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Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections and Flow Cytometry

Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

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Page 1: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information FromAspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections and Flow Cytometry

Page 2: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Importance of Accurate and PreciseIdentification of Bone Marrow Blasts

• Diagnosis

• Classification

• Prognosis

• Treatment decisions

Page 3: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

 Confounding Issues for Accurate andPrecise Assessment of Blasts

• Technical– Specimen collection and quality of specimen

– Quality of the preparation

• Other factors– Drug induced changes

• G‐CSF, chemotherapy, etc

• Limitations of method– Aspirate smears, biopsy sections, flowcytometry

Page 4: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Modalities for Assessing Blasts in theBone Marrow

   1.   Bone Marrow Aspirate Smears

Page 5: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Myeloblasts Types 1 and 2 and a Promyelocyte

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MPO

Page 9: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

NSE

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CD41

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Aspirate Smears For Assessment Of BlastsIn Bone Marrow

Advantages

• Historical standard

• Rapid and ease

• Allows for identification ofabnormal features

• Lineage identification

• Assessment of backgroundfeatures‐‐myelodysplasia

• Cytochemical evaluation

– MPO, NSE

Issues

• Hemodilution—myelofibrosis

• Technical quality of smear

• Limited cell count subject tostatistical error

• Variation in morphologiccriteria for a blast (subjectivity)

– Distinction of Type 2 & 3blasts from promyelocytes

– Normal from neoplastic

– Myeloblast and lymphoblast

Page 13: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Modalities for Assessing Blasts in theBone Marrow

 2.   Bone Marrow Trephine BiopsySections

Page 14: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections
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ALIP

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CD34

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CD20 CD79a

Page 20: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

TdT CD10

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CD34 CD61

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CD34 Glycophorin A

Page 25: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Biopsy Sections For Assessment Of BlastsIn Bone Marrow

Advantages

• Truest visualization ofintact marrow architecture

• Recognition of abnormalrelationships‐‐‐ALIP

• Blast counts not altered bymyelofibrosis

• Applicability ofimmunohistochemistry

• Identification of lineage

Issues

Page 26: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Modalities for Assessing Blasts in theBone Marrow

3.   Flow Cytometry

Page 27: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Enumeration of Blasts in Multiple Aspirate Specimens

                                                                Aspirate Pull

                                                         1        2                 3

1. HLA‐DR+/CD11b‐                     3.2             2.0              1.8

    CD34+/HLA‐DR+                       2.9             1.9              1.4

2. HLA‐DR+/CD11b‐                     1.3             0.6              0.4

    CD34+/HLA‐DR+                       1.5             0.5              0.5

3. HLA‐DR+/CD11b‐                     2.1             1.6              1.1

    CD34+/HLA‐DR+                       1.1             0.9              0.8

4. HLA‐DR+/CD11b‐    1.1   1.2   1.2

    CD34+/HLA‐DR+    1.3   1.0          0.8

Loken MR, etal. Normalization of Bone Marrow Aspirates for Hemodilution inFlow Cytometric Analysis. Cytometry B (2007) 76B: 27‐36

Page 28: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Criteria to Define a Phenotypic Myeloblast

• Combining CD45 and side scatter with differentreagent combinations:

• CD34 and HLA‐Dr/CD11b or CD117

• Correct for lymphoblasts

• Redundancy covers for aberrant loss of any oneantigen on the myeloblast population

• Expressing the proportion of myeloblasts / non‐erythroid cells

• Circumvents the problem of variable erythroidcell lysis in the preparation

Page 29: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Normal blasts

Page 30: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

MPO

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Hematogones

• Bone marrow B‐cellprecursors

• Size and morphology bridgemature lymphocytes andneoplastic lymphoblasts

• Large percentages seen inhealthy infants and youngchildren

• Increased in– Regenerating marrows– Autoimmune or congenital

cytopenias– Lymphoma, neuroblastoma– AIDS

Mckenna Leuk and Lymph 2004

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TdT

CD10

CD20

Page 38: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Clinical Necessity Of IdentifyingNeoplastic Blasts In low percentage

• Distinction of normal from low levelneoplastic blasts at diagnosis of somemyeloid neoplasms (MDS) and in post‐therapy marrow

• Minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment

Page 39: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Sensitivity of Methods for Detection ofNeoplastic Blasts in Bone Marrow

• Sensitivity– Bone marrow smears ‐‐‐‐ 1% to 5%

– Bone marrow biopsies ‐‐‐ ?

– Cytogenetic banding ‐‐‐‐‐ 1% to 5%

– FISH ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.1% to 5%

– Flow Cytometry ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.01% to 0.005%

– Molecular (PCR) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.01% to 0.0001%

Page 40: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Prognostic Significance of End of Consolidation MRD in ALL

Borowitz MJ, etal. (2008)Blood; 111: 5477‐5485

Page 41: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Minimal Residual Disease Detection

CD38

CD45

CD10

CD19

CD34

CD45

Page 42: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Flow Cytometry Assessment For BoneMarrow Blasts

Advantages

• Best sensitivity– MRD assessment

• Large number of cellscounted– Dramatically reducescounting statistical error

• Objective criteria can beused to define a blast

• Lineage identification

Issues

• Specimen hemodilution– Aspirate procedure– Preparation

• Frequent lack ofcorrelation with blastcounts on aspirates andsections

• Lack of consensuscriteria to define aphenotypic myeloblast

• No visualization of cells

Page 43: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Summary‐‐Generalizations

• Aspirate smears typically provide the mostaccurate quantification of blasts in the marrowand frequently identify lineage

• Trephine biopsies are superior for quantificationof blasts in fibrotic bone marrow and providematerial for immunophenotyping

• Flow cytometry is most sensitive for detection oflow numbers of blasts and MRD and best forlineage characterization

Page 44: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Summary

• Bone marrow smears, biopsysections and flow cytometry are alleffective methods for assessment ofblasts in the bone marrow

• Each may independently contributediagnostic information

Page 45: Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Smears, and Flowsh-eahp.org/images/uppsala_files/McKenna.pdf · Blasts In The Bone Marrow: Information From Aspirate Smears, Biopsy Sections

Summary

• One of the three methods may provemost suitable in a given clinical setting

• Often it is the integration of data fromthese different modalities that providesdiagnostic information

• For optimal practice of bone marrowhematopathology all 3 methodologiesshould be used