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Biochips Seminar: Engineering Frontiers February 26 th , 2003 Mike Faith Disha Sheth

Biochips Final

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Page 1: Biochips Final

Biochips

Seminar: Engineering FrontiersFebruary 26th, 2003

Mike FaithDisha Sheth

Page 2: Biochips Final

Overview What is a Biochip? Its first occurrence and the history

behind its existence What are its uses and applications? Hurdles to overcome before the

technology becomes popular Who are the major researchers? What is the estimated market for

biochips?

Page 3: Biochips Final

Introduction Collection of miniaturized test sites

of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size

A marriage between electronics and biology/medicine

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 4: Biochips Final

In BriefBio + Chip = Biochip

• Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA

• Chip: a computer chip• Biochip: a mate between

biological entity and a computerGenome chips, Microarrays

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 5: Biochips Final

The Idea behind Biochip Biology

• DNA was discovered in 1950• The Watson and Creek model was

developed in 1953• Protein sequences, DNA sequences

started getting discovered in 1980s Electronics

• Transistor was first invented in 1948• In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million

transistors• Brick wall due to size limitations

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 6: Biochips Final

First IdeaMate Biology and Electronics

to overcome the brick wallLearn from natural

phenomena and improve the current medical technology

1980s was the first time Biological entities were put on nonliving substrate

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 7: Biochips Final

Types of Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Active

PositionEnergy supplier

implantable external

Interaction capture

Biochips

Function

Passive

Lab-on-chips

Page 8: Biochips Final

Tracking device Tracking and identification devices

in animals around 1983 for monitoring fishery

Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in zoos

Implanted under the skin of the animal with a unique ID number

Works on Radio Frequency Identification

Made of Reader and Transponder

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 9: Biochips Final

TransponderThe implantable biochipPassive Biochip: No BatteriesComposed of

• Microchip• Antenna coil• Tuning capacitor• Glass Capsule

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 10: Biochips Final

Transponder Computer Chip: Stores the unique

ID number

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 11: Biochips Final

Transponder Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio

antenna to receive and send signals

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 12: Biochips Final

Transponder Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the

small (1/1000 of Watt) signal sent by the reader

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 13: Biochips Final

Transponder Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible

material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer

Glass Capsule

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 14: Biochips Final

Implant Injected by a Hypodermic syringe

beneath the skin Usually behind the neck in cats

and dogs

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 15: Biochips Final

Reader/ScannerTransmits a small signal Charges the tuning capacitor ID number transmitted by the

transponder

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 16: Biochips Final

Tracking device in Humans Works on the

same principles in general

Satellite will be able to track any human with the tracking biochip

Tracking Request

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 17: Biochips Final

Social ConcernsBig Brother fear

• Federal government has not legalized the implant of tracking biochips in humans

Mark of the Beast fear• What if the tracking biochip has

the number 666?

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 18: Biochips Final

Different Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 19: Biochips Final

Biochip Manufacturing

Figure: http://www.affymetrix.com/technology/manufacturing/index.affx

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 20: Biochips Final

Biochip Manufacturing

Figure: http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,53861,00.html

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 21: Biochips Final

Analysis using Biochip1. Sample intake2. Sample Processing3. Interaction

1. Glass cover2. Molecules to be

analyzed3. Microtube for feeding

the sample4. Biochip probes for

testingFigure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 22: Biochips Final

Testing Equipments

Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 23: Biochips Final

DNA Biochips DNA (Gene expression): Human Genome Project started in

1990 to study genomes Study of interactions of individual

genes in an organism• Requires simultaneous study of genes

Requires High-throughput

Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 24: Biochips Final

Lab-on-Chip

Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 25: Biochips Final

Technical ChallengesAttachment of living entity

with the silicon surfaceLimitation of visionBiocompatibility (Research

done at National Tsing Hua University)

Reliability

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 26: Biochips Final

Overcome challengesMore experimentsMore funding by big

foundations like NSF• Eg: Human Genome project: $3

billion

Page 27: Biochips Final

Principal Players Industries

• Affymetrix: Pioneer in Genechip®

• Agilent Technologies: Production of Biochips (Lab-on-chips)

• Center of Biological Microchips, Russia (Biochip-IMB, USA): Production of TB-Biochips

• Intel, Motorola

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 28: Biochips Final

Principal PlayersUniversities

• Prof Rashid Bashir, Purdue University developed first Protein Chip in 2000

• Stanford, Johns Hopkins, Washington and other universities

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 29: Biochips Final

Motivation Improve Health care industryOvercome the brick wall in

electronicsOf course “Money”

Page 30: Biochips Final

Recently Past Market•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 31: Biochips Final

Market ImpactsGreat Demand of Biochips

• Biochips expected to be involved in many surgical procedures

The worldwide biochip market will reach $950 million in sales by 2005.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 32: Biochips Final

Global Market of Biochips

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 33: Biochips Final

Market ImpactsNew products and new players

will drive the market at a compound annual growth rate of 25% to 33%.

By 2006 the market is expected to reach 1.8 billion.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 34: Biochips Final

Market Impacts DNA chips will retain the largest

share of the biochip market reaching sales of $725 million in 2005

Lab chips are likely to find use in the broadest types of assays and are poised to reach $157 million in sales by 2005.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 35: Biochips Final

Market Impacts The protein biochips market was

worth about $76 million in 2001.

Sales of protein biochips have been predicted to top $700 million by 2006 which is almost 10 times its current size.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 36: Biochips Final

Market Analysis Affymetrix, Caliper and Ciphergen

currently dominate the market.

However emerging companies, such as Clinical Micro Sensors, ACLARA BioSciences and Phylos, will garner increased market share as customers look for low-cost and versatile products to meet their needs for new applications.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 37: Biochips Final

Market AnalysisThere are over 127 companies

currently involved in manufacturing, testing, and researching biochips.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 38: Biochips Final

I&O for next 5 yearsRapid grow from millions to

billions in sales.As biochip prices decrease,

they will become more visible in surgical procedures.

Biochip technology will improve reaching higher levels in medicine.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 39: Biochips Final

I&O long term$40 billion by 2010Consumers will see new and

better drugs on the market.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 40: Biochips Final

Quality of Life impacts Faster diagnosis of diseases Medicine will improve People will live longer healthier

lives. Biological warfare diagnoses

• (eg: Anthrax) Creates more jobs and improves

the economy.

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 41: Biochips Final

SummaryBiochips is a very broad field

• Many different types of biochipsBiochips is going to set the

new trend in MedicineStill in research phase, but

soon will be commercially used

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Page 42: Biochips Final

Further ResearchBiocompatibility: Not a lot of

research is done in making the Ics biocompatible

Artificial proteins and DNA More Tests need to be

conducted to make it more reliable

Page 43: Biochips Final

Reference Center of biological Microchips:

http://www.biochip.ru/en Affymetrix:

http://www.affymetrix.com/index.affx Agilent:

http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.asp?lPage=51

http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html#Part3

http://www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.html

Page 44: Biochips Final

Questions

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