Blessy Chem Project

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    CHEMISTRY PROJECT

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    CONTENTS

    Determination of hardness of water

    PREPARATION OF :

    Soup

    Detergents

    Ice cream

    Shampoo

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    DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS

    OF WATER

    One of the factors that establishes the

    quality of a water supply is its degree of

    hardness.

    Hardness is defined as calcium andmagnesium ion content. Since most

    analyses do not

    distinguish between Ca 2+ and Mg 2+,

    and since most hardness is caused by

    carbonate mineral .

    deposits, hardness is usually reported as

    parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate

    (by weight).

    A water supply with a hardness of 100 ppm

    contains the equivalent of 100 g of CaCO3

    in 1 million g of water or 0.1 g in 1 L ofwater .

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    TITRATION:

    The quantity of hardness ions will be

    determined by titration. EDTA, a weakacid, will be used as the titrant. In its ionizedform, it is able to form soluble complexeswith calcium and magnesium cations. Theindicator added to the sample is Eriochrome

    Black T. Initially, the indicator will form acomplex with the cations. When complexedit is red in color. As the EDTA is added dropwiseto the sample, it replaces the Erio T

    and forms more stable complexes with calciumand magnesium. When the indicator isreleased by the metal ions, it has a distinct bluecolor. Therefore, the endpoint of thetitration is marked by the color change form redto blue.

    There is some evidence that hard water hasbeneficial health effects.

    Selenium, for example, may help preventcancer. Soft water drinking supplies havebeenassociated with an increased heart attackrisk.

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    PREPARATION OF :

    SOUP:

    One of the organic chemical reactions known toancient man was the preparation of soaps through areaction called saponification. Natural soaps are

    sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, originally

    made by boiling lard or other animal fat together with

    lye or potash (potassium hydroxide). Hydrolysis of thefats and oils occurs, yielding glycerol and crude soap.

    http://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef825.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef825.htm
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    INDUSTRIAL METHOD :

    In the industrial manufacture of soap,tallow (fat from animals such as cattle andsheep) or vegetable fat is heated withsodium hydroxide. Once the saponificationreaction is complete, sodium chloride isadded to precipitate the soap. The waterlayer is drawn off the top of the mixture

    and the glycerol is recovered using vacuumdistillation.

    The crude soap obtained from thesaponification reaction contains sodiumchloride, sodium hydroxide, and glycerol.These impurities are removed by boilingthe crude soap curds in water and re-precipitating the soap with salt. After the

    purification process is repeated severaltimes, the soap may be used as an

    inexpensive industrial cleanser. Sand orpumice may be added to produce ascouring soap. Other treatments may

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    result in laundry, cosmetic, liquid, andother soaps.

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    DETERGENTS:

    A synthetic detergent, a sodium alkyl sulfatecalled sodium dodecylsulfate, will be preparedby reacting dodecyl alcohol (dodecanol) withsulfuric acid. The resulting dodecylsulfate isconverted to the sodium salt by a reaction withsodium hydroxide.

    Materials Needed:

    Dodecanol (dodecyl alcohol),

    C12H25OH Sulfuric acid, H2SO4,

    concentrated Sodium hydroxide, NaOH,

    6MPhenolphthalein solution,

    1%Sodium chloride, NaCl,technical grade Erlenmeyer flask,125-mLBeakers,

    400-mL, 150-mL, 100-mLGraduatedcylinders,10-mL, 25-mL, 125-mLFunnelSpatula ,Stirring rod ,Cheesecloth ,Watchglass ,Scissors .

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    Procedure:

    Place 5 ml of dodecanol into a 100-mL beaker.Measure 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4,in a 10-mL graduated cylinder.With stirring, slowlyadd the 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to thedodecanol in the beaker. Continue to stir for 1minute after addition of the sulfuric acid is complete.Let the mixture stand for 10 minutes. Fill a 250-mLbeaker one-third full of ice, add about 10 g of sodiumchloride, NaCl, and mix thoroughly. Add water to

    bring the total volume of the mixture to 75 ml. Mix 5ml of 6 M sodium hydroxide with 10 mL of water in asmall beaker. Mix well, then add 4 dropsofphenolphthalein indicator. The pink color of thephenolphthalein may begin to fade in the stronglybasic solution.Prepare a mixture of about 25 mL ofice water.After the 10 minutes, carefully pour the

    sodium hydroxide solution into the dodecanol-sulfuric acid mixture. Stiruntil the pink colordisappears. A large amount of solid detergent shouldform. Pour the detergent mixture into the ice-saltbath. Stir to break up large lumps of detergent. Filterthe precipitated detergent mixture through 2-3 layersof cheesecloth in a funnel mounted on a ringstand.Wash the collected detergent twice with 10 mlportions of ice-cold water. Remove the cheeseclothfrom the funnel, squeeze excess water from the soliddetergent, and save the detergent for use.

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    ICE CREAM:

    Ice cream (formerly and properly ice-cream, derived fromearliericed cream orcream ice) is afrozen dessertusually made from dairy products, such asmilk and cream, and often combined with fruits or otheringredients and flavours.

    Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made withothersweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavouringsandcolourings are used in addition to, or instead of, the naturalingredients. The mixture of chosen ingredients is stirredslowly while cooling, in order to incorporate air and toprevent large ice crystalsfrom forming. The result is asmoothly textured semi-solid foam that is malleable and

    can be scooped.

    The most common method for producing ice cream athome is to use an ice cream maker, in modern times, ingeneral, an electrical device that churns the ice creammixture while cooled inside a household freezer, or using asolution of pre-frozen salt and water, which gradually meltswhile the ice cream freezes. Some more expensive modelshave an inbuilt freezing element. A newer method ofmaking home-made ice cream is to add liquid nitrogentothe mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula. Someice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding inwhipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_makerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_makerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen
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    A typical mix would be prepared in the followingmanner: Liquid ingredients are weighed/metered into the

    process vessel. Heating follows to aidmelting of the fat and dissolving/ hydration ofsubsequent ingredients. Powdered ingredients - skim milk powder, sugars,whey powder etc. are added to the liquidand mixed until dispersed. Stabilizing and emulsifying agents are added. These

    may be dry premixed with otheringredients, (e.g. sugar) to reduce particleagglomeration and weight the powder to aidincorporation into the liquid. Fat is added. Butter or other solid fats may bemelted in a separate vessel before additionto the mix.

    The mix is pasteurized at around 185F (85C). The mix is homogenized, usually by passing through ahigh pressure homogenzer. The product is then aged in a holding (or ripening)tank to allow the stabilizing agents tohydrate and the fat to crystallize. Flavor and coloring may be added at this stage. The finished mix is frozen in special freezers whichwhip a controlled amount of airinto the mix.

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    SHAMPOO:

    For the preparation of Shampoo you will require 2

    cups distilled water, 2 teaspoons full Lemon Verbenaor 2 teaspoons Catnip according to your wish andone and half tablespoons dried soapwart root.

    Put soapwart in boil water and simmer it. Leave it for20 minutes. After 20 minutes remove from heat andput herb on it. Allow it to cool. Strain the mixture and

    keep the liquid shampoo in a clean bottle. Use within8-10 days for better results.

    For the preparation of herbal home made shampooyou will need 1/4 cup of strongly brewed herbal teaand 8 oz liquid castile soap. Put the liquid castilesoap in the herbal tea and stir it over low hit. Mix itthoroughly. Allow it to cool. Store it in a tight capped

    bottle.

    Egg shampoo turns your life less hair into shiny. Toprepare Egg shampoo you need 1 egg, 1 tablespoonof lemon juice, 1 tablespoon castile soap, 1tablespoon olive oil 1/2 cup water or you can also

    use herbal tea and essential oil (optional). Mix all theingredients. Your shampoo is ready. Store theshampoo in the refrigerator.

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    Neem shampoo

    Take 1 kilogram of gram flour, 250 grams of sandalwood powder, 1kg of shikakai powder and 4 to 5 cups of neem leaves powder. Blendall the ingredients thoroughly and store it in a capped bottle for futureuse. Before washing put 2 tablespoons of the mixture in a cup ofwater and then apply.

    Methi-shikakai shampoo

    You need 1 kg of shikakai, 250 grams of methi, handful of orange orlemon peels. Make a fine powder of all these ingredients. Beforewashing your hair, mix this powder with half cup of water and keep it

    for at least 2 hours.

    Sandalwood shampoo

    Ingredients required to make this shampoo are 100 grams of khus,200 grams of reetha, 100 grams of charilla, 100 grams of amla, 100grams of char, 200 grams of shikakai, teaspoon of sodiumbenzoate, 8 teaspoons of sandalwood oil and 2 liters of water. Mix

    Amla, Reetha, Shikakai, Khus, Char, Charilla with water for 12 hours.

    In the morning boil the ingredients. Strain the mixture and addsodium benzoate and sandalwood oil to it. Your SandalwoodShampoo is ready

    Lime shampoo

    To prepare lime shampoo you will require 100 grams of char, 100garms of khus, 100 grams of charilla, 100 grams of amla, 200

    grams of shikakai, 200 grams of reetha, 4 teaspoons of lime juice,8 teaspoons of glycerine, 1 teaspoons of sodium benzoate and2 liters of water. Boil all the ingredients in water. Strain it andstore in an airtight container.

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    BIBILIOGRAPHY

    WWW.WIKEPEDIA.COM

    chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/blsapon.htm

    www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../9_soap.do

    www.ccnphawaii.com/soap-making-books.htm

    THE SCIENCE OF ICE CREAM BOOK

    http://www.wikepedia.com/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../9_soap.dohttp://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../9_soap.dohttp://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../9_soap.dohttp://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../9_soap.dohttp://www.ccnphawaii.com/soap-making-books.htmhttp://www.ccnphawaii.com/soap-making-books.htmhttp://www.ccnphawaii.com/soap-making-books.htmhttp://www.ccnphawaii.com/soap-making-books.htmhttp://www.ccnphawaii.com/soap-making-books.htmhttp://www.wikepedia.com/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../9_soap.dohttp://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../9_soap.dohttp://www.ccnphawaii.com/soap-making-books.htm
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