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Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

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Page 1: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Biology 250:Human Anatomy

Spring 2005

Cardiovascular System

Page 2: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular Overview

• Heart: pumps blood throughout the body– Involuntary striated muscle

• Arteries: carries blood away from the heart– Carries oxygenated blood to body

• Veins: carries blood to the heart– Carries de-oxygenated blood to the heart

• Capillaries: connect arteries, veins

Page 3: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Heart

• Usually the size of a fist

• Weighs between 250-350 grams (< 1 lb)

• Sits with the mediastinum– Medial cavity of the thorax

• Base: broad, flat– Directed toward the right shoulder

• Apex: pointed end of heart– Points inferiorly toward the left hip

Page 4: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 5: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Coverings of the Heart

Pericardium

• Double-walled sac enclosing the heart

• Dense Connective Tissue

• Purposes of Pericardium:

1. Protection

2. Anchors heart to surrounding structure

3. Prevents overfilling of heart

Page 6: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 7: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Layers of Heart Wall

3 Layers of Heart Wall

1. Epicardium• Superficial Layer; usually filled with fat

2. Myocardium• Middle Layer; composed of cardiac muscle

3. Endocardium• Deepest Layer; Squamous Epithelium

Page 8: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 9: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Heart Chambers

4 Chambers of the Heart:

• 2 Superior Chambers– Right Atrium, Left Atrium– Relatively thin heart wall

• 2 Inferior Chambers– Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle– Thick heart wall (produces strong contraction)

• Interatrial/ventricular septum

Page 10: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 11: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 12: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 13: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Right Atrium

• Superior/Right Chamber of Heart

• De-Oxygenated Blood From Body

• 3 Major Veins:1. Superior Vena Cava– Blood from superior portion of body

2. Inferior Vena Cava– Blood from inferior portion of body

3. Coronary Sinus– Blood from the heart itself

Page 14: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 15: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Right Ventricle

• Inferior/Right Chamber of Heart• De-Oxygenated Blood from Right Atrium• Relatively thick heart wall• 2 Major Arteries:

1. Left Pulmonary Artery • De-oxygenated blood to left lung

2. Right Pulmonary Artery• De-oxygenated blood to right lung

• ONLY arteries with de-oxygenated blood

Page 16: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 17: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Left Atrium

• Superior/Left Chamber of Heart

• Oxygenated Blood From Lungs

• 2 Major Veins:

1. Right Pulmonary Vein• Oxygenated blood from right lung

2. Left Pulmonary Vein• Oxygenated blood from left lung

• ONLY veins with oxygenated blood

Page 18: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 19: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Left Ventricle

• Inferior/Left Chamber of Heart

• Oxygenated blood from Left Atrium

• Thick Heart Wall

• Pumps blood through major artery:– Aorta: branches into all other arteries of body

Page 20: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 21: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Coronary Arteries

• Arteries which supply the heart• Major Coronary Arteries1. Left Coronary Artery2. Anterior Interventricular Artery3. Circumflex Artery4. Right Coronary Artery5. Marginal Artery6. Posterior Interventricular Artery• CABG

Page 22: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 23: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 24: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 25: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Heart Valves

• Separate the chambers of the heart

• Prevent back-flow of blood

• Atrioventricular Valves (AV)– Separate the atrium from the ventricles

1. Right AV Valve (Tricuspid Valve)

2. Left AV Valve (Bicuspid or Mitral)– Contain Chordae Tendineae

Page 26: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 27: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 28: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 29: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Heart Valves (Cont.)

• Semilunar Valves (SL)– Resemble half moons

1. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve– Prevents back-flow from Pulmonary Arteries into

Right Ventricle

2. Aortic Semilunar Valve– Prevents back-flow from Aorta into Left Ventricle

Page 30: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 31: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 32: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Common Valve Deficiencies

• Incompetent Valve– “Leaky” Valve; does not close properly

• Valvular Stenosis– “Stiff” Valve; does not open properly

• “Heart Murmur”

Page 33: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Blood Flow Through Heart

• Blood enters R Atrium from:1. Superior Vena Cava2. Inferior Vena Cava3. Coronary Sinus

• Travels from R Atrium to R Ventricle:– Tricuspid Valve is open

• Travels from R Ventricle to Lungs– Pulmonary Semilunar Valve open– R Pulmonary, L Pulmonary Arteries

Page 34: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Blood Flow Through Heart (Cont.)

• Travels from Lungs to L Atrium via:– R Pulmonary, L Pulmonary Veins

• Travels from L Atrium to L Ventricle– Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve is open

• Travels from L Ventricle to Aorta– Aortic Semilunar Valve is open

• Travels from Aorta to rest of body

Page 35: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Cycle

• Systole– Period of ventricular contraction

• Diastole– Period of ventricular relaxation– Ventricles receive blood from atria

• Heart Sounds– “Lub-Dub”– 1st sound: closing of AV Valves (Systole)– 2nd sound: closing of Semilunar Valves (Diastole)

Page 36: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Output

• Heart Rate– Number of heart beats per minute

• Stroke Volume– Volume of blood pumped with each beat

• Cardiac Output– Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle

per l minute– Calculated by heart rate x stroke volume

Page 37: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Common Heart Dysfunctions

• Tacycardia: more than 100 beats/minute

• Bradycardia: less than 60 beats/minute

• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)– Back-up of blood; inadequate pumping– Peripheral Congestion– Pulmonary Congestion

• Myocardial Infarction (MI)– Heart Attack; myocardium dies

Page 38: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Blood Vessels

• 3 Major Blood Vessels:

1. Arteries• Carry blood away from the heart

2. Veins• Return blood to the heart

3. Capillaries• Actual site of nutrient, waste exchange

Page 39: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 40: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Blood Vessel Structure

• 3 Layers of Walls (Tunics):

1. Tunica Interna (Tunica Intima)• Innermost layer of the blood vessel

2. Tunica Media• Middle layer of blood vessel

3. Tunica Externa (Tunica Adventitia)• Outtermost layer of blood vessel

Page 41: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Blood Vessel Structure (Cont.)

• Lumen– Central canal of the blood vessel

• Portion where the blood actually flows

• Vasoconstriction– Reduction of the size (diameter) of the lumen

• Vasodilation– Increase of the size (diameter) of the lumen

Page 42: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 43: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Arterial System

• 3 Types of Arteries:1. Elastic (Conducting) Arteries

– Large arteries close to the heart– Large lumen, low resistance

2. Muscular (Distributing) Arteries– Deliver blood to specific body organs– Composed of mainly tunica media

3. Arterioles– Smallest of arteries; interact with capillaries

Page 44: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 45: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 46: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Capillaries

• 3 Types of Capillaries:

1. Continuous Capillaries• Abundant in skin and muscles

2. Fenestrated Capillaries• Found where filtration, absorption are

required

3. Sinsusoidal Capillaries• Very leaky, found in liver, bone marrow

Page 47: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 48: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Venous System

• Venules– Smallest veins; interact with capillaries– Join together to form veins

• Veins– Contain very large lumens– Contains virtually no smooth muscle– Venous Valves

• Varicose Veins• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Page 49: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 50: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 51: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Pulse / Blood Pressure

• Pulse: expansion of arteries w/ each beat– Pressure Points

• Blood Pressure– Systolic: 1st number (100-140mm Hg)– Diastolic: 2nd number (75-80mm Hg)– Hypotension: systolic BP < 100mm Hg– Hypertension: systolic BP > 140mm Hg

Page 52: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 53: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Major Arteries

• Upper Body

1. Carotid Artery

2. Vertebral Artery

3. Aorta

4. Brachial Artery

5. Radial Artery

6. Ulnar Artery

Page 54: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 55: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System
Page 56: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System

Major Arteries (Cont.)

• Lower Body1. Abdominal Aorta2. Iliac Artery3. Femoral Artery4. Popliteal Artery5. Anterior Tibial Artery6. Posterior Tibial Artery7. Dorsalis Pedis Artery

Page 57: Biology 250:Human Anatomy Spring 2005 Cardiovascular System