Bioadsorbent to clean industrial effluents by seaweeds

Bioadsorbent: To clean industrial effluents by seaweeds

Keywords: Bioadsorbent, effluents, seaweed, effluent toxicity, bioremoval, Cyamopsis tetragonaloba.

ABSTRACT: Bioadsorption is a form of environmental clean-up which involves the use of plant biomass. In the present study, the seedling of Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making industrial effluents (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). Both the effluents cause stress to the plant. The effluents caused a drastic reduction in morphometric, pigment and other biochemical characters. But same effluents after seaweed treatment have bought about considerable increase in morphometric and biochemical characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Seaweed dry powder used in this study is found to be nullifying the toxicity of the effluents. From this investigation, it is clear that the naturally occurring green macro algae possess an excellent adsorption capacity.

167-176 | JRPS | 2013 | Vol 2 | No 1

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

www.plantsciences.info

Authors:

Selvaraj K,

Sevugaperumal R and

Ramasubramanian V.

Institution:

Department of Botany,

Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal

College (Autonomous),

Sivakasi 626 142, Virudhunagar District,

Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding author:

Ramasubramanian V.

Email:

[email protected], [email protected]

Web Address: http://www.plantsciences.info documents/PS0045.pdf.

Dates: Received: 29 Nov 2012 Accepted: 16 Dec 2012 Published: 23 Jan 2013

Article Citation: Selvaraj K, Sevugaperumal R and Ramasubramanian V. Bioadsorbent: To clean industrial effluents by seaweeds. Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176

Original Research

Journal of Research in Plant Sciences

Jou

rn

al of R

esearch

in

Plan

t Scien

ces

An International Scientific Research Journal

Journal of Research in

Plant Sciences An International Scientific

Research Journal

INTRODUCTION

Water is an invaluable asset for all living organisms.

Water sources have been polluted due to

industrialization, urbanization and modern civilization.

Sivakasi is an industrial town in Virudhunagar district.

The town alone has nearly 250 fireworks, 200 litho and

offset, 700 match units and 150 other industries

including dye, printing ink, chemical cardboard, metal

plate making and chemical plate grinding industries.

Quite a large number of chemicals have constantly used

for manufacturing process (Ramasubramanian et al.,

2004). Whenever these industrial effluents are released

through drainage from the nearby industries without any

proper treatment. Thereafter they reach in agricultural

area and make major havoc to the entire environment of

the town (Ramasubramanian et al., 1988; 1993).

None of the technology had so far been introduced

to allay the apprehension of farmers, that effluents are

reducing yield and wrest the farming from them. In the

present study an attempt has been made to nullify the

problem in green way i.e., by the use of seaweeds,

Bioadsorption technique-using of weed plants to reduce

the toxicity which present in the effluents and render

them harmless to plants. This will be effective in

bringing new resources and technology to solve

environmental problems in India generated by industries.

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. is a

vegetable crop commonly cultivated in the effluent

contaminated sites of Sivakasi as the vegetable crop. It is

the established fact that seaweed has the potency to

ameliorate the metal toxicity. Since Ulva lactuca and

Gracillaria cordicata are commonly available in Uvari a

coastal area hardly 60 km away from Sivakasi, we took

up the study to exploit the beneficial effect of these

seaweeds to alleviate metal toxicity of the contaminated

soil and to boost the yield of the crop.

In the present study, it was aimed to find out the

impact of various concentrations of industrial effluents

(Plate making and Match industry) on the growth of

plants and studying the effect of varying amount of

natural biomass of seaweeds (Ulva lactuca and

Gracillaria cordicata) with the effluents on the plant

growth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The plate making and match industry effluents

were collected from the match and plate making industry

in Sivakasi. The seaweeds (Ulva lactuca and

Gracillaria cordicata) were collected from Tuticorin

coastal area, shade dried and finally powdered by

milling.

Both control and experimental seedlings of

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. were treated with

various concentrations of plate making and match

industry effluents (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) separately.

After ten days of effluents treatment, various

morphometric, pigment, biochemical and enzymatic

characteristics were analysed. In another set 60% of

effluent (the concentration at which the toxicity found to

be optimum) level based on LST analysis (Zar, 1984)

was mixed into various amount of Ulva lactuca and

Gracilaria corticata seaweed dry powder (2 g/L, 4 g/L

and 6 g/L W/V) constantly shaken in a shaker for

12 h, filtered and the plants of another set was treated

with filtrate. After ten days of treatment various

morphometric, pigment, biochemical and enzymatic

characters were analyzed.

Selvaraj et al.,2013

168 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176

Figure 1

Morphometric Characters

Per

centa

ge

of

acti

citi

es

T wen t y d a ys o l d s e ed l i n g s o f

Cyamopsis tertagonoloba (L.) Taub. Were used to

measure the morphometric characters such as root

length, shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight and dry

weight were measured manually. The biochemical

characters and enzymatic charters were analysed by the

following methods. Chlorophyll and carotenoids

(Wellburn, and Lichtenthaler, 1984), anthocyanin (Swain

and Hills, 1959), total soluble sugar and amino acid

(Jayaraman,1981), Protein content (Lowry et al., 1951),

leaf nitrate (Cataldo et al., 1978). In vivo nitrate

reductase activity (Jaworski, 1971), Peroxidase and

catalase (Kar and Mishra, 1976). Morphometric

parameters were determined with ten independent

replicates. Biochemical characters and enzymatic assay

were carried with five replicates. The data were reported

as mean ± SE (Standard Error) and in parentheses

represent the percent activity.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The effect of different concentration of effluents

and the effect of algal treated effluents on the plants are

summarized and discussed below.

The morphometric characters such as root length

shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight

decreased with increase in the concentrations of plate

making and match industry effluent (Figure-1), similarly

chlorophyll, carotenoids total soluble sugar, protein and

nitrate reductase activity also showed a decline in trend

(Figure-2). In contrary, the anthocyanin, leaf nitrate, free

amino acids, proline contents and the activity of

antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase

were increased (Figure-3). At the 100% concentration of

match and plate making industry effluent treatment the

root length was reduced to 71% and 76%, similarly, the

shoot length was reduced to 74% and 71%. The

pronounced inhibition of shoot and root growth and

leaf area were the main cause for the decrease in fresh

and dry weight of seedlings. The inhibition of biomass

accumulation is directly related to the photosynthetic

process at higher concentration of effluents

(Kumar, 1999; Upadhyaya et al., 2011).

The total chlorophyll content was reduced to 76%

in the maximum concentration of match industry effluent

and 71% in the maximum concentration of plate making

industry effluent, likewise at 80% concentration of match

and plate effluents are reduction of sugar content was

60% and 57%, respectively. The reduction in sugar

contents may be attributed to reduction in chlorophyll

content of the leaf and also decline in protein. This

change might have already been affected the

photosynthetic activity of plant and hence reduction in

contents (Swaminathan et al., 1998; Dowton, 1997).

Accumulation of proline has been frequently used as

biochemical marker for water stress in plants (Alia and

Saradhi, 1991; Schat et al., 1997). Similarly an increase

in the amino acid and proline content after match

and sugar industry has already been reported by


Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176 169

Figure 2

Biochemical Characters Biochemical Characters

Figure 3



Pigments Control (Water) Control (Match

Effluent 60%)

Match Effluent With

2 gm /L SWP 4 gm /L SWP 6 gm /L SWP

Chlorophyll.a

(mg/gLFW)

3.60±0.964 (100) 1.49±0.245 (41) 2.69±0.350 (59) 2.14±0.298 (59) 3.53±0.046(98)

Chlorophyll.b (mg/gLFW)

2.87±0.164 (100) 1.52±0.037 (53) 1.58±0.049 (55) 2.46±0.410 (86) 2.87±0.326(100)

Total. Chlorophyll

(mg/gLFW)

6.47±0.891 (100) 3.01±0.282 (47) 4.41±0.263 (66) 4.86±0.241 (71) 6.55±0.304 (99)

Carotenoids (mg/gLFW)

3.48±0.011 (100) 1.80±0.173 (52) 1.93±0.097 (56) 2.77±0.223 (80) 3.44±0.279 (99)

Anthocyanin

(mg/gLFW)

2.43±0.070 (100) 3.49±0.025(144) 3.37±0.193(139) 2.73±0.259(112) 2.51±0.418 (103)

Table 2 Effect of Match Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the photosynthetic pigments of

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub

Values in parenthesis indicate percent activity; value represents mean of 5 samples with their standard error (±)

Parameters Control (Water) Control (Match

Effluent 60%)

Match Effluent With


Total soluble Sugar (mg/g LFW)

43.87±0.88 (100) 24.05±0.250(55) 29.5±0.452 (67) 35.8±0.294 (82) 44.3±0.331 (101)

Total soluble Protein (mg/g LFW)

12.48±0.271(100) 8.92±0.461(71) 9.8 ±0.171 (78) 10.6±0.779 (85) 12.6±0.458 (101)

Amino acid (µMole/g LFW)

2.56±0.067(100) 4.68±0.21(183) 4.12±0.130(161) 3.52±0.434 (137) 2.78±0.214 (109)

Proline (µMole/g LFW)

27.69±0.103(100) 43.97±0.347(159) 40.8±0.167(147) 33.2±0.499 (120) 28.7±0.199 (104)

Leaf nitrate (mg/g LFW)

3.67±0.066(100) 5.26±0.282(143) 4.08±0.151(111) 4.0±0.210 (109) 3.76±0.221 (102)

Table 3 Effect of Match Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the Biochemical characteristics of

Cyamopsis tetragaonoloba Taub.



Effluent 60%)

Match Effluent With


Nitrate Reductase activity (µMole/g LFW)

2.21±0.330(100) 1.51±0.220(68) 1.49±0.186(67) 1.88±0.208(85) 2.32±0.232(105)

Catalase activity (µMole/g LFW)

2.25±0.060(100) 3.41±0.121(152) 3.35±0.201(149) 2.8± 0.341(125) 2.46±0.180(109)

Peroxidase activity (µMole/g LFW)

6.24±0.017(100) 10.33±0.061(166) 9.86±0.281(158) 8.41±0.355(135) 5.74± 0.978 (92)

Table 4 Effect of Match Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the Enzymes activity of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.


Growth Control (Water) Control (Match

Effluent 60%)

Match Effluent With


Root Length (cm) 14.79±0.489 (100) 7.03±0.188 (48) 8.36±0.197 (57) 10.74±0.270 (73) 14.08±0.564 (95)

Shoot Length (cm) 17.34±0.489 (100) 9.48±0.243 (55) 9.85±0.224 (57) 13.95±0.638 (80) 16.96±0.49 (98)

Leaf Area (cm2) 12.38±0.149(100) 5.76±0.219 (47) 6.58±0.119 (53) 10.11±0.276 (82) 12.07±0.518 (97)

Fresh Weight (gm) 1.48±0.584 (100) 0.91±0.248 (61) 0.91±0.027 (61) 1.29±0.126 (87) 1.47±0.118 (99)

Dry Weight (gm) 1.171±0.111 (100) 0.443±0.192 (38) 0.49±0.023 (43) 0.81±0.038 (69) 0.94±0.109 (80)

Table 1 Effect of Match Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the Morphometric characteristics of

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.




Growth Control (Water) Control (Match

Effluent 60%)

Match Effluent With


Root Length (cm) 14.79±0.489(100) 7.03± 0.188 (48) 8.23±0.188 (56) 11.87±0.625 (80) 14.53±0.309 (98)

Shoot Length (cm) 17.34±0.489 (100) 9.48±0.243 (55) 9.65±0.117 (56) 14.29±0.646 (82) 17.14±0.497 (99)

Leaf Area (cm2) 12.38±0.149 (100) 5.76±0.219 (47) 6.58±0.112 (53) 9.48±0.134 (77) 12.13±0.419 (98)

Fresh Weight (gm) 1.48±0.584 (100) 0.91±0.248 (61) 0.922±0.24 (62) 1.18±0.074 (80) 1.51±0.084 (103)

Dry Weight (gm) 1.171±0.111 (100) 0.443±0.192 (38) 0.465±0.024 (40) 0.88±0.038 (75) 1.18±0.081 (101)

Table 5 Effect of Match Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the Morphometric characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.


Pigments Control (Water) Control (Match

Effluent 60%) Match Effluent With


Chlorophyll .a

(mg/gLFW) 3.60±0.964 (100) 1.49±0.245 (41) 1.67±0.064 (46) 2.45±0.262 (68) 3.49±0.258 (97)

Chlorophyll .b (mg/gLFW)

2.87±0.164 (100) 1.52±0.037 (53) 1.66±0.069 (58) 2.05±0.040 (72) 2.70±0.150 (94)

Total. Chlorophyll (mg/gLFW)

6.47±0.891 (100) 3.01±0.282 (47) 3.33±0.134 (51) 4.50±0.237 (70) 6.19±0.278 (96)


3.48±0.011 (100) 1.80±0.173 (52) 1.73±0.191 (50) 2.74±0.117 (79) 3.71±0.148 (106)

Anthocyanin (mg/gLFW)

2.43±0.070 (100) 3.49±0.025 (144) 3.44±0.161 (141) 2.64±0.185 (108) 2.20±0.129 (90)

Table 6 Effect of Match Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the photosynthetic pigments of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub



Effluent 60%)

Match Effluent With



43.87±0.880(100) 24.05±0.250 (55) 28.81±0.182 (66) 35.69±0.538 (81) 43.46±0.593 (99)


12.48±0.271 (100) 8.92±0.461 (71) 8.60±0.173 (69) 10.20±0.529 (82) 12.96±0.064(104)


2.56±0.067 (100) 4.68±0.21 (183) 3.62±0.116(141) 3.03±0.234 (118) 2.60±0.241 (102)


27.69±0.103(100) 43.97±0.347 (159) 39.39±0.271(142) 30.08±0.228 (109) 27.31±0.731 (99)


3.67±0.066(100) 5.26±0.282 (143) 4.55±0.191(124) 3.85 ± 0.14 (105) 3.08±0.297 (84)

Table 7 Effect of Match Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the Biochemical characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub..


Parameters Control

(Water)

Control (Match

Effluent 60%)

Match Effluent With

2 gm /L SWP 4 gm /L SWP 6 gm /L SWP Nitrate Reductase activity (µMole/g LFW)

2.21±0.330 (100) 1.51±0.220 (68) 1.58±0.238 (72) 1.98±0.183 (90) 2.49±0.212 (113)


2.25±0.060 (100) 3.41±0.121 (152) 3.55±0.264 (158) 2.90±0.097 (129) 2.30±0.096 (102)


6.24±0.017 (100)

10.33±0.061 (166)

8.95±0.648 (143) 7.35±0.207 (118) 5.99±0.289 (96)

Table 8 Effect of Match Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the Enzymes activity of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.

Values in parenthesis indicate percent activity; value represents mean of 5 samples with their standard error (±).



Growth Control (Water)

Control (Plate

Making

Effluent 60%)

Plate Making Effluent With


Root Length (cm) 12.75±0.091 (100) 6.46±0.094 (51) 6.85±0.055 (54) 9.25±0.132 (73) 10.96±0.140 (86)

Shoot Length (cm) 15.12±0.155 (100) 7.53±0.107 (50) 8.06±0.145 (53) 11.11±0.317 (73) 13.49±0.314 (89)

Leaf Area (cm2) 11.43±0.109 (100) 4.73±0.039 (41) 5.55±0.112 (49) 8.31±0.143 (73) 10.40±0.63 (91)

Fresh Weight (gm) 1.12±0.014 (100) 0.64±0.037 (58) 0.743±0.017 (67) 0.89±0.180 (80) 1.067±0.072 (96)

Dry Weight (gm) 0.97±0.040 (100) 0.28±0.015 (29) 0.41±0.016 (42) 0.74±0.04 (76) 0.82 ±0.079 (84)

Table 9 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the Morphometric characteristics of



Pigments Control (Water) Control (Plate Making

Effluent 60%)



Chlorophyll .a (mg/gLFW)

1.59±0.080 (100) 0.72±0.016 (45) 0.85±0.021 (54) 1.04±0.044 (65) 1.45±0.112 (91)


0.87±0.016 (100) 0.40±0.90 (46) 0.57±0.016 (66) 0.73±0.020 (84) 0.85±0.028 (98)


2.45±0.021 (100) 1.12±0.016 (46) 1.42±0.033 (58) 1.77±0.041 (72) 2.30±0.084 (94)


0.483±0.011 (100) 0.247±0.060 (51) 0.302±0.023 (63) 0.404±0.040 (84) 0.461±0.010(95)

Anthocyanin (mg/gLFW)

1.43±0.077 (100) 2.49±0.025 (174) 2.18±0.084 (152) 1.85±0.048 (129) 1.48±0.038(104)

Table 10 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the photosynthetic pigments of



Parameters Control (Water)

Control

(Plate Making

Effluent 60%)




45.87±0.88(100) 24.05±0.250 (52) 28.81±0.182 (63) 34.76± 0.672 (76) 41.08±0.843 (90)


10.81±0.157(100) 7.25±0.174 (67) 8.13±0.049 (75) 9.77±0.052 (90) 10.21±0.168 (94)


1.61±0.040(100) 2.943±0.038 (184) 2.29±0.181 (143) 1.82±0.086(113) 1.7±0.136 (106)


25.58±0.060(142) 42.47±0.566 (166) 39.39± 0.399 (154) 30.08±0.228(118) 27.31±0.731 (107)


1.74±0.011(100) 2.92±0.0475(168) 2.63±0.059 (151) 2.20± 0.105 (127) 1.70 ± 0.081 (98)

Table 11 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the Biochemical characteristics of



Parameters Control (Water)

Control

(Plate Making

Effluent 60%)



Nitrate Reductase activity (µMole/g LFW)

0.54±0.014 (100) 0.29 ± 0.048 (54) 0.35±0.021 (65) 0.47±0.017 (86) 0.56 ±0.019(103)


0.248±0.068(100) 517± 0.094 (208) 0.527±0.051(212) 0.387±0.036(156) 0.250±0.092(101)


4.24±0.017(100) 9.15±0.020 (216) 8.54±0.244(201) 6.47±0.387(153) 4.61 ±0.191(109)

Table 12 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Ulva lactuca on the Enzymes activity of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.




Growth Control (Water)

Control

(Plate Making

Effluent 60%)



Root Length (cm) 12.75±0.091 (100) 6.46±0.094 (51) 8.36±0.190 (66) 10.22±0.21 (80) 12.53±0.19 (98)

Shoot Length (cm) 15.12±0.155 (100) 7.53±0.107 (50) 9.85±0.22 (65) 12.75±0.14 (84) 14.98±0.20 (99)

Leaf Area (cm2) 11.43±0.109 (100) 4.73±0.039 (41) 6.58±0.11 (58) 9.48±0.13 (83) 10.88±0.28 (95)

Fresh Weight (gm) 1.12±0.014 (100) 0.64±0.037 (58) 0.87±0.020 (79) 0.96±0.014 (87) 1.09±0.15 (98)

Dry Weight (gm) 0.97±0.040 (100) 0.28±0.015 (29) 0.5±0.24 (51) 0.81±0.35 (83) 0.94±0.17 (97)

Table 13 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the Morphometric characteristics of



Pigments Control (Water) Control

(Plate Making

Effluent 60%)



Chlorophyll .a (mg/gLFW)

1.59±0.080 (100) 0.72±0.016 (45) 0.97±0.41 (61) 1.36±0.312 (86) 1.62±0.175 (102)


0.87±0.016 (100) 0.40±0.90 (46) 0.60±0.157 (70) 0.76±0.29 (88) 0.86±0.331 (99)


2.45±0.021 (100) 1.12±0.016 (46) 1.57±0.014 (64)

2.13±0.514 (87) 2.48±0.056 (101)


0.483±0.011 (100) 0.247±0.060 (51) 0.313±0.025 (65) 0.434±0.046 (90) 0.472±0.097 (98)

Anthocyanin

(mg/gLFW)

1.43±0.077 (100) 2.49±0.025 (174) 2.01±0.131 (140) 1.7±0.056 (119) 1.48±0.065 (103)

Table 14 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the photosynthetic pigments of



Parameters Control (Water) Control (Plate

Making Effluent 60%)



Total soluble Sugar

(mg/g LFW) 45.87±0.88(100) 24.05±0.250(52) 29.51±0.452(64) 35.78±0.294 (78) 45.5±0.71(99)

Total soluble Protein

(mg/g LFW) 10.81±0.157 (100) 7.25±0.174 (67) 8.38±0.121(78) 9.57±0.65(89) 10.89±0.39 (101)

Amino acid

(µMole/g LFW) 1.61±0.040(100) 2.943±0.038 (184) 2.237±0.035 (139) 1.803±0.168(112) 1.587±0.015 (99)

Proline

(µMole/g LFW) 25.58±0.060 (142) 42.47±0.566 (166) 35.74±0.641 (140) 28.93±0.753 (113) 25.77±0.544(101)

Leaf nitrate

(mg/g LFW) 1.74±0.011(100) 2.92±0.0475(168) 2.49±0.020(144) 2.047±0.081 (118) 1.753±0.032(101)

Table 15 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the Biochemical characteristics of



Ramasubramanian et al., (2006); Jeyarathi and

Ramasubramanian (2002). The leaf nitrate content was

found to be more in effluents treated plants paralleling

with the reduction in nitrate reductase activity. These

results coincides with the results of Selvaraj et al.,

(2011).

In the present study an enhanced peroxidase

activity was observed with the increase in the

concentration of Match and Plate making effluents.

Balasimha (1982), reported that peroxidase plays a vital

role in IAA and chlorophyll degradation. Thus observed

an increase in peroxidase activity that can be correlated

with the observed reduction in chlorophyll content, fresh

weight and biomass, similar results were also observed

by Ramasubramanian et al., (2004) and Selvarathi et al.,

(2006). Catalase is an antioxidant and scavenging

enzyme and found to be increased with the increasing

concentration of Match and Plate making effluents.

Bioadsorption studies showed increase in

morphometric characteristics after the application of

dried powders of Ulva lactuca and Graciaria corticata

(Table-1, 5, 9 and 13). Similarly the chlorophyll content

too was increased (Table-2, 6, 10 and 14). The total

chlorophyll content was increased to about 18% in match

industry effluent and 16% in plate making industry

effluent treated with a minimum of 2 g w/v of seaweed

Graciaria corticata, and increased about 27% and 24%

in match industry and plate making industry effluent

treated with 4 g w/v of seaweed Ulva lactuca dry powder

treatment than the plants treated with untreated effluent.

Carotenoid content also shows a marked increase, but the

anthocyanin content showed a remarkable reduction with

increasing concentration of the enriched liquid organic

manure. These results coincides with the results of

Ramasubramanian et al., (2006). The total soluble sugar

protein content and nitrate reductase activity also

increased after the application of algal dry powders

(Table-3, 7, 11 and 15), owing to bioadsorption. Algal

biomass absorb or remove toxic elements present in the

effluent (Ramasubramanian et al 2006). In contrary leaf

nitrate, free amino acids, proline (Table-3, 7, 11 and 15)

and the activity of enzymes such as catalase and

peroxidase (Table-4, 8, 12 and 16) were found decreased

after the application of algal dry powder. These findings

are also in line with the findings of Selvarathi and

Ramasubramanian (2010) and Selvaraj et al., (2010).

Conventional methods of removal of toxins which

are expensive in match and plate making industry

effluents are expensive and hence the use of low cost

abundant environment friendly bioadsorption has been

tested. The dried algal biomass used in the present study

is available in large quantities for remove of heavy

metals and also a potential economic and effective safe

alternative (Jayakumar and Ramasubramanian,2009).

CONCLUSION

The result of the present study shows that the

dry powder of Ulva lactuca and Gracillaria corticata

can effectively remove the toxicity from the effluents.

Hence, we strongly suggest that these bioadsorbents

could well be used to boost the yield of crops commonly

cultivated in much metal contaminated areas of Sivakasi.



Parameters Control (Water) Control (Plate

Making Effluent 60%)



Nitrate Reductase activity

(µMole/g LFW)

0.54 ±0.014 (100)

0.29±0.048(54)

0.39±0.090(72)

0.48±0.011(90)

0.58±0.039(107)

Catalase activity

(µMole/g LFW)

0.248±0.068 (100)

0.517±0.094 (208)

0.427±0.073

(172)

0.340±0.021 (137)

0.255±0.068 (103)

Peroxidase activity

(µMole/g LFW)

4.24 ±0.017(100)

9.15±0.020(216)

8.04±0.070(190)

5.66±0.54(134)

4.15±0.105 (98)

Table 16 Effect of Plate Making Effluent and Gracillaria corticata on the Enzymes activity of



REFERENCES

Alia P and Saradhi PP. 1991. Proline accumulation

under heavy metal stress. J. Plant Physiol., 138(5):554-

558.

Balasimha D. 1982. Regulation of peroxidase in higher

plants a review. Plant. Physiol. Biochem., 9(2):130-143.

Cataldo DA, Garland TR and Wildung, RE. 1978.

Nickel in plants. I. Uptake kinetics using intact soybean

seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

62:563-565.

Dowton WJS. 1997. Photosynthesis in salt stressed in

grape wines. Aust. J.Plant Physiol., 4:183-192.

Jaworski EG. 1971. Nitrate reductase assay in intact

plant tissues. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun.,

43(6):1274-1279.

Jayakumar S and Ramasubramanian V. 2009.

Bioremoval of chromium using seaweeds as biosorbents.

J.Basic and App. Biol., 3(3 and 4):121-128.

Jayaraman J. 1981. Laboratory manual in

Biochemistry, Willey-Eastern Company Limited,

Madras. 1-65.

Jeyarathi KP and Ramasubramanian V. 2002.

Analysis of sugar mill Effluents and its impact on the

growth and biochemical characteristics of

Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Mediakus. In: Recent

Trends in Biotechnology (Ed. Harikumar, V.S) Grobios

Publication, Jodhpur. 245-253.

Kar M and Mishra D. 1976. Catalase, peroxidase and

polyphenol oxidase activities during rice leaf senescence.

Plant Physiol., 57(2):315- 319.

Kumar A. 1999. Irrigational impact of industrial effect

of chemical constituents of soil and plant. Ad. Plant. Sci.,

14:351-358.

Lowry OH, Rosenbury NJ, Farr AL and Randall RJ.

1951. Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent.

J.Bio.Chem., 193:262-275.

Ramasubramanian V, Jeyaprakash R and

Ramasamy TN. 2006. Assessment of physico-chemical

parameters in three industrial effluents. Indian

J.Env.Protect., 26(12):1090-1092.

Ramasubramanian V, Ravichandran V and

Kannan N. 1993. Analysis of industrial effluents and

their impact on the growth and metabolism of

Phaseolus mungo, L. Commun.Soil.Sci. and Plant.Anal.,

24 (17and18): 2241-2249.

Ramasubramanian V, Ravichandran V and Ravi N.

1988. A Survey on the quality of water samples from

ANJAC Campus and two industrial effluents.

ANJAC .J.Sci., 8:49-53.

Ramasubramanian V, Jeyaprakash R, Ruby Mallika

DA, Ramasubbu R and Mariappan V. 2004. Analysis

of physico-chemical characteristics of ground water

quality and quality index in and around Sivakasi town.

Indian J.Environ. and Ecoplan 8(1):171176.

Schat H, Sharma SS and Voojis. 1997. Heavy metal

induces accumulation of proline in metal tolerant and

non-tolerant ecotypes of Silene Vulgaris. Physiol. Plant

101(3):477-482.

Selvaraj K, Jeyaprakash R and Ramasubramanian

V. 2010. Impact of nickel on growth and biochemical

characteristics of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. and

amelioration of the stress by the seaweed treatment.

J. Basic and App. Biol., 4(3):181-187.

S e l va r a j K , Se vug a p e r u ma l R a n d

Ramasubramanian V. 2011. Dye industry effluent

stress – ameliorating efficacy of Ulva lactuca on reduced

morphometric, biochemical and enzymatic

characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.



J. Basic and App. Biol., 5(11):78-84.

Selvarathi P and Ramasubramanian V. 2010.

Phytoremedial effect of Datura metal L. On paper mill

effluent and its impact on Physicochemical

characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

J. Biosci. Res., 1(2):94-100.

Selvarathi P, Jeyaprakash R, Ramasubramanian V

and Veeranan P. 2006. Impact of paper mill effluent

on the growth and biochemical characteristics of

Eleucine coracana. In: Proceedings of National

Conference on Environmental Pollution Management

and Sustainable Development (Ed. Rajan, M.R.)

Gandhigram University, Gandhigram 1-9.

Swain T and Hills WE. 1959. The phenolic constituents

of Prunus domestica, L. The quantitative analysis of

phenolic constitution. J.Sci. Food Agric., 10(1):63-68.

Swaminathan K, Arjunan J and Gurusamy R. 1998.

Effect of glucose factory effluents on the seed

germination and seedling development of groundnut

(Arachis hypogaea, L.). Envirion. Biol., 2:187-189.

Upadhyaya H, Bhattacharjee MK, Deboshree Roy

and Soumitra Shome. 2011. Toxic effect of Copper on

ten rice cultivars. J. Res.in. plant.Sci., 1:38-44.

Wellburn AR and Lichtenthaler H. 1984. In:

Advances in photosynthesis Research (ed.Sybesma)

Martinus Nijhoff, Co., The Hague II:9-12.

Zar JK. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hill

international. INC, Engle Wood Cliffs. New Jersey.



Submit your articles online at www.plantsciences.info

Advantages

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright

[email protected]

www.plantsciences.info/Submit.php.

Documents

Bioadsorbent to clean industrial effluents by seaweeds