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()

1. () . (4x

) .

2. () ( ) ().

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1 -

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2 -

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2 -

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. !!! :

.

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.

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,

F/

cr2/ (l

e/ ri )

2 ; ri (I /A)1/2

:

- (ri );

- ( ri

) .

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:

1. .

2. (, )

3.

(I, U, L) - .

4. (d < 150 mm).

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:

().

( ).

().

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( )

(

)

(,

);

(

).

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13/19

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* :

.

**

.

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.

.

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-

(

,cantilever beam).

,

.

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-

, :

-

( )

-

.