Biostratigraphic significance of lower Paleozoic microfaunas from eastern Canada

Can. J. Earth Sci. 41: 489–505 (2004) doi: 10.1139/E03-094 © 2004 NRC Canada

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Biostratigraphic significance of lower Paleozoicmicrofaunas from eastern Canada1,2

Esther Asselin, Aïcha Achab, and Azzedine Soufiane

Abstract: Chitinozoan studies recently carried out in the “Appalachian Forelands and St. Lawrence Platform” NationalGeoscience Mapping Program (NATMAP) project have confirmed the regional biostratigraphic value of a number ofchitinozoan species and led to a better documentation of their stratigraphic and geographic distribution in eastern Canada.The typical Darriwilian microfaunas first described from the Table Head Group of western Newfoundland and containingConochitina chydaea are now recognised in the Rivière Ouelle Formation at Les Méchins, Gaspé Peninsula. In the UpperOrdovician successions of the St. Lawrence Platform at Neuville and in the Charlevoix area, Quebec, Conochitinaprimitiva is indicative of the multidens–pre-americanus graptolite zonal range, Hercochitina duplicitas of theamericanus Zone, and Hercochitina spinetum and Acanthochitina cancellata characterize the ruedemanni – lowerspiniferus zonal interval. The occurrence of Cyathochitina vaurealensis and Hercochitina crickmayi in turbidite depositsof the Grog Brook Group of northwestern New Brunswick confirms the minimal facies dependence of these twoRichmondian index species. Eisenackitina dolioliformis, characteristic of the late Aeronian and Telychian successions ofArctic Canada, Gaspé Peninsula, and Anticosti Island, is now recognised in samples from the Upsalquitch Formation ofnorthwestern New Brunswick and the Cabano Formation of the Rimouski area in Quebec. The palynological data fromDevonian successions of the Matapedia Valley, the Rimouski area, and the Beauce – Eastern Townships region showthat the succession of Lower Devonian chitinozoan assemblages of the Forillon Peninsula based on short-ranging speciescan be used in establishing regional correlations in the Gaspé Belt.

Résumé : Les études récentes sur les chitinozoaires, entreprises dans le cadre du projet CARTNAT sur les « Bassinsd’avant- pays appalachiens et de la plate-forme de l’Est du Canada », ont confirmé la valeur biostratigraphique régionalede plusieurs espèces de chitinozoaires et ont conduit à une meilleure documentation de leur distribution stratigraphiqueet géographique dans l’Est du Canada. Les microfaunes typiques du Darriwilien du Groupe de Table Head de l’Ouestde Terre-Neuve, contenant Conochitina chydaea, sont maintenant reconnues dans la Formation de Rivière Ouelle à LesMéchins, dans la péninsule gaspésienne. Dans les successions de l’Ordovicien supérieur de la plate-forme du Saint-Laurentdu Québec, à Neuville et dans la région de Charlevoix, Conochitina primitiva indique les niveaux à graptolites correspondantà multidens–pré-americanus, Hercochitina duplicitas correspond à la Zone à graptolite à americanus, alors que Hercochitinaspinetum et Acanthochitina cancellata caractérisent l’intervalle s’étendant de la Zone à graptolite à ruedemanni à lapartie inférieure de la Zone à spiniferus. La présence de Cyathochitina vaurealensis et de Hercochitina crickmayi dansles turbidites du Groupe de Grog Brook du Nord-Ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick confirme la dépendance minimale defaciès sur la distribution de ces deux espèces-clé du Richmondien. Eisenackitina dolioliformis, une espèce typique dessuccessions de l’Aéronien tardif et du Telychien de l’Arctique canadien, de la péninsule gaspésienne et de l’Île d’Anticosti,est maintenant reconnue dans des échantillons provenant de la Formation de Upsalquitch du Nord-Ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick et de la Formation de Cabano de la région de Rimouski, au Québec. Les données palynologiques dessuccessions du Dévonien de la vallée de la Matapédia, de la région de Rimouski et de la région de l’Estrie–Beaucedémontrent que les assemblages de chitinozoaires du Dévonien inférieur de la péninsule de Forillon, basés sur desespèces à courte extension stratigraphique, peuvent être utilisés pour établir des corrélations régionales dans la ceinturede Gaspé.

[Traduit par la Rédaction] Asselin et al. 505

Received 10 June 2003. Accepted 6 November 2003. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjes.nrc.ca on14 May 2004.

Paper handled by Associate Editor J. Jin.

E. Asselin.3 Centre géoscientifique de Québec, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, GSC-Québec, 880 cheminSainte-Foy, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada.A. Achab, and A. Soufiane. Centre géoscientifique de Québec, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, INRS-ETE, Universitédu Québec, 880 chemin Sainte-Foy, CP 7500, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada.

1This article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Eastern Canada Silurian–Devonian Gaspé BeltNATMAP Project.

2Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 2003045.3Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).

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Introduction

Chitinozoans are an extinct group of organic-walledmicrofossils. The earliest known species have been describedfrom the Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian), and the latestfrom the uppermost Devonian. This group of fossils underwenta rapid diversification in most marine environments, permittingthe establishment of well-defined regional biozonations.

In eastern Canada, chitinozoans have been studied inOrdovician successions that had already been well dated bygraptolite or conodont faunas. The resulting biozonation(Achab 1989) is now used as a reference for Laurentia (Pariset al. 2004).

Chitinozoan assemblages have also been described fromthe Upper Ordovician – Lower Silurian successions ofAnticosti Island (Achab 1981; Soufiane and Achab 2000a),central Nevada (Soufiane and Achab 2000b), and ArcticCanada (Soufiane et al. 2002). These assemblages have madepossible the definition of preliminary local Lower Silurian(Llandoverian) chitinozoan zonations.

A preliminary biostratigraphic scheme for the successionof Lower Devonian chitinozoan assemblages in eastern Canadahas been proposed based on the palynological studies in theGaspé Peninsula by Achab and Asselin (1993) and Achab etal. (1997).

In the context of the “Appalachian Forelands and St.Lawrence Platform” National Geoscience Mapping Program(NATMAP) project in eastern Canada, one of us (E.A.) hascarried out palynological investigations (Appendix A, TableA1) in the St. Lawrence Lowlands platform, the externalHumber Zone of the Appalachians, and the Gaspé Belt inthe Quebec reentrant. These investigations have confirmedthe stratigraphic value of some Ordovician index species andsome Silurian and Devonian assemblages.

This paper is essentially a synthesis of the aforementionedstudies (Fig. 1) with an emphasis on the biostratigraphy ofthe Ordovician, Lower Silurian, and Lower Devonian marinesedimentary successions along the eastern margin of Laurentia.

Ordovician chitinozoan biostratigraphy

As the result of recent redefinitions of the Ordovicianglobal stage and series boundaries, the chronostratigraphicscale of the Ordovician System has greatly evolved sinceAchab (1989) first proposed an Ordovician chitinozoan zonationfor Quebec and western Newfoundland. The chitinozoanzonation has recently been calibrated against the new globalOrdovician time scale, and 19 time slices have been definedby Webby et al. (2004). At the present time, of the six globalstages proposed for the Ordovician, the first has been formallynamed the Tremadocian and the fourth the Darriwilian, theothers being still informally labelled as the second, third,fifth, and sixth stages.

Taking into consideration new paleontological data, changeshave recently been proposed for the Ordovician chitinozoanzonation (Achab et al. 2003). The following discussion dwellson this new zonation (Fig. 2).

Data gained in the context of the NATMAP project (Pl. 1)have led to a confirmation of the biostratigraphic value ofsome Darriwilian and Upper Ordovician chitinozoan species.

DarriwilianIn Laurentia, on the basis of the recently adopted Ordovician

series and stage boundaries, the base of the Darriwilian Stageis placed at the base of the U. austrodentatus graptolite Zone(Fig. 2). In terms of chitinozoans, the Darriwilian consists offour zones based on the stratigraphic distribution of chitino-zoans in Raymond’s (1914) D zone of the Levis Formation,the Table Head Group in western Newfoundland, and theMictaw Group in the southern Gaspé Peninsula (Achab 1989;Achab et al. 2003).

Conochitina chydaea assemblageWork on slope deposits of the Rivière Ouelle Formation at

Les Méchins on the northern side of the Gaspé Peninsula hasshown the importance of assemblages containing Conochitinachydaea in characterizing Middle Ordovician strata in thispart of the external Humber Zone of the Appalachians.

At Les Méchins, the upper part of the section has yieldedConochitina chydaea (= Spinachitina cf. bulmani [Achab1983]), Conochitina poumoti, Fustichitina cf. langei,Conochitina cf. turgida, and a specimen possibly belongingto Cyathochitina jenkinsi.

Despite the uncertainties related to species identification,this microfauna shows similarities with those of the TableHead Group of western Newfoundland described by Neville(1974), Achab (1983), and Albani et al. (2001). The Gaspémicrofauna can be related to the C. turgida – Conochitinasubcylindrica chitinozoan zone or the lower part of theC. jenkinsi Zone, provided that the presence of C. jenkinsi isconfirmed. In Newfoundland, strata containing microfaunasbelonging to these zones have been attributed by Albani etal. (2001) to the N. fasciculatus and P. elegans graptolitezones.

A Darriwilian microfauna was also recognised in a sampletaken from a road outcrop on the right bank of the MataneRiver, about 1 km south of the city of Matane and about45 km west of Les Méchins. The presence of C. chydaeaand Conochitina sp. A Neville 1974 indicates a MiddleOrdovician age and suggests a possible correlation with theupper part of the Rivière Ouelle Formation.

The data acquired from samples in northern Gaspé Peninsulashow the value of C. chydaea in the recognition of Darriwilianstrata belonging to the C. turgida – C. subcylindrica/ –C. jenkinsi zonal interval.

Upper Ordovician

Conochitina primitiva and Hercochitina duplicitas zonesThe chitinozoans identified by Martin (1983) as Conochitina

primitiva can easily be identified. Their abundance andrestricted stratigraphic range in the St. Lawrence Lowlandssuccession at Neuville near Québec City led Achab (1989)to define the C. primitiva Zone (Fig. 2). This zone corre-sponds to Martin’s (1983) C1 microfauna and characterizesthe carbonate ramp deposits of the Deschambault Formationof the Neuville quarries (Lavoie 1994). The precise bio-stratigraphic position of the Deschambault Formation remainsuncertain. On the basis of conodont faunal changes, Mehrtens(1979) suggested that the top of the formation was roughlyequivalent to the Kirkfieldian–Shermanian boundary, nowplaced within the new North American Chatfieldian stage

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Fig. 1. Major chitinozoan localities discussed and investigated in the course of this study. Numbers 1–8 (in circles) refer to previously studied localities discussed in thetext. 1, Port au Port Peninsula, western Newfoundland; 2, Anticosti Island; 3, Forillon Peninsula; 4, Percé area; 5a and 5b, Port Daniel area; 6, Levis; 7, Neuville; 8,Beauce region – Eastern Townships. Letters A–G (in squares) refer to localities investigated for the NATMAP project. A, Les Méchins; B, Matane; C, Matapédia Valley;D, Restigouche area, New Brunswick; E, Rimouski area (Ste-Blandine and St-Narcisse); F, Charlevoix area; G, Beauce – Eastern Townships region. BBL, Baie Verte –Brompton Line; HB, Humber Zone; LG, La Guadeloupe Fault.

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(Leslie and Bergström 1995). Achab (1989), on the otherhand, proposed a correlation with the multidens graptolitezone.

A reexamination of the Neuville specimens attributed toC. primitiva shows that they differ from the holotype andparatypes of the species figured by Eisenack (1939). TheNeuville specimens are larger and less slender and have ashorter neck than the type C. primitiva. Moreover, the scanningelectronic microscopy (SEM) figures of Grahn (1980) showno ornamentation, whereas the tests of the Neuville specimensare microgranulate under the light microscope. Additional

SEM observations are needed to better understand the vesicleshape and surface pattern of specimens identified asC. primitiva. These new observations may lead to therenaming of the C. primitiva Zone.

Conochitina primitiva is present in the Cap-à-l’Aigle sectionof the Moulin River facies of the Neuville Formation in theCharlevoix area, 60 km northeast of Québec City. In theseslope deposits, C. primitiva is associated, like in theDeschambault Formation, with Sphaerochitina gracqui,Belonechitina wesenbergensis, and Conochitina sp. A (Pl. 1).Graptolites of the americanus Zone were identified by Belt

Fig. 2. Laurentian Ordovician conodont, graptolite, and chitinozoan biozones and the biostratigraphic position of sections discussed andinvestigated in the course of this study. Letters and numbers as in Fig. 1. N.A., North America; Fm., Formation; Gr, Group; S.L., St.Lawrence; Descham., Deschambault.

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Fig. 3. Lower Silurian graptolite, conodont, and chitinozoan global zonations and biostratigraphic position of the sections discussed and investigated in this study. Lettersand numbers as in Fig. 1. Series and stages: Wenl., Wenlockian; Rhuddan., Rhuddanian; Sh., Sheinwoodian. Formations: Merrim., Merrimack; Chic., Chicotte; AC,Anse Cascon; APL, Anse-à-Pierre-Loiselle; LV, La Vieille. Chitinozoan species: postcon, postconcinna; postrob., postrobusta. Fm., Formation; mb, member.

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et al. (1979) in a nearby section of the upper part of theMoulin River facies, confirming the value of C. primitiva asan index species for the multidens–pre-americanus zonalinterval.

A sample of the Saint-Casimir Member of the NeuvilleFormation taken from a K-bentonite bed, which Bergströmand Mitchell (1994) correlated with the americanus graptolitezone, has yielded a few specimens of C. primitiva associatedwith Hercochitina duplicitas, Conochitina minnesotensis,Desmochitina minor, Belonechitina sp., Conochitina sp. A,and Cyathochitina kuckersiana latipatagium.

Hercochitina duplicitas was identified in one sample ofthe Moulin River facies at the Cap-à-l’Aigle section, whereit is associated with S. gracqui, D. minor, Belonechitina cf.hirsuta, B. wesenbergensis, Conochitina sp. A, and Conochitinasp. B, permitting a correlation with the Saint-Casimir Memberand the americanus graptolite zone.

These observations confirm the value of C. primitiva as anindex species of the multidens–pre-americanus zonal interval.The species also occurs, but rarely, in the americanus Zonein association with H. duplicitas.

Hercochitina spinetum assemblage and theAcanthochitina cancellata Zone

In the Charlevoix area, chitinozoans were also extractedfrom the succeeding St-Irénée Formation at St-Irénée andCap Martin. The St-Irénée contains graptolites of theruedemanni Zone (Belt et al. 1979). The chitinozoan faunais characterized by Hercochitina spinetum in association withD. minor, Calpichitina lata, B. cf. hirsuta, B. wesenbergensis,S. gracqui, Cyathochitina kuckersiana brevis, and Spinachitinasp.

Hercochitina spinetum was reported by Melchin and Legault(1985) from the Edenian Lindsay Formation in Ontario andby Jenkins (1969) from the middle part of the Viola Limestoneof Oklahoma. Some specimens of the C5 microfauna attributedby Martin (1983) to Hercochitina cf. crickmayi probablybelong to H. spinetum.

A sample from the Cap Martin section yielded one specimenof Acanthochitina cancellata. Acanthochitina cancellatacharacterizes Martin’s (1983) microfauna C5 and is theindex species of a chitinozoan zone spanning the upperruedemanni – lower spiniferus graptolite zonal interval (Fig. 2).

Cyathochitina vaurealensis and the Hercochitinacrickmayi zones

Cyathochitina vaurealensis and H. crickmayi are importantRichmondian index species (Fig. 2). Their stratigraphic rangewas first recorded in the Richmondian carbonate-shelf strataof the Vauréal Formation of Anticosti Island (Achab 1977a,1977b, 1989), where it was calibrated to Riva’s (1969)complanatus and prominens–elongatus graptolite zones.

In the Percé area of northeastern Gaspé, Martin (1980)reported C. vaurealensis from the White Head Formation ofthe Grande Coupe section. This diagnostic species suggestsa correlation with the C. vaurealensis Zone of AnticostiIsland. Martin also reported the occurrence of H. crickmayiin the carbonate-shelf deposits of the Burmingham Member(Lespérance et al. 1987) of the White Head Formation at theAmphithéâtre section, clearly indicating the H. crickmayiZone.

In the Restigouche area of northwestern New Brunswick,C. vaurealensis has been identified in turbidite deposits ofthe Grog Brook Group and H. crickmayi in the carbonatesdeposits of the White Head Formation. These findingsextend the known occurrences of these Richmondianmicrofaunas in a southwestward direction within the GaspéBelt.

The occurrence of the aforesaid chitinozoan index speciesin different sedimentary settings suggests their minimaldependence on depositional environments and sedimentaryregimes. These species occur both in outer-shelf carbonates(Vauréal Formation on Anticosti Island and the White HeadFormation at Percé) and in calcareous and siliciclastic,turbidite deposits (Grog Brook Group and White Head For-mation in northwestern New Brunswick).

Llandoverian chitinozoan biostratigraphy

The best documented Early Silurian chitinozoan fauna onLaurentia is that of Anticosti Island (Figs. 1, 3). Microfaunasfrom the Becscie, Merrimack, Gun River, and Jupiter for-mations were first described by Achab (1981) and recentlyrevised by Soufiane and Achab (2000a). Similar studieshave been also carried out in the Hanson Creek and Elderformations of central Nevada and in the lower part of the

Plate 1. Some Ordovician chitinozoan species. All scale bars are 50 µm. Localities as indicated in Fig. 1 and Appendix A. fig. 1.Conochitina cf. C. poumoti Combaz. Rivière Ouelle Formation (locality (loc.) A), slide INRS 29001. fig. 2. Fustichitina cf. F. langei(Combaz). Rivière Ouelle Formation (loc. A), slide INRS 28994. fig. 3. Conochitina cf. C. turgida Jenkins. Rivière Ouelle Formation(loc. A), slide INRS 28995. fig. 4. Cyathochitina jenkinsi? Neville. Rivière Ouelle Formation (loc. A), slide INRS 28994. fig. 5.Hercochitina crickmayi Jansonius. White Head Formation (loc. D), slide INRS 30366. figs. 6, 6a. Hercochitina spinetum Melchin andLegault. St-Irénée Formation (loc. F), slide INRS 29502. fig. 7. Conochitina sp. A Neville 1974. Rivière Ouelle Formation (loc. B),slide INRS 29219. figs. 8, 11. Conochitina chydaea Jenkins. Rivière Ouelle Formation (loc. B), slide INRS 29219. figs. 9, 12.Conochitina sp. A. St-Casimir Member, Neuville Formation (loc. 7), slide INRS 10468. fig. 10. Acanthochitina cancellata Martin. St-Irénée Formation (loc. F), slide INRS 29520. fig. 13. Conochitina sp. B. Rivière du Moulin facies, Neuville Formation (loc. F), slideINRS 29488. figs. 14, 19. Laufeldochitina? sp. Rivière du Moulin facies, Neuville Formation (loc. F), slide INRS 29489. fig. 15.Hercochitina duplicitas Martin. St-Casimir Member, Neuville Formation (loc. 7), slide INRS 10468. figs. 16–18. Sphaerochitinagracqui Martin. (16, 17) St-Casimir Member, Neuville Formation (loc. 7), slide INRS 10468. (18) Deschambault Formation (loc. 7),slide INRS 10466. fig. 20. Cyathochitina vaurealensis Achab. Grog Brook Group (loc. D), slide INRS 30363. figs. 21, 22.Belonechitina wesenbergensis Eisenack. Deschambault Formation (loc. 7), slide INRS 10466. figs. 23–25. Conochitina primitiva Mar-tin. (23) Deschambault Formation (loc. 7), slide INRS 10466. (24, 25) Rivière du Moulin facies, Neuville Formation (loc. F), slideINRS 29488. fig. 26. Cyathochitina kuckersiana latipatagium Jenkins. St-Casimir Member, Neuville Formation (loc. 7), slide INRS 10468.

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Cape Phillips Formation in Arctic Canada (Soufiane andAchab 2000b; Soufiane et al. 2002).

In eastern Canada, Llandoverian chitinozoans were alsorecorded from the lower part of the Chaleurs Group in theChaleurs Bay Synclinorium of southern Gaspé (Asselin et al.1989) and from subsurface strata of the Awantjish Formationin the Lake Matapedia Syncline of the northern MatapediaValley (Achab 1975).

These studies on the eastern, western, and northern marginsof Laurentia have led to the definition of preliminary localLlandoverian biozonations (Fig. 3). Eisenackitina dolioliformisis one of the most cosmopolitan and morphologically variableLower Silurian chitinozoan index species. Reports fromBaltica, Laurentia, Avalonia, and Gondwana show that spec-imens attributed to E. dolioliformis vary greatly in size andform. The vesicle can be globulous to barrel- or pear-shaped,with a more or less developed neck, and the test, althoughgenerally granulate, can also be rather smooth (Nestor1994). Because of this high morphological variability, someof the specimens reported by Van Grootel (1990) and Dufka(1992) as Eisenackitina brabantium or Conochitina malleusmight belong to E. dolioliformis. In the course of theNATMAP project, all these forms were regrouped andincluded in E. dolioliformis (Figs. 1, 3).

Assemblages with Eisenackitina dolioliformis andrelated forms

The global stratigraphic occurrence of E. doliolformisextends from the sedgwickii to the griestonensis graptolitezone interval (Verniers et al. 1995). In Arctic Canada, however,Soufiane et al. (2002) reported an even earlier occurrence inthe Aeronian convolutus graptolite zone (Fig. 3).

Eisenackitina dolioliformis was extracted from theUpsalquitch Formation in the Restigouche area of northwest-ern New Brunswick. The microfauna (Pl. 2, figs. 19–27) canalso contain Conochitina cf. iklaensis, Cyathochitina sp., smallforms of Bursachitina sp., Conochitina sp. 1 Achab 1981,and Conochitina sp. 6 Asselin et al. 1989, suggesting acorrelation with previously described Telychian microfaunasof eastern Canada. Some of these species have been identifiedby Asselin et al. (1989) in assemblage D of the Anse CasconFormation of southern Gaspé. A Telychian age was proposedfor this formation on the basis of the E. curtisi brachiopod

phylozone (Boucot and Bourque 1981) and the I. inconstans(= P. celloni) conodont zone (Nowlan 1981).

In the Val Brillant No. 1 well, E. dolioliformis, C. iklaensis,and small Bursachitina sp. occur in strata of the AwantjishFormation attributed to the late Llandoverian by Achab (1976)on the basis of a Domasia acritarch microflora. The formationhad previously been dated as late Llandoverian by Lajoie etal. (1968) on the basis of brachiopods.

A microfauna composed of E. dolioliformis was alsofound in a sample from the Cabano Formation near Sainte-Blandine in the Rimouski area along the south shore of theSt. Lawrence River.

Eisenackitina dolioliformis (= Conochitina sp. Achab1981) and small Bursachitina sp. are sporadic componentsof the Telychian microfauna recovered from member 4 ofthe Jupiter Formation (sensu Bolton 1972), corresponding tothe upper part of the D. staurognathoides conodont zone(Uyeno and Barnes 1983).

All these data reported from Arctic Canada, Gaspé Peninsula,and Anticosti Island show that E. dolioliformis constitutes adistinct and diagnostic chitinozoan species in the late Aeronianand the Telychian of Laurentia.

Lower Devonian chitinozoan biostratigraphy

North American Lower Devonian chitinozoans were firstdescribed by Collinson and Schwalb (1955) from subsurfacesamples in Illinois. The main source of information on LowerDevonian chitinozoan biostratigraphy, however, are the studiesof Achab and Asselin (1993) and Achab et al. (1997) of theuppermost Chaleurs Group and the Upper Gaspé Limestonessuccession on the Forillon Peninsula, in the northeasternGaspé Peninsula, eastern Canada (Figs. 1, 4).

Recently, Paris et al. (2000) have proposed a Lower Devonianglobal chitinozoan zonation based on the first occurrence ofan index species on at least two paleoplates or in several distinctregions of the Gondwana paleocontinent. Attempts to calibrateeastern Canada Lower Devonian assemblages to these globalzones have not been successful because of the apparent absenceof most of the index species on the Laurentian paleocontinent(Fig. 4).

The chitinozoan microfaunas of the Lower Devonian suc-cession on the Forillon Peninsula have yielded some short-ranging species, allowing the establishment of a succession

Plate 2. Some Lower Silurian and Lower Devonian chitinozoan species. All scale bars are 50 µm. Localities as indicated in Fig. 1 andAppendix A. figs. 1–18. Lower Devonian species. figs. 1–4, 6, 7, 11, 12. Eisenackitina bohemica Eisenack (loc. 3). (1) Type A,Forillon Formation, slide INRS 89-EA-12. (2) Type B, Forillon Formation, slide INRS 89-EA-19. (3, 4) Type C. (3) Indian CoveFormation, slide INRS 89-EA-190. (4) Shiphead Formation, slide INRS 89-EA-45. (6) Type D, Shiphead Formation (loc. 3), slideINRS 89-EA-45. (7, 11, 12) Type E, Indian Cove Formation, slide INRS 89-EA-190. fig. 5. Bulbochitina cf. B. bulbosa Paris. ForillonFormation (loc. 3), slide INRS 89-EA-19. fig. 8. Vinnalochitina cf. V. crassa (Wrona). Forillon Formation (loc. 3), slide INRS 89-EA-12.fig. 9. Angochitina cf. A. sp. C Winchester-Seeto 1993. Forillon Formation (loc. C), slide INRS 29767. fig. 10. Cingulochitina? sp.Forillon Formation (loc. C), slide INRS 29761. figs. 13, 14. Vinnalochitina cf. V. fimbriata (Wrona). Forillon Formation (loc. 3), slideINRS 89-EA-49. figs. 15, 16. Margachitina catenaria Obut. (15) Forillon Formation (loc. C), slide INRS 29761. (16) Forillon Formation(loc. 3), slide 89-EA-52. figs. 17, 18. Bursachitina cf. B. cupellata (Wrona). (17) Indian Point Formation (loc. 3), slide INRS 89–233.(18) Forillon Formation (loc. C), slide INRS 29762. figs. 19–27. Lower Silurian species. fig. 19. Cyathochitina sp. Upsalquitch Formation(loc. D), slide INRS 29694. figs. 20, 21. Bursachitina sp. Upsalquitch Formation (loc. D), slide INRS 29694. fig. 22. Conochitina cf.C. iklaensis Nestor. Upsalquitch Formation (loc. D), slide INRS 29702. fig. 23. Conochitina sp. 6 Asselin et al. 1989. UpsalquitchFormation (loc. D), slide INRS 29702. figs. 24–26. Eisenackitina dolioliformis Umnova. Upsalquitch Formation (loc. D). (24) SlideINRS 29701. (25, 26) Slide INRS 29694. fig. 27. Conochitina sp. 1 Achab 1981. Upsalquitch Formation (loc. D), slide INRS 29701.

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of chitinozoan assemblages (Fig. 4). These microfaunas alsosporadically contain globulous polymorphic specimens show-ing a high variability in shape, size, and vesicle ornamenta-tion. Some of these specimens fall within the range ofvariability reported in the literature for Eisenackitinabohemica (Eisenack 1972; Paris 1981; Chlupá� et al. 1985;Boumendjel 1987; Paris and Grahn 1996). The shape andsize variations of E. bohemica have led Achab et al. (1997)to informally distinguish five types of E. bohemica speciesin the Upper Gaspé Limestones labeled A–E (Fig. 4; Pl. 2,Figs. 1–4, 6, 7, 11, 12). These forms are often related tostorm beds in the Forillon succession.

New palynological data acquired for other Devonian suc-cessions of the Gaspé Belt (northern Matapedia Valley,Rimouski area, and Beauce – Eastern Townships region)

have confirmed the value of some of the short-ranging Forillonspecies (Figs. 1, 4).

Assemblages with Margachitina and Bursachitinaspecies

A microfauna with Margachitina catenaria, Bursachitinacf. krizi, and (or) Bursachitina cf. cupellata (Pl. 2) wasextracted from samples of the Saint-Léon and Forillon for-mations in the northern Matapédia Valley.

In the Forillon Peninsula, these species are part of a morediversified assemblage occurring in the uppermost IndianPoint and lower Forillon formations (Fig. 4). Here, the speciesare also associated with sporadic specimens of E. bohemicatype A, Cingulochitina cf. serrata, and Vinnalochitina cf.fimbriata (Pl. 2).


Fig. 4. Lower Devonian chitinozoan global zonation and biostratigraphic position of sections discussed and investigated in this study.Letters and numbers as in Fig. 1. Fm., Formation; fms., formations; Gr., Group.

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Despite the absence of M. catenaria, it is proposed tocorrelate a microfauna from a sample from the Saint-LéonFormation in the Rimouski area near Saint-Narcisse (Fig. 4)with this assemblage based of the presence of smallBursachitina sp., E. bohemica, and Cingulochitina? sp. Thesame correlation is also suggested for a chitinozoan micro-fauna containing small Bursachitina sp., with or withoutE. bohemica and Cingulochitina? sp., that was extracted fromsamples of the Lac Lambton and Lac Aylmer formations inthe Beauce – Eastern Townships region (Fig. 4).

Assemblages with Margachitina and Angochitina speciesMargachitina catenaria associated with Angochitina cf.

hypenetes or Angochitina cf. A. sp. C Winchester-Seeto 1993has been recognised in samples of the Forillon Formation inthe Matapedia Valley (Fig. 4; Pl. 2).

In the Forillon Peninsula, in the upper Forillon Formation(Fig. 4; Pl. 2), M. catenaria occurs with these Angochitinaspecies. The microfauna also sporadically contains E. bohemicaof types B and C and Vinnalochitina cf. crassa.

The presence of V. cf. crassa and E. bohemica in a sampleof the Ayers Cliff Formation in the Beauce – Eastern Townshipsregion suggests a comparison with the microfauna of the upperForillon Formation.

Conclusions

Chitinozoan studies of the lower Paleozoic strata of easternCanada undertaken in the context of the NATMAP projecthave provided new biostratigraphic information and allowedcomparisons with existing, well-documented, and well-datedsuccessions of the external Humber Zone of the Appala-chians, the St. Lawrence Lowlands Platform, and Appala-chian basins of the Gaspé Belt. They have also confirmedthe regional biostratigraphic value of some Ordovicianchitinozoan zones and pointed out the significance of somechitinozoan species as stratigraphic markers for the LowerSilurian and Lower Devonian successions of eastern Canada.

Acknowledgments

This study was realised thanks to National GeoscienceMapping Program (No. 990001MR) and Natural Sciencesand Engineering Research Council of Canada (grant 4226)funding. We are grateful to Daniel Brisebois and ClaudeMorin (Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec),Reginald A. Wilson and Jeffrey I. Carroll (New BrunswickGeological Survey Branch), Denis Lavoie (GSC-Québec),and Rudolf Bertrand (INRS-ETE) for collecting most of thesamples studied. Special thanks are due to André Hébert(INRS-ETE) for processing the samples; Kathleen Lauzière(GSC-Québec) for geographical information system (GIS)and data integration; Denis Lavoie (GSC-Québec) for com-ments on a preliminary version of the manuscript; and JohnRiva (INRS-ETE) for fruitful discussions of eastern Canadabiostratigraphy, his editing of the English text, and criticallyreviewing the manuscript. We also acknowledge the journalreferees and Associate Editor, Michael J. Melchin (St. FrancisXavier University, Antigonish, N.S.), Florentin Paris (Universitéde Rennes, Rennes, France), and Jisuo Jin (The University

of Western Ontario, London, Ont.), for their useful com-ments.

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Appendix A

Appendix on following pages

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Slide No. Lat. N Long. E Stratigraphic unit Chitinozoan species Age

Locality A: Les Méchins section near the junction with Route 132 and about 4.3 km northeast of Ruisseau-à-SemINRS 28994 49°00′ 66°59′ Upper part of the

Rivière Ouelle FmFustichitina cf. langei, Conochitina cf.

poumoti, Cyathochitina jenkinsi?Darriwilian

(Llanvirn)INRS 28995 Conochitina cf. poumoti, Conochitina cf.

turgida, Conochitina chydaeaDarriwilian

(Llanvirn)INRS 28999 Conochitina cf. poumoti, Conochitina

chydaea, Conochitina sp.Darriwilian

(Llanvirn)INRS 29000 Conochitina cf. poumoti, Conochitina sp. Darriwilian

(Llanvirn)

Locality B: Matane road outcrop on the right bank of the Matane River, 1 km south of MataneINRS 29219 48°51′ 67°32′ Rivière Ouelle Fm Conochitina chydaea, Conochitina sp. A

Neville 1974Darriwilian

(Llanvirn)

Locality C: Matapedia Valley regionÉtang-à-la-Truite areaCorridor Rivière à la Truite No. 1 (1999FC-120) wellINRS 30100 (255–260 m cutting) 48°38′ 67°58′ St-Léon Fm Bursachitina sp., Angochitina sp.,

DesmochitinidaeLochkovian

INRS 30101 (325–330 m cutting) Bursachitina cf. cupellata, Margachitina sp.,Cingulochitina cf. serrata, Ancyrochitinasp.

Lochkovian

Petite-Rivière-à-la-Truite areaINRS 29760 48°37′ 66°59′ Forillon Fm Angochitina cf. A. sp. C Winchester-Seeto

1993, Angochitina sp. A (this study),Sphaerochitina cf. schwalbi, Margachitinacf. catenaria

Lochkovian–Pragianlimit

INRS 29761 Margachitina catenaria, Angochitina cf. A.sp. C Winchester-Seeto 1993,Cingulochitina? sp.

Lochkovian

INRS 29762 Angochitina cf. A. sp. C Winchester-Seeto1993, Angochitina sp., Bursachitina cf.krizi, Bursachitina cf. cupellata,Margachitina catenaria

Lochkovian

INRS 29763 Sphaerochitina cf. schwalbi, Angochitina cf.hypenetes, Margachitina? sp.


INRS 29764 Lagenochitina? sp., Cingulochitina? sp.,Margachitina? sp.

Lochkovian

INRS 29765 Angochitina spp., Sphaerochitina spp.,Margachitina? sp.

Lochkovian and (or)Pragian

Table A1. List of localities and chitinozoans recovered from samples collected for the Appalachians Forelands and St. Lawrence Platform NATMAP.

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INRS 29767 Angochitina cf. A. sp. C Winchester-Seeto1993, Angochitininae, Margachitina? sp.


INRS 29768 Margachitina catenaria Lochkovian and (or)Pragian

INRS 29769 Margachitina catenaria Lochkovian and (or)Pragian

Amqui-Causapscal areaINRS 30211 48°28′ 67°25′ Forillon Fm. Margachitina catenaria, Angochitina cf.

hypenetes, AngochitininaeLochkovian–Pragian

limitINRS 30231 48°33′ 67°19′ Margachitina catenaria Lochkovian and (or)

PragianINRS 30265 48°28′ 68°28′ Margachitina catenaria Lochkovian and (or)

Pragian

Locality D: northwest New Brunswick, Restigouche areaINRS 29714 47°53′ 66°55′ Grog Brook Gr Cyathochitina vaurealensis, Ancyrochitina

merga, Spinachitina bulmani,Belonechitina cf. schopfi, Calpichitina sp.

Richmondian

INRS 30357 47°50′ 66°53′ Cyathochitina vaurealensis, Calpichitina sp.,Sphaerochitina gracqui

Richmondian

INRS 30361 47°51′ 66°55′ Cyathochitina vaurealensis, Spinachitinabulmani, Ancyrochitina merga,Calpichitina lata

Richmondian

INRS 30362 47°51′ 66°56′ Cyathochitina vaurealensis, Spinachitinabulmani, Ancyrochitina merga,Calpichitina lata, Desmochitina minor,Sphaerochitina gracqui

Richmondian

INRS 30363 47°51′ 66°55′ Cyathochitina vaurealensis, Spinachitinabulmani, Calpichitina lata, Ancyrochitinamerga

Richmondian

INRS 30712 47°51′ 66°55′ Cyathochitina vaurealensis, Hercochitinacrickmayi, Spinachitina bulmani,Cyathochitina kuckersiana

Richmondian

INRS 30713 47°51′ 66°55′ Cyathochitina vaurealensis, Spinachitinabulmani

Richmondian

INRS 30366 47°54′ 66°53′ White Head Fm. Hercochitina crickmayi, Hercochitina sp. Upper RichmondianINRS 29693 47°56′ 66°39′ Upsalquitch Fm. Eisenackitina dolioliformis, Ancyrochitina sp. TelychianINRS 29694 47°56′ 66°39′ Eisenackitina dolioliformis, small

Cyathochitina sp., Conochitina sp. 6Asselin et al. 1989, small Bursachitinasp., Ancyrochitina cf. primitiva,Conochitina sp. A (this study)

Telychian

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INRS 29701 47°41′ 66°40′ Eisenackitina dolioliformis, Conochitina sp.1 Achab 1981, Ancyrochitina sp.

Telychian

INRS 29702 47°41′ 66°40′ Conochitina cf. iklaensis, Ancyrochitina cf.pachyderma, Ancyrochitina cf. primitiva,Conochitina sp. 6 Asselin et al. 1989,Desmochitinidae

Telychian

INRS 30716 47°59′ 66°31′ Eisenackitina dolioliformis, Pallachitina sp. Telychian

Locality E: Rimouski area, near Ste-Blandine and St-Narcisse localitiesSte-BlandineINRS 30658 48°22′ 68°28′ Cabano Fm. Eisenackitina dolioliformis, Conochitina sp.

6 Asselin et al. 1989, Pallachitina sp.Telychian

INRS 30660 48°22′ 68°28′ St-Léon Fm. Cingulochitina cf. ervensis, Plectochitina?cf. regularis

Pridoli–Lochkovian

St-NarcisseINRS 30730 48°17′ 68°26′ St-Léon Fm. Eisenackitina bohemica, small Bursachitina

sp., Angochitina cf. ceratophora,Sphaerochitina sp., Ancyrochitina cf.desmea, Calpichitina sp., Cingulochitina?sp., Eisenackitina sp.

Lochkovian

Locality F: Charlevoix area, 60 km northeast of Québec CityCap-à-l’Aigle sectionINRS 29486 47°40′ 70°06′ Rivière du Moulin

facies (NeuvilleFm.)

Hercochitina duplicitas, Conochitinaprimitiva, Belonechitina wesenbergensis,Belonechitina cf. hirsuta, Sphaerochitinagracqui, Desmochitina minor, Calpichitinasp., Conochitina sp. A, Conochitina sp. B

Mohawkian(Chatfieldian)

INRS 29488 Conochitina primitiva, Conochitina sp. B,Belonechitina wesenbergensis,Sphaerochitina gracqui

Mohawkian(Turinian)

INRS 29489 Cyathochitina kuckersiana latipatagium,Belonechitina wesenbergensis,Sphaerochitina gracqui, Desmochitinaminor, Calpichitina sp., Conochitina sp.A, Laufeldochitina? sp.

Mohawkian(Turinian)

Cap Martin sectionINRS 29515 47°31′ 70°30′ St-Irénée Fm. Hercochitina spinetum, Spinachitina sp.,

Belonechitna cf. seriespinosa,Sphaerochitina gracqui, Calpichitina sp.,Belonechitina cf. hirsuta


Table A1 (continued).

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INRS 29511 Spinachitina sp., Sphaerochitina gracqui,Angochitina sp., Belonechitina sp.,Kalochitina sp.


INRS 29520 Acanthochitina cancellata, Cyathochitinakuckersiana brevis


St-Irénée sectionINRS 29502 47°34′ 71°12′ St-Irénée Fm. Hercochitina spinetum, Belonechitina

wesenbergensis, Cyathochitinakuckersiana, Desmochitina minor,Calpichitina lata, Sphaerochitina gracqui,Belonechitina gr. oklahomensis-naevia,Hercochitina? sp., ? Conochitina pygmaea

Mohawkian(Chatfieldian) –Edenian

INRS 29500 Hercochitina spinetum, Cyathochitinakuckersiana latipatagium, Belonechitinagr. oklahomensis-naevia, Belonechitina cf.hirsuta


Locality G: Beauce – Eastern Townships areaINRS 30072 46°11′ 70°28′ Ayers Cliff Fm. Eisenackitina bohemica Lochkovian and (or)

PragianINRS 30170 45°32′ 71°32′ Eisenackitina bohemica, Vinnalochitina cf.

crassaLochkovian–Pragian

limitINRS 30165 ?? Lac Aylmer Fm. Eisenackitina bohemica, Bursachitina sp.,

Cingulochitina? sp., AngochitininaeLochkovian

INRS 30187 45°54′ 71°06′ Lac Lambton Fm. Bursachitina sp. LochkovianINRS 30298 46°15′ 70°19′ Compton Fm. Eisenackitina bohemica Lochkovian and (or)

PragianINRS 30318 45°39′ 70°59′ Eisenackitina bohemica, Desmochitinidae Lochkovian and (or)

Pragian

Locality 7: Neuville quarry above the CNR tracks and about 3 km northeast of the Neuville marinaINRS 10466 46°42′ 71°35′ Deschambault Fm. Conochitina primitiva, Belonechitina

wesenbergensis, Sphaerochitina gracquiMohawkian

(Turinian)INRS 10468 St-Casimir Mb.

(Neuville Fm.)Hercochitina duplicitas, Conochitina sp. A,

Cyathochitina kuckersiana latipatagium,Conochitina minnesotensis, Sphaerochitinagracqui, Desmochitina minor,Belonechitina sp.


Note: Fm., Formation; Mb, Member.

Table A1 (concluded).

Documents

Biostratigraphic significance of lower Paleozoic microfaunas from eastern Canada