Bodhisattvas in Gandharan Art an Aspect (1)

8/18/2019 Bodhisattvas in Gandharan Art an Aspect (1)

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Edit by Pa Branco an Kur Behnd

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NDHRN BUDDISM rchaolog, r, Txs

CP Vo Tooo


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© UBC r 2006

Al right rsrvd o pr of thi p bic ation y be rpro. re n a r

ym r trnsmitted. in ny or o by n n. wtho po r prso h pulir r n Cand. in h a o ph otc ong r r reorap hcopying licen Ac Cpyr ght (Canin pyrih Lcnsng Agncy

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i in d on ancifrt- aper % ner rcycle prc d o ine- nd ir. e l- ink

Lbrary Archives Cnda Catalogn in Pucatn

Ganhra Bi� : cholo art. texs /

eied b ia B rncacio Kur Behren

Aan rgi n ad oi eries ISN In bbr ern and nd ISBN-13: 978-0-748-100-7

ISN

dh (Pktan ant Hi�to 2 G (Pktan Afghni�tn) ana (a Mnit) A adra (Pa kistn n Ahta) A, Gadra 1. Brac cco P966 I. Bhredt Krt 1- I Ti r

Q26G35 20 29'09 C2601-

A pblatn je oteYen Nma oam n dist Stdi he

r of Toroto t Misssu

CB Ps grty ckowlds e nncil port for or pblhing o

o ovnt o Cn hrgh th Book Pbi�hin Inutry Devlpmen

Pro n h ad Cnc l fr Ar nd the Briish oli

Ars Concil

B Psh Unver o Brith Com

20 W Mal

Vanco u 6 IZ

ww.upr Phot R


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Conns

lluttin / IX

Aknledgen / XII

Intdutin /

Bcco a Kurt Be1 Plge: Se Debting ints n Gndn Buddsm nd Ku�

H / 9

John M Rsl!

PART I CHAEOLGY

Reent Aegicl eec in GndTe ew Evdene / 41Mz' Ti

3 Bddi eene in Un Seeen f Sw Send Cen

BCE F Cenu E / 60Po Cr

Rec Sne f ndA einteettin e hegic

Evidence / 83

Behrndt

PAT X

5 iimge te Cne nd e elne Gnd / 07

Sh wama

6 Ne Mant Ses f te Stud f Gndn Buddism / 13

iha o

PART RT

d v n Gndhn A An Aec f n n ndnBuddi / 51

Jyug Rhi


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Conets

8 Th Ntur n Ue o he odil Rl o the udha in nhr / 83Rrt L Br

9 tews o he Bh: Figes ne Aches i ly nhn A / 20

Pia Bco

0 A Gh Rele h wo Sce om dhs Lfe / 225

A Quaglotti

Lc t n E ndhn t / 243

Do Ieth Sv

nnd nVajp;iAn nll Abnc n a Mytrou Pnn Gnhran Art / 270

Fl(enzi

13 egn Dvey n Kn5k's dh Coins / 286

E M Rv

nbuo / 303

Iex / 0


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Bodhiattva in Gandhran rt:

An Apect of Mahyna in Ganhranuddhim]UHYNG RHI

Th e exisnc fMn in Gndhrn Buddhis nd it s r t h preendintriguing qesins bt Budhi� schlr nd r histria Whlemn shlrs he preed th Gndhra, r he nrhesern r f theIndin bcntinn w rin t yed criil rle n e eergencf Myn n Inin Bddism hy h ben sltnesl fed wt

he pit f ngible eidence t pt thi ndersnding I The eti-mny by he Cinese ilgrim Fxin h m eple in he regin were

rciing Hnyn nt Mhn l rvide a basis fr skpiim mngsm chr' Ths r flr w sclprl mrl wrhe en elen n ndhrn r h mt be rlble Myn nr w fr its fllwer t s il nti3 f the cmp this ise cnn be reiewed here; insed, he cus wi be nw dis wr reprned in ndhr r

h dl f bhs t is gnrll cnsidrd n e cnrleures f Mhn Buddhm lhgh h wrd bodstv rgind

n h rM rdn i gnd rticulr prne w h rsf Mynis nd ir crturs n n genrl idl b l rfrrng t l nrd diis Nmeru bd, ide tsi he pre-elhtemet stage of malu�i-h w e metioned nnnhnc cnex, were menined in e ahyn literture ndsm f m wre wrspd nd rrsntd in sl frm wrryn Bddhsm sprd

n andrn art, bdi�s cly appear as cu ge r n herelf sng ple senes, priulrl n lae perd, nd he dislaydr cngrc frs th pparen signi ltilic f ridni Cmprd wi r reresnn in er irtn rgns erly Bddhit r n India, su a ur nhr, and eern Decn,repreenat bdsat n ndrn ar re h mre nspuin number nd vriy nd he nttute rminnt re in ndrn


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Juhg Rhi

ddhm For thi reaon, search or bodit wihn Mhna onte in Gndhrn ar old e uefl trin pon. The qesion

dresed in th chpter re trighforar, lthou h nrn he nobe simple hey are: Ho man ierent te of bodhatts ere rereente in anhrn art Wha n o paterns emere n hee pes?h are their onnecons wh he reene of Mhna in GanhrnBudhsm?6

Among re ofbo dttv repreented in anhran rt three rom-nent ye emere. A rele in he Tal mseu nlude sning exleso hese three te long th uddhas (g 7 2) . Bohstva andBddh gres alete a ech bodhsttv pers o or a pir ithhe Bh next to hi he one on the fa lef ith knot hir nholng wer se is typca eale of he bodhatva Mae (who ietne to attin Bhhoo in he tre); his mae apears consstentlyin c ene of the seen Budhas of the at 8 Althogh he sgnicnce o hecharcteritic hir and aer se or kmJ4lu, til nes safctor an-ser it oen ributd o the ccoun ha Mre c m bhmiy9 he Bdh next o him mt hen be one closel relae o hebodhtv Mairey most obbl re n ull enlighene orm

he odhis n he cenre erg a rn nd wth his left hnplce on hs a, i comony denie a he bohst Sdhrh inhe a erce of ri nce he simlriy of his gure o soe fod nnrrive ene o he ie okyauni uh hs been poine ou yMiji' Seera iodes h he Mrrge nd he Resolion for hereat D eprure, resen he ri ne idhrh in an ieni c nner. hee gre in his orm h reed in earer Budhis ar, sch a thyaw dvrapas on he e pilr o f he in tp t , ut e es to

hae been adoped a a convenional eresenaton or Siddhrth as rincein dhr narrative scenes 3 n he l relie he urbane me of thie oioned he entre o how h rir impornce I i alsonoeorY th he Bdh n he correoning ir the only one in nac te pos tre it the rght hand n aym; hs re posbly i to beientied kyuni he closes n ie to he Bhs o andhraThe o ypes o bohv� iussed aove, if hey cn be ientied asMitreya n ddhrth, are ovu not ecluie to e Mhna culteen though hey coul have been worhped n a hyna conet

e entcion of trd e the far right wering ubn andholng a rh s more polemtic I position n relationshp to hecorresonding Bddh n ts pir make t oios ha h ure also reresents a boatt ho ten s ts thrd bodhsta? It o not beentire ut o the eson to conser h t gure togher ith its


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Bhiav i GaHhr H At 1 3

FGURE 7 Ref shon n Bdh an odhisvs xa Mseu( aj "Gn no zo keshi kj oss no , 10)

7 2 De f F 7 1 showng tre pas o ds d bdisav(fe Iho, pI. - )

par dh rrn on of th wnon dha ro h patch a s pkara or Kp a uha an a odhtta paara anK ar th onl two has thr than aun n Matra r-

or n tn nscrpton vn on Gnrn art '4 n ha to nothowr t hr ohtta t h athrr s alo n nlargr sttu n thror ut h n soon who had gatr m-potn a a bj ct ofnton t s hrl l that th oattvapa or ara s worhpp un ul stu on uch a ca n


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1 4 Juhy Rhi

thus n lee hold be ough ong hoe who wod he een

more ronent n he coneporneou cl rc e. The wreherng

ohit h oen een dene as Avloier unueonbly hemos o lar o hi� in he ahyn world, who c ould he een or-

hpe in Gndhr well! The reh n he lef hn h een iner

ree nterhngeble wth a lo, he sne rbue ofAloer

n ler nd r n in er Ciese Budh ar

f e c ce h vew an d ieni he b odhi n h e hr ar s

Aloevr he deny o he udh ne}t o h reses ueon I

coul e Ambh ho i rionly so ced h Aloear he

relonhi eeen Avoear n Ah in h r obousl

derent from he one n the oher rs ecuse mib ror o

enlighenme was h bhik�lt Dharmkara no Aloer Howeer,

loier, o ould eoe udh n ree oer he Weern

Pure Lnd afer he nl nir ofAha w commonly egared heemnon nd hus he rtl on of Ah Bha H e w alread

referre o a budasa (on of he Bh) n he Lr SJ vyha,17long before hi relo nshp as o e ela orel n Vjryn Bdhs

conograhy o poile h he neprble ti bween thee o dei

te a lready reognz n perio Ambh is d o hve aearedn he wo y lp before m ; I N herefore he ol heoretlly be rered s on of he s udhs lhough sill lvng n nes

ble ge i he Weern re nd Thee hree pr, hen, cn be re

the Bdh nd boh om he reen nd re who have

elered or ll elver he dhr o senen being t iren oen

n n erent mode

The hree o h yes cus e bove rey, Sdhrh, n he

wreh e rer, were redominanly eloed for ineenden s aues ongsndng bodht stue we n numero Mre ge of the rt

type whh ke u b fr he lrges nuber of Gnhrn bohts

The o r o le he knoed hr rrnged h rnge g 7 3 ) A

lghl ieren harle wh jfJm lo pesen it per o e odied ye whn he e aegor 19The seon yologi grouosedl en o rereent Sdhrth s muh rrer, lhough we he

ne exple n he oced "Foucher odst in he Muse ume

Pri� (g 7 .4 ) The r ype, holng reh, is lso rre, an exn ex

le re nrialy of nferio r qualiy and hae rher dec aden feare(g 7 . 5 ) One i tempted o sgges h this ye or osbl Aloevara

wih these iconogrphic feaures, pere in ndhr a reliel

e e


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Bhia if! GanhrnAt 1 5 5

i tte h v i ahra val thee

hree te ha , lely Mrey rive le ti i J

e a u ut hls a ater e; h hae ee a riggexce ure t t e rgery e ay rate ars '

Bodhaa Matya Sikr. Lahore

Meum (auhor's phoograph)


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1 56 JuhYI Rhi

FIGURE 7.4 Bodsata iddhrh Shabaz-Gar. ueim i (t Kit, vol. p

hee hee bsi te be e en lso i se te botva imae, iehibi moe aie owing to moiations n inetion of ne elements One o hese es ted bohitt with ae ase, al hel inhe h bt oioll e on the eesa21 Sh ges o beege ete Mite oesonng o h e s te of th e aninimge. Thee e hoe ome intne of bov hving e sme


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Bav i Galhal At 1 57

FIGUR 7 Bodhisatv, pobly Avlkvar.

L ngle Cun (f Pl I S45)

chcteic hai d ehibiig th e peachg getue b ihu a ateae" oe wodes hehe hi gue shold e egded a a eeio ohe s eaed te tpe o s a e iooaphi eio fo e ohebodhitaJ

The stue f the ice i the First Meditti i t he Pesh Musem(g 76 is esetatie exle of he sed iddhh ge The


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IS8 Juh}' g

FIGURE 7 6 Boit dt in the Firs Meditaton. Sa-Bahol mound C. Phw Mum (t Ku, vl. 1 pI. 1 3 1 )

idntity f Psr ig i s idict b y ig c cd n pdt but intictin f t

r

itv img wrig urbns bu

wi n r rdb icngrig rmin nrdSd ui fr ird nding y upsd kivr,

r fn mng d img tt d r 0tus T bistsirb rbn nd istn mst d tu r r bdnstd f wt g 77)25 T drpn n si icb rsts


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Bhav Galrl At 1 5 9

FIURE 7 . 7 Bottva AvkieSaa hold lous or gai India Mum Clut (auhor's otogp).

n ueo hol he reah an lo be ndeed eqae ionogrh gn for he ae dey If o wh i e reon for e relceenof reh h a lo n eae e Or oe he eed ye h lorereen e noher oly rh bo h ?

he bo of h aegor re ll eaed n paya/w or eornr roleed oe B he are que a f ele ofdhtteed on a ool n he ene oe one foo ren on he ooe leg


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160 Juhg Rhi

. 8 o AvalokieSva in penive poe

atuoka Ms, Tyo (after Tkata 96, p 3 )

whh h l ( 7 . 8) The s liy grah

tb th Alki ime m h Khr bronze qeremrkble!7 We lo recl h hi po wa u f h i Sidhh

in a i f pl w i he h Mueum, eing h Fis

di2 If h c f h s ed

th f h i my pp hi oion ill


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Bhiav i Galhrl Af 16 1

FGURE 79 od�v od ook Mju(? ue Gm

Ps (ho' phoop)

d or Shrh m o b x to ohr oh rlr o ho hol lot tl dt lot 9 Som

bo dh r h o lo hold book robl o r r

e o e lotu o th 7 , d t obe th e ee a epeeo o e ohr bohst.

odht r trn r lo dtd e od-l oh b oh l h o h ool ro h l Som o ehold los d u ll h e voie cego, lk h d pee ou30 bu m ds e rh geue ho rthr oorh Y othr l tl th Chdrh

ho odh o th lr t lborl d

rhtrl srrod s ei ( 7 th o�

:.dq; " ' l1{ r' h o bodhsv s a'i ve cee rom h dhs f: heo o he rh � h O o u b h revos ro o


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162 i

FIURE 7 . 0 ss-e b dhv se A y d s ,hh Crey S

K oka a o o l Dla o Sk Bol ol Kp I bo o bo i oul b omo lol rl o Skmu Bu

a uc o o h po aao pic Sia o heb dhisattv T�t Heve . I a c t s o


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Bhiav i hrn At 163

nkle nor te p nive po ed exvely or n parr bodhiain ndrn ddt iconogrpy

Turbaned bodhtv tte ocsiony hve ml grines on e me-dion of e eddre; he g ve been sd as ddiionl ono-grh sign, and tey often inlud ml Buddha or r rrng na or ni.hre e erl l in whi u grine rin onte heddres d eer ore here e dllion ave become dethedoe bo disatv es o e s roj ection in frt f he heddreor ttng ml medon, o u rine cod v n qit om-on elemen in trbed bodsttva atue .

Te mof of Garua crryng 1a or nn g. 7 ) i genry be-lied to be rlted o te Gre of te bdcion of Gnyed Zeu in e orm of gigntic e tog i e aea idel nncien ar rougo we nd ot Ai nd been ntrretd in ri-os s ignince in e tex o the bodh ' eddres reminsobcreY Andr oer ggeed tt it sgd Avloitvara' specalposition e berer of o o Sh but hs inrpretaon i orean peae ggeton for ng preonived dent ction ndtre ee no rticr reson o co nnect t to Avloktvr We holdnot ht t i otf i on on e eddres of he m "Fherodhisatt" g 7 4 ) e identi on te b o ypoo terince iddhrth o t my well e been th iconograic ign oidhrt or it y b en ud tere w a gener rlgio menng not a nionorc ignr

A dd i te edres i wellown ybol for Alokte vrain Indin dd r, a les o te period onrd. It i oidly adoted or AoitSvr igs in at A, nd n colr e

red tt e tra hd i orign in erl Idia uddit r Aohist gre i he Pr Mu o te hir tding yp tt olding a reth ear Buddh in e preaching geue on i hddre (g 7 12) nd this a usti ing h m Buddha s ign orAokitevar Oe ould ote, hover a bodtva snding on terig ide of Buda rid in te lade de Mareu olecion hat ouldb lasi d a t eond tninE dra) by the nd getur oa a m Buddh on i eddres Furermore, he reene ofa Buddhin haddres s dtnive io nogrh indicor for Avloitr w

no ethd eoeo een in ry Cne Buddit t i conentionll reumd Dring te th nd ceuri n Cn it ire sete i te croedne oe ossib in e �it ea , atev tht common had a dd n e hedde J5 Tereore,


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1 64 JUhYlg Ri

FIGURE Bohttv h Lho eum (ft Ingholt,pi. -4

hee eem lle eao o uoe ha he o lea ee h The Bh in e hees el he eed geels nicating that the bohis tr r;df � e e o ekpbd, oee o b eome Budh ey oo a coul have bee ue fo ybohva ge, clg hh o valokeaa

Besde l Bdh me o Gu


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Bhiav i GalhrH At 1 65

o Avki v hhmud C D. Peshwar Mseum (fe Ingholt, pi 326)

odhiaa wee lo comol cooed i e Buddh ad fo-

m o which o d om SahBahlol ae he beo ele(g 7 . 3 o di e o eah de o he eal Buddh hiad e deied a bo dhv o dea becue he o lle ie-di ue bee h Budh d h o bodh e elideed h d d Oe of he o bodhav ue i he


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1 juhY/g Ri

FURE 7. I3 Buddh trid. SahBl m A Peshwa s (afterIglt" 12)

wellknon Maea te In e ote owee e cono i not htow In te ti fo SBlol ou A ( 7. , tebot on the oppoie e of te Me te ol et in

left tu oepon to te upoe Aoi te In note ti fo hBalol moun D, e bodat n the elentpoiion te left an n te w'; as 1 te nn Sidh e JS Ifi gue ee ieni Sit i woul men tt ymuni

pe n ti ti twie bot n Bu n t woul


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Bhia i GaHhrl At 167

FURE 7 Bh nie h Bh Mon

Pshw usm (ft nhot, p 257).

b p su: kymu b lg, pymu g s B � r ya ut�1g. Ocs bst, v, t tid fom Sl mu D smqul pssbl ws l a w bhaymudr. Su xap u s pv mpe 9 I a c m cue bv


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168 Juhy Ri

n Buh tra neraly nte f ethr he Miry y an thdhrha p r, mr mmnly he Mr p n th Akevara

.n le r Gnhrn r here eem have been nerbleman n h form el m rBlol mun ( 4) , Bh r ppar n n lbo arhur eng n rbanbhiva o l ha hi n on ju lk hrthp Hwr, n h m h h hl lg u em h me hmdenabl h vlok ttv on h ope de hjkua, hl r va i l hn ke n orn Mr, buil aadr wh h h hn D e mnr in hr ll em o rprn kmun h M ry an Alokvr

n h r orm h boha nn h nr

lly a h p e , bu hr ar vr xmpl h bhgur prr A ri m L n Tg i n th rr exmle( g . n h r h boha on h B uha ' le er rbnn hl lo u tha an uull b o wh AvokInrsnly h oh on h ppo t e hl book n wrv n h o no wr ur lk I t be h h oo

h o Mtr mo o ra rpc b a inboh erh s m Mahyn ont n he nraph Mary w ry elshe n nhrn r em dbl h hrmr he aeWe real h h bhstva n h ne p wh ak xs an npenen ( 79 Beue the at brokn obl to nr hh b hatva tp wa rernn th nn n , oh hln ar relatvl mmn nnhan r pey aong je daabl t h lt hae40 A le n

h Phr Mu lo uch urb rosnl ohatvini hrin huh nt lr h4 a bha manor n e n he 60k �e, ne tempe o en hi

yp bhva a Mu r wh wa qe prn n ea hnaBuhim embmn wom e n h Prqfami t sutr Avata st. Bu h ingp Mr herzdb rpe gnrll knn m rlvey l xul our o eric Buhim uch ul erenn cam cmmn n lrrc cx,4 hir rnc i Gn ay b quen vr Bu x rere n hnee trlon l o l a hhr cntur CE Wbaa (�va C l u thaMur hl Mhyna rpr n h l hn J an hu h l o ieg ur gu ih u b ul u


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Bhav i Galhal At 1 69

G 7 5 . Bh L T Ms cu

A

T s o ttg t t at botta colcto h Ut t th a rc te eto o ma cholr re ers bc o i ictio 6 . I h tia o ic hecetrl ddh t boitta o ig uvv t boitta iat s po w ub ad hold los th osod o he ed Aloe r tp cito o he se ii a d ald boh Bog "ia ' pa dm

Hm aha oker [Alo] o Bdhmtr acr the Amba [Amtb] o Bdhr5 Ths red rodd t ba o uggto b seerl sholrs tht t o trdp Amiba accompi b Aloter d Mthp 4 Ho, Bos itpto o hs iciptio a b qu-oed b ohr co r wth pigpi mats Rhr lomo Ggoy cop r o the opio th th icio to tAmtba o Avaoitaa; this � to e qui coicigY To, ibit o s icipio ic o a Aih tia i ubou,

d t i m uli h o ca t h itico o the ro o th tp

I lrer eles it colex cees, boat appa i someh df-ret pc I eerl xap t mot o o hch t om


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1 70 JUYlg Ri

7 . I 6 P o Buh John nd Mb i Mu o� h

Sa Mum o loria tr Di p )

MohaUe Nai, menione in thi lume byJohn Roenel in the Lahoreuem 1 5 ) to ohia nin beie he en uh echho a an with b hn� a f e wee bo to eite he o theBh The o not hol th ttibue ( waer e n a eh) othe ning Maire an oker pe . Howee he o hae thee coue n ile of the o oon bohi e inianh r e s M e n aoe w perp ene oth he phi pne ee kep eel onenion In ay e


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Bohiavs i GaHrl At 1 1

ther snine in h ene as b reded b the isn her dtinve nrph r and in se tees he ppear ht

uch derentiin f nueru ther bdhiaas surrundin theBddha n he seThe preence f ide bdhistvas nther interen fee

f ch pe sene A qe in y e rased denfn the hias rher thn s des r a wrhipper s bee n ndhrnrt there were fe essenta yp irs bn th t I n-ider ch cene n t ben t the rdnry nrre next rereentnu ddh' ie nd I d nt agr ith the ppr cncetnntited by Fher that he reresent he irce rst s I hvedscsed in deti preiy4 8 I rerd ch en nted s e i pr new thetc d itra cnet t bby c nnetd t Mhynh hn ened nce deribed as "thephny9 ad tu I nterpretthe utitude surr1dn the udh s dhittv resent in the sse in ch nte 50 They re ened n vrius c cnrin pndern cuht n zeent - the re eted in ins f hepenie nd c redne pe . er mny fr ee he een -ped n the bs thee types Se hd u r reth nd

e u t s dutf ht there ny ntentin f i di-tncns n their inddu dentite

t thee reef h a chpe nnn pr n he peniese and ther pair n the credane pe prinent depted nether ide f th in h he bdhit in the penie pir erns nd ne hd reh n he her rd bjec hse hecrsedane pe exhbt a preachin etre nd ne f he ac ur-ban. I n er hether these res were nended t reresent partir

bdhisahe p ensve nd the redne pe s were cny ien parcrpre n ch cpe sene Anther see Mhaed Nr inhe Chandrh Mse nudes sch a ar n he pper cner 1 Thepeie dhisa n he h wers turn ad hd reh n the efthand; the bdhtt n he e h ( uu, ee t he hd thepreachin etre Athh it dcut t deterne her exa denesne supects tht uh prn w nt asu

A ssibe ue fr understndn his rraneent a be und in n

ie fr hrBh nd ( 7 ) In this tee where Bddhrid i preent nder n ear dered pain he end ier he tp dispys een res nd dhisttva seed n wn a hes hree us the nr re udh th rnhnd estur: h n n the idde shws blyamudri, nd he nes n the


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1 2 JuhY i

le nd rig he metion n prehing gere he ure on one eof he Bd i in e pene oe; the one on he o ther e n the

oseae poe. If we read hese seen gur s symbol oneringoard e cenra Bdda no in mere jxaposo, we an nurl onier ome or o herrh preent n heir ordern e he preh-ng bot n he roene poe wold per boe he enebodhisva

T l e mor nrgung h e rell a a simlr errlcheme i resen n erl Chnee Buh r In he henEve Ynn nd Dnhung We n nmro gures obodh n

hecrossedanle po The re enerlly dened Mtre n he i

eaen lhogh I m epa her l ofthem hold b o regred assome oul lo b a prevo nrnaton oSkmu he e enIn ny ae the Mareype gures seed th rosed ne re comon ong bodhi�v n e ene o ndn (g 7 1 ) hggng hrrical rons bewn h boat grops 5 beve n hnes Bdst ese o tp wer hrrh mpton prhp o ndte utp ge wn thbodhit pri rer tn o oogrph denao o prulr

bodsas Alhogh we do no now r ths onnton orgi-nte e he o erosly onder the po iblt ht it rtd n Gdhr

FIGURE 17 A ceda bdt aed by wo p bodt.

Yg 10 aftr Z } k, o. p 54 .


27/36

Bohavs i Ganhrn At 1 3

7 1 8 disa suuded by muipe i. Gaery adMusem Cah e AS

he ppsiin Gh dis uld he epeene spis-

ice ie wi ial ige i exepie b noe ineesingbis el sn in e c f lpcin ( 7 . 1 8 ) In hi ype,

s cibd b t a e Muizi di b hisa i sea in ei

in nd mliple ue aie q' ides f him 54 Te aiin

e he iee ieniie B s Hin eiie, ed gaians

ec. ei, iin pae n AvalkieS in he Sadharmpu�/4aika


28/36

1 74 Juhm Ri

sC iereed hee ullic ion" me rereenon of b odh- bilit o reel hmelf n nnte fom o coert ll enen beg

ccording o h ge Avloe reche dh wih verle fule n he he of ou Jcludig Budd bodhiv Bhm Indr I v d Vjpa1i. 6 i rhly oedt owee h bili i no uniqe o Alki cod beeended to ueou o her bo dhv 5

A m ccont ound n more nr form oher Mcue c Da.�bhumk Ur d he Boditvhie fomerwhich veuall coniued eenl r of he Avafsak sra, eli ho b odi�v rech he een ge o he b dva rcti cala, he cabl o norm melf io numble form:

Now o e Bodhisattv wo as rache thi sg owe o Bo di

attv-onuc tt thro t rty of numeab bos, th

proucn of inum rbl oi ieule bodis mur

ble nmr o irs . H ad n suss i on bod in o-

dn e wh he irth d e aainmen o odis lin g order

o m m In conformi t viy o bods (i os,

mrk rm ln n i) n riy o ieo ad mnldsoiio o lvn in so he hos vios cs � ow boy

r eiv n da io o ec assmbl o Buddh's alm 8

Th ge followed b n co of ho he bodh r trnom hmelf i eml o dlib o a ha1r �, hoeholde ou e ig, hee Iak,pyelJd, bodhitva d

The Bodhisatabhum, in nr accou of bodhtv uerurlower it t ig: T B dd o Bodatt rt btto merble nnumerle lvig bei in mmeurble numeblerem en dreco y cretig iou mae9

Te boit emi o he mae irbl eened whout urbn an erace omh mlr o he Mr e Hoer fti iiti hd deed been i ee e gr ave eldthe er ve diictve conoghc 60 Ied e may hebeen ued ee in oe enerc ee alcble o a bodhiav d

erh higihn he del o he b od v hta o Myn I ereing o oe t leedry mer ofBodhtvab! mi Agwa bor nd ctve i dr durg te fou d cenurieCE.61 lhouh I do ot nted o ue ht h e bed on rculr cr re w hould oe t ome doc rl ec of e her


29/36

Bohiavs i Galhrl At 1 7

cic sae in h oisa pcice hae nein s igy inth Nohe.

In Ganhan a t not on w numou bohisa ge eps ene bt alo any dnt knd std mon th. hi nb an vaieyoiol excee h would h ben osile ithin e bor ofnon-Mahynic tdtion Etn osa gu m to incud thosmot pobably oshi exluvly Mnis h a Aoien j. Fheoe ee e ige c e bodt in ltipicton tht cod he bn bd on e soiice ie of h lilemaniesions of a Mha bodhittv in high tg f cie hitaditi hih i nt npi in th al p iod of Gann es o hav bo qit ont in it� le t p aicll in oi-atv ts tis d tl of coplex scns I pes at in th leeas en fo h ige signiantl in ddhit onti

Svel onsic its ch ohamd rit-i-bh ah-Bahlolnd Loin T m o e tlal iprtnt in ts connionSom of h mot spccla eles eicin ole senes ic incooe aios pes ofboia coe o Moe Nai i and hBol pehp he mot imotn cnt oBis otiv

cin in ton n Gnhr ield nueou oisBua ia� n ele of oplex scen Loiyn Tgi is notble osel bohitt se holdin h o los, n Bddh idih atd ohitva 6 Oe i emp o islize ioo tiiti fMhni a ese onteie. I gh e as oe o conle he Mna oneie fo epiphic l idnce o Tki indi ht hy w osi liae o e Kaa one o ho diionl Bddist chool gne poie gint Mna.63

h elen iion a e bst ne oo p osing that motMni in ndh s te ihin monsi etbihmn of iion cools poil thi pogesie ing Sin opnion hvbn exs Bdhit hol tienn mo fo inn s oinedout tha q- tadition tibed to jn wacl cooe b one o mo mon taind in e ati omth nothwtn eion of nin Indi('4 Hinz ee eke hton� f wo nces, Maha and Hnyn o non-na) lvedogee ecell i the me onsic ongegion he pinins t coincie ih o soiion n exlin why th Chine e p ili Fn eo in is tlg h h moi ty ofBdists Gndhr w prtiing nn

Sc onaeies Tt--bh -Blo Mod Na ndLoin Tgai h oi e s impont lt objecs ihin


30/36

1 76 JuY Rhi

h boy of mer ay no he en elrd Mhna onar

Hoer ahn v e a he nr on a onerale le

a a he row gncnly a tme went b In lght of th onluo ,he bohsat� atreya and Sddhrth he per n Gndhrn art,

alhogh no dntl Mhna ur may alo ne o be rarae n

rlaionh o he grong Mhna ah pren n anhran B dhm.

NO T E S

I am gae fr b comen n h� chaptr by Rond Ddso Gregr Schope Mzo Tadd and Joh Roefld dur ing th .c ofrn a Mc�tr Unvrsi

Lo , "Sur ation d Mahn" 389-6; Nkm Bdd 1 5 2 Krs , "W dh At a Podc ofMahn Bddhi?3 erig a dmon be twen Hnyn and h n a oc contex, not in

scrir r doctrinl pc, ould b ghy dta iu T vod po ial is-destdig I t s c o c lr posi o t of he rm hi cpteL iw hy n h prod I dealing wth s consistin of ro-gene rups, lo osel coetd b shed ha dd no ncsri exst s seprat ocia n ablisd sh Wiin ac gop Mhysts mut haxsd at dir vl: thos wo rote scriturs , thos who red tose ord dt dscsd te scipte d tho who ddiad ag p-d by h riptr o knowledgbl lic Mhns t th �t o v aynot ne s ly v d a c undetandg th drn implicao of h dtesthy enrt d n ua m ag a th se ih th mjrt o a Buddht thMahn�t sphere d t d mpoant hat smeone who hd or profoundudsdig id h pt, nd that mny owr parcp d garss ote wn donl in

4 Dt,Mayl uddhis ; Lmott History �fIldin Buddh s 81-84; Hirkwa , Sokidaij k fl kk 39T o r ci , ths tp a dd a serch for bodhtta h c ldnl v n wrshppd nts. Oe gh nsidr th se o u dd

such � Amitbha ndAqob tht ppear on in t xt h ovr, inGandhan ar Buddha mag a hry distnguisha n dntt d t i� ubtl tthee was oga y tt o k them d e v f thy r me to bdrnt n nae. Un Bdda mge reeeaon odht d crrdab icoograph ss tha realed hr ii

6 Ad Fch's dcs Gdhr bohisatas n h L'At grew-bouddhqu dl('"dm, ol. 2, 2 043 s forms h ba f ndstdng bj t, b hssmt grdin th s n ofMahn bodi th is gnlly -ive.This i mnly cuse his ndrtdin oMn in Buddh w d e ss of th onogrph of h dv cd aha ddht ph of the Eso-ric g wt wich h bca a

quai

t hh prous r n Pa

anuc pts d sculptu se Fu, Etlde y "inographc b(Jddhq).A r stdyo h conograpy of b distas n Gdh Buddh rd by h Jp horAki iji (and zo khk ryo b zlIZ) hs mnu mt, f01hich th e ok descb h t d cidrb CroWSidt' 190 Ph d�se tto "Bodhta Haddss d rst pvde a


31/36

Bohavs Ganhrn Art 1 77

deaild claa dh bods tta is trin o dsnd irs bt ak in-dph xporation of th ignicnce

7 Th prence of thr ir tp of bodhi in this rli has ao n nod bMij i Gn no sno kihik o ry yji osu no zu," Ardn to thnforaon bl t Txi M hi p s found no xi but nohe n th Phar Vley din h [970 The o no s o b a problmo authnii with i

8 Rng iconopy of ry in Gnhn ar s he sdy b Jon go Ioaph n conoog oM Igs in Gn For he igs o n Bddhs of th pat nd he bohiata Miry s Fou Eud surI 'ino,�e bouique, vo , g 47 ; A Naave Soe Rel.fm Gndhapl 74; ntinon onogrphy nd Icnolg of Mir s in ndhr [ .

9 For t su gaphic b ol 67 c My Gn n mo

bos s no z 8 8 A� wel on Mia odhia om Mhurding rio sow sir icnorphc eat witho trbn ad hding a e . xp h £mos nscb i fo icch n Shm ,B fg. 94.

Mj i "nr no snon kihiki no kj bosasu no 6 Igh Gfr A r i Paksta pIs 3 1 -3 , 4. Marhal n F 'ol en q/ Sa o 2, pI 5 Mhr ndin re o the apn yp inriy he he le hnd on e

st in a tigl clnd n tis type ofhnd for b ool comtd wihtht o th nc Sddhtha

1 hns

ipion o

"hhaa(D

ip

aaon

pd

a

o Nos (onowrost I1scrpios no. 7 I ) i on ry e la beaing th n ofa Bdh ,if Konow's inrprtion i ccp bl h ns "Skmu (yi nd ( aa) a so leib blo o ddhs on th w of vot sp t Jali nTaxila (Mhal la o , 375) . Th uppoed Aibh inscription on h Bo hs � icsd

5 Miyji dr no szon kihiki no r yj bot no zz 25 6 T "and biju s i r diji chsh: ok o onz

; M i G nd no snon kihiki no ky os no 17 uj sks dit ion (yoto 6 , coie Kgaa , Mu�jy no s

Cky, 264; ct� Mer T h Lrg Sk 81 e The r Sukhh - Ighot Ganh s s 88 89 0 Origiy ublsh in Cua Kus SC/ o I 3 ; cf critiism b ab "cono

logi ad Typoogcl Inviations o � hn F dhatt mg 4-0 .2 1 F xmpl s nhot dr n Paks s 9-02 0 bi 06 In iping diion o Mia bdhaa ndra ,Jh unington dn

id s te a nor rpsntio n o ty ndiing th h ck a i to th fc ha th pchi eur ks i isibl o t hnd to ol a(e Hninon " cogrhy ad cooo ofMitry mges in adh H a

ddd h it ues ly Chins ddh rq e preachingg t b mindd hw hr r xpl s ich as i o a pdal rah han bng ato r omittd (Ingo , Gandhil t Paktn, p )

24 for xape gh Galdhirn n akisl, p ; Hinton " onopyand conology o Mity e in Gdr, g N.P Johi and R.C a,


32/36

1 78 Juhylg Ri

Cataloge nh SCwrs S te LJknw (Lck : at sm1 9) D F her rard d al sch bdhistvs as Sddhrh (L'Ar -ddqcu dra, v 2-31 )

ee W Zl A Ctalogu !f Gnh SpYe Bsh Msem (Lod:rh M 96 3 8 39; Aheologil Srvey of H AHa R.po 1907-198,Cu Oc h r tde f een rintin, 9 0 XV

6 am Tk " aara bjtsu ker k h rz t 24- ) d r rt od b rdd a uq fAlkitar lt h lt may b rgardd

27 l z f Ksm 4 gre ry ded t h r eitnty C ad ndrt d a bi rlaed r rc bodta g he v

8 Ilt n a Pak p. 161(D) .

9 Cf a r hshi z 23 30 An exple f h th M r dische Knt r (Grwd ud

A I g 1 9) athr he Nat Me (K abjH, vo p 9)

3 S fr Fochr LArt-bodqe d Ca l 42632 ndl B s A da 0- 0; her L' gbouddq du ara,

vl 2 2-40 araa Re o Ng 3 3 3 40; Zir r ?f Ind Asia l , 4 8 6

33 Sr Ley Edcf Ey Buhs rt Ca IS . 4 Cum Kushn wl 09 Thr x cr Ak fgrs ith a Bddh i h hdrs, sch as

tdat gr bh r h h ll e 1 Ygg datble 0 CE (o s y sh vl v, iag reh Bddha h r r ar r n h r od

3 A bdhist with a gr o its headdes hldin a rad (lln rses h gr Buh Ar 08, g , "m adEgrhl Evidence 7 , 8) is ted hrh b here is lwigc ede r bohstva with h hddres ee Brgr Wrgh av n Sw nd x/mt i the O: Tos

h

n s

a

pV2; frh n re m1jali see all d-Dres h ddht Ar g 4; r th h Sr h hr see u Gnd bj/ v 7 HUgo dd h h gr as the bdivaSrab ("Ioogr d g f a tra mag h 3)

37 F r atr st e lt, nm t i Paks 53 ee al j ' u h rble "d o sa hk r k b Z"

3 e 7 3 h e " Ga Micl at v XX h Arhl ry o di

ntier irce hgrah b w Deihl vl 5 , o 2 3/ 5 (o a-ald

0 C ui " r Gadhr At1 t ndhArt Pksa . lerlet r

E ic1q r M 0 3 h Ilisha s Daiz, vl 463 , 4 8 1 a4 F cher rat Mrale t ra" explani . Xv2) d ajmdr (I /id o

he Su MIe 6) ed r h bh wh bk h rd f01 ry

4 r "Atbha and Alkita


33/36

Bdavs i Galdrl Art 1 9

6 Fsn "iat ad igra Evidence" 7; s Gn ookto dbt s, L pc S IkhalJt yh da boddm nen 5 5 0 .

47 Salo n hop n an Aged fn o Atba (£ Gr y Scoenn rpto o t n oAtba 30 , 0 Ara Maj n sh h cpon m b l so s no jbostz n s n Io Paksn buky zu [oo:o bnka 985 0 ) ad t risd � i oo "Gdr no azo eisk o ibot no z 27) omo tio rld o t t pobit of at nso ot rpto peso oon

4 For G ir at S s" ; h dra g of te Srti c oed DY1tict f K sh 6 0 Jhn Hnnto onc dted it eb ment, t oa Nar stel

a rrtatio ofitbs a St "A Gh Image oAt

khatans sors exml oon noo Sh no snbad d no kesk a o o e smbnc o h depcons of St s i Bdst ar Ds h ret sml ho h do not e ob o evdnc r conc sh n o Aitb' Svt

5 Foc G c rst p XVII2 Maj o o noted t gniant ari of bodisattvs t peve ad crod

e poss n Gnhn t sgget tt t ene os ma e ied reetioo ol ocrn n ra fm t and eadg toard t acrd l obo S ii ad o ks o uzo

s s ac ot t t es Zo k g; iku, o

9

77 8 0 8 "oBddt is i Gdr Ar"

55 dd bd , id r ep nd oe h sk n Prg tdip on m Bu ddhas. I ad h on o at a Mu o. ub .

6 Tdde ct lnns nch trmto tduct o 1'6(ue d'Avalktew, )baed o Snkrt vro dtd b rn d jo Te dt nsofAvaoktvaa nn n h rsons. C£ rn 4O-I T. 6 : 5ab Hrt cre


34/36

10 Jug Ri

usually foow b the words ndting le lce and th cool On he other n nwo nscriptions 'om h ad o dd Ko no Krhti Inscpo, nos 3 n34) he quivn pars e, retvel, "alhe ise Utm kiTc Ksvnpa r{e (in /h of he o arr in tar oTak5a he ce of th Ks) nd "/!lgh S frj ay{n]I �'y" (in Sgh of the four qrrs in the Ua kndo of he sy techers) . herefo," k a . . co dj u wl hve e p n nd hnc oow's su getion y e qion. Hv, ch fo pr o eq n n the ncrpto oK n te o expe e fo ot e coo i lon catl o Mti o the Sarvsivd (Koo, Khrosti IHscpo, no IThi doinI1 in Gandhr s conred b th t t ou of te is cription rgion st tht ec rin itons one to t schoo In lt o t bo it poible tht te nsro om t Tkt-- pother ento e y

n od hv oni aya1 (/e Lamo , l g gess Nn vo 3 xixxi.6 Becher "Nes on he oration Bup c - 4 .6 B l SYl-Ki, vol . xvi

B G R A P H Y

Akrn H.C . v Soc Rc Gadr n Vcoa Ab Mum o. Rm: I ito Ino pr l Mdio d Etrmo Oe 975

Bargr . • d P Wrigh Exavo Swt Eoti Oxu Ttre fAJ�ta Mmoir o raeologic ry of India ol 4 Nw Dh: Ar

haooia Survy o nda 1941 Beal S as S- /-i Budd Reo q W W ol. 1 88 pr New

Dhi : Mol B nrsdss 8 1 B ch N o n e Foon of udis d Orin o Myn"

I G S oa Oi vol I lr D pn of Em a of h Fdr Rpbc of r many 6 1 V·ra;ai Id Ch okhmb ankr er Oc3 ·

Bough J Aih d Aokvar Ine n pe" Ild�


35/36

Bdavs i Galdrl At

Hw, daU buky knkyu (A study ey Mahyna Buddhsm). oy :Shu sha 97

Hnd , M nntatd rn f h Dasam tra " d n th, Est nCntl Aia, dtd by D Snr 7 aak 74 Nw Dlh eAd o d Ce, 19

Hlningo,jc "A Gadran Ig ofAia ' Skva" AnaZ eo Orientai i (8: 6-72

- The Icoogphy nd Icl fMatre Imgs GdJ �f1 7 ( 9 3 7

Huz, L trn rpt re te L Bs �f he Fl Dham (Th Lt S Newk Clum Un P 976

Inghl H Gld Art Paktl w Yr thn ]9 7 wsl A anda hk t amdutsn Gndan an d Atbha

dda Tb cyz 3 ]94) 2946Kagaw,T !ojky bo y (A maratve sud f h vars versns of L hvy). t : agat bhd 8

rn trn SddhmpW;lcfak r the Lw f the e Sred ks f th Oxfod: Claed 14

Kn . nss Crps ImrioUm dia Catta Govment f nda ,

ha Y Wa Gndhrn Prdut o M Budhil?"Joun �e RoyaAsiac S fGr Ba d Ntr rad (94) 4.

Kurita, ! ' Gandr bj ndhrn rt). s oy gnha , 889.Lamote, E . Hy fIdan : Pm ns o t Era. Lv, Blum

Int OrntasU ert CadOlque d i (td y ra Wbb r h na n rnh H du O e o ' ka98

- 1 fatn du Mhyn In Ati F Ferk Wr J hub andU. Scheder 77-6. pg: Ott rassw 4.

- t de gee Nguna (aps). vn e v d n, 70

'dar N . A Hide fa Sclp i t im /. parts Deh: h l a uv f nda, 937

Mn M- d q i Patn d F


36/36

12 Juh

, "The Lag SukvatiyH. In Budt Mwy 86 Sred so the Eat v. . Ord red! 89 . · :

Naa, din Bi A SI/cy with Bibliogrpicl Ne. Hiraka City JKUFS 98.

a Broz czf Kmr. Graz Ari Akdh Drck- n eraan 1975 .Quagiotti, M. j i dhra Ar: A New rpr i of a lif i h

Victria n Alr Museum." E d Vs 40 (0 .hi J d Ig of h 'Sra ra An ongraphi Resen PhD

di iest o Cafoia Brkely, 1 eedJ T Dyni Ar

Documents

Bodhisattvas in Gandharan Art an Aspect (1)