BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN(1892 – 1896)

The failure of the reform movement led even a reformist like Marcelo H. Del Pilar to think of revolution. “Insurrection,” Del Pilar wrote in La Solidaridad, “is the last remedy, especially when people have acquired the belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for evils prove futile.” With Rizal’s La Liga Filipina, the struggle changed its recourse from reform to revolution.

Upon Rizal’s arrest and exile to Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio, saw the futility of the peaceful campaign for reforms. He had a different idea; he would teach the people to depend for themselves for their salvation. He organized the Katipunan- the revolutionary society responsible for the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

Chapter10

THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN

July 7, 1892- The newspapers published Rizal’s arrest and the governor-general’s order to banish him to DapitanA small group of patriotic Filipinos

-This group met at a house on Azcarraga Street, Manila (now Claro M. Recto Avenue)-Created a secret society-These men were: Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and one or two others.-They all belonged to the lower class of society-Arellano was the most educated among them- Organized KKK o Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan; (in English, Supreme and Venerable Association of the Sons of the People)

Founders of Katipunan- performed the blood compact ritualBlood Compact

-A sign of patriotism and love of things that were Filipino-An ancient Filipino custom of sealing friendship or brotherhood (kapatiran)

Triangle System-The members of Katipunan used this method to recruit Filipinos to become members.-Example: Member Jose would recruit Pedro and Juan to become members. The new members knew Jose but they don’t know each other.-Used to minimize the danger of discovery by the Spanish authorities

A new system similar to Masonry- was adopted to speed up the process of enlisting members-each member would pay a membership fee and monthly dues

THE AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN

Andres Bonifacio-conceived the idea of organizing the Katipunan-laid down the three primary objectives of the Katipunan: civic, political, and moral

Three Primary Objectives of the Katipunan-Civic objective (based on the principle of self-help and defense of the weak and poor)-Political objective (separation of the Philippines from Spain; secure the independence

of the colony-Moral objective (focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene, and good moral

character)Katipuneros

- The Katipunan members- were urged to help sick comrades and their families

Damayan- In case of death, Society paid the funeral expenses

THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

Bonifacio- had seen and attended the only meeting of La Liga Filipina- took note this society’s structure- borrowed the structure of La Liga

Three Governing Bodies- Kataastaasang Sanggunian/ Supreme Council (highest of these governing bodies)- Sangguniang Bayan/ Provincial Council- Sangguniang Balangay/ Popular Council- Equivalent of the central, provincial and the municipal government

Sangguniang Hukuman/ Judicial Council- passed judgment on members who violated the rules of Society

Katipunan Assembly Composed of:

- Supreme Council’s members- Presidents of the Provincial and Popular Councils

Secret Chamber - Composed of Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Pio Valenzuela

- Sentenced members who exposed the secrets of the Katipunan- Punishment: expulsion from the Society

THE KATIPUNAN ELECTIONS

Slow and Ineffectiveness of Triangle Method - Only 100 were new members at the end of 1892- became the reason why all members were allowed to get as many new members as circumstances permitted

Increased of membership of the Society- the Katipunan had enough members- was then thought that a set of officers would be elected

Elected Officers of the first Supreme Council- President/ Supremo: Deodato Arellano- Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio- Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa- Secretary: Teodoro Plata- Treasurer: Valentin Diaz

Arellano(busy man) as the President of Katipunan- was not very active in the Society, as observed by Bonifacio- early in 1893, he was replaced by Roman Basa through an election

Second Supreme Council Officers- Supremo: Roman Basa- Fiscal: Bonifacio- Secretary: Jose Turiano Santiago- Treasurer: Vicente Molina-Elected Councilors: Briccio Brigido Pantas, Restituto Javier, Teodoro Plata, Teodoro

Gonazales, and Ladislao Diwa Bonifacio, early in 1895

- was not contented of Basa as supremo- had elected himself as replacement of Basa- remained the Supremo of the Katipunan until the establishment of the revolutionary

government in Tejeros, Cavite

MEMBERSHIP

Three Kinds of Katipunan members:- first grade ( katipon )- second grade ( kawal )- third grade ( bayani )

Passwords-“Anak ng Bayan”- “Gom-Bur-Za”- “Rizal”

How to be recognized each other- In the streets, a member, upon meeting another member, would place the

palm of his right hand on his breast, and as he passed the other member he would close his hand and bring his index finger and his thumb together.

THE KATIPUNAN CODES

A System of Writing was invented by Bonifacio- to make it difficult for the Spaniards to read the Katipunan letters or any

written communication. FIRST SECRET CODE

SpanishAlphabet

Equivalent in theKatipunan Alphabet

SpanishAlphabet

Equivalent in theKatipunan Alphabet

ABCDEFGHIJKLLL

ZBCDQHGFRLKJN

MNOPQRSTUVWXY

VICPERSTMMWUY

Three more Katipunan alphabets- were devised by Bonifacio- Last of which was made in Cavite in March 1897

Changes in the codes of the Katipunan- necessitated by Spaniard’s discovery of the previous codes- people considered as enemies by the Katipunan

THE KATIPUNAN FLAGSBenita Rodriquez- requested by Bonifacio to make a flag for the KatipunanGregoria de Jesus- Bonifacio’s wife; helped Benita and a flag was madeFlag- a symbol of their unityOfficial Flag of the Katipunan

- consisted of a rectangular piece of red cloth with three white letter K’s arranged horizontally in the middle

- it was changed a few weeks after the revolution broke out in August 1896

New Official Flag of the Katipunan- consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with a white sun and eight white

rays in the middle. Inside the circle representing the sun was the letter K in the ancient Tagalog script.

Bonifacio’s own personal flag- consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with a white sun were the three

K’s arranged horizontally.

THE TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN

Ten Commandments for the members- prepared by Bonifacio- to guide the Katipuneros in leading a highly moral life.-He called this commandments: “Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan”

( Duties of the Sons of the People )- may be described as a Decalogue.

1. Love God with all your heart2. Bear always in mind that the love of God is also love of country,

And this, too, is love of one’s fellowmen.3. Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and happi-

ness is to die for the freedom of your country.4. All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have se-

renity, constancy, reason and faith in your acts and endeavor.5. Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K. as you guard your home.6. It is the duty of all to defend, at the risk of their own lives and wealth

anyone who run great risks in the performance of his duty.7. Ou responsibilities to ourselves and the performance of our duties

will be the example set for our fellowmen to follow.8. In so far as it is within your power, share your means with the poor

and the unfortunate.9. Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true basis

of love-- love for your own self, for your wife and children, and for your brothers and countrymen.

10. Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work. Believe,Likewise, that the aims of K.K.K. Are Gpd-given, for the will of the people is also the will of God.

- these two writings of the great katipuneros constituted the “Teachings of the Katipunan.”

THE WOMEN OF THE KATIPUNAN

Bonifacio suggested that women be taken as members of the Katipunan.Eligible for membership

-only the wife, sister, daughter of a Katipunero, and a few selected women to minimize the danger of exposing the Society to women who were not reliable.

Katipunera’s duty-Helped the male members in propagating the ideas and ideals of the Society.-Make the police authorities believe that no Katipunan meeting was being held in the house

-They engaged in dancing and singing in full view of the people on the street while the male members were holding a meeting in a room behind a sala, where the women were singing and dancing.

Prominent Women Members of the Katipunan-President: Josefa Rizal-Vice President: Gregoria de Jesus-Secretary: Marina Dizon-Fiscal: Angelica Lopez Rizal (Rizal’s niece)-Keeper of the Katipunan documents: Gregoria de Jesus

THE KALAYAAN

Bonifacio and Jacinto believed that a printing press was needed to easily propagate their revolutionary ideas.The organization had no money to purchase a printing machineCandido Iban and Francisco del Castillo

-Two Visayan patriots from Kalibo, Capiz -gave the Katipunan the money to purchase a printing press-won one thousand pesos in a lottery

The printing press-was worth four hundred pesos-once transferred to the house of Bonifacio

Jacinto purchased some templates for the Katipunan newspaper (other templates were stolen from a Spanish printing press)Ulpiano Fernandez and Faustino Duque

-Two experienced printers-both Katipuneros-managed the press

Dr. Pio Valenzuela-Suggested the name of the newspaper, KALAYAAN

Kalayaan-Came out in the middle of March 1896-written in Tagalog-contained articles written by Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Valenzuela-they put the place of publication: Yokohoma to mislead the -editor: Marcelo H. Del Pilar Spanish authorities-Jacinto’s Pahayag (Manifesto) and Bonifacio’s poem, Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupang (Love of Country) were also published -easily influenced many Filipinos to become members of the Society-writers didn’t sign their true names for them not to be discovered

Pen Names-Jacinto: Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw-Bonifacio: Agapito Bagumbayan-Valenzuela: Madlang-Away

January 1896- the total number of members didn’t exceed 300Places where Kalayaan was distributed and reached a total number of membership of 30 000:

-Pampanga, Tarlac, and in the Tagalog provinces, from Manila in the center to Nueva Ecija on the north, and Batangas on the South.Kalayaan was destroyed by Fernandez and Duque

-to prevent confiscation from Spanish authoritiesFiery pen, revolutionary spirit, and political will of Bonifacio-Jacinto tandem in the newspaper- proved effective and unifying the people towards kalayaan

TWIN SOULS OF THE KATIPUNAN

Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto

-both believed that that they should change their strategy and tactics

Katipunan, a different society from La Liga

-Katipunan aimed to make the Philippines a free country by force of arms; La Liga used evolutionary of peaceful means.

Andres Bonifacio-Born on: November 30, 1863-In: a small nipa house on what is now Azcarraga Street near the present Manila Railroad station-Parents: (belonged to the middle class)

Santiago Bonifacio (was a tailor, a boatman, and a former municipal official in Tondo)Catalina de Castro (Spanish-Chinese of Filipino origin from Zambales; worked at a cigarette factory)

-Bonifacio’s parents died while he was in his teens and so he had to support the family

Brothers: Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio Sisters: Espiridiona and Maxima-he sold canes and paper fans in his early years-Due to poverty, he was not able to finish the equivalent grade four today-He worked: as a messenger of J.M Fleming and Co., an English trading firm;

An agent of the German trading, Fressel and Co.-He read newspapers and books at night and all written in Spanish-He taught himself to read and write in Spanish and became literate

He read the following books:-Original Spanish version of Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo -French Revolution of 1789

When Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896-Bonifacio felt sad and angry because a great Filipino was executed (his cause to fight for justice and liberty)

Bonifacio was anti-friar and anti-Spanish- Whether they were friars, civil employees or officials, for him, they were all the same: greedy, immoral, cruel, and lazy.

“Tapunan ng Lingap” and “Ang Mga Cazadores”-poems written in Tagalog by Bonifacio-attacked the Spaniards furiously-He called the Spaniards “white cattle”

“Huling Hibik ng Pilipanas”-Bonifacio’s poem which openly called for independence from colonial rule.

Revolution of 1896-the Katipunan Revolution-sowed the seeds of the national independence in the masses’ minds-Bonifacio: leading thinker of the Revolution of 1896.

Emilio Jacinto-twin soul of Bonifacio in the Katipunan

-born in: Tondo, Manila

-on: December 15, 1875-his father died at his early age-he was sent by mother to his uncle’s house for support-first studied at San Juan de Letran-transferred to the University of Santo Tomas and studied Law.-about 18, he heard about Katipunan and immediately joined.-was loved by Bonifacio because of being serious-minded, humble, intelligent, and industrious.-he wrote in Tagalog except for one poem in Spanish, A Mi Patria (To My Country)-wrote such pieces: Kartilla, Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag, Sa Mga Kababayan, and others.

Bonifacio and Jacinto wrote in Tagalog-believed that the people could be reached through their own language-the very reason why they succeeded in uniting the people behind them

The reformists failed-Because they wrote for the intellectuals and Spaniards who read only in Spanish

Jacinto fought side by side with Bonifacio as the Revolution broke outJacinto was assigned by Bonifacio to lead rebels in LagunaApril 6, 1899 in Mahayhay, Laguna

-Jacinto died at the young age of twenty-four.

THE REVOLUTION OF 1896

By 1896, there were concrete and objective conditions in the economy, society, and governance that justified revolution at the time of the Katipunan but people were not totally united. The wealthy and educated class was divided on the issue of independence and the use of force to obtain it. The masses, mostly the poor, less educated and illiterate, led by the Katipunan, who were ready. However, the conflict over leadership inside the Katipunan resulted in the tragic death of Bonifacio, the founder and leader of the armed revolution. Ironically, it was the death of Rizal that brought downfall to the Spanish rule in the Philippines. The poet, Cecilio Apostol, expressed it well, “Que si una bala destrozó tu craneo, tu idea, en cambio destruyó un imperio.” (Though a bullet pierced or destroyed your skull, your idea destroyed an empire.) from here, despite of all the failures of the Filipinos, they still fought valiantly towards freedom and independence of

a nation yet to be born

Chapter11

CONDITIONS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

Late in 1895-Bonifacio was busy propagating the political ideals of the Katipunan in many towns in Manila-Some Spanish authorities were already suspecting about the underground society who aimed to end Spanish rule but they had no clear proof of its existence

Friars informed governor-general about their suspicions but he did not believe themRumors continued to reach the friars through their spies

-example of which was the gathering in Batangas where rifles and weapons were being smuggled; the weapons came from Hongkong and Yokohama.

The governor-general ordered the banishment of some prominent citizens of Batangas and Bulacan to mollify the friarsFriars’ suspicions were correct all along because of the general dissatisfaction among the Filipinos:

-money was difficult to get-few Filipinos were gainfully employed-life of the people was far from prosperous-common people were suffering from heavy taxation, from abusive friar and civil authorities, and from lack of economic opportunities.

The government was spending millions of pesos for the army and navy-in the budget for the fiscal year 1894-1895, the expenditure of the Department of War and Navy totaled more than six million and a half pesos

But the amount being spent for public improvement was pitifully small-expenditure for public works was P 628, 752.46 (which showed that very little was spent for improvement in public works

The most serious cause of people’s satisfaction were the ABUSES of the Spaniards- friars and civil authorities alike

-personal honor and dignity of the Filipinos were taken for granted-physical maltreatment and unjust orders of executions to faraway places like Guam, Jolo, and Palawan on suspicions of crimes and petty ones

The institution of Forced Labor-Provided opportunities to Spaniards for rampant abuse to Filipinos

For three hundred years, Filipinos kept silent as they suffered they abuses but the seed of hatred had been planted in their hearts.

THE DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN

Father Mariano Gil-Parish curate of Tondo, Manila-one of the friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities about the secret society

Teodoro Patiño-A Katipunero

-he visited his sister in an orphanage in Mandaluyong -having quarreled with another Katipunero, he told his sister about the Katipunan and its aims; her sister cried and so she told the Madre Portera of the orphanage-He was then advised to tell Father Mariano Gil about it

August 19, 1896- Patiño went to see Father Gil that afternoon and revealed the Katipunan and its plans

Father Gil immediately rushed to the Manila Police’s headquarters and informed them about Patiño’s revelation

At the Printing shop of the daily newspaper DIARIO DE MANILA-Father Gil, the police, and the owner of the newspaper, found some Katipunan receipts and other evidences- Patiño told Father Gil that those evidences were genuine

The police was convinced and so they raided many houses in Manila and the suburbs looking for alleged members of the Katipunan.That night of August 19

-Many innocent Filipinos were arrested.

THE CRY OF PUGADLAWIN

Wealthy Filipinos were being wanted to help finance the Katipunan in its struggleBonifacio ordered some of his trusted men to approach the rich Filipinos and asked for contributionsFrancisco L. Roxas

-a Spaniard born in the Philippines; considered this country as his own-was asked to support the society for he was a millionaire-belonged to a family that owned vast tracts of lands and put up the San Miguel Brewery-got angry and threatened to tell the police about the Katipunan

Many wealthy Filipinos refused to help the Katipunan except for a physician named Dr. Pio ValenzuelaBonifacio and his men did not lose hopeAugust 19

-Katipunan was discovered by the Spanish authorities-Bonifacio was in Caloocan with his wife, Gregoria de Jesus-Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak fearing that he might be arrested

Bonifacio ordered his “runners” to inform the Katipuneros that a meeting will be held in Balintawak on August 24.At midnight of August 21, Bonifacio, accompanied by four men, reached Balintawak;In the afternoon, about 500 Katipuneros left Sitio Kangkong (part of Balintawak) and arrived at the next sitio called Pugadlawin the next day.Juan A. Ramos

-at his yard, a meeting was held-son of Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)

Melchora Aquino-“Mother of the Katipunan”

Bonifacio shouted to bring out their cedulas and tear them into pieces-this showed that they were prepared to take up arms

All men brought out their cedulas and tore them into pieces and the ground was littered with those pieces of paperCedulas- sign of slavery for the KatipunerosAugust 23

-“They shouted in one voice, “Long live the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan”-“Cry of the Pugadlawin” (symbolized the determination of the Filipinos to fight for independence unto death.

THE FIGHTING BEGINS

Civil guards were following the Katipuneros and were about to inspect the mountains.Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another sitio, called Pasong TamoAugust 25-Some women notified Bonifacio that civil guards and infantrymen were coming.A short skirmish ensued in which one civil guard and two Katipuneros were killed.Spaniards, thinking that the rebels were strong, retreated; Rebels, believing that their weapons were inferior, also retreated towards BALARA. They proceeded to Marikina and to Hagdang BatoAugust 28- Bonifacio issued a manifestoAugust 29, 1896- Bonifacio set the attack on the city of ManilaAugust 30, 1896- A fighting between Filipino forces and the Spanish soldiers broke out

MARTIAL LAW

Revolutionary flame spread to the following places:-provinces of Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog of Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas

August 30 -Governor-general Ramon Blanco issued a decree to prevent the spread of the revolutionFirst eight provinces which rose in arms:

-Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Eciija (placed under martial law)

Blanco’s policy and attraction-stated that those who surrender within forty-eight hours after the decrees’ publication won’t be tried by military court.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela and his companions took advantage of this decree and so they surrendered.

PERSECUTION CONTINUES

The suspects in Manila and other provinces were punished even without trialHeads of families were shipped to the Caroline in the Pacific and in AfricaFort Santiago was packed with hundreds of prisoners, most of them were INNOCENTMany died when Pasig River entered the lower portion of the cell while others died due to suffocation

Luis R. Yangco-One of the wealthy Filipinos who were arrested for allegation with the Katipunan

In Bulacan, the Spaniards massacred many peopleSeptember 4, 1896

-Four Katipuneros were executed in Bagumbayan Field (now part of Rizal Park)September 12, 1896

-Thirteen suspects from Cavite were executed (“Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite”)January 4, 1897

-Twelve Bicolano patriots were executed; nineteen patriots from Kalibo were shot to death.

RIZAL’S EXECUTION

Since 1892- Rizal had been in Dapitan, Zamboanga del NorteIn 1896- He asked permission from the government to go to Cuba as a military surgeonRizal was in a Spanish cruiser when the revolution broke outHe refused to be saved by revolutionaries and then he transferred to the streamer

Sailing on the way to Cuba, Rizal was ordered to return to ManilaFort Santiago- where Rizal was imprisonedRizal was helped by a Spanish military lawyerThe military court did not listen to his arguments and he was then sentenced to be shot to deathPeople who appealed to the governor-general for Rizal’s pardon:

-Rizal’s parents, brothers, sisters Another appeal was made to the Minister of War in Spain but it was not grantedDecember 30, 1896

-Rizal was executed early in the morningRizal’s execution

-emboldened the Filipinos to fight for their country

BONIFACIO GOES TO CAVITE

Emilio Aguinaldo-Young mayor of Kawit, Cavite; led the rebels against the Spaniards-was called ‘’Heneral Miong” for people’s admiration of his qualities as a military leader

September 5, 1896-Aguinaldo’s famous victory was in Imus when he defeated the Spanish army contingent under General Ernesto de Aguirre’s command

Sword of the Spanish army contingent-was took by Aguinaldo as a memento of his victory

Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two factions: the MAGDIWANG and the MAGDALOEnd of December 1896

-Bonifacio, with his wife and two brothers, arrived in Cavite-purpose was to mediate the two fractions

December 31, 1896, an Assembly in Imus was held-Magdiwang: favored the Katipunan retention-Magdalo: favored the Katipunan’s change of structure

THE TEJEROS CONVENTION

Cavite became the major battleground of the revolutionRebels decided to meet at Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trials)March 22, 1897

-there was a convention at the estate house of Tejeros-The convention’s second part was presided by Bonifacio & Artemio Ricarte (secretary)

Formation of new government was agreed and officials were elected Result of the Election:

Daniel Tirona-A member of faction Magdalo, protest that Jose del Rosario (an attorney) was more qualified of the position than Bonifacio

Tirona refused to take back what he said and so Bonifacio took out his pistol and aimed at him but Ricarte quickly held his hand.The angry Bonifacio (as the incumbent Supremo of the Katipunan) declared the results as NULL AND VOID then he and his men hurriedly left the place.

ANOTHER MEETING AT TEJEROS

March 23- Bonifacio, Ricarte and others, met at the same place“Acta de Tejeros” (Minute of Tejeros)- a document that recorded what happened the previous day“Tejeros Resolution”

- Bonifacio and others (45 in all) gave their reasons for the result’s rejection of the previous day’s election-main reason: fraud committed by the Magdalo peole

THE NAIK MILITARY AGREEMENT

Bonifacio persuaded his men to have a military agreement in which another government will be established.General Pio Del Pilar will be the COMMANDER of this army and the HEAD was Bonifacio.Among those who signed the document were:

-Bonifacio and his brothers, Artemio Ricarte, Pio Del Pilar, and Severino de las Alas

THE EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO

After the military agreement, Bonifacio and his company left the town of Indang and settled in the barrio of LIMBON.Aguinaldo heard about the agreement and so he sent some soldiers to persuade Bonifacio to recognize the Tejeros election resultsColonel Agapito Bonzon

-headed the party to contact Bonifacio; used force on Bonifacio and his brothersBonifacio and his brothers fought back

-Ciriaco: was killed in the skirmish-Bonifacio: was wounded in the neck and on the left arm

President: Emilio AguinaldoVice President: Mariano TriasCaptain General: Artemio RicarteDirector of War: Emiliano Riego de DiosDirector of the Interior: Andres Bonifacio

Bonifacio was brought to the municipal building of Indang, then transferred to Maragondon for treason Military court announced that Bonifacio and Procopio (his brother) were GUILTY OF TREASON even without strong evidence; they were sentenced to be shot to deathAguinaldo commuted the death penalty to banishmentGeneral Pio Del Pilar and General Mariano Noriel

-persuaded Aguinaldo to withdraw the commutation of the death sentenceMay 10, 1897

-Major Lazaro Macapagal took the prisoners and brought to Mount Tala-Bonifacio and his brothers were executed at Mount Tala

THE GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL LUZON

Filipino rebels: suffered from one defeat to anotherSpanish forces: suffered from tropical diseases and lack of experienceGovernor-General Camilo de Polavieja

-in December 1896, he succeeded General Ramon Blanco-grew tired of fighting the Filipinos; his health failed him and so he asked to be

relievedGovernor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera

-successor of Governor-General PolaviejaAquinaldo escaped to Batangas to escape captivityWith 500 faithful armed men, Aguinaldo walked the following distance:

-San Juan del Monte, Montalban, and to Mount Puray

Biak-na-Bato, in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan-Aguinaldo’s headquarters

Rebels met at Mount Puray - established the Departmental Government of Central LuzonComprised the following provinces of:-Manila, Morong, Bulacan, Laguna, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Pangasinan

Officials:

BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

Primo de Rivera-failed to win over the Filipinos back to Spain.

Before July or early in July -Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato Republic (a republican government)

President: Father Pedro Dandan Vice President: Anastacio FranciscoSecretary of the Treasury: Paciano RizalSecretary of War: Cipriano PachecoSecretary of the Interior: Teodoro GonzalesSecretary of Welfare: Feliciano Jocson

Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho-copied word for word the Cuban Constitution of Jimanguayu, except for one article

Constitution in its Preamble-declared the aim of the Revolution as the separation of the Philippines from the Spain

Article VIII (not found in the Constitution of Jimanguayu)-“Tagalog will be the official language of the Republic”

November 1-the Constitution was approvedOfficers elected were:

THE TRUCE OF BIAK-NA-BATOPedro A. Paterno

-A Filipino of Chinese ancestry-approached Governor Primo de Rivera and offered himself as a mediator

November 18, 1897The first document was signed by:-Paterno: on behalf of the Filipino rebels-Primo de Rivera: on behalf of the colonial government

December 14, 1897 -the second document was signed by Paterno and RiveraDecember 15, 1897-the third document was signedThe Truce of Biak-Na-Bato -the first, second, and third document constituted togetherThe agreement provided the following:

1. that Aguinaldo and his men would go into voluntary exile;2. that Primo de Rivera would pay Aguinaldo the sum of P800 000 in three

installments:a. P400 000 upon departure from the Philippines;b. P200 000 when arms surrendered to Spanish authorities exceeded to

700 pieces;c. P200 000 when general amnesty had been proclaimed and the TE DEUM

had been sung; and3. Primo de Rivera would pay P900 000 to families of non-combat Filipinos who

suffered during the revolutionDecember 27, 1897 -Aguinaldo and his company boarded a ship for Hongkong and had with him a check for P400 000.

THE FAILURE OF THE TRUCE

Month of January 1898- a happy one for the Spaniards; peace reigned once more

President: Andres BonifacioVice President: Mariano TriasSecretary of Foreign Affairs: Antonio MontenegroSecretary of the Interior: Isabelo ArtachoSecretary of War: Emiliano Riego de DiosSecretary of the Treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo

January 23, 1898 -The TE DEUM was sung at the Manila Cathedral to celebrate the publication of peace treaty. Armed clashes started at February because of the mutual suspicion of Filipino rebels and Spanish authoritiesGeneral Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac

-organized the Central Executive Committee (independent government) and had the Makabulos Consitution

Failure of the Truce-Bad faith on both sides of the Filipinos and Spanish authorities.

Cebu Normal UniversityOsmeña Boulevard, Cebu City

Philippines 6000

ADETAILED SUMMARY

IN CHAPTER 10-11IN

PHILIPPINE HISTORY I

Submitted by:Pastoril, Julie Marie D.

Submitted to:Mr. Jovanni Villacora