sirnultancously. I.irsl., thercmust be fuel in the form of combustible vapor. Second, there must be oxygen present irr theproper concentration to support combustion. Third, there must be sufficient heat to ignite thisvapor, and the amounl olheat'necessary varies according to the substance lrom which thcvapor is given off. 'l'his can be more graphically explained if we state that each of theseconditions represent one side of triangle and all three portions must be present to make thetriangle complete.

Four Basic Methods Of Fire Extinguishment

l. Removal or dilution of air or oxygen to point wherg combustion ceases.

2. Removal of fuel to a point where there is nothing remaining to oxidize.3. Cooling of the fuel to a point where combustible vapors are no longer involved or

Where activation energJ is lowered to the extent that no activated atoms or freeradicals are produced.

4. Intemrptions of the flame chemistry of the chain reaction of combustion by injection ofcompounds capable of quenching free radical production during their residence tirne.

Classes Of Fire

The Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc. have established the following cleissification of flres:

Class A Fires - fires in ordinarycombustible materials, such as wood, paper excelsior, rags

and general thrash or rubbish where the quenching and cooling effects of quantities of water orof solutions containing a large percentage of water are of first importance.

Class B fires - fire in flammable liquids, such as gasoline, oil, alcohol, greases or organicsolvents, where a blanketing effect is essential.

Class C fires - fires in electrical equipment or of electrical origin, where the use o1'

nonconducting extinguishing agent is of first importance.

Class D fires - fires of combustiblespecialized control techni ques.

Fire Extinguish in g' Agents

Water

metals. These are limited to few industries and require

One of the most common methods of extinguishing fires is by application of water tothe burning mdterial. The application of water reduces the temperature of the burning rnaterial

below that is necessary for it to give off combustible vapor, thus, removing the heat leg of the

triangle by the cooling action of the extinguishing agent. For fires of wood, rubber, textiles,' etc. application of water on oil fires. If considerable oil is released, large amounts of water

applied to the are lvould spread the buming oil to nearby equipment. Further, water streams

should not be directed steadily on extremely hot lines and equipment as the'cold water streams

on hot metals caused buckling and sometimes failures.

Solvents and gas fires can be extinguished with Water by the use fbg nozzles Thisequipment is designed to apply water in the form of fog or mist. When water is directed on the

fire on this manner, it is converted into steam which smother the fire by diluting the vapor-air

mixture above the liquid surlace to the point that here is insufficient oxygen to support

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combustion. The use of water is effective as a cooling agent to adjacent equipment and for theprotection of fire crews rvhen working near fires.

Applying watr:r to an electrical firc prcscnts thc hazards ol'cleotrocution; thcrclitrc,water should not be directed on electrical equipment in 4ny fonn until switches have beenopened or fuses pulled.

I

Steam

Steam is effectively used in the extinguishrnents of solvents and gns fires, It hns nsmothering and cooling effect on the fire. In reference to the fire triangle, the addition of'steam dilutes the vapor-air mixtwe below the inflammable concentrations and removes thc air(oxygen) side of the triangle. When steam is applied underhigh pressure, it has atendency toremove the heat (ignition) leg of the triangle by the cooling action of the steam on the burningmaterial. Permancnt connections and steam silothering hose installations provide steam tbrextinguishments for lires originating in trenches, sewers, small enclosures, pump packings andvessels. Gassy areas are purged and gas concentrations are diluted by the application of steamin such area. As steam is possible conductor of electricity, it should not be used on electricalequipment unless the power has been shut off.

Carbon Dioxide

The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a fire extinguishing agent is effective in theextinguishments of electrical fires, solvent fires and most gas fires but is not effective on firesof wood, textile, paper etc. where flowing embers are present. A carbon dioxide extinguisherconsists of one or more cylinders of liquid carbon dioxide which vaporizes when released tothe atmosphere and is blown through a horn over the fire area. The inert gas, being one and ahalf times heavier than air, dilutes the air (oxygen) side of the fire triangle and extinguishes thefire by smothering. Diffrculty is sometimes experienced in using this' method ofextinguishments in an open atmosphere under high wind velocities because of the difficultyexp".ienced in confining the gas to the fire.

Dry Chemical Extinguishers

In this type of extinguisher, a fbg ol'f-rnely powdered sodium bicarborrate (with a smallamount of aluminum sulfate as a drying agent or siliconized to repel moisture) is blorur over

the buming gas by the pressure of cylinder of carbon dioxide gas. A small hermetically scaled

cylinder of carbon dioxide is used in a hand extinguisher,.. This method of extinguishmentsremoves the air (oxygen) and heat (ignition) legs of the fire triangle and extinguishes by

smothering and cooling. The inert gases released by the extinguisher and the carbon dioxideliberated from sodium bicarbonate being heavier than air, blanket the area to smother the fire.Both agents are effective in cooling inflammable materials below their cornbustion point.

Extinguishments of fires by use of dry, finely powdered, non-combustible dust blown has been

used in various forms. Sand thrown over a small ground fire solvent or other similar material

has been effectively used for many years. The dust blown over the fire rvith the dry chemical

extinguisher being principally sodium bicarbonate, is converted to carbon dioxide and inaddition to the cooling effect of the powder, extinguishes by srnothering.

This powder being a non-conductor of electricity may be safbly and eft'ectively used on

electrical fire.

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Foam

The most generally used fire extinguishing agent in the solvent storage is foam. I?oamis the most effective of all extinguishing agent for fighting a solvent fire in the tank, in a firewall, trench etc. where the liquip surface can be completely blanketed with a layer of foam.Foam extinguishes the fire by cutting off the solvent surface from the fire space and radiantheat above, thereby stopping the formation of vapor essential to the burning of the solventsand thus starves the fire by removing the air (oxygen) leg of the triangle. Foam ahs also thetendency to cool the solvent surface, but its greatest efl'cctiveness is starving.

Being a contluctor o[cleotrioity ifoam is matlc up 0f about 95Yo watcr) lbam should notbe used on electrical flres until the electric power has been shut otf.

FIRE: What You Shoultl Do

1. When entering buildings, always be prepared for fire. Alrvays knorv your escape routeby choosing your nearest exit and alternate path olescape.

2. If you discover fire, give the alarm irnmediately.3. If you hear the fire alarm in the building, be prepared to leave imnrediately accorclirrg

to any established evacuation plan.4. If you have no designated responsibilities, leave the building quickly and quietly by

indicated route. It is dangerous to remain in a burning building. Fire often sprcadrapidly and cut off escape and are likely to generate poisohous gasses.

5. If possible, close all windows and doors as you make your escapc.

. 6. Il forces to rcrnain on a srnoke-filled building, remember that the air is usually betternear the floor.

7. A temporary refuge may be secured behind any door. Even a thin woclden door rvilltemporarily stop smoke and hot gasses and may not burn through for several minutes.The floors, walls and doors of rooms in most buildings will keep out all but the fiercestfires for half an hpur <lr more. By closing the d<lor of a room, trappcd persons canawait rescue in greater safety than rnaking their way though srnoke filled corridors.

8. If a fire s suspected on the other side of the door, open it slowly rvith a loot against it.9. Il'you must takc a daslt through smokc or Ilamc, hold your brcath.I0. Take no chances of entering a burning building to save property. Only tlre saving of

lives justifies taking personal risk. l,eave the job of fire fighting to the fire fighters.I l. Do not jump from upper story windows except as a last resort. Many people j urnped to

their death even while firemen were bringing ladders to rescue thern.12.lf fire breaks out zind there is panic rush for the main exit, keep out o1'the crowd and

attempt to find some other means of escape.13. If escape is cut off, do not panic. Close the door and go to a rvinclow and wait for the

arrival of the fire department.14. Never use an elevator as a means of escape.

15. If burned in a fire, report for medical treatment at once. Many burns or smokeinhalations that do not at first seem serious have fatal results.

Housekeeping to Prevent Fires

The importance of good housekeeping ties in closely with fire prevention. lf you allow debrisor flammable material to accumulate, the risk of starting a fire increases, There is always the

possibility that fire rnay break out by accident. Fire prevention is part of everyone's .iob.

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Everyone must help to keep the work area clutter-free ancl safe fiom other fire hazards, such asimproperly used or stored chemicals.

You also need to know hat to do in the case of a fire emergency. Your employer has a lireprevention plan spelling out everyone's roles; you should knorv the actions you are expectedto take in the event of a fire.

When a fire starts, think first of your safety and safety of others. Alert the fire department.Try to put out the fire only if you have been trained to use extinguishers, and the fire is smalland tame enough to be extinguished by a hand-held extinguisher.

When the fire is out of control, the combustible material is unknown, or you have not beentrained in the propcr usc of extinguishers, leave the fire fighting to professionals with theproper equipment.' ln case, sound the fire alarm, then call for emergency help from a sal'eplace.

Fire checklist'I'ry not to panic. Although fire is a panic situation, rvhen one panics, dangcrous rnistakes canbe made. The calm person who assesses the extent of the blaze, calls the fire department, andacts quickly to contain or extinguish the blaze, is the one acting responsibly.

If the fire can be contained orextinguished, a properly trained person should use the rightextinguishers on the blaze. When using a typical extinguisher, allow the "PASS" method.Hold the extinguisher upright and:

Pull the pain; stand back eight to ten feet !

Aim at the base of the fire I

Squeeze the handleSweep at the base of the fire with the extinguishing agent

If you aim at the high flames, you won't put out the fire. Remember, too, that mostextinguishers have a very limited operation timc, only 8-10 seconds; so you have to act lirstand spray conectly at the. base of fire, not at smoke or flames.

Time is the essence of fire fighting. The smaller the fire, the easier it is to extinguish. Knorvthe location of fire alarms and extinguishers. Know your nearest fire exit an proceeds to it inan orderly fashion.

Be especially aware of smoke and nexious fumes. These fumes enter the lungs and leaveperson unconscious. All fires consume oxygen to burn. Most victims of a fire suffocate fromlack of oxygen and die. They are already unconscious or dead beflore the t]ames reach them.

Inside a building that is in flames, you should shut all doors within your reach. Get to yourhands and knees and crawl to an exit. This is important because smoke and heat rise rapidly,and you will inhale less smoke near the floor. Outside, get away from the direction of theflames and smoke to avoid inhaling smoke and fumes.

Use s Shield

ln any lirc situation insidc a building, anything you can usc -- nny typc ot'shiclcl, blankots, ortarps - will help you get out of the building with less risk of injury. A wet cloth orhandkerchief over your nose will help cut down the smoke intake.

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Fire PreventionOn the job, it is part of your responsibility to help prevent fires. Extreme care is especiallyimportant when working with chemicals such as a flammable solvent, gasoline, gases, andfuels.

The Chemical Fire

Many of the thousands of chemicals in use in the workplace are both highly toxic and highlyvolatile, Extreme caution must be used to prevent and fight fires resulting frorn chemicalspills and accidents. Know the hazards of the chemicals substances you use on the job andhow to handle and store them properly to prevent dangerous chemicals fires.

Chemical Hazards

Chemicals can cause serious injuries though physical (fire or explosion) or health (burns ofpoisons) hazards. Many chemicals have inherent properties that make them very hazardous.They might include:

lf Flammability - these chemicals catch fire very easily, hazards include propertydamage, burns, and injuries.

U Reactivity - A reactive material is one that can undergo a chemical reactionunder certain conditions; reactive substances can burn, explode, or release toxicvapour if exposed to other chemicals, air, or water-

fl Explosivity - An explosive is a substance which undergoes a very rapid cliemical' change producing large amounts of gas and heat, explosion can also occur as aresult of reactions betrveen chemicals not ordinarily considered explosive.

As a result of these properties, chemicals can produce fired that start and spread quickly and

may be difficult to fight or contSin.

Fighting Chemicals Fires ;

Unless you are a member of a fire fighting team, you will probably not be involved in battlinga major chemical fire.

When fire extinguishers are used properly, they can and ciften do keep a small incident frombecoming a major fire. However, you should be properly trained in their use and know theirlimitations. Remember that fire extinguishers are "first aid" appliances designed to answerimmediate need. Early detection of frre is essential if it is to be controlled with only an

extinguishers. Call professional help immediately if the fire has spread out of control.

Flammable liquid hnndling Storagc

Flammable liquids give off ignitable vapours. Also, nearly all-flammable liquid vapours are

heavier than air and rvill accumulate in low areas with poor ventilatiorr. When they

accumulate sufficiently, they spread and can travel to an ignition source. 'l'hese flames (ofignition sources) might be cigarettes, a hand tool that sparks, a cutting torch, or a motor.

The best way to stop fires in the workplace is to eliminate the conditions and practices that

enable a fire to begin in the first place. l'his is why the handling and storage of flammable

liquids is so crucial. Safety procedures and equiprnent for the sa[e handling of these liquids

can be grouped into fbur segments. The basic safety principles apply to all o[them. You lnay

be involved in one or all aspects discussed in this section.

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Storage

The typical plant stores liquids in two ways; reserve storage in drums and operational storagein small quantities (fbr use at work station). For reserve storage safety, as soon as a drum isunloaded, the bung cap should be removed and a drum vent screwed in; this prevents pressurebuild-up if the drum is exposedto heat. Propervents also incorporate emergency relief, whichblow out under extreme pressure.

I

Drums should also be connected to grounding system; this eliminates static electrical build upwhen dispensing flrorn the drum. If your plant does not have a drum storage room, drumsshould be stored in a safety cabinet; they are available in siz.es to hold drums vertically orhorizontally.

Transfer

Transfer of flammable liquids refers to their removal from storage to the places where theywill be used. Liquids can be dispensed fiom drums by two methods: gravity florv from drunrsstored horizontally, and bumping form drurns stored vertically.

For gravity flow saf'ety, Iiquids should be dispense into a safety can using a self-closing drumvalue. OSHA requires the use of approved safety cans for transfer.purposes.

A drip can should be placed under the valve to catch spills and leaks, 'fhe drip can andreceiving container must be bonded to the drum to draw off any static electrical charge.

The pump method faster empties the drunr almost completely dnd saves space because drumsare stofed vertically. Drip cans are not required. Bond the receiving containers if the pumphoses are not self-bonding.

Mobile solvents tanks (liquid caddies) are used to distribute flammable liquids to work stationsusing large production line equipment. They are equipped with rubber wheels, a measuringpump, and a self-bonding hose.

Use .

Use safety cans to hold and dispense flammable liquids as you work.: There are many workstation cans and tanks from which to choose. Liquids should be stored in safety cabinets at the

work station. Keep containers closed when not in use.

Disposal

Disposal of waste flammable Iiquids requires as much caution in handling as do any of the

other stages: Oily, solvent-soaked rags can easily start a fire. To prevent this, speciallydesigned waste cans should always be used for temporary storage. These cans have spring-loaded lids and raised bottom with vent holes to dispenseJ heat. For removing flamnrable

liquids from the work station for disposal, drain cans and liquid disposal cans o{'fer the greatest

degree ofsafety.

Spill Cleanup

It is the vapours, rather than the liquid itself, that burn. When the liquid is spilled, vapour

release begins immediately, and continues until the liquid is removed. This requires that

cleanup operations begin at once.

Specially developed absorbent materials have becn developed fro spill clcanup. 'l'lresc

products are offered in pillows, pads, sheets, tubes, and other shapes to fill all cleanup needs.

25

Once the absorbent material is saturated, it should be place in a large disposal drum ancl sealeclwith a drum cover. Another spill cleanup involves the use of specialized vacuum equiprnelrt.

Compressed and Liquefied Gases '

The flash points of compressed flammable gases are extremely low and alrvays below roomtemperature. Explosive mixturbs are readily formed with air. Ignition of even a sma'll leakmay cause the materials to ignite.

To avoid fires resulting ignition of compressed gases:

l.-l Never roll or drag cylinders when gases are stored, transported, or used. Use ahand cart or truck specially designed for gas cylinders

I 1 Store all cylinders upright and secure thern to walls or bench tops during storageuse

TJ Compressed gases should be stored in dry, cool and well-ventilated areas,protected from the weather, and away from flammable rnaterials. The areashould be posted for no smoking.

t-l Keep compressed gas cylinders which contain oxygen away from oil, grease, orliquid flammables.

l Separate fuel and oxidizing gas cylinders by at least 20 leet or a lire walli I When adequate ventilation can't be achieved, make sure salety equipment is at

hand, including gas detectors, gas masks, self-contained breathing apparatus, andprotective clothing

[.] Be very careful about fittings or connections. Befbre any connections are rnade,' inspect the cylinder carefully. Do not change, rnodify, repair, or tamper with

pressure relief devices on cylinders.fl When more inforrnation, advice or help is needed, call the gas supplier, when in

doubt about handling, contents or cylinder condition, seek an expert's advice.

Work at Working Safety

Any fire in the workplace has the potential to cause serious personal or property damage.When chemicals are involved, the possibilities for destruction are greatly multiplied,Prevention is the key to eliminating the hazards of any kind of fire where you work.Preparation is the key to controlling the consequences of a free:

1. Keep work ideas cleaner and clutter-free

2. Know how to handle and store chemicals

3. Know what you are expected to do in case of a fire emergency

4. Call professional help immediately; don't Iet a fire get out of control (this applies toa fire wherever you are). l

5. Know what chemicals you work with - you might have to advise fore fighters onthe scene of a chemical fire concerning the type of hazardous substances involved.

6. Make sure you are familiar with your facility's emergency action plan for fires.

26

MACHTNE GUARDINGWORKING SAFELY WITI.I MACHINES

While machines ailow more sufficient, productive rvork, you must use them rvith grealcaution. Safety should be foreniost in your mind. When rvorking with rnoving machine pirrlsIt's up to you to wear protective equipment, maintain equipment, and use sal'ety f'eatures andtools conectly. You are in charge of your own personal safety on the job.

Where Are the Rcgulations?

The Occupational Sat'cty and Health Administration (OSI{A) has put lbrth several regulationsthat applies to the use of electrically powered machinery.

l'here are also guarding requirements under resistance rvelding. These requirentents touch on

lockout/tag out procedures during welding operations and point of operation guards for press

welding machines.

In general, remember that any machines part, function, or process that may cause injury must

be guarded. Where the operation of a machine or accidental or accidental contact rvit it, can

injure you or others, the hazard must be either controlled or elinrinated,

Serious Injuries Are Possible

Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness-the,list oI possiblc lnachincry-rclatcd

injuries is as long as it is honifoing, There seems to be dsrtnany hazards created by nroving

machine parts asihere are types of rnachines. Guards are esdential for protecting rvorkers fornl

needless and preventable inj uries.

In addition, most machines and power tools are pou,ercd tiy clcctricity lllcctrical hazards arc

cqually tlctrilitating. Iilcotricity will givc you a slrock il'you accidcntirlly lrccottrc a grrtttnd.

nieathing can stop ,nil n.rr. centers nray bc tcrtrpclrarily paralyzcd. Yottr ltcarttlcat is

intenupted so blood stops circulating. Heat from the cunent can cause internal bleeding and

destruction of nerves or muscles. The severity. of injury depends on where current flows and

how long, not the voltage. For example, did you knorv that 60/1000 of an ampere can kill you

if it passes through the chest?

you can see that it's absolutely necessary to pay attention as you use equiprnent' A machinc'

can be pretty unforgiving il'you slip up-be sure you're in charge'

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

These types of dangerous moving parts need guarding:

.. The point of operation, or that point where work.is perfonned on the material,

such as cutting, shaping, boring, or tbnnirrg of stock'

. power transmission apparatus, or the components of the mechanical systern

which transmit energy io the part of the rnachine performing the rvork. These

components include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods, couplings, cams,

sPindles, chains, cranks, and gears.

27

Other moving parts, or parts of the machine which move while the machine isworking, can include reciprocating, rotting and transverse moving parts, as wellas feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machines.

Ilazardous Mechanical Motions.and Actions

Different types of hazardous mechanical motions and actions are basic tb nearly all machines,Recognizing them is the first step you can take toward protecting yourself from the dangersthey present. We will briefly examine the following types of hazards in turn.

Rotating motion can be dangerous; even smooth, shaft ends, spindles, and horizontal orvertical shafting are some examples of common rotating mechanisms whiih may behazardous. There is added danger when bolts, nicks, abrasions, and projecting keys or set

screws are exposed on rotating parts on machinery.

ts. or those locations tlrat can capture body parts in rotating machineryparts, are common, but dangerous hazards for the machine operator. There are three maintypes of in-running nips:

. . Parts that rotate in opposite directions while their taxes are parallel to eachThese parts may be in contact or in close proximiry to each other. ln the lattercase, the stock feed between the rolls produces the nip points. This danger iscommon on machinery with intermeshing gears, rolling mills, and calendars.

o Another type of nip point is created between rotating and tangentially moving. parts. Some examples would be the point of contact betrveen a power

transmission belt and its pulley, a chain and sprocket, or a rack and pinion.. Nip points can also occur between rotating and fixed parts \vhich create a

shearing, crushing, or abrading action, for example, spooked hand wheels orflywheels.

Reciprocating motions m+y be hazardous because, during theiback-and-{brth or up-and-downmotion, you might get struck by or caught between a moving and stationary part.

Transverse motion (movement in a straight, continues lines) creates a bazard because a

worker may be get struck by or aught in a pinch or shear point by a moving part.

Cutting action involves rotating, reciprocating, or transverse motion. The danger of cuttingaction exists at the point of operation where finger, head and arm injuries can occur and whcreflying chips or scrap material canstrike the eyes or fhce. Such hazards are prcscnt at the pointof operation in cutting wood, metal, or other materials. Typical machines having cuttinghazards include band saws, circular saws, boring or drilling machines, turning machines(lathes), or milling machines.

Punching action results when power is applied to as slide (ram) l'or blanking, drawing, orstamping metal or other materials. The danger of this type of action occurs at the point oloperation rvhere stock is inscrtcd, held, and witltdrarvn by lrand. typical tnitcltitrcry usctl filrpunching opcrations arc powcr presses and irttnrvorkcrs,

Shearing action involves applying power to a slide or knile in order to trim or shear nretal orother materials. The hazard occurs at the point o['operation.where stock is actually inscrted,

held, and withdrawn. Machinery used for shearing operations includes rnechanically,

hydraulically, or pneumatically powered shears.

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Bending action.results when power is applied to a slide in order to draw or stamp metal orother rnaterials. A haz.ard occurs al tlrc point ol'opcrati<ln whcrc stock is inscrtcd, hclcl, andwithdrawn. Power presses, press brakes, and tubing benders all use bending action.

Guard Requirements

What rnust a guard do to protect you from mechanical hazards? Guards must meet theseminimum general requirements:

o Prevent contact: The guard must prevent hands, anns, or any part of your body orclothing from making contact with dangerous moving parts,

. Secure: Guards should not be easy to remove or alter; a guard that can easily be madeineffective is no guard at all. Guards and safety devices should be made of durablematerial that will withstand the conditions of normal use. They lnust be firmlysecured to the machine.

o Protect from l'alling objects: 'fhe guard should ensure that no oltjccts can fzrll intomoving parts. A small tool rvhich is droppcd into a cycling machinc could casilvbecome projectile that could strike and injure someone.

o Create no new hazards: A guard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of itsown such as shear point, a jagged edge , or an unfinished surface rvhich can causc a

laceration. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a

way that they eliminate sharp edges.

j Create no interference: You rnight soon override or disregard any guard which keepsyou from doing your job quickly and cornfbrtablj,. Proper guarding can actuallyenhance efficiency since it can relieve your rvorries about injury. lf possible, oneshould be able to lubricate the machine without removing the guarcls.

Even the most elaborate guarding system cannot offer efTective protection unless you knowhorv and why to use it. You should be aware of the following:

o A description and identification of the hazards associated with particular machines.

. The guards themselves, how they provide protection, and the hazards for which theyare intended.

o How to use the guards and rvhy.

o How and under what circumstances guards can be removed, and b1, whom (in mostcases, repair or maintenance personnel only).

o Whatto do (e.g. "s1fflr)tyour

supervisor) if a guard is damaged, missing, or unable toprovide adequate protection.

Machine Guartting Mcthotls :

There are many ways to guard machinery. The type of operation, size or shape of stock,method of handling, physical layout of the rvork area, type of material, and productionrequirements or limitations will help to determine the appropriate method lbr ii given machine.

As a general rule, power transmission apparatus is best protected by fixed guards that enclose

the danger area. For hazards at the point of operation, wherc moving parts actually pcrfclrln

work on stock. Several kinds of guardirtg are possible. Guards can be grouped under fivegeneral categories:

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Guard are barriers which prevent access to danger areas.

A safety device may perform one of several functions. It may:

. Stopthemachineifahandoranypartofthebodyisinadvertentlyplacedinthedangerarea.

o Restrain or withdraw the operator's hands from the danger area during operation.

o Require the operator to use both hands on machine controls. Thus keeping both handsand body out ofdanger.

o Provide a barrier that synchronized with the operating cycle of the nrachine in order toprevent entrv to the danger area during the hazardous part ofthe cycle.

Guarding by location or distance has many applications. A thorough hazard analysis of eaclr

machine and situation is necessary before attempting this techniclue. The nrachine or itsdangerous moving parts must be positioned so that hazardous areas are not accessible or do not

present a hazard during the normal machine operation to guard a machine location. Iror'

example, locating a machine so that a wall protects the worker is guarding by location.

Feeding and ejection methods of guarding limit hazards associated with fleeding stock intomachines once it starts to function.

Miscellaneous aids do not provide complete protection frorir rnachine hazards, but provide an

extra margin of'safety. One example is an awareness barrier, ,An awareness barrier servcs toremind you that you are approaching a danger area.

Personal Protective Equipment

Engineering controls that eliminate the hazard at the source and do not rely on beliaviour lbrtheir effectiveness offer the best and most'reliable means of safeguarding. Therefore,engineering controls rnust be the ernployer's first choice fbi eliminating machinc hazards. Butwherever engineering coptrols are not available or are not fully capable of protecting you, you

must wear protective clothing or personal protective equipment (PPE).

PPE is, of course, available for different parts of the body. Hard hats can protect the head

form the impact of bumps and falling objects when you work with stock. Caps and hair nets

can help keep your hair from being caught in machinery. If machine coolants could splash orparticles.orid fly into the operator's eyes of face, then face shields, safety goggles, glasses, orsimilar, kinds of protection might be necessary. Hearing protection may be needed when

operating noisy machines.

To guard the trunk of the body from cuts or impacts from heavy or rough-edged stock, there

are certain protective coveralls, jackets, vests, aprons, and full-body suits. Workers can protect

theii hands and arms frorn the same kinds of injury with ppecial sleeves and gloves. Safety

shoes and boots, or other acceptable foot guards, can shield the feet against injury whenhandling heavy loads which might drop.

It is important to note that protective clothing and equipment can create hazarcls. A protective

glove which can becorne caught between rotating parts; or a respirator ['acc piecc which

hinders the wearer's vision, for example, require alertness and continucs attentiveness

wherever they are used.

30

Other clothing may present additional safety hazards. For example, loose-fitting shirts mightpossibly become entapgled in rotating spindles or other kings of moving machinery. Jewelriessuch as bracelets and rings, can catch on machine parts or stock and lead to serious injury bypulling a hand into the danger area.

Some General Safety Rules

General safety rules apply to both stationary and portable equipment. Never letoverconfidence lead you into taking unnecessary risks. The following rules apply to everymachine or power tool you use:

. Keep your work area well lit and dry.o Maintain .your tools. For best and safest perfbrmance, keep them sharp, oiled

and stored in a safe, dry place. Regularly inspect tools, cords and accessories.Repair or replace problem equipment immediately.

. KeeP your work area clean. Sarvdust, paper, and oily rags area a fire hazard and candamage your tools.

o Use safety features like three-prong plugs, .double-insulated tools, and safetyswitches. Make sure machine guards are in place on large and small equipment.

. Use protective equipment when necessary. This might include safety glasses, hearingprotection and respiratory protection.

. Dress right. Never wear clothing or jewelry that could become entangled in powertools.

i lnstall or rcpatr ccluipmcrtt only il'you'rc rlualilicd. A {aulty job rnay cause fires <lr

seriously injure you or other rvorkers.. Use the right tool for the job. Don't force a small tool to do heavy-duty work.. Keep electric cables and cords clean, free form kinks. Never carry a tool by its

cords.

Good tool habits soon become second nature. Follow the machine safety guidelines at yourworkplace and the equipment you operate will serve you efficiently and saf'ely.

Grounding Is An Important Precaution

Grounding is one of the most :mportant safety measures.to take when working tvith electricequipment. It provides a sat'e prth for electricity, preventing leakage of current in circuits andequipment. Crounding shouldi be provided lor the entire system and inclividual pieces ofequipment. Check ground conn;ctions regularly for tightness.

Portable Power Tools

Saws

The circular saw is a heavy-duty tool with interchangeable blades for all types of woodcutting.,. The saber saw is sonrervhat srnaller and used for snraller rvoodcutting jobs and curved cuts. A

chainsaw rnay be either gasoline or electrically porvered. Follow these safety rules when usingsaws:

. Before cutting. inspect the material to be cut lbr nails or fbreign objects.

. Make sure blade guards are in place and rvorking prgperly.

. Stay alert! Saws are noisy and the sound may drown out rvarning shouts orinstructions.

31

. Wear goggles or goggles and a face shield to protect yourself from flying {ebris orsawdust.

. Inspect blade regularly. First, turii the saw off and unplug it. Don't use dull or looseblades.

o Don't overload the motorby pushing too hard or cutting materialo Be sure you have firm footing and balance when using any saw.

deadly when you're holding a power tool.

Portable Drills. :

Variable speed drills are ,.rru'ile tools used for boring holes,grinding. Keep these pointers iri mind when using them:

that is too heavy.

Slips or falls can be

stone.

o Keep machinc guards in place and rvear earo l]clbre use, nrakc surc that whecls arc lirnrly

turning screws, buffing, and

and eye protcction.hcld on spindles and rvork rcsts are

o Select the correct drill bit for the job to be, done. Use only sharp bits.o Make sure the material being drilled is secured or clamped firmly.. Hold the drill firmly and at the correct angle. Don't force it to work or lean on it

with all your strength.o Always remove the bit from the drill when you're finished.

For storing a cutting edge to drill bits, use a drill trit sharpener, It should be double-insulatedand placed flat on a bcnch surface. Don't forget to wcar safcty glasses when you use theshaqpener.

Grinding Wheels

Bench grinders are useful for sharpening, shaping, and smoothing metal, wood, plastic, or

tight. .

. Stand to one side while starting the motor, until operating spced is reached-thisprevents injury if a defective wheel breaks apart.

o Use light pressure when starting grinding, too much on a cold lvheel may causefailure.

Portable Sanders

l'hese tools make tinishing work faster. 'l'wo types are orbital and belt. Rernember these tips:

o Arrange the cord so that it won't be damaged by the abrasive belt.. Keep both hands on the tool for good control.o Hold onto the sander when you plug it in.o Clean dust and chips from the motor and vent holes regularly and lubricate when

necessary.

Misccllaneous Portablc'l'ools

hnpact Wrenches - T'hey opcrate on electricity or comprcssed air and dclivcr cxtra powcr and

torque for fastening and loosening bolt and drilling. Don't force a wrench to take on a iobbigger than it's designed to handle. Don't use standard hand sockets or driver parts rvith an

impact tool, they can't take the sharp blows. Don't reverse direction of rotation while the

trigger is depressed.

32

soldering lrons or bc dangerous because of the heat they generate.Handle with care-th ircl degree burns.. Always assume that i s-otderingiron is hot' Rest a or metal surface. Nevei swing an iron to removesolder' Hold small ers, never in your hand. .when cool, store it in itsassigned area,

Glue Guns - A glue gun can be a real trme saver. However, because it generatestemperatures as high as 450 degrees F, avoid contact rvith the hot nozzle and glue.

Shop Vacuums - They enable'you to keep a saf'e, and clean work place. Use the correct hosesize and accessory for the job you're doing. Clean filters regularly and never use your vacuumto pick up flammable liquids or smoldering nraterials.

Safety Rules for Stationary Machinery

These are the lig workhorses of the shop and piunt. Remember to always stay alert and workwith caution. These tools are powerful and often more complicated ttran ttreir smaller cousins.First, a few general rules that apply to operating machines:

' Use all guards arrd safcty devices that are designcd to bc uscd with thc cc;uipmcnt.. Never use a dull blade or cutting edge.

' Make adjustments and ar:cessory changes when machinery is turned off andunplugged.

' If you're tired, take a bre'rk. Also don't take your eyes bff your work or talk to. anyone as you use the tos.rls.

o Dress right, don't wear loose fitting clothing that can get caught.

Table Saw

This saw has a large circular blade used to make a variety of cuts in wood or otlrer material:o Never reach over the saw to push stock that has been sawed.. Stand slightly to 6ne side, never in line with the saw.

A "kickback" occurs when material being cut is thrown back toward the operator.This is one of the greatest hazards in running a table saw. To avoid it:

o Never use a dull blade.o Don't cut "freehand" or attempt to rip badly rvarped wood.. Use the splitter guard.. Don't drop rvood on an unguarded saw.

Radial-Arm Saw

Often called the number one multipurpose sarv in the shop, this saw blade is mounted on amoveable head, ancl slides in tracks or along a shaft. Most have built-in safety devices such as

key switches to start them, blade guards, anti-kickback pawls, and blade brakcs. Follow thcscprecautions:

. The saw and motor should always be returned to the rear of the table against thecolumn after a cut is made.

. Of the motor slows while cufting, it means it is overloaded. This can be due tolow voltagc. bad blades, or matcrial being lcd too fast,

. Keep the machine in good alignment and adjustment to prevent excessivcvibration.

J)

Drill Press

The stationary drill pre.ss is a larger, more powerful version of a portable ctrill. Remember to:

o ClamP or securely fasten the material being drilled whenever possible.. Make sure any attachments are fastened tightly.

Miscellaneous Stationary Tools

Power Sanders, These machines do finishing work in a fraction of the time it would take byhand. Always select the correct grade of abrasive for the job. Move the work around to avoidheating and buming a portion of the disk, belt, or wood. Remember to use the dust collector ifthe sander has one.

Shapers. A shaper is used mainly for grooving and fluting woods. It can be dangerousbecause of its high speed and because the cutters are difficult to guard completely. Whenusing a shaper, avoid loose clothing, wear eye protection and make sure the cutters are sharpand securely fastened.

Welding Machines. The high-intensity are of even a srnall welding rnachine can causesevere bums. Non-flammable clothing and hand and eye protection are needed to protectagainst hot sparks and molten metal. Keep the area around the welding operation clean-hotsparks can start fires.

Work at Working Safely

l)rullcr' cirrc antl salcty rvhcn using rnaclrirtcry is vitll.

l. Respect your equipment, know tho dangers it presents, and take safety precautionsnecessary to work without injury,

2. Maintain ecluipment with regular servicing artd good housekeeping practices.

3. If you dorr't know how to use a particular piece of equipment, don't be afraid to adnritit. Find someone who does and learn from an experienced worker.

4. Think safety on the job to ensure that you and your equipment will have a long anci

productive life.

34

MATERIAL HANDLING AND STORAGE

Classification Of Materials Normally IIandled In Industrial PlantsAccording To Physical Charar,teristic:

A. SOLIDS

Bulk - crated large machineries and parts, crated materials, caustic blocks, soap blocks, etc.

Powder - flours, phosphates, sugar, cement

Granules & Gravel size - copra meal pellets, Silicates, brickets

Odd size - copra

B. LTQUIDS

l.ight solvcttls, orls, litelsViscous - nrolasscs, asphalt, hcavy oil, paintsPastes - delergent paste, adhesives

C. CASES

Classification According To llazardous Characteristics:

l. Flammahle2. .lixplosivcs3. 'I'oxic

4. Conosive5. Emits hazardous fumes or gases

6. Fragile

Pointers On Safe Storngc Of Materials:

l. Materials that can rcact with other slrould be storecl in a separatc area.' 2. Storage area should be well vsrrtilatcd and lightcd.

3. In storage area of flammable materials, electric bulbs should be protected with marine

lights mixtures.4. Wlere there is danger of explosive or l'lamtnablc fumes being ernitted by stored

materials, rollirrg stocks such as'fbrklifts used inside the storage areas sltould be battcry

driven.5. All tools to be used inside the storage areas ol'cxplosive or flammable rnaterials should

be of the non-spark type, For the samc reason, shoes of personnel working in or

entering the area should be rubber soled without metal cleats or "boston".

6. Warehouse ancl field tanks should be provided with lighting rods and arresters,

7. If warehouse is provided rvith a fire sprinkler system, no stocking should be closer than

2 ft. from the sprinkler heads.

8. Entrance/Exit openings between warehouses or between a warehouse and a process

area should be provided with fire doors. The doors should be installed on that side ofthe wall where fire is probability or both sides should be provided with fire doors ifpossibilities of fire exist on sides. F'ire doors should not be locked.

g. Storug. area should be provided fire extinguishers located at strategicieasily accessible

areas, Fire extinguishers stations should not be locked.

35

10 Do-not stock against the wall. Provide at least 4 ft. of space between the pile and thewall' This will provide ventilation against the heat if there is fire at the 'ther

side of thewall. This will also serves as an a"cess way for fire fighters.l1' When.taking sounding of tanks containing flamrn'able materials, use cotton cordinstead of nylon cord. This is to protect afainst arcing because ol. static electricity

being stored by the nylofi cord.

ovided with "cages,,.ng, or soil should not be exceeded. Wherebe used, their weight should be considered.

16. Warehouses and other storage areas shespecially where there are nighttime opera

17. "Leaning" stacks or piles should be restocked immediately.18' Materials stored in open air should be-protected against the weather especially if the

stored materials can react with water. Son e materials and soluble can react with waterresulting in:

* evolution of heat* emission of toxic or nuisance fumes* explosion* fire* dissolve into toxic or corrosive liquid li .

lf tarpaulins arc used to cover thc covcrcd rnaterials, thcy shgulcl 5c sccurcd or ticddown to prevent them from being whipped by the wind. irlapping rarpaulins or theircords can cause face and eye injuries. They also interfere with forklift driversvision.

19. Where materials being handled are dusty,with filters or cyclones. Dust explosion isdusts.

20 When stacking palletized bags ofcompact, use props or stilts betweenthe pile.

storage areas should have dust taken awayalrvays a hazard particularly with organic

materials that tend to lose moisture or tend tolayers of pallets. This is to prevent the sagging of

21. Drums and barrels should be stacked in the shape.of a pyramid with the bottorn rowchecked or blocked to prevent rolling off. If they are to^be piled on their ends, plankshould be laid between layers.

22.\n large area stacking, provide for ventilation aisles especially if there is <Janger ofspontaneous combustion;The space will also provide for more effective hosing in caseof fire.

23. Tank f'arms for corrosivd liquids should be provided with saltty showcrs at strategicplaces. Safety showers should be tested at least once a month.

24 Tank fhrms should have sectionized dikes or containing wall to contain the liquid incase of failures.

25. When tanks are to purge with steam, do not hose down the tank with colcl water tofacilitate cooling. Sudden cooling can cause implosion because of the vacuum.

26. Compressed gas cylinders should be stored upright in cylinder racks or securelychained to a wall, Valve covers should be securely s'crewed.

27. Use screw nails in the making or repair of rvooden pallets.

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28. Use corner guards or edge guards on aisles side of stacking of sharp materials, like tinplates or glass plates.

29. Broken steel or'wire straps should not protrude into passageways.30. Have separate areas for storage of bunker oil.3l.No welding or open flame cutting should be permitted in storage of flammable

materials, or rvhere the'warehouse floor is made of wood. If welding must be done(only in extreme exigencies), materials should be protected against welding slugs withan asbestos blanket or a heavy.tarpaulin that has been wet, Fire extinguishers should beready and must have been check beforehand that they are operational.

32.lf possible rvarehouse "sky lights" should be on the building side. If they must belocated on the roof they should have some protection against someone stepping on

tltcm. Thcsc skylights arc vcry liagilc, arttl arryurrc slcl)pinB orr thcrrt rvill lall througlt.

Pointers On Safe l{andling Of Matcrials

The most common equipment for materials handling is man hinrsell. I-lowever, for handling ol'hcavy loads and lbr continuous opcration wc resort to rncchanizcd nratcrials hancllinltequiprnent. Here are sonre of them:

For solid materials:

l. Conveyors - belts, screw, drag, type, pneunratic, chain hook and scoop2. Elevators - bucket, cage3. Rotling Stocks- lbrklills, clamp lifts, durnp trucks, trucks, tank trailers4. Floist5. Cable systems

For liquid and gases:

L Piping system2. Pumps .3. Trough or canals4. Helicoid conveyor5. Scoops

For manpower equipments:

l. Push carts or Haul carts2. Wheel Banow3. Drum Lifters4. Buckets5. Slings

o Conveying systems should be interlockcd to controljamming.o There should be an automatic "policeman" betleen intersecting conveyors.. Power transmission system of conveyors and elevators should be provided with shear pins

or clutches.. Overhead belt conveyors should be providcd rvith railings to prevcnt the load from

toppling over the side.

. Overhead conveyors and elevator tops slrould be providdd with maintenance platforms.

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liThere should be a regular maintenance systems for checking and repair of conveyor chains,cables, hoist, etc. There should be a lubrication program. Regular inspection is rnandatoryif materials being handled are abrasive.

Sunken lloor conveyors should be covered.Power sources for conveyorsl elevators, tank agitators should be providecl with a lock outsystem.

Fuses should have their rated fuse links.Do not work on moving conveyors or elevators.Floor mounted conveyors should be provided with cross overs at strategic points.Switches should be clearly labeled especially if they are clustered on a panel. .Overhead conveyors within height of man, or rolling stock such as forklifts should bepainted with yellow and black stripes and their overhead clearance clearly indicated.Wire rope of hoist and elevators should,be inspected regularly. The rope should not befrayed.Belt conveyor should be provided with rollers to take up the slacks of the return side.Side of hoist drum should be free of projection that could damage top cable.A load should be picked up only when it is directly under the hoist.Stay out ofsuspended loads from hoist or cranes.Hoist hooks should be magnafluxed regularly to detect cracks. Do not use hooks that hasbeen heated and bent again.Hoist or elevator wires should not be kinked or twisted.Elevator doors should be electrically locked rvith the elevator drive. Elevator should notstart as long as the door is open.

Elevator floor should be flush with the building floor. ' .

Do not overload any conveyor system.

Pipes should be color coded, specially those carying potdble water for drinking or for tbodpreparatron.

Insulated pipes should.be rei,nsulated after every pipe repqii.Flange connection of pipin]; system carryirg corrosiveflfiquid should be providecl withflanged protectors.

I,lTanks and pipes under p..rJ*. or handling corrosive fi{lriAs should have thickness testsregularly to ensure that they are still of the designed thickness.Before starting a gear pump or any positive displacement pump, be sure that the dischargevalve is open. Aller shutting dorvn the pump, make sure that the recirculating valve isopen.

When moving compressed gas cylinders, use a cylinder cart. Do not roll the cylinder. Besure the valve cap is securely screwed on.

When using a hand cart, push rather than pull the cart. I

Do not use a flarnc lbr detecting llamrnable gas leaks, Use water or soap suds.

Betbre start up, blced tracer lines.

Do not allolv rvorkers to ride on belt conveyors.

Maintain correct lrelt tension, slippage or conveyors against the drum can cause the drumto overheat. Roller should also be properly lubricated.

Conveyors should be grounded especially if they are handling flammable or explosivernnlcrials. Static clcctricity gencrated can causc this.

. Drivers should not lcavc their forklifls rvith thcir cngine running or with thc

. Use battery operated fbrklifts in highly flammable areas. i

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common Problems a Supervisor/Safety Engineer Iiaces in ImplementingSafe Materials Handling and Storagc Program:l. Overcrowding or overloading of storagc arcas. 'l'his is a ncvcr cnding tighr bctrvccn thc

safety engineer and the warehouse manager.2. Marine light fixturcs arc not Jcplaced allcr rcplacing a burnt out bultl salcty cnginccr vs

maintenance people, smoking in prohibited areas - safety engineer vs. the work force.3. Refilling empty gasoline tanks inside the warehouse because operator did not check his gas

tank before starting operations.4. Related to item 4, is carrying gasoline in an open container,5. Haphazard piling or stocking.6. Use of defective pallets - safety engineer vs. rvarehouse manager.L Dripping oil from lorklifts - safety enginecr vs. maintenance people,8. Freight elevators being utilized for personnel transport.9. Bypassing pre-electrical fuses, or using fuse links with excessive ratings - saI'ety englirrccr

vs. production people.I 0. Using steel bolts instead of shear pins - saf'ety engineer vs. production people.I 1. Using a forklift and ordinary pallet as maintenance plattr)rn'l - saf'ct1, engineer vs.

maintenance people.12. Hitch hiking on lorklill and even riding on the fbrks.13, Using solid tire torklifts fbr yard work.14. Workers not wearing issued PPEs15. Not using the basket in "nait traps" of pumps.16. Not restoring insulation of pipes after maintenance work"17. Poor Housekeeping1 8. Sleeping on top of piles or stacked materials.19. Overloading of forklifts, cranes or hoist.20. "Speeding" of forklifts inside the warehouse.21. Safety shower audit reports being submitted without actually checking the shower.22.Yalve covers of comp;ressed gas cylinders are not used or not securely screrved on.23. Guards of chain drives and other power transmission device of conveyors, pumps, lifts,

etc. are not replaced after maintenance work - safety engineer vs. maintenance people.

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ELECTRICT\L SAFETY

Industry runs on electricity. It is efficient, clean, relatively inexpensive, and saf'e to use rvhelradequate precautions are taken. When precautions are not taken, however, electricity is

^killer.

This write-up explains some of the most common hazards, what you can do protect yoursell'against them and some of the steps the standards require to provide rvorkers rvith a safe andhealthful workplace.

Electrical wirings in industrial plants and homes are safely concealed behind walls, columns,metal boxes, cabinets and cover plates, The electrical system is strictly regulatecl by codes andstandards to protect against fire and shock.

IIow does electricity work?

To handle electricity safely, including rvorking with electrical equipmcnt, you need tounderstand how electricity acts, how it can be approached, the hazards it presents, and ho,,r,those hazards can be controlled.Basically, there are two kinds of electricity:

. Static (stationary).o Dynamic (moving).

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This write-up is about dynamic electricity because that isithe kind commonly pur to usc.Dynamic electricity is the florv of electrons througlr a conductor. An electron is a tiny particleof matterthat orbits around thenucleus of an atom. Electrons of some atorns are easiiy rnovedout of their orbits. This ability of electrons to move or florv is the basis of electrical current.

When you activate a witch to turn on an electric rnachine or tool, you allorv current to llou,lrorl thc gcncrating sourcc througlr conduclurs (ustrally wircs) to tlrc arcn <ll'rlcrrrirrrd.

A complete circuit is necessary tbr the controlled flolv of electrons along a conductor. Acomplete circuit s made up of a source of electricity, a conductor, and a consuming dcvicc(load). i

Volts: Current x Resistance (or V:lR )

l'he title of this section, Volts: Current x Rcsistancc, is an ccluation knorvn as Ohnr's Larv

I'he factors discusscd belorv relate to one anothcr as dcscribcd by this cquatiorr. 'l'his

relationship makes it possible to change the qualities of an electrical current but keep an

equivalent amount oI power.

A Force or pressure must be present before water fill flow through a pipcline. Sinrilarly,electrons flow through a conductor because elcctrutnuttive./brcc (EMF) is exerted. The unit ofmeasure for EMF is a volt,

For electrons to move in a particular direction, a potential difl'ercnce must exist between twopoints of the EMF source. For example, a battery has positive and negative polcs.

The continuous movement of electrons past a given points is known as utrrcnl,t lt is meastrrcd

in amperes. The movements of electrons along a conductor meets rvith some opposition is

known uresiilanca. Resistance to the florv of electricity is measured in o/ur,s. J'hc amount ol'resistance provided by different materials varies rvidely.

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For example, most rnetals offbr little resistance to the passagc of electric cLrrrent. I-lorvevcr,porcelain, wood, pottery, and some other substances have 4 vcry high resistancc to the Ilor.v ot'electricity. In fact, the'se substances can be used as insulators against the passage ol- electriccurTent.

What are hazards of electricitj,?

The primary hazards of electricity and its use are:

o Shocko Burnso Arc-Blasto Explosionso Fires

Shock

Electric currents travel in closed circuits through some kind of conducting matcrial. You get ashock when some parl of your body becorncs part of an elcctric circuit. An clectric currcntenters the body at one point and exits the body at location. l-tigh-voltage shocks can ciu,rseserious injury (especially burns) or death.

You will get a shock if you touch:

Both wires of an electric circuit.One wirc ol'an energized circuit and ground.Part <ll'a nrachine, which is "hot" t'recause it is contactirrg an energrzed',vire arrcl tlreground.

Don't take any chances with electricity. Onc rnistake can cost you your life. 'l-he severity of theshock a person receives depends on several factors:

o How much eleotric flow through the body.o What path the electric current takes through the bddy.o How much time elapses while the body is part of the electric circuit.

What Happens to the Body?

The effects of an electric shock on the body can range frorn a tingle in the part touching thecircuit to immediate cardiac arrest. A severe shock can cause more darnage to the body than isreadily visible.

Relatively small burn marks may be all that are visible on the outside. However, a severelyshocked person can suffer internal bleeding and severe destruction of tissue, muscles, andnerves. Finally, a person receiving an electric shock may suffer broken bones or other injuriesthat occur from falling after receiving a shock.

The Case of Water

Water presents an interesting and potentially dangerous situation. In its pure state, water is a

poor conductor of electricity. However, if even srnall amounts of impurities are present in tlrewater (salt and acid in perspiration, for example), it becomes a ready electrical conductor.Therefore, if water is present anywhere in the work environment or on your skin, be extracareful around any source of electricity. Carelessness with the combination o[

"vater and

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Burns

Bums can result when aperson touches electrical wiring or equipment that is irnproperly usoclor maintained. Typically, such burn injuries occur on hands.

Arc-lllast

Arc-blast occurs when high-amperage currcnts jump from one conductor to another throughair, generally during opening or closing circuits, or when static electricity is discharged. I.iiemay occur if the arcing takes place in an atmosphere that contains an explosive mixture.

Explosions

Explosions occur when electricity provides a source of ignition tbr an exptosive mixture in theatmosphere. Ignition can be due to overheated conductor or equiprnent, or nonnal arcing(sparkling) at switch contacts. OSHA standards; the National Electrical Code, and relatedsafety standard have precise requirements fbr electrical systems and equipnrent used inhazardous atmospheres.

Fires

Electricity is one of the most causes of fire both in the home and lvorkplace. Def'ective ormisused electrical equipment is a major cause, with high resistance connections being one ofthe primary sources of ignition. High resistance connections occur wheie wires are improperlyspliced or connected to other components such as receptacle or,rtlets and switches.

Heat develops in an electrical conductor ftom the flow.6f .uo.n,. This heat rises thetemperature of conductor. As a result, resistance of the conductor increases, tirrther raising thctemperature. Thus circuits conducting a higher rate of cunent pnd regenerating nrore resistarrccthat it can handle may create enough heat to cause a fire.

Causes of Electrical Accidents

As a power source, electricity can create conditions resulting in bodily harm, property damage,or both. It is important for you to understand how to avoid electrical hazards wlien you rvokwith electrical operation.

Accidents and injuries in working with electricity arc causecl by onc conrbination ol' thcfollowing factors:

o Unsafe equipment and/or installationo Unsatb work places cause by environmental f'actotso Unsafe work practices

As an employee, you can definitely affect the last factor can be involved in reporting instancesof the first two thctors so they can be remedied.

Preventing Electrical Accidents

Protection from electrical hazards is one way to prevent accidents caused by electric current.Protective methods to control electrical hazards include:

o Insulationo Electric protective deviceso Guardingo Groundingo PPE

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GITOTIN DI NG FOIT SA IIE'I'Y

Grounding is necessary to protect you from electrical shock, safeguard against flre, and protectagainst damage to electrical equipment. There are two kinds o'f grounding:

o Electrical circuit or system groiinding, accomplished when onc conctuctor o1'thccircuit is intentionally connected to earth.

o Electrical equipment grounding occurs when the equipment-grounding conductorprovides a path for dangerous fault current to return to the system ground at thesupply source of the circuit should he insulation.

Ground at the service panel. Grounding is a safety precaution built into every home andindustrial plant electrical system. At the service panel, the main grounding wire is connected t<l

a metal water pipe and grounding rod that is buried in the earth, providing excess current rvitlra direct path to the ground,

Usually, a bare copper or green insulted groundin'g wire provides an alternate path l'or leakinlicurent, protecting the cirouit from damagc, and the user fiom shock.

Grounding in outlct, switch and cciling boxes.

The bare copper grounding wire in the cable provides protection against current leakage at anelectrical box. It is attached to the grounding screw at the back of metal box or to thegrounding terminal on a switch or outlet, and grounds the box, the mounting strap, the deviceor fixture and all three-prong appliances that are plugged into a grounded outlet. When there is

more than one cable in the electrical box, grounding is accompllslred using jumper wires in apigtail connection.

Heavy - duty, 240-volt outlets, which only accept matching plug, are lbund behind most rna.jorappliances. Both the outlet and its box must be grounded to protect against shock in the eventof short circuit. A two-slot outlet will not admit a grounded 3-prong plug and replace a 2-slotoutlet with a GFCI outlet.

Safety precautions are imBortant when working on a 240-volt outlet. Make sure the l1oor is dryand wear rubber-soled shoes. Be sure to turn olT the power at the service panel and test toconfirm it is off before beginning any repairs. When performing a live voltage test, proceedwith caution.

POLARIZATION IN I,AMPS AND FIXTURES

Stopping current at the switch. In a properly wirecl lamp, or lighting llxturc, the switchinterrupts the hot wire that carr,ies current forward, ensuring that no clcctricity llows thr<lughthe lamp or fixture when the s'*litch is off. Polarization in a lamp begins at the rvall outlet. The

narrow slot of the outlet is hot;'when a polarized larnp cord is plugged into the outlet, powerenters the plug through the narrow plong and is transrnitted through the hot, unrnarked rvire tothe brass socket tenninal. In a lighting fixture, current flows fronr the hot wire at wall switch tothe brass terminal of thc fixture socket.

GROUNDINC,.FA U LT CIRCU IT INTE RI.] PT E RS ( G ITC I)

The ground fault circuit intemrpter is an inexpensive device, which measLlres the clif'ference in

current levels going to and retuming from a piece of electrical equiprnent. I'low clocs thisdevice protect against shock? lf there is a ground tault in the.equiprnent so that the metal l'ratrtc

becomes energized, a certain amount of current rvill f'lorv through the operator ground. The

GFCI senses this leakage, trips, and breaks the circuit rvithin 1/40th of a second. Instead ofpossible eleclrocution, the worst effect on the operator rvill tle a painful sltock before the

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circuit is broken. Workers who operate electrical equipment should be protected by GFCI'sagainst the disabling and often fatal effects of ground faults.

OSHA regulations require the use of GFCI's on all l20ll4O volt, AC, single phase, l5-20ampere receptacles on construction sites when:

o the receptacles are us6d by workerso the receptacles are not part of the permanent wiring of the structure

While GFCI's provide workers with the protection frorn electric shock, employers mayinstitute an Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program as an alternative to installingGFCI's.

There are three basic types of ground fault circuit intemrpters all of which have a test and iesetbutton:

o Portable adapter for existing wall outlets (convenience because it requires noinstallation and can be used on 2 as well as 3 outlets.)

o Replacement for wall outletso Circuit breaker type of GFCI

GFCI at Breakers, are highly sensitive breakers that measures the current entering andleaving a device along the circuit. If the difference is greater than .005 almperes, the trreakerinstantly interrupts the flow of current, shutting down the ci;rcuit before you can be seriouslyhurt. A GFCI breaker replaces a regular breaker in a service panel. lt comes in l5 to 30 arnpereversions and is available for both 120 and 240-volt circuits. The GFCI should check regLrlarlyby predsing the TEST button. If the breaker is good, it will trip; to reset it, flip the toggle backto the ON position.

GFCI at outlets. If it is installed at the first outlet box in the circuit, the GFCI outlet rvillprotect all outlets along the circuit. The national Electric Code norv requires that new outletswithin 6 feet of the kitchen sink and the bathrooms, garages, basements and outdoors must be

GFCl-protected. Also available is a portable, plug-in GFCI that fits into any three-slot outlet.To test a GFCI outlet, push the TEST button; the RESET button will pop out. Reactivate theGFCI by pressing the RESET button.

LOC KO UT/IAGOtIT:CONTRO LOiF HAZARDOT]S IINERG\/

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Lockout/tagout procedures are for your safety. They are designed to prevcnt accidents andinjuries caused by the unexpected release of energy. Thesg procedures prevent workers fromaccidentally being exposed to injurious and even life thleatening situations rvith energrzedmachinery.

Where Are the Regulations?

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates lockoLrt/tagout throughthe Control of Hazardous Energy standard, found at 29 CFR 1910.147. This standard mandates

training, audits, and recordkeeping to ensure that workers will not bc injured by

unintentionally energized equipment.

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What is LockOut/tagOut?

Lockout is the process'of preventing the flow of energy from a power source to a piece clfequipment, and keeping it from operating.

Lockout is accomplished by installing a lockout device at the power source so that equiprnentpowered by that source cannot be operated. A lockout device is a lock, block, or chain thatkccps a switoh, valvc, or lovcr in thc oll'ptrsition.

Locks are provided by the employer and can be used only for lockout purposes. fhey shouldnever be used to lock toolboxes, storage sheds, or other devices.

Tagout is accomplished by placing a tag on the power source. The acts as a warning no1 torestore energy - it is not a physical restraint. Tags must clearly state: Do not operate or thelike, and must be applied by hand. Both locks and tags must be strong enough to preventunauthorized removal and to withstand various environmental conditions.

What Must Be Lockctl or'l'aggctl Out

The control of hazardous energy standard (lockouVtagout) covers servicing and rnaintcnanceof equipment where expected energization or start-up of equipment could harm employees.You need to control energy before working in situations involving repair and replacernentwork, renovation work, and modifications or to adjustment to powered equiprnent. There nraybe other instances as well when lockout/tagout is required at your tacility.

In general, OSHA requires that all power sources that can be locked out, rnust be locked outfbr servicing or maintenance. Remember, guards or interlock devices cannot be used as

substitute tbr locks during major servicing.

The standard requires that employers develop r-witten energy control programs that clearl), and

specifically explain all procedures for lockouVtagout. These plans must include:o Lockout/tagoutprocedureso Employee trainingo Periodic inspebtions

Ernployers must identiff and differentiate between authorized and affected employees.Authorized employees physically lock or tag out equipment for servicing or maintenance. Notthat these individuals are not necessarily the people who normally operate the ecluipment.

Affected employecs are those workers whose job requires them to operate equiprnent strbiect

to lockout/tagout, or those employees who work in arcas wherc lockout/tagout is uscd. Youremployer will infbrm you if you are an affected ernployee.

Controlling Energy Sou rces

A wide variety of energy souices require lockouUtagout to protect you I'rom the release o1'

hazardous energy. Some of ther.e energy sources include:o Electrical t

o Mechanicalo Pneumatic (involving gases, especially air)o llydraulic (involving fluids, especially water)o Chemicalo Thermalo Water under pressure (or steam)o Gravityo Potential

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Lockout/tagout must be used to protect you from the potentially dangerous effects ofhazardous energy. Some of the problems of hazardous energy include:

o Accidental start-upso Electrical shocko Release of stored, residual, or poteritial energa

Remember, these accidents often occur when someone takes a short cut s,hen servicingmachinery, or they occur when a worker doesn't understand the equipment or job to be done.

Before the standard went into effect in 1989, OSHA estimated that failure to control hazardousenergy sources caused:

. 10 percent ofserious industrial accidentso 33,000 lost work days each year :

o Loss ofabout 100 lives each year

It was because of this serious risk to worker safety that the standard was developed.

The LockouUTagout Procedure

Lockout/tagout procedure cover the following:

o The scope and purpose of lockout/tagouto How to perform a shutdown, including isolating; blocking, and securing machincs

or equipmento llow to placc, rcmovc, and translcr looks and wlro is rcsportsiblc lirr tltorno How to test the machine to make sure it is locked out

Preparing for a Shutdown

Before you even turn off a machine as part of a lockouVtagout procedure, you should know.

o The type and magnitude of the energy involvedo Associated hryards of the energy involvedo Control methods of the energy involved

ierforming a Shuttlown

Ilirst, notily all allcctcd cmpl<lyccs that you'rc about to stait a lockout prrrccdurc. 'l'ltcn locatc

all energy sources that power the piece of equipment you'll be servicing. Allvays look lorhidden energy sources. Some machines may have more than one source of power, so you must

make sure you know the machine and all power sources involved. Follow the procedures set

up to shut down each respective machine.

Isolating Equipment and Applying Lockout Devices

Your rnachines or equipment ttl be locked out should already be capable o1'being locked out.

Every power source has its o\,vn procedure for lockout. Lockout n'ray be accomplished by

pulling a plug, opening a discri'nnect switch, removing a fuse, closing a valve, bleeding the

line, or plaeing a block in the equipment. Generally, follorv this sequence of events:

o After you have completed the shutdown, turn off the energy at he main power

sorrlceo Using your designated lock, lock out all energy sources involvedo Attempt to restart the rnachine to guarantee that the power is shr.rt ofJ', then tum tlte

switch to the off position

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If several people are needed to work on a piece of equipment, each one must apply their orvnlock. This prevents any accidental start-ups while another employee may still be working onthe machinery. ln this case, you'll a multiple lockout device that can accommodate severallocks at once.

When all energy sources are locked inform others of the lockout situation. One lvay to this isby applying a tag to the power source.

Note: never use another employee's lock and never lend yours. 'fhis protects you and yourfellow workers.

Safe Release of Stored Inergy

Equipment must be at"zero energy state" before servicing or hydraulic pressure, maintenancework can begin. To get to this zero energy state:

o Drain all valves, bleed off air from a systern, eliminate stored hydraulic pressure, oruse other method to release energy that is detailed in your company procedure

o Test the machine to make sure that all energy was disconnected or rcleased

Verify That Machine Is Locked Out

Before you start to repair or service the machine, make sure that it has been properly isolatedand deenergized. With your lock in place, test the disconnection to make sure it can't be turnedon. Make absolutely sure that the power can't be supplied unless you know about it.

Restoring Power

Afler servicing is finished, check that all tools are rcmoved fioni the area and replacc allmachine guards. Make sure all employees are clear of the maclrine. Only then can you removeyour tag and lock and reconnect all sources of energy. After this, you may notify the affectedemployees that the lockout has been removed and restart the equipment.

Following Trainings and Audio Requirements

OSHA requires that:

o All authorized employee be trained irt recognition of applicable hazardous energysources, the type and magnitude of hazardous energy sources in use at the facility,and how to perform the lockout/tagout procedure. .

o All affected employees must be trained in the purpose and the use o1'

lockout/tagout.o All other employees must be instructed on the purpose on the plan, but not in the

actual use.o Periodic inspections or audits be performed by an authorized employee who does

not use the energy control procedure being inspected.o Retraining must be done when there are changes in equipment, job assignment, or

procedures, when an audit shows deficiencies with procedure, and when theemployer feels the procedures should be reviewed.

Audits must be done at least annually, and should include questions to detennine if employees

understand the purpose of lockouVtagout, if proper locks and tags are being used, and ifestablished procedures are being followed. Each audit must be documented.

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Other Concerns

Other contractors must be informed of your lockouUtagout procedure in full detail so that theiremployees understand the meaning of locks or tags that they may come across during thecourse of their work, In addition, if contractors will be using locks or togs, they should informyour emploier so that everyoneaffected may be noticed.

Shift and Personnel i

tIn general, if a piece of equiprlrent is locked out at shift change, the person on the next shiftmust apply his lock before the dmployee who is leaving can remove his.

Power Sources that Cannot Be Locked Out

In every rare case, a power source cannot be physically locked. Discuss this situation withyour supervisor to find out it tagout alone may,safely be used. There are ferv situations wheretagout alone is allowed.

Working at Working Safely

Your attention to and respect for your facility's lockouUtagout program will make theworkplace safer for both you and co-workers. Always follow lockout/tagout procedure duringsewicing or maintenance of equipment, where unexpected energization or start-up of theequipment could harm you or a fellow employee.

l. Always lock and tag power sources and switches whpn you service or repair encrgized

. equipment. "2. Never ignore and remove the locks and tags of other employees rvhen you come across

them in the ivorkplace.3. Know your role as an authorized or affected employee.

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Safety Lockout Devices

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Twin Cpening Lockout

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Pad lock Style Locko ut

Seven Lock Locko ut

Tamperproof Locko ut

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMIiN:I'

According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (1997), 2.8 million people su{'le rcdserious, non-fatal on-the-job injuries and illnesses, That works out to an average of over 7,000persons injured per day throughout the year. In addition, an average of 17 Arnerican workersdie each year from injuries sustained on the job. (1996)These sobering statistics demonstrate that many rvorkers face unsafe conditions or workpractices in their workplaces everyday. While employers need to minimize these hazards as

much as possible at the source, this step is not always feasible, Use of Personal ProtectiveEquipment (PPE) completes other measures your employer takes to create a salbtyenvironment for you.

Where are the Regulations

The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) has issued regulationsgoverning the use of PPE in general industry. You can find them at 29 CFR 1910.132-138.Your employer must establish and administer an effective PPE program.

Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection

Your employer must assess your workplace to deterqirine il'hazards arc present, or arc

likely to be present, which necessitate the use of PPE. OSH4 does not:want your employer torely only on PPE to protect against hazards, but rather to use PPE along rvith guards,

engineering controls, and sound manufacturing practices.

If the hazards cannot be eliminated (the most effective way of control) or controlled byengineering design, and PPE worn by employees, The supervisor must do the followrng.

tr be able to recognize the hazardsbe famili4r with the best safety equipment available to protect against these

hazards.know the procedures for supplying the equipmentknow how to maintain and clean the equipmentdevelop an effective method for persuading all employees to dress safety ancl towear the proper protective equipment rvhen they should.

Supervisors are in the best possible position to know what PPE ccluiprncnt is nccclcd and whcnit is needed. It is part of their job responsibility to follow:up ofl the use of such equipment.When persons do not see the purpose of using protective equipment, the supervisor must get

their cooperation by educating thern to recognize the need fOr it.

Getting some workers to use protective equipment may be one ol' the toughest jobs a

supervisor must face. The safe rule to follow when speci$ing or buying all types of safety

equipment is to insist on the best equipment and deal with reputable firms. Do not take a

chance on inferior items just because they may be less expensive.

Protecting the EyesIndustrial operations expose the eyes to a variety of hazard flying objects, splashes ofconosive liquids or .molten metal, broken glass, dust and harmful radiations are common

examples.

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Eye injuries not only disable a person, but they often disfigure him. Per-injury cost is high toboth employee and employer.

Among the equipment used to protect the eyes are: cover goggles, protective spectacles,spectacles with side shields, cup goggles, chemical goggles, dust goggles, lninor's goggles,meter goggles and welder's gogglbs.

Other types of PPE are face shields, bal biting helmets, rvelding helmets, hand-hold shield,acid proof hoods, hoods with air supply.

Overcoming Employee Com plaints

Perhhps the most common complaint that people give as to why they do not want to weargoggles are that they arc uncomfortable. That is why equipment must be carefully fltted.

Protecting the Foot and Legs

Where needed, satbty shoes must be worn and the supervisor must see to it that workers wearthe proper protectiorr. The responsibility for proper care of safety shoes rests with the

Among the safety shoes worn in industrial establishrnents are:

. lree shoes ( rvlrere there arc severe electrical hazards or fire and explclsiclrr

haz.ards)

o gaiter rype (to protect people from splash of molten m'etal or fronr welding sparks). reinforced shoes (where there are hazards from protruding nails and where the

likelihood of contact with energized electrical equipment is rernote, for exarnple inconstructi on industries)

o leather shoes with wood soles or wood-soled sandals (for wet rvork conditions)o metatarsal guard qhoes (where heavy materials such as pig iron & heavy casting are

handled)

Leg Protection - Use leggings or kned pads.

Protecting the Head

Safety hats are needed on jobs where person's head is mendced by fall,ing or tlying objects orby bumps. Impact resistance is essential. Hats must be fire resistant and impervious tomoisture, where contact with energized circuits is possible, only hats with shells made of non-

combustive fitting passing through the shell.

Ear Protection

Excessive noise must be reduced whenever possible. Ear protection should be used only as a

last resort. Among the equipment used are the insert type protectors and the mutf type.

Hands and Finger Protection

Depending upon the hazard or work, hands and lingers could be protected through the use o1'

asbestos gloves, rubber gloves, leather gloves, chrome-tanned corvhide leather gloves, cotton

or fabric gloves and coated fabric gloves.

Torso Protection - Use full aprons.

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Lung Protection

Use respiratory protective equipment, among these are the filter respirator, gas mask, air linerespirator, contained breathing apparatus and hose mask.

And for those who work at high levels, safety belts and life lines must be used.

Your Responsibility to Report Hazards

Think about the potential for a hazardous situation in your workplace. Would you knorv whatto do respond effectively? How do you report a safety problem or hazard?

A hazard assessment reflects an employer's responsibility to provide a workplace free ofrecognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious hann. Similarly, you have aresponsibility to report hazards you discovef. ln addition to participating in hazardassessments, make these common sense rules part of your routine on the job:

. Identify all potential hazards before you begin a task.o Respect all precautions - don't take any chances.. Check with a supervisor or somebody else in authority if you are unsllre about

a situation.o Know in advance the potential problems in a situation, and what to do about

them if they happen.

.. Know your organization's hazard reporting prdcedure.. Leam basic first-aid procedures and use them on theiob only if your ernployer

approvcs.. [teport any haza'ds to a supervisor or dcsignated pcrson as soon as you bccornc

ware of them. I

Work at Working Safety . '

Because your health is important to you and your employer, take the follolving points to heart:

o [Jsc cot't'ln]on sensc rcgarding salicty on lhe.ioh arrrl comply rvillt ittty applicahlc

OSHA standards.o Work with your employei in identi$,ing hazards on the job.. I(eport any job-related injury or illness promptly, and scck rccommcttdcd

treatment.o Follow your employer's sal'ety and hcirlth rules and regulations, including the

use of personal protective equipment on the job.

The goal of hazard reporting should be to make the workplace a sal'er environmertt for all the

employees. That goal needs everybody's support.

54

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH HAZARDSIDENTIFICATION. ASSESSMENT & CONTROL

Occupational safety and health hazards can mean conditions that may cause legallycornpensable illness or it rnay mean any conditions in the workplace that can impair the healthof employees enough to make them lost their time from work, or to work at less than full'efficiency.

Occupational diseases are caused by hazardous environment factors; the exposure is peculiarto a particular process, trade or occupation and to which is generally dangerous to workerswhen exposed.

The exposure to occupational diseases is generally widespread in manufacturing and mining,and the expanding use of chemicals continually extends the exposure in all occupations. Newchemicals and new processes bring in new hazards and new exposures,

Classes of Health Hazards:

o Chemicals:

These are poisons or conosive substances that directly attack the body.They can either be in the following state: | '

Gases

VaporsLiquidsSolidsDustsOr any combinations thereof

o Biological:

These are infections such as:

anthraxparasites

athlete's foot or other fungivirusestuberculosis

l'o Environmental conditiorf s:

These.are exposures to: '

excessive noiseradiant energy I

extremes of temperature

= pressure

rapid temperature changes

56

Manner of entry in the body:;

o Inhalation r

o Skin contact 'o Ingestiont Eu !'e

Prcvcntivc / contJol measures:

1 . Eliminate sources of contamination or reduce the amount of exposure'. ,

o Design of equipmento Substitution of less toxic for toxic materialso Change the processo Good housekeeping

2. Prevent dispersion of contaminants:o lsolate the processo Enclose the processo APPIY wet methodso Improve local exhaust ventilationo Maximize rvorker education

3. 'Protect workers:

o APPIY general ventilationo Provide personal protective equipments

Prevention Funda mentals:

o Know the nature of potential hazardous substances, conditions or exposureso Set up and maintain control measures

Purchasing: Handling

Storage

Use/applicationWaste disposal

o Assign responsibility for prevention progralnfire brigade teams

health and safety committeeemergency and fire drillsregular safety inspectionmonitoringsafety audit system

57

INDUSTRIAL TIYGIENE

ThAt SCiCNCE ANd ATt dCVOtEd tO thE ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION, EVALUATION ANCICONTROL of environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace which rnaycause sickness, impaired health'and well-being or significant discomfbrt arirong workers oramong the citizens of the community,

Basic Concepts of Industrial Hygiene

l. Recognize - to identi& potential or act or stresses2. Evaluate - to determine the magnitude str'esses arising

in the workplace through qualitative an3. Control - to apply corrective measures by eitJrer reducing or elirninating the

exposure

Concerns of lndustrial l{ygiene

. Detection, measurement and evaluation of hazards in the workplacet Planning and implementation of measures to improve the environmentt The conservation of the health and prosperity or the workers and his community

I Hazard Recognition

Basic Procedures in hazard recognitiono Conduct a walk-through survey to pinpointo Determine the process involvedo Know the rarv materials used and its by-productso Educate the workerso Conduct a regular safety inspection

ll Hazard Evaluation

l. Detennine the magnitude or level of hazards with the use of industrial hygieneinstruments

2. Analysis of samples and compare results with existing standards3. Monitor the work environment

Work Environment Measurement - is the direct measurement of hazards, environmentalstresses and their hazardous effects on the worker's health.

Purpose of Work Environment Measurement (WEM)

. Determine the magnitude of hannful environmental agents

o Predict the harmfulness of new facilities, processes and metlrods

o To monitor workers' exposure to hazards

o Evaluate the effectiveness of control measures adopted fbr irnprovement

. Maintain a favorable working conditions

III

Iocatiofr of existing hazards

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III Control of Hazards

The following methods of control may be applied:

. Engineering Control engineer out the hazards either by initial designspecifications or by applying the methods of substitution, isolation or ventilation

. Administrative Control - control of employees exposure by scheduling or reducedwork times in contaminated areas, and/or applying other work rules

o Personal Protective Equipment - considered as the method of last resort rvhenengineering and administrative controls are not sufficient to achieve acceptable

K ynaduroTypes Of Occupational Health Hazards

1. Physical Hazards - include noise, vibration, extremes of temperature and pressure,non-ionizing and ionizing radi ations

2. Chemical l-lazards - these are the excessive airborne concentration o{' vapors,gases,

aerosols, and other cdntaminants that may either be in the l'orrr ol'dusts, fumes ormists.

3. Biologic Flazards - include insects, ltrolds, fungi, laactcrial, vrral, ctc. and othcragents

4. Ergonomic Hazards - include improperly designed tools, equipment, or work areas;

unusual and unnecessary lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions; excessive

vibration; repeated forceful motions in awkward postures.

In the recognition and evaluation phase, the lollorving questions w'ill guidc thc saf'cty

personncl: .

limits of exoosure

9el'i: /.")er

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

What is produced?

What raw materials are used?

What other materials are added in the production stage?

What other by-products are produced?

What equiprnents are involved?What is the cycle of the production operation?

What safety and health controls are utilized?

Who takes responsibilities on the safety and health aspects of the workers

exposed?

What is the level of exposure to harmful chemicals or physical agents?

After a general assessment of the potential or existing hazards in the workplace, a quantitative

measurement to note the extent of the hazard can be attained and thus, results can now be

compared to the various guidelines such as the exposure standards or threshold lirnit values

(rLV).

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Threshold Limit Values (TtVs) - refer to the time-weighted concentrations of airbornecontaminants for an 8-hour workday and 40-hour per week exposure.

Types of TLVs:

l. TLV-TWA - is the time weighted average concentration o{'airborne contaminantsfor a normal 8-hr. workday and 40-hr. rvorkweek, to which nearly all rvorkers rraybe exposed day after day, without adverse effects to their health.

2. TLV - STEL - is a time weighted average calculated over a l5 rninuto period. Thisis applied in situations where brief excursions could be experienced, (while notexceeding the 8-hour TLV-TWA).

3. TLC - C - are values which should not be exceeded even briefly. It is used insituations where acute effects might be experienced, as with sensitizers, irritants,and other quick acting substances/materials.

If any of these three TLVs is exceeded, a potential hazard from that substance is presurned toexist. The degree of hazard from exp[osure to harmful environmental factors or stresses woulddepend on the following:

o Nature of the nraterial or cnergy involvcd. lntcnsityol'exJ'osurc

. . Duration of ex;,osure. Individual susceptibility

Work Environment Measuring Instruments (Wem):

I. Physical Agents: .

1. Noise:o Sound level meter - is the basic instrument used to measure sound pressurc

variations in the air.

Frequency analyzer - determines the distribution of noise levels according tothe frequencies. Usually the sound level mbter comes logelhcr with an octavc

band analyzer in a set.

Light:o Luxmeter or Lightmeter - is a photometer, which converts the light into att

electric current;the intensity of illumination in lux can tre read from the scale

of the instrument.

Extremes of Temperature:

Evaluation of heat stress is done using the Heat Stress Monitor

. Dry bulb thermometer

. Wet bulb thermometer

. Globe thermometer

. Sling thermometer

2

3.

(;0

. Radiation:o Film bhdgeo Thermoluminiscence detectorso Pockcl dosimctcr

5. Chemical Agents - Gas and Vapors monitors:

. Direct - reading instrument exemplified by colorirnetric-type <Jevices,thermal, gas chromatography

6. Biologic Agents

o Microscope

7. Other Useful Equipments:

o Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer- fbr heavy metals. Gas Chromatograph - for organic solvents. X-ray diffraction - for dust, asbestos fibers. High performance liquid chromatograph - for inorganic chemicals

Industrial Hygiene Control Methods:

1. Substitution - from a highly toxic material to a less toxic or nontoxic one.

2. Changing the Process - to improve quality or reduce the cost of production.

3 . Isolation - can be a physical barrier, can be in tenns of time, or enclosure of a rvorker oran equipment or a process.

4. Wct Methods-- nrinimizes the prcscncc il'airborne dust haz.ards.

5. Local Exhaust Ventilation - removes air contaminants at their source; recluires less

airflow than dilution ventilation systems.

6. General Ventilation - add or remove air from work areas to keep the concentration ofan air contaminant below hazardous levels.

7. Personal Protective Devices (PPEs) - eye and face protection, hearing protection,protective clothing, respiratory protective devices.

8. Personal Hygiene - industrial hand cleaner, washing facilities; food handling / storage.

9. Housekeeping and maintenance - immediate cleanup of any spills of toxic material;periodic shutdown of equipment for maintenance.

10. Waste Disposal - done by highly trained individuals by neutralizing or detoxifoingchemicals that are no longer needed.

1 l. Special Control methods - shielding; administrative controls like reduction of workperiods, shifting etc.

12. Medical Controls - involves pre-placement, periodic, routine and secondary monitoring.

6l

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM -the branch of preventive medicine that aims to:

. Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental and social well beingof workers in all occupation.

o Prevents among workers all departures from health caused by the workingconditions.

o Protect workers in,their employment from risk resulting from fhctors adverse tohealth.

,, O Place and maintain workers in an occupational environment adopted to hisphysiological and psychological capacity.

Basic Principles of the Occupational Health Program:

A. Health Protection

1. Health risk management at work:o Health hazard identificationo Health risk assessmento Control measureso Health surveillance io R.:cords Keeping i

,iInformatit rn instruction and trai ni n g

o Educateo Give specific instructions and training on health hazardso Provide trainirrg on sa[e work and Lrse of I)PF.]' . Indicate potential hazarclous areas

First aido Provide first aid treatrnent and facilitieso Train and instruct thc rvorkplacc in ctncrgcncy rncdical

procedures

Medical treatmento Provide necessary treatment to common medical illnesses

Sickness and absenteeism monitoringo Monitor sickness / absenteeismo Identify occupational related diseaseso Provide and effective rehabilitation program

2.

3.

4.

5.

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B. Health Promotion

1, Assessment of health risk associated with the living environmento .Assess and prevent health risk with living environmento Assess lifestyle associated with health risko Provide employee information and assistance programso Provide a system of records keeping to monitor the progress

. in controlling health risk

2. Employee assistance program' . Develop physical fitness programo Provide health counselingo Provide treatment of illness

DEVELOPING AN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM :l. Priority Setting - essence of planning is in setting priorities, this vioa, reflects thc

resource limitations2. Developing objectives, targets use SMART approach: Specilic, Measurable,

Attainable, Realistic, Time-bounded3. Designing evaluation and monitoring tools for the program

ELEMENTS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH :

The Worker :

o His generic compositiono Hispsychologicalcharacteristicso His disease susceptibility

The Tool :

o Bio - mechanical design and specifications

The Task or Job :

o APPIicationo TraininBo Job satisfaction. 'Rest breakso Shift worke Management support system

WorkingEnvironment :

] Physical conditions{ Bio - mechanical conditions

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SAFETY INSPECTION

A. Importance of Safety Insp,,:ction

1. Inspections are a necessary activity in a safety program. Every industrial plant andeach occupational function or operations harbors some existing or potential hazardswhich arises through changes due to deletion of introduction of machines, materials.processes or methods or structural changes due to construction. 'fhis points up to theneed for an effective method of hazafi appraisal through inspections.

2. The basic purpose of inspection is to detect potential accident causes so they rrray becorrected and to prevent an accident from occurring. Through inspection, it is possibleto determine those deficiencies, which need a definite planned system as necessary forsafety inspection as any other procedurel

3. The use of standard or specially developed forms and procedures results in unilonninformation for use in checking against previous inspections or inspections of otherarea, plants, jobs or companies. With unilornr information, repeated lindings of'thesame unsaf'e conditions will be recognized and further necessary action can be taken.

Methodical and well-performed safety inspections, done periodically, are at1

unequalled medium for determining accident-prevention needs. A definite, platrnedsystem is as necessary for safety inspection as any other procedures.

. 'fhe practical value of inspection comes through corrcctive action bcirrg accomplishcdas soon as possible. The extent of hazard indicated for each item reported must be

weighedto determine if immediate action is required or if sorme delay is necessary loobtain materials, etc. It is possible that ternporary corrective action ntay be substituteduntil final action can be taken.

6. Good safety inspections often produce safer as well as more etllcient rnethods.

Mcthodically. trnilbrrnly planncd artd cclncltrctcd salcty insllcctions rrrir.\, [rc cxarrrplcsof etlicient operations.

7 . Coupled with effective action as a result of recommendations, saf'ety i nspection is oneof the best methods by which management can demonstrate its sincerity regardingaccident prevention.

8. Other benefits, which are shared by both management and the workers as a result ofsafety inspection, include increased efiiciency and better public and ernployeerelations.

9. Safety and efficiency always bring their o'vvn reward in better personnel and publicrelations, Employees usually prefer lvorking in a safe plarrt and the reputation of a

company is usually judged by reports of accidents and injuries. As stated managernent,which encourages or requires safety inspection realize that goodrvill and moral valuescan be obtained in no other way.

:

10. Safety inspection can be valuable in pointing out areas, operations or rnethods, rvhichrequire emphasis in supervisors or ernployee training.

4.

5.

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B. Inspection Methods

There are two fundamental classes of surveys:

l. Those requested by the organization surveyed or some segment thereof as afunction of an internal safety effort.

2. Those made by an "outside" agency or organization.

Five Basic Types of Safety Suweys:

l. Continuous Activity Surveys2. Preventive Maintenance Suweys3. Licensed Surveys4. Special Surveys5. One-call Surveys

Who Makes Safety Inspections

Internal Plant Inspection

1. Supervisors2. Safety Committee3. Safety Engineer4. Specialist in the operation affected5. Representative from the Boss' Office6. Government Safety Representative7. lnsurance Company Safety Engineer

What "makes" a Safety Inspector

l. Expertise2. Ability3. Experience '4. Capacity for Ideas5. Self-Analysis

Aids Needed in a Safety Inspection

l. Plans (Layout and Machinery)2. Guides (Checklist and Inspection Guides)3. Forms4. Incidental Equipment (Hard Hat, Goggles, Flashlights, Tape Measures, Pencil,

etc.)5. Technical Materials6. Incentives

What To Look For

L General Conditions - include lighting, housekeeping, ventilation and similarmatters.

2. Specific Hazards - iriclude tools, machines, equipment, materials, etc.

3. Work Practices - applraisal of methods and the manner in which methods are

implemented, i

C.

D.

E.

F.

Lr ,\-

G.

H.

How To Get Results

L Reporting2. Recording3. Application

Safety Inspection In L Nultsnell

l. What is to be inspected?2. How often?3. Who will inspect?4. Who will supervise?5, Reports and records?6. Conective actions?

Steps in a Safety Inspection

Preparationo Plano Rcvicw. Studyo Outlineo Procure

Equipmento Hard hato Pencilo Study. Goggles

Plan Routeo Have definite objectiveo Followsequence

Inspection pattcrn:o Gbneral Conditions (lighting, work area, building, chemicals, materials). Specific hazards (tools, machines, equipment)o Work Experience (the human element, how lvork iq done)

J. Some Inspection Tips

o Make noteso Don't disturbo Avoid conversationo Inspect all areaso Be constructiveo Seek reasono Advise supervisors. Preparerecommendations

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ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

PART I - BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Objectives: .

Everyone would agree that the main reason for undertaking accident investigation is to preventfurther accidents - at least those of similar nature. But investigations may be undertaken, inpractice, for a variety of reasons. They may be done because the law requires it. to ensurecompliance with legislation or to make a realistic assessment of the costs of the accident.Specific objectives based on the positive advantages to be gained from thoroughinvestigation,need to be identified in each rvorkplace. Procedures to meet those objectives can bedetermined. It is important that these crucial objectives ,are constantly cornmunicated toworkers and managers alike. All too often accident investigation has been perceived as thinlydisguised efforts to "find the guilty party."

Advantages and Objectives of a thorough Accident lnvestigation:. Raise awareness of potential hazard in the workplace. Scrvcs as a rcvicw of thc adcclLracy of cxisting corrtrolso Identifies potential hazardso Recommends corrective actiono Provide reference data for future investigations

.o Shows company's concern for its employeeso Can be used for accurate cost analyses

Duty to Investigate and Report

Employers are generally obliged to investigate alI types of accidents much more the seriousand fatal ones. Reporting serious accidents are required within 24 hours by responsiblecompanies. Usually the top officer of a company location is tasked to make the report and is

answerable for the inci-dent. By investigating an accident, the company u,ill show to itsemployees its concern for their health and safety. Also, the Departrnent of Labor and

Employment requires such a report. In fact, representatives of the Department immediatetyinvesti gate disastrous acci dents.'

The scene of the accident should not be disturbed until the investigation is cornpleted by the

company's safety committee or by government representative i[ required. lnvestigation and

report preparation should be done soon after the accident to obtain accurate information andprevent long stoppage of operation.

The Accident Investigation Process

It is important, when conducting an investigation to remember the obiectives, which rvas

previously discussed. [n a systems approach, those objectives are based upon the need toidentifr any hazards or problems in anyway related to the accident, as rvell as the means ofcorrecting them.These objectives should be clear to everyone in the workplace, particularly thosc involvcd with

the accident and its investigation. If there is the perception that the real objective of the

investigation is to find the "guilty party", investigators will find people less cooperative in

providing constructive infonnation. Or if the investigation,seems to be designed to identify the

single cause for the accident, then the investigation may lail to identily the irnportant

underlying problems and thus fail in its major objectives.

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The approach taken here towards accidcnt invcstigation is bascd on a logical thrcc- stepprocess. These steps are:

. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION[or, WHAT happened]

o AIYALYSTS OF INFORMATION[or,IVEY it happene{

o IDENTIFICATION OF CORRECTTVE ACTION

Each of these three steps is discussed below. Note that the emphasis throughout this process ison the identification of underlying problems and not trying to decide whether the accident wascaused by an unsafe act or un un5:,afe condition. .

I

Collection of information i

The object of this step of the prbcess is to find,out in detail exactly what happened. It is a

critical stage of the investigation. The scope and quality of the information obtained at thisstage will have an important bearing on the effectiveness of the analysis in the second step. Forexample, failure to uncoVer, at this stage the fact that the equipment involved in the accidentwas recently repaired or modified in some way, may result in failure to ask, in.step 2, why thishad been necessary.

When collecting information, the following points should be borne in mind:o In cases of serious accident, the accident scene must be sealed off and not

disturbed until a government inspector has given authorization. Even inless serious accidents, instructions should be given to protect the scene

. until the company investigator has had the opportunity for an initialinspection.

. lnformation must be obtained as quickly as possible after the accidentbefore the accident scene is disturbed and while events are still fresh inpeople's minds.

. In some instances, the safety of the investigator or investigating team mustbe protebted. Ensure that suitable protective equipment is available and any' immediate hazards to health or safety are identified.

o The investigator must remember that he/she is not looking, at this stage,

simply at the cause of the injury. The aim must consider and obtairr

information about the whole accident situation.

Considering beloiv is the type of information needed and then how to go aboutcollecting it.

Required Information

Obtain the needed information by asking the questions: WHO? WHAT? WHERE? WHEN?And HOW? Remembbr that the analysis (Step2) will usually require that more detailed

information be collected. I i

The starting point is finding out about the injury (or, where there was no injury, the

type of injury which might have been caused by that type of accident in question).

lnformation needed.. type of injury (cut, burn, over-exertion, poisoning, amputation, fracture, etc.). injury agent (e.g. fan blade, grinding wheel, cutting knife, slippery step, solvent or

whatever was directly responsible for the injury). when the injury occurred (time of day, shift)

kg

o medical treafinent required (Was hospitalization required? Was medical aid or firstaid only required? Will time of work be involved?)

Next, information is needed about the injured worker or workers (if any): e.g., thename of the injured worker, his/her job title, department, lopation, lenEh of tirne in presentjob, age, sex and lengh of service.

Build a picture, as complete as possible, of the accident situation. This includesinformation about:

o time,location (the time of day and location of the accident) :

o task (the task being undertaken at the time of the accident and whether it was aroutine or non-routine task)

. witnesses (the names and telephone numbers of any direct witnesses to the accident)o elnetgency response (type and effect of response including first aid, rescue, machine

shut-down, spill clean-up, etc.)o material, machinery and equipment (involved in any way with the accident - this

includes information about condition, guards, etc.)lo environment (whether conditions (if relevant), heating, lighting, presence of dusts,

fumes, ventilation). organization (safety rules, procedures, maintenance, schedules, supervision,

communications). personal factors (about the worker involved in the accident and his/her situation)

.An Accident Investigation Form can be devised and will serye as a checklist of theitems you need to look at- Remember though that all checklists have certain limitations andmay not include some items, which are particularly relevant in your particular workplace.

Ways And Means Of Obtaining Information:Information may be obtained in various ways. These include:

. physical inspeition ofthe accidento interviewing witnesses (people, both workers and managers, who were direct

witnesses to the accident, should be interviewed. [n addition, it may be necessary tointerview others who may not have been direct witnesses but who have beenimportant knowledge about the task, equipment, machinery or about previous similaraccidents or incidents.)

. consulting technical sources (these include technical books, company procedures,manufacturers, safety,,)4perts, etc. )

ious similar accidents,

P as quickly as possibleafter the accident. When noting information at the accident site, it is important to be as

comprehensive as possible. The accident site will not remain undisturbed forever and directevidence not collected initially may be lost.

Remember that there may be evidences at the site, wfrich does not initially appear to be

releyant, but which may become important once the task of analysis begins. For example,finding a tool in poor conditioq which is not directly involved in the injury, may neverthelessprove to be an indication of recurring problems with maintenance - one or more of which maybe linked to the accident.

Take detailed notes about the condition of any machinery or equipment at the site and

about any environmental conditions (e.g. working surfaces, lighting, noise). Examine in detail

(q

the actual work, which was in progress at the same time of the accident. Was there a qualityproblem or did the work involve rework? Note too the work positions involved and thelocation of controls.

Take a camera to the site and photograph all relevarlt conditions and equipment fromvarious angles. In many circumstances it will be necessary to draw a floor plan of the locationindicating the accident site and the relative position of machinery, equipment, controls andother information. Such a map should also indicate the position of the worker at the same timeof the accident in relation to the position of other workers and, where relevant, the work flowfrom point to point.

Direct witnesses to the accident should be interviewed as soon as possible after theaciident, while the details are still fresh in their minds. As well as those rvho were directwitnesses, it may be appropriate to identifr and interview workers and/or managers who havespecial knowledge about the work being done, the equipment used or who were in the vicinityat the time of the accident.

There is a distinct art to interviewing people - particularly those in the workplace a{terthere has been a traumatic accident. Witnesses must be interviewed in a neutral and nolr-threatening atmosphere. People cannot be forced to provide information or be constructive, butan atmosphere can be created in which they will want to be helpful.

Some of the important rules to follow when intervieyiring are:o put the interviewee at ease by assuring him or her that the purpose is not to

attach blame but to prevent other accidents

never interview two or more witnesses togetherif a witness tells something which apfoars to conflict with another'sinformation, do not jump on this in a threatdning fashion. It is the rule, ratherthan the exception, for people to have different perceptions of the same event.

never put words into the interviewee's mouth, this will only prejudice theinformation collected

o do more listening than talking. Aim, as a general rule to do no more than l0% olthe talking- listening is far more productive

. only use a tape recorder if the interviewee is not at all uneasy about it.o do not ask for "sworn" or signed statements from the witnesses - this is not

preparation for a court case

Technical sources who may need to be consulted include both company and external sources.

For example, if the agcident involved a faulty maqhine part, there may be a need to consultmaintenance schedules or to contact the manufacturer. If toxic substances were involved,consult appropriate material safety data sheets and/or an industrial hygienist. ln addition, you

may need to review job hazard analysis, written safgty direqtions and other rules.

Analysis Of Information

Analysis of information collected by the investigators is one in order to determine underlyingproblems and effective corrective action. The information collected initially represents

statements of fact. Next, seek erplanation so that solutions can be determined.

Analysis simply involves asking the question "Why?" repeatedly, until the root problem is

uncovered. In one accident investigation report, the following statement was made under the

heading "Accident Causes".

Injured worker suffered an eye injury because he was not woaring his safety glasses at the time

ofthe accident.

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While this statement is undoubtedly a true statement of fact, how does it hclp clcterminc whatto do to prevent another accident? The investigator needs to know why he inlured worker wasnot wearing glasses. [f it tums out that he was not rvearing them because he was doing a rushjob, the next questions might be: "Why was this a rush job?" and "Why did supervisor allowthe worker to carry out the taslcwithout glasses?" But remOmber that accidents are seldom, iI'ever, the result of a single cause and there is a need, therefore, to pursue different lines ofinquiry.

It'is not unusual, following publication of a public enquiry into a major disaster, to see

the media headline the news item "Hutnan error blamed for airline crash", Of course there washuman error involved, but the fact of knowing this does little to help prevent future accidents(unless of course we can find a way to prevent people from ever making an error under anycircumstances). What we need to know is why the error, or errors, was made and how we canmodiry the task, equipment or system to reduce the risk of error or to minimize the effects o{'erTor.

Generally, one must continue to ask "Why" until the point is reached where control is

beyond the scope of the workplace. A good example of this is when it is determined that a

sinr,ation existed because of adverse weather conditions. It is now pointless to ask why theweather conditions were adverse, since technology has so far failed to provide us with themeans to control the wcather. Instcad onc might concentratc on c<lnsidcrirrg what workmodifications or task procedures should be in place where adverse weather conditions rnaymake work particularly hazardous. Another example is when the investigator finds out that theinjured worker had a serious argument with his or her spouse before he/she came to work thatmorning. It would really be silly to ask why he or she had phis argument. It would be equallyfutile to spend time considering how the company could see it that workers never had spousaldisagreements.

Determining Corrective Action

No matter how thoroughly the investigation is undertaken, it will be largely a waste ol'time and energJ if the problems identified are not corrected. Deciding horv to resolve theproblems identified through the investigation deserves lose attention.

Recommended corrective action should be aimed at the underlying problem and notjust the symptoms. "Tell worker to be more attentive to hazards", will not achieve much in asituation where neither the worker concerned nor the supervisor in charge was aware of thehazad in the first place. The following points should be taken into account in determiningcorrective actions:

o A part of the Accident Investigation Form requires therinvestigator to list every problem, identified in any section. l,n other words, the approach suggested here is to address every

problem identified, whethti:r or not the investigator feels it was a direct cause of the

accident in question iBe as specific as possiblei about the recommendatiog made. Instead of saying "'f rainworker", it would be better to say, "supervisor to provide worker with 2 hours instructionon the safe use of grinding wheels, safety department to provide training materials".

o As a general rule, it is usually counter-productive to recommend discipline as part of theinvestigator's recommendations. While discipline clearly has a role to play in health and

safety programs, recommending its use in investigations tends to scnd a message that

investigations are designed to "find the culprit". This means that it will be more difficultto get people to be forthcoming with information the'next time an investigation must be

done.

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. Recommendations for corrective action should be realistic. Some solutions rnay have to beconsidered long tenl because of the cost and complexity involved. Where this is the case,' recommend a short-term solution as well. Recommendations will be more likely to berealistic if the appropriate, people/departments are consulted before they are finalized.

o Finally, accident investigatign results, and the recommendations madeby those with the authority to irnplement corrective action.

PART TI _ ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

THE TASKL Was an inconect job procedure used? :

2. Was there a failure to follow the established safe procedure?3. Was a proper job procedure unavailable? ,

4. Were housekeeping procedures a contributing factor?5. Were any job procedures used unsafe in the circumstances?6. Was an incorrect tool(s) used?7. Was the task unauthonzed?8. Was protective equipment lacking or bad condition?

MATERIALS/EQUIPMENTl. Was equipment/material failure a factor?2. Was any equipment used in poor condition/3. Was any material used sub-standard?4. . Was any equipment unguard.d?

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5. ' Were there any problems relating to porver sources? i ,

6. Were lockout procedures followedl7. Was the use of equipment authorized?

ENVIRONMENTl. Were weather conditions a contributing factor?2. Were working suSfaces slippery, dusty, or untidy?3. Were toxic gases, dusts, fumes present?

4. Was glare a problem?5. Was workplace inadequate for the task?6. Was this a working alone solution?

PERSONALt. Was the worker inexperienced?

3. Was the worker in good physieal condition?4. Were alcohol or drugs a possible contributing factor?5: Was the worker under stressed work wise or personal?6. Did the worker follow the correct working procedure?

ORGANIZATION1. Was lack of adequate safety rules a contributing factor?2. Was supervision for the job in any way inadequate?

3. Was lack of regular safety inspection a possible contributing tactor'/4. Was inadequate maintenance a possible contributing factor?5. Was there any failure by supervisors to detect or correct known hazards?

6. Have there been any similar accidents in the last two years?

must be reviewed

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IntroductionThe process of determining the hazards associated with a job is often referred to as Job SaletyAnalysis, however a Job l-lazardAnalysis (JllA) is a rnoro abcuratc tcrrn sincc lr.lllA looks Iorthe hazards associated with a job, those that present risks not only to employee safety, but also

.to employee health and to the environment. :

Ultimately, every job should be analyzed. This analysis will bring aboutassociated with each steps, and will enable the supervisor to recommendcontrol measures.

Establishing JHA Priorities

the haz.ards

the appropriate

When more than one job needs to be analyzed, choosing whjch one to do first is an importantdecision. Someiobs present a greater risk to health and safety than others and should takepriority. In most cases, the priorities are based on the following criteria:

r High Frequency of Accidents or Near-MissesJobs with a high frequency of accidents or near- misses pose a significant threat tohealth and safety.

r HistoU of Serious Accidents or FatalitiesJobs that have already produced fatalities, disabling iniuries, illnesses or environnrenlalharm - regardless of the frequency - should have a high priority.

r 'Potential for Serious HarmJobs that have fhe potential for causing serious injury or harm should be analyzed, evenif they have never produced an injury or illness.

r New JobsWhenever a new.job is introduced in your area, a thorough JHA should be perforrncdbefore any employee is assigned to it.

I Changes in Procedures and StandardsPriority should also be given toiobs that have undergone a change in procedure,equipment or materials, and jobs whose operation may have been affected by newregulations or standards.

Note: Even the most routine jobs can include unrecognized hazards. By performing a

thorough JHA you may be able to discover a safer or healthier way of performing the job.

Selecting a JIIA Team

JHA should always be a team effort. By involving others in the process, you reduce thepossibility of overlooking an individualjob step, or a potential hazard.

'You also increase the

likelihood of identiffing the most appropriate measures for eliminating or controlling hazards.r JFIAs are a team effort

An effective JHA team should generally include:- The Supervisor- The employee most farniliar with how the job is done and its related hazards- Other employees who perform the job- Experts or specialists when necessary, such as maintenance personnel,

occupational hygienists, ergonomists, or design engineers.

By involving as many knowledgeable and experienced people as possible, you ensure the JI-lA

will be accurate and complete.

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Performing a Job Hazard Analysis

Once the JHA team has been selected, you need to make'sure everyone involi,ed is familiarwith what a job hazard analysis is and how it is performed.

Job hazard analysis is a three-stage process:

l. List the basic steps necessary to perform the job from start to finish.2. Identifi every existing or potential hazard associated with each job step.3. Develop recommendations for ways to eliminate, or control each hazard.

JHA forms can differ from company to company. The form should be completed one columnat a time. In other words, all of the basic job steps should be listed before rioving to thesecond column. Then, all of. the existing and pbtential hazards for each job should beidentified before listing any recommended solutjons in the third column. Concentrating on onecolumn at a time helps ensure that the information in each column is accurate and complete.

It's best to complete JHA forms one column at a time.

1. Identifying Basic Job Steps

It is always a good practice to begin a JHA with a general discussion of how the job isperformed and a review of any related hazards. Once the tpam has a general familiarity withthe operation, they are ready to begin identifring the basic j$p- steps.

The most effective rvay for the JHA team to do this is ft8 r,vatch carefully as an operatorperforms the entire job at least once. Then, as the operator performs the job again, theindividual steps are noted in the JHA form using simple action phrases that are short and to thepoint: "Compress boxes" or "Remove tied bale from baler", for example. The job steps shouldalways be numbered to indicate the order in rvhich they are perforrned

Two of the most commqn errors made during this stage of a JI-IA are:

- Describing the job in too much detail; or,- Describing the job in too little det'ril.

Supervisors or team leaders can often avoid these enors by listing as steps only those tasks

that would be described to someone being trained to perform the job.

The purpose of the JHA is to identify hazards associated with a job and to makerecommendations for ways to eliminate or control those hazards. Describing job steps in terms

of what they are supposed to accomplish provides maximum opportunity to explore alternativeways of performing the job in a saf'er, healthier manner.

In preparing for a JHA, actionr; that are necessary to accomplish a specific purpose into more

global job steps should be comibined. This will keep the JHA form from being unnecessarily

long and complicated, yet it stili provides an adequate description of the complete job..i(

2. Determining Existing and Potential Hazards

Beginning with the first job step, the team needs to identifi all of the existing or potential

actions or conditions that could lead to an injury or illnessj or harm to the environment. Each

step must be carefully examined for any hazardous bghaviors or conditions that mightreaionably occur during the normal perfonnance of that step.

To avoid confusion, each hazard should be labeled in a way that corresponds to the related job

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step. Explanations of hazards should be short phrases, which describe both the agent causilgthe hazard and the potential result. If there are no hazard, associated with a particular job steplit is important to write the rvord "none" in the middle column, and to nuinber it to niake it:clear that the step has been examined for possible hazards.Since job steps are often a series of related actions and movement, it is sometimes difficult toidentify all of the associatqd hazards. A simple technique to rnake sure that each step isexamined thoroughly is to consider four focuses.

- The physical actions required for that specific step- The materials used- The equipment used- The conditions under which the step is normally performed . ,

I Physical Actions

Many jobs require the operator to peiform specific physical activity that, if doneincorrectly can result in an injury or illness.

For example, when heavy objects must be lifted or moved by hand, the potential forback injury or muscle strain always exists, Or, if the action rnust be pcrfbrmedrepeatedly, employees can suffer fatigue or physical stress that increases the chance bfan accident.

Other jobs that present the possibility of injury or illness include those that require theoperator to work in an awkward or unstable body positions or to use excessive force.

r .MaterialsWhenever hazardous chemicals or other dangerous substances are involved in a jobstep, there is always the possibiliry of injury, illness, or environment hann. The jobstep should be carefully examined to determine if there is any way in which employtesmight be exposed to the material; if a fire or explosion could occur; or if the materialcould be released intb the environment.

r Equipment 'Sometimes the equipment used during job step can expose employees to mechanicalhazards such as nip-points, shear points, or other hazards associated with unguardedmoving parts. Each job step should be examined for ways employees might possiblybe caught in, on or by any part of the equipment, and to see if any electrical or otherenergy source or hazards are present that pose a risk.

I Conditions

The team also needs to consider whether there are any environmental conditions thatcould threaten an employee's health and safety. These could include .poorhousekeeping, too much or too little light; hazardous noise levels, exposure totemperature extremes; and adverse weather.

"What if'QuestionsIn addition to identiffing those hazards that are possible ,when the job is performed in thenormal manner, or under normal working conditions, some teams carry the process ofidentiling hazards a step further by asking some "what if' questions. "What if' questionsallow the team to anticipate hazardous situations that might occur if nonnal operatingconditions were to suddenly change or if a job step were performed incorrectly or out ofsequence.

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For example, these questions can be considered:

- What could happen if the operator tried to save tirne by skipping a job step orbypassing a safely device?

- What ifthe wrong size or type of material is used?- What if the power supply is intemrpted?

A common problem encountered when asking "what if' questions is deciding when to stopconsidering possibilities. The'key is to keep the discussion focused only on possibilities thatthe team considers most likely. Consulting previous. JHA and accident investigation reportsand talking with experienced operators will usually bb enough to keep the "what if'questioning from becoming unrealistic.

Keep in mind that the purpose of the JHA is to identii/ all of the possible hazards. Each jobstep must be thoroughly examined until all of the team members are satisfied that the list ofhazards is complete.

3. Recommending Corrective Measures

The third and final phase of the JHA process involves recommending ways to eliminate orcontrol the hazards associated with each of the job steps.

r Recommendations should be developed at the job site wlrenever possiblepossible solutions at;ihe iob site. This allows the JHAhanges as they are plloposed, in order to avoid making

, or that may interfere with other jobs.

r Recommendations shoulu be developed in sequence, beginning with the first hazardThe team should begin with the first job step and work their way down the list untilrecommendations have been made for each of the hazards listed in the fonn. Dealing withthe hazards in sequence allows the team to study what effects their recommendations rnighthave on subsequent steps.

r Recommendations must be specificA general statement such as "Wear PPE" is much too vague.

The JHA team needs to make certain that each recommendation adequately explains whatcorrective measure is supposed to be carried out. For example, "wear heavy gloves, arm

protection, safety .glasses" is a .more effective recommendation, providing specificdirection.I As many solutions as possible should be listed.

Frequently, a JHA team will be able to suggest several different ways to eliminate orcontrol aparticular hazard.It is essential that all of the precautions or corrective measures

be listed even those that may already be in place. Since JHAs often serve as the basis fbrdeveloping standard operating procedures, or are used to deliver training, all of the

precautions necessary to perform thejob safely need to be included.

The most effective recommendations are those that eliminate hazards altogether. Many times,

however, that is not immediately possible and temporary measures must be recommended urrtil

a more; permanent solution can be irnplemented. For,exarnple, it may be necessary to

recomrriend the temporary use of respirators until an adequate ventilatiott s1'stem can bc

installed.

It

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In most cases, effective recommendations for corrective measures ban be developed byconsidering the same four factors used to identi$ hazards:

- The physical actions necessary to perform thejob- The materials used- The equipment used- The conditions under which the job is performed

I Physical ActionsIf fte physical actions associated with a particular job step pose risk to the employee, it may bepossible to eliminate the risks by modif,ing, rearanging, or combining actions.It is also good practice to always list personal protective equipment (PPE) that may be used tocontrol the employees' exposure to the hazards associated with a particular physical action -even when recommendations for eliminating the hazard have been proposed.

r Materials

If materials associated with a job present hazard, it may be possible to substitute a lesshazardous material. If substitution is not possible, it may be necessary to recommend ways tocontrol the employee's exposure to that material by suggesting the use of PPE or theinstallation of protective devices such as splashguards or shields.

r Equipment

When'equipment hazards exist, recommendations for corrective measures can include theinstallation of machine guards, automatic safeguard devices, 'or perhaps even the replacenrentof a particular piece of equipment. Once again, recommending the use of PPE should also be

considered.

. \Uork Area Conditions

Recommended corrective measrres for changing conditions in a work area could include suchthings as: improved housekeepirlg procedures; installation of additional lighting, ventilation, ornoise reduction systems; the use[of PPE; or the relocation or redesign of the work area.

t

Using the Job Hazard Analysis

The information provided by a thorough job hazard analysis can be used as the basis for:

- Developing or updating standard operating procedure- Training employees- Observing employeO performance- Conducting inspeitions- Investigating accidents

r Developing or Updating Standard Operating Procedure

The results of a JHA provide an excellent foundation forrcreating or improving the standardsoperating procedures for a job. Each of the steps necessary to perform the job is listed and allthe hazards and control measures associated with the job.are identified. Supervisors can use

this information to develop written procedures lor performing the job in the safest and

healthiest way possible.

1l

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r Training Employees

Completed JHAs are especially.useful when training employees. The JHA can be used s astepby-step gurde for ensuring, ihat each step is performed safely and efficiently, and to pointout particular job steps or hazar s that require special precautions. JHAs can also be used toprovide refresher training on jobs tHat are performed infrequently, to ensure that employees areaware of any hazards that may be present and know how to protect themselves from thosehazards.

r Conductlng Inspections l

JI{As can also be used as guides during employee performance observations. A JHA allowssupervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps to ensure that the employee ii perfonningthose steps according to standard procedure.

r InvestigatingAccidents

In the evdnt of an accident, a JHA can provide a valuable investigating tool. Comparing theprocedures which led up o the accident with those outlined in the JI-IA rvill allow thesupervisot to determine if the job was being performed incorrectly, or if a hazard was

overlooked n the initial analysi .

Summary ii

liJHA inrrolve steps, which, if performed incorrectly, can cqfse injury, illness, or harm to tlrcenvironment. Others require employees to work with or|'dround hazardous materials or towork under hazardous conditions. Supervisors and team leaders need a reliable and accurate

method of identifring and eliminating or controlling those hazards. One of the most effectivetools available to help supervisors protect the health and safety of their employees is a job

hazard analysis or JHA.

Including job hazard analysis as part of your overall health and safety management approach is

one of the most effective steps you can take toward preventing accidents and illnesses in your

department. Performing JHAs on all of the jobs you supervise, keeping them up to date, and

using them to their fullest advantage allows you to anticipate and elirninate or control anything

that might lead to injury, illness, or environmental harm.

To perform and accurate and complete JHA, you need to:

Assemble a team of knowledgeable and experienced personnel to conduct the .lHA

the team as a whole needs to:

Observe the job as it is performed to break it down into basic steps;

Analyze each step to determine what, if any, hazards could possibly occur; and,

Develop recommendations for eliminating r controlling the hazards associated withEach step.

When you make JHA a regular part of your management system, you accomplish several

important things. ln addition to preventing accidents, illnesses, and environmental harm,

JHAs provide an opportunity to reinforce positive employee attitudes. The more employees

are involved in a process that concerns their own, health and safety, the more likely they are to

regard health and safety as an important issue.

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Then,I

tt

. SAFETY PROGRAMMING

A safety progmm is a plan or outline of activities conducted io pro,rot. consciousness amongmanagement and workers in wo,rkplaces in ordcr to eliminate or rnininrize accidents and/orillness to the lowest reducible level.

Safety program organization is:the method employed by management to assign responsibilityfor accident prevention and to einsure performances under that responsibility.

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Safety Program Res pon sibility

Role of Management in Safety ProgrammingAn effective sifety prbgram permits a company to have'la working environment in whichoperations are conducted economically, efficiently and safely.

This can be achieved basically through control of the rvorking environment and control ofpeople's actions. Only top management has the authority to inrplement such controls.

The Continuous Improvement ModelAs time passes by the aspects on safety programming has tremendously irnproved. One ofthese irnprovements is the introduction of "'l'he Cohtinuous Improvctncnt Model", ilframework for safety presented in the National Safety Council's Agenda 2000 HealthEnvironment program.

Continuous improvement is a process-oriented business approach that emphasizes the

contributions people make to long-range, perrnanent solution to problems, it is the cornerstone

of Total Quality Management.

Applying the process of the Continuous Improvement Model requires understanding causes

before designing solutions. Improvements may be dramatic or increniental. In any event, the

79

Supervisor

lnstruction TrainingLeadership

Management

Policy

EmploycesLearn & Use

Safe Work Met

Employees Interest &Cooperation

Unions

Safety Director

model helps ensure that they occur regularly. The basic elements presented in this mocluleprovide a review to help managers focus more closely on the activities that each elernentencompasses.

Phase 1: Management Commitment and InvolvementThe first phase is to rnake mafiagement commitment and to gain management's involvement.Companies with successful safety and health programs have active senior managementparticipation. Without this active involvement, mid-level managers and front-lin" tup.*irorctend to ignore safety and health as an issue. Senior management signals its commiirnent bystating a position that is communicated through clear, unambiguous policy and implementationprocedures. Management support indicates a broad commitment to the continuousimprovement in safety and health through ongoing involvement, allocation of rdsources andfeedback.

Phase 2: Establish a BaselineThe next phase in the Continuous Management Model is to assess the cunent situation byseeing.where the organization currently stands in its safety and health program.

Teams made up of managers, supervisors and employees select an issue appropriate to itscompany's needs.

Once an issue is selected, the team makes a snapshot of operations relating to that issue. Toleam what the "as is" conditions are, the team must first ilecide how to measure - review

logs, maintenance records, recordql;i;o wasterecords, etc.), observe conditions aftffi their

ons. Once these parameters are set, ,ffhib n andanalyzes the results. {

Phase 3: Set GoalsAfter the team establishes a baseline, the next stop is to set improvement goals - what theoperation'or organization "should be". By setting goals together, the team ensures that the"buy-in" occurs. Whal gets measured gets done, and the goal needs to be measurable, toaddress the problem directly and to be aggressive. Improvement comes only by demandingresults that can be measured. If they aren't aggessive or linked to a specific problem, peoplemay not respond.'For example, setting a goal to reach 100% compliance in wearing hearingprotection is measurable, address the issue of hearing protection and is aggressive. Limit thenumber of goals to keep the improvement process focused.and manageable.

Phase 4: Implement StrategiesStrategies are action plans to close the gap between the baseline (as is) and the goals (shouldbe). They spell out what actions to take and who takes them, and provide a timetatrle forimplementation. The team members make valuable contributions to designing strategies; theyensure that the strategy achieves the goal. During implementation, someone from the teamfollows up and monitors progress. Improvement is measured in terms of degree of goal

achievement within the allotted time. Communication is critical; the results are shared with the

other employees in the organization.

Phase 5: 'Review and Adjust

Results are reviewed and adjustments to the program are made to ensure continuousimprovement. The key is to keep programs that work and improve or elirninate those thatdon't. The organization begins to develop a vision of what "could be' in terms of safety and

health. The process is repeated as the organization builds on successes and learns frorn less

lilr!

successful efforts.

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Figure 3: Summary of the Continuous Improvement Model

Phase 1

Phase 2 Establish a Baseline(Snapshot of "as s")

Management Commitment and n Communicates a visionInvolvement ! Attend meetings and read reports(Vision and leadership) [I Set performance standards

U Define roles and responsibilitiesi:l Be an activist

Set Goals(Where we slnuld be)

Implement Strat:gies(Close gap betw'rcn "us is" ancl"should be")

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Select a teamTeam selects issues the basicelementsIdentify key measurements'Conduct researchAnalyze resultsComtnunicate findings

Add team members as necessarySet goalsCommunicate goals

Develop plans and actionsCarry out plansMonitor resultsAcknowledge successes

Build on successesReexamine the failuresRepeat the processCommunicate the process

uu

Phase 3

Phase 4

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tln

t_l

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l:]

Phase 5 Review and Adjust u(Reachfor where we could be) t-l

tl

.rlThc efflocts oflthc application of Continuous [mprovcrnent modcl can bc dramatic as it clicits

the involvement of the whole organization.

Basic Elements of a Safety ProgramThere are seven (7) basic elements for a successful salety program. 1'hey are:

1. Managernent Leadorship (assumption of responsibility; declaration of policy)

There is a need for the management to make a written statement of its attitude towards

safety in the workplace. This can be set forth in a policy, which must be brief and clearly

define management attitude. '

a. Enforce safe practices and conditionsb. Comply with cornpany policyc. Follow safe instructionsd. Obtain good preventive maintenance of equipment or selection of proper

equipment when purchased

A policy should basically state that;L The safety of employees, the public and the company operations are paramount.

2. Safety will take precedence over expediency or ihortcuts.3. Every attempt Will be made to reduce the possibility of accident occurrence, and

4. The company intends to comply with all safety laws and ordinances.

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2. Assignment of Responsibility (to operating oflicials, gfety directors, supervisors, health& safety committegs)

When safety policy has been set, the management delegates the everyday task of carryingout said policy to the supervisors, foremen, foreladies, and/or health and safety committee.

The head of an operating tinit can set the example for placing and health and saf'ety inequal emphasis and weight with matters of production, cost and quality by aclivelysupporting the company's health and safety policy. He/she can do this by seeing to it that:

a. Each of his/her employees (workers) understand the chemical and physical propertiesof the materials stored, handled or used by him/trer and

b. The necessary precautions are observed when using equipment, including the use ofproper safeguards and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

The establishment of a health and safery committee.is another excellent means ol'developing, implementing and maintaining safety and accident prevention measures in thework area.

3. Maintenance of Safe \ilorking Conditions (inspectors, engineering revisions,purchasing, and supewisors)

Some protective measures to maintain safe working conditions within the plant are:1. Operational methods revision to elirninate risks2. Mechanical guarding3. lsolation of operation or storage4. Use of PPE5. Proper ventilation6. Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment7. Suffrcient and proper lighting8. Sanitation9. Fire control measures.

The plant's health and safety conditions can be appraised by keeping track of the

following:

1. Regular routine inspection

2. Special inspection and ,

3. Follow - ups to see if recommendations for health and saf'ety maintenance are met or

are carried out.

4. Establishment of Safety Training

Conduct of training course should be both for supenrisors and employees, These are

different kinds of training courses. They are:

1. For new employees - to orient and/or familiarize newly hired personnel.

2. On - the job training - for those already under the :service of the company for some

time.3. Refresher service to reacquaint :old" personnel.

4. Supervisory training.5. Participation in satbty working.6. Offthejob.7. Conferences.8. Workshops.

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Six (6) Musts in Training:Tell the employee I'\VHAT" the safety program is.Encourage them to learn, teach and practice safety every "\YHBRE" in the plant ancl offthe job.Answer questions so they will know "!yHY" safety pays.Teach "WHEN" you know they need training.Make them conscious of "WIIO" benefits all the way.Show them "HOW?' to do things the safe way.

5. An Accident Record System (accident analysis reports on injuries - measurement ofrecords)

Records are written account of accidents. They: , '1. Provide the safety direc:or with the means for an objective evaluation of his progrant.

2. tdentifi high injury rateiplants or departments; and

3. Provide information on ;he causes of accidents, whibh contribute high injury rates.

Rule 1050 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards states that establishnrents arerequired to submit reports of work accidents and occupational illness, rvhich resulted in .

disabling injuries. The form DOLE/BWC/OHSD/IP-6 (Employer's Report ofAccident/Illnesses) should be accomplished and submitted to the Regional Laboi Office,copy furnished the Bureau of Working Condition. The form is a cornprehensive toolcovering pertinent data needed in recording and reporting occupational accident/illnesses.

6. Medical and First Aide System - placement examinations, treatment o{'injuries, flrst aideservices, and periodic health examinations)

The medical department of a company is tasked with the following pertinent activities:

Conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper physical check-up and properplacement of workers.

.

Conduct periodic physical examination of workers expbsed to hannful toxic substanoes.

Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures are detennined to

health that may be present.

Establishes a system for assigning injured workers on the kind of job thcy can handlc inspite of their condition.

Acccptance of Pcrsonal llcsponsibility of limployccsinterest)

Employees too must have obligations for a safety programthem:

(training attd tnaintcnartct: ol'

to succeed. Flere are some o1'

Observe safe practices and procedures.

Have regard at all times for the safery of fellow employees.

Use his knowledge and influence to prevent'accidents.

Report to proper authorities any unsafe conditions,that rnay call his attention.

Contribute his ideas, suggestions, and recommendations fbr the improvement ofworking conditions to achieve maximum safety.

Participate actively, whenever appointed as full pledge member of the heath and sat'et1'

committee.

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Aside from training, the management has means at its disposal to maintain a high interestin safety. Such promotional methods include:

Safety Meetings - of which there are four types:

Executive and supervisor's meeting to formulate policies, initiate safety programs or planspecial safety activities.

Mass meeting for special purposes.

Departmental meeting to .discuss special problems, and plan campaigns or analyzerygidenls Small group meeting to plan the day's work io that it is done iareTy.Safety Contents - examples are:

I Injury rate contentsI Interdepartmental contentsI Intergfoup contestr lntra-plant or inter-departmental contestI Non- Injury rate contest - safety slogans, poster,

contestshousekeeping and community

r Use of posters, bulletin boards, displays to publicize safetyr Others like safety campaigns, safety courses and demonstrations, public addresssystems, publications and Suggestion system.

How to Start a Safety Program?

Management Initiative and LeadershipTop. panagement assumes responsibility for healthhealth and safety program.

Setting up the StaffTop management writes the company health and safety policy and declares it through ameeting among the supervisory staffor through letters, bulleiins, and announcements. A healthand safety policy should be brief but should clearly define management attitude.and clesires.Answer to the following must be clearly explained:What does management want?Does the policy pertain to on-the job health and safety? Off -the-job health and safety?Property damage? Fire? Product safety?Who is to be responsible for what?Where and how is it fixed?How does it fir into thb organi ation?What will the committee do?Who has the right to correct ant,l determine courses of action?What rules will the company lirie by?

Outlining policy and general methods of procedureA health and safety program is a definite plan action designed to manage hazards and preventcases of occupational disease. Some form of program is required to enable management tomeasure performance against objectives, and to provide the framework for lmployeeparticipation; orderly alrangements to deal with safety issues; a mechanism to identify theneed for change and to manage the change process. By having a proper, identifiable programboth the employer and employee are better placed to meet their respective legal obligations.Because organizations differ, a program developed for one.cannot be expected to perfectly suitthe needs ofanother.

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and safety and takes the lead in starting a

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Policy Statement

An organization's occupational health and safety policy should be a clear statement ol'principles, which serve a s guide to action. Senior management must be totally cornrnitted toensuring that the policy is canied out with no exceptions. Health and safety policy must be,and be seen to be, on a par with,all other organizational policies.

As with health and safety programs, no one policy is suitable for all organizations. The policystatement can be brief, but it should mention:

r The objectives of the program.r The organization's basic health and safety philosophy.r The general responsibilities of all employees. G

r The ways employees can participate in health and safety activities.

The policy should be:

r Stated in clear and concise terms.r Signed by the incumbent Chief Executive Officer.: Kept up to date.r Communicated to each employee.I Adhered to in all work activities.

Studying of plant's accident history and operation.

A study of the plant operation and accident history is conducted as the basis for the preparationof a safety program.

Preparation of the Health and Safety Program

Prepare the safety program built around the basis elements and continuous improvementmodel outlining the details such as targets, monitoring systems, awards, appraisal factors, etc.

and implement it.

Detailed study of accidpnt statistics

Evaluate its effect on the internal and external set-up of the plant or factory.

Was there an increase in production at lesser cost?

How did the Frequency Rate (FR) and Severity Rate (SR) compare with ,)

(periodic comparisons - last year, two years ago, etc.)

Were the employees morale boosted?

Did you have better public relation?

Involvement of the different departments (in the case of large establishments)

Medical Departmentr Conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper physical check-up and

proper placement of worker.r Periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful or toxic substances.! Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures are

' detrimental to health that maybe present.r Establishes a system assigning injured workers on the kind ofjob they can be handle in

spite of their condition.

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Personnel department

Keeps records of lost time, accidents and sickness arising from work.Collaborded with medical, employment and safety departments relative to the placement ofemplo5rces on jobs. Arranges .for cooperation and assistance in rehabititation of injuredemrflolrees. Establishes cross -'file corttrols t< prevent unfit employees to work on job notapporred for them.

Engineering departmentExpedites safety work request, particularly referring to correction of critical hazards.

Consults with safety department before any new operation is started or newinstallations/changes to existing buildings, processes, operations or equipment are-put-up.

Coordinates with safety department on all pirrchases of equipment, tools, materials andpersonal protective equipment.Requisitions for hazardous substances and materials should be referred to safety departmentfor proper investigation and clearance,

REMINDERS: Safety is a collective elIon; management andworkers alike shouldwork hand in hand to make a successful safety program.

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1 BASIC FIRST AIDI

First Aid - is an immediate ctrre given to a person who has been injured or suddenly takenill. It includes self-help and home care when medical assistance is delayed or not available.

Roles Of Fint Aid:

1. Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.2. It is not intended to compete with or to take the place of the services of the physician.3. It ends when medical assistance begins.

Objectives:

l. To alleviate suffering i

2. To prevent added or further injury or danger. 'l

3. To prolong life.

Emergency Action Principles

1. Survey the Scene.2: Do a Primary Survey of the Victim.3. Activate Medical Assistance or Transfer Facility.4. Do a Secondary Survey of the Victim.

Survev the Scene.

Is the scene safe?. What happened?o How many people are injured?. fue there bystanders who can help?

If you^are a trained first aider, identifo yourself as one.

Primarv Survev of the Victim.

A - Airway

o Do the head tilt/chin lift maneuver.. . Is the victim conscious or unconscious?

B - Breathing

o Do the LLF (Listen, Look and Feel)o Is the victim breathing?o Is it shallow or deep?o Does he appear to be choking?

' . Is he cyanotic?

C - Circulation

o Check the carotid pulse.o Is the victim's heart beating?o Assess the pulse.o Is he severely bleeding?

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Activate Medical Assistance or Transfer Facilitv

lnformation to be relayed:

o What happened.. Number of persops injured.o Extend of injury and First Aid giverr.o The telephone number from where you are calling.. Persons who activate medical assistance must drop the phone last.

Do a Secondary Survev of the Victimo Interview the victimo Check vital signs. Do the Head-to-toe examination

Golden Rules Of Emergency Care

What to do:l. Obtain consent, whenever possible.' 2. Think the worst.3. Call or send for HELP.4. Identif, yourself to the victim.5. Provide comfort and emotional support.6. Respect victim's modgsty and physician privacy7. Care for the most serious injuries first.8.' Assist the victim with his or her prescribed medication,9. Keep onlookers away from the injured person.10. Loosen all tight clothings.

What not to do: 1

L Do not hann. I

- trying tg arousb an unconscious victim- administering fluids/alcoholic drink.

2. Do not let victim see his own injury.3. Do not leave the victim except to get HELP.4. Do not assume that the victim's obvious injuries are the only ones.5. Do not deny a victim's physical or emotional coping limitations.6. Do not make unrealistic promises.

' ? . Do not trust the judgmeni of a confused victim.8. Do not require the victim to make decision.

Characteristics Of A Good First Aider:

L Observant - should notice all signs2. Resourceful - should make the best use of things at hand3. Gentle - should not cause pain4. Tactful - should not alarm the victim5. Sympathetic - should be comforting

Respiratory Arrest- breathing stops, pulse and circulation may continue fbrsometime.

Cardiac Arrest- circulation stops, the pulse disappears and breathing stops at the sametime or soon thereafter.

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Clinical Death- when breathing and circulation stop.I Q - 4 min. - brain damage not likelyt !, - 6 min. damage probable

Biological Death- when the brain has been deprived of oxygenated blood.I $ - 10 min. - irreversible brain damage probabler l0 min or more - irreversible brain damage is certain.

Wounds - is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external.

Classification:

r Closed soft tissue injury. Open soft tissue injury

.Common Causes:

I External physical forcesI Mishandling of sharp objects, tools, machinery, weapon and equipment.r Explosion ', '

First Aid (Closed wound)

I - ice application. Ice or cold packs will cause the blood vessels to constrict, which willslow the bleeding.

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C I compression. Manual compression over the area of inj$r,y will compress the bloodvessels and also decrease the bleeding.

E - elevation. Elevating the injured part rvill decrease the amount of srvelling.

S - splinting. Immobilizing the soft tissue injury with a splint is another way to decreasebleeding.

First Aid (Open wound)

Control bleeding by:

Direct Pressure (main help) - pressure.is applied directly over the wound but not to eye

injury, wound with embedded object or head injury with possibility ofskull fracture.

Elevation - raise the bleeding part above the level of victim's heart if you don't suspect abroken bone and if elevating the injury doesn't cause the victim morepain.

Pressure pOint bleeding control (pressure on supplying artery) - if direct pressure and

elevatiorl don't control bleeding from an injured arm or leg, compressthe rnajolr artery that supplies blood torthe in jured area.

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RE:ENTRY PLAN

1. Self-assessment of acquiied skills and know-how.

2. Visualize the expectatiori of

a. Your Superiorb. Peersc. Subordinatesd. Family a

'ii'3. Prepare a Summary Report based on the discussion,illotes taken and handout

information.

4. Develop a Plan to:

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i. Communicate your acquired know-howb. Super-impose acquired koow-howto exic. Identiff hazards and propose conectived. Monitor implementation to the extent of

5.. Assist the company in keeping the interest on

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IXrXrmf/(EIl?6R€public offu Philimires

DAEtn€nt of labu and EmploynertBIJREAU OF WOAKING CONDMONS

Mstrils

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Name dfthbffshreil:Nature of f,udnesc

Address

EXBOSURE DATA Jeuuery to lreerrber 19

Nun0rr dEm1fupec:

Totd lhr Workcd byAn Emphymllur@tte Year:

IMURYSUMMARY

Tot tsAll DfO@ hiurftx/kes:TotatsNo*Ilkabffi ug ffitriec;FlequmyRrte:Severity Ratc:

GaerulMenaga

l. This report Ehall be acc@eliM c,tetr€r m not lhere were accident/ilhess oecurenoes during the period cwered andsubmitled to the Regional l-abm Office a local govcfirrcnt having juridiction not later than 3Ch day of the monthfcillowing the end of,each calendaryear.

frupacy nefu is the iotal ormbq of disabling iajuries pa lonilltrp,-txnployoo hars of oxpooure.

Frreqreocy Rac -Employeo-hours of Exposrre

Severity Rrte is th€ total numbcr of days lost or chargd por million-omployee hours of exposurc.

Severity Rate =Employec-hourr of Exposrre

Eryomre is the tdal nrmber of bours wmked by all mployees in eacfo establidu€trt ircluding employees of operatingprcduction, maintomc€, transport*ion, eloctrical, administrative, mlec and otber deparm@ts.

Dirabling iniuries - work injuries, which result in deatlr, permarcnt total disability, perrnarent partial disability or temporarytotal disability.

Nm{furHiEg injErier {Medical TreahnerQ - injrrries whict do not result futo disabling injrries but requirod first aid cr medicalattqrtion of any kird.

3.

4.

5.