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Biotechnolo gy

Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

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Page 1: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Biotechnology

Page 2: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Page 3: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

B. Techniques to Locate and Identify DNA

1. DNA Extraction

Page 4: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

2. Restriction Enzymes- enzymes that cut DNA at a specific base sequence

Page 5: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Restriction Enzymes

Page 6: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Contributions of Salvador Luria

Early biochemistry work was conducted on organisms with small genomes like E. coli and viruses that prey upon them

A plate with nutrient agar would be inoculated with bacteria and they would be allowed to grow until they covered the plate

Later, phages were added and they would attack and kill the bacteria leaving empty spots on the plate called plaques

Page 7: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Salvador Luria’s Observation and Hypothesis

• Luria observed some bacteria that were unaffected when exposed to phages

• Luria hypothesized that these bacteria had some type of primitive immune system that restricted phage growth

• Contributions of Daniel Nathans He realized because DNA has a negative charge, restriction fragments could be separated using an electric current

Page 8: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Phage

Host Cell DNA

Host Cell

Restriction Enzyme

Viral DNA

Bacteria Evolved Restriction Enzymes

In order to reproduce, viruses must attach to a host cell

The virus then injects it’s DNA into the host cell

Page 9: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

How Restriction Enzymes Protect Bacteria

Restriction enzymes bind with the viral DNA at specific base sequences called recognition sites

The viral DNA is cut at specific sites called restriction sites which destroys it and protects the bacteria from infection

Page 10: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

Naming Restriction Enzymes

EcoR I

E genus Echericia

Co species coli

R Strain R

I Order found 1st

BamH I

B genus Bacillus

am species amyloliquefaciens

H Strain H

I Order found 1st

Hind III

H genus Haemophilous

in species influenzea

d Strain d

III Order found 3rd

Page 11: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

3. Gel Electrophoresis- separating cut DNA fragments by size using an electric current

Page 12: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

4. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction- allows specific DNA fragments to be copied millions of times

Page 13: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

5. RFLPs- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

a) Used to identify DNA when a mutation adds or deletes a restriction site

b) Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments and mutations are identified by an abnormal number of fragments

6. VNTRs & STRPs- similar to RFLP analysis, but uses highly variable, non-coding sequences of DNA

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Page 15: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein
Page 16: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

C. Techniques for Inserting DNA1. Heat Shock Transformation- rapid temperature fluctuation of cell walls that pushes DNA into a bacterial cell

Page 17: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

2. Microinjection- thin needles insert DNA into cells

Page 18: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

D. Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology

1) Pharmaceuticals- Humilin, TPA, interferon, TNF, Artificial hemoglobin, human growth hormone

2) Agriculture- incide, Flavr-saver tomatoes, frost resistance, salt resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, nitrogen fixation

3) Forensics- DNA finger printing

4) Medical- gene therapy

Page 19: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

E. Dangers of Genetic Engineering

1. Pathogens- disease causing organisms

                       

            

Page 21: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

3. Stem Cells- growing new human tissues from cell derived from fertilized eggs

Page 22: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

4. Legal Questions- can/should we patent life?

Page 23: Biotechnology. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

5. Genetic Screening- who would get the results of the tests and how could test

results be used?

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6. GMOs- Genetically modified organisms