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BioDieselBioDiesel & & Ethanol Ethanol
& Issues About Our & Issues About Our Energy FutureEnergy Future
Chris Kobus, Ph.D.Asst. Professor of Engineering
Department of Mechanical EngineeringOakland University
Embrace the Earth
Today’s discussion.….• What is BioDiesel? Quick overview?
– How is it made?• Demonstration: Biodiesel in Your kitchen• Why use alternative fuels?
– What’s wrong with Oil? Why should we care?
• What Do We Do?• Lastly, we’ll check back on our
“kitchen biodiesel demonstration”Main Hallway
Background Photo: Canola Plant
What is Biodiesel ?• Renewable fuel for diesel engines• Made from vegetable oil or animal fat • Lower emissions, biodegradable, non-toxic and
safer than petroleum diesel • High centane number, high lubricity, good for your
engineFatty AcidAlcoholGlycerin
Vegetable Oil
BiodieselFA
FAFA
FA
Alcohol Glycerin
100 lbs. of veggie oil+
10 lbs. methanol=
100 lbs. biodiesel (B100)+
10 lbs. of glycerin
Transesterification
• Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel (example: B20, 20% biodiesel)
• Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil (the earth nut)• No engine modifications required• Use existing fuel distribution network• Available now• US grown
Existing diesel engines & Existing fuel infrastructure
1 liter of oil
KITCHEN BIODIESEL
120 oF
5Start Here
shake vigorously with TIGHT lid
Images courtesy of www.kitchen-biodiesel.com
pour oil in bottle
6
addlye –meth.
250ml
4 7
glycerin
biodiesel
10
1
one full tsp (5g)
shake and let react for 1 hour3
82 9
More about biodiesel• Shake our “processors” for 5-10 minutes• And then, set on table to allow glycerin to
settle out – we’ll return to it later
• Now, some more on biodiesel
Background Photo: Canola Plantour friend, the soybean
Better yet…. make your own!www.biodieselgear.com
www.biodieselsolutions.com
www.journeytoforever.org
Small Scale ProcessorsSmall Scale Processors
• European biodiesel uses canola: a genetically modified rapeseed plant, or “Canada Oil” from the mustard family
• US biodiesel industry uses the soybean
• Yellow Grease:recycled cooking oil
Soybean
Bio Fuels Recycle CO2Bio Fuels Recycle CO2
Biodiesel BlendsBiodiesel Blends
0 50 100
B2
B5
B10
B20
B100
Biodiesel Petroleum diesel
B100B100 = 100% biodiesel
B20B20 = 20% biodiesel + 80% petroleumdieselB10B10 = 10% biodiesel + 90% petroleum diesel
B5B5 = 5% biodiesel + 95% petroleum diesel
B2B2 = 2% biodiesel + 98% petroleum diesel
Biodiesel PerformanceBiodiesel Performance
• Startup, range, cold weather performance similar to petroleum diesel
• Fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, haulage rates similar to petroleum diesel
images courtesy of the National Biodiesel Board
Biodiesel PerformanceBiodiesel Performance• High Lubricity
– 2% biodiesel improves fuel lubricity by up to 66%
– Protects, extends engine life
• High Flash Point– 260ºF vs. 125ºF diesel– Safest fuel to use, handle,
and store• Biodegradable
images courtesy of the National Biodiesel Board
Biodiesel PerformanceBiodiesel Performance
• Operates in conventional diesel engines and fuel injection equipment
• Cold Flow– For B2-B20 use same
precautions as #2 petroleum diesel
– No special storage required
images courtesy of the National Biodiesel Board
Liquid Fuels Energy Yield* Liquid Fuels Energy Yield* -- Life Cycle BasisLife Cycle Basis
Source: USDA/DOE Study – “Lifecycle Inventory of Biodiesel and PetroleumDiesel for Use in an Urban Bus.”, May 98, Institute For Local Self Reliance, 8/95.
0.74 0.831.34
2.623.20
-
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Gasoline Diesel Ethanol(Corn)
Ethanol(Cellulosic
Crop)
Biodiesel
Ener
gy Y
ield
* Ratio of (liquid fuel end energy out) per (unit of fossil fuel energy in) to produce
2003 US Petroleum
Flow 37%local
63%import
66%transportation
source: US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration
US Petroleum Overview
imports exceed domestic production
source: US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration
Estimates of World Petroleum Reserves
Oil Production (non-petro)
Background Photo: Canola Plant
Crop US billion gal/yr
Soybean 2.4Peanut 0.03Sunflower 0.13Cottonseed 0.13Corn 0.32Others 0.09Total 3.11
Oil Production
Background Photo: Canola Plant
Animal Fats US billion gal/yr
Edible Tallow 0.21Inedible Tallow 0.51Lard & Grease 0.17Yellow Grease 0.35Poultry Fat 0.29Total 3.11
• 4.64 billion gallons
Total US Annual Oil Production(non-petroleum)
Background Photo: Canola Plant
Total US Annual Petroleum Consumption (transportation only)
• 60 billion gallon (diesel)• 120 billion gallons (gasoline)
Crop Yields
Background Photo: Canola Plant
Crop US gal/acreCorn 18Soybean 48Sunflower 102Canola 127Olive 129Avocado 282Coconut 287Palm 635Algea 5,000 – 20,000
Why use alternative fuels?• Dependence on foreign sources
– National security– US based jobs & profits– Lets produce our energy here at home
• Environmental issues– Coal: for electricity
• emissions yield acid rain, mercury, CO2
– Oil: for transportation• emissions = smog, CO2
Background Photo: Canola Plant
What To Do?• At Home, At Work, in your Car• Cheapest Path – Energy Conservation• Renewable Energy
– solar, wind, & biomass• Renewable Fuels
– ethanol, gasahol (E10), E85, methanol– natural gas– biodiesel B20 (let’s start with B2)
• Technology to the Rescue– hybrid vehicles– diesels (30-40% more efficient than gas)
Background Photo: Canola Plant
DieselDieselvsvs
HybridHybrid
20042004Vehicles
Vehicles
BioDiesel Fuel Pump (20%)BP Station on Will Carlton Rd off of I-275 just
west of Flat Rock, MI
City of Ann Arbor, Michigan
Natural Gas Fueling Station, Ann Arbor Meijer’s Store
Chemical Composition• Ethyl alcohol or EtOH• E85 refers to 85% ethanol/15% gasoline
blend• Petroleum added to:
– Improve cold-start– Increase flame luminosity– Denature or “poison” ethanol (grain alcohol)
E85 Characteristics
• Ethanol is toxic• Ethanol does not contaminate ground
water or soil• Ethanol is used as
– E85 (85% E85/15% gasoline blend) – E70 during winter to reduce cold start
Appearance & Smell
• Colorless• Odor –
pleasant smell
E85 Properties - 3• Fuel value
– Octane • E85: 100-plus octane (as high as 105)• Gasoline: 86-94
– Lower heating value (27% less energy)• E85: 87,250 Btu/gal• Gasoline: 114,00 BTU/gal
Compared to Other Fuels
Ethanol CH3CH2OHGasoline C8H30
Diesel C14H30
Methanol CH3OHBiodiesel C15H31CO2CH3
Natural Gas CH4
Propane C3H8
Fueling Station
• Aluminum parts should be replaced with stainless steel:– Nozzle, knobs, etc.
• Teflon hose• 1 micron filter• $5,000 to upgrade unleaded system to
dispense E85
Capacity
