Bio Tuition

7/25/2019 Bio Tuition

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8.1

THE

ABIOT

IC

AND

BIOTI

C

COMP

ENENTS OF

THE

ENVIROMEN

T


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ABIOTIC

FACT

ORS

OF AN

ECOS

YSTE

M

TOPOGRAPLIGHTINTENSITY

TEMPERATU

pH

MICROCLIM

HUMIDIT


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1)LIGHT INTENSITY

The intensity of liht !"e#ts the $ist%i&'tion !n$

%o(th of pl!nts!n$ $ist%i&'tion of !ni*!ls+The s'n is the so'%#e of ene%y fo% photosynthsis in

pl!nts+The ,!%yin liht intensity in fo%est le!$ to the

%o(th of $i"e%ent types of pl!nts+ -o% e.!*plet!ll t%ees(hi#h !%e e.pose$ to ! %e!te%

!*o'nt of s'nlihtfo%* the #!nopy of the fo%est

(hile pl!nt s'#h !s fe%ns !n$ ,ines s'%,i,e in the

#o,e% o,e%he!$ sh!$y t%ees+&i%$s&!ts !n$ t%ee f%o!%e so*e !ni*!ls li,e &elo( the #!nopy+

Mosses !n$ s*!ll !ni*!ls s'#h !s !nts !n$

e!%tho%*s li,e !t the %o'n$ le,el (he%e the%e is less

liht+ /!#te%i! !n$ f'ni th!t li,e in soil p%efe% $!%0

#on$ition+


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)pH

2)TEMPERATURE


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3)TOPOGRAPHY

4)HUMIDITY

5)MICROCLIMATE


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/IOTIC

COMPONENTSO- ANECOSYSTEM

PRODUCER

CONSUMER

DECOMPOSER


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PRODUCERS

CONSUMERS

DECOMPOSERS


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FOOD

CHAINS,


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6HAT IS A -OOD CHAIN7

A foo$ #h!in is the fee$in %el!tionship &et(een li,in

o%!nis*


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Ene%y 8o( (ithin ! foo$ (e&


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Co**ens!lis*Co**ens!lis* in e#oloy is ! #l!ss of %el!tionships &et(een t(o

o%!nis*s (he%e one o%!nis* &ene9ts f%o* the othe% (itho't

!"e#tin it+ This is in #ont%!st (ith *'t'!lis* in (hi#h &oth

o%!nis*s &ene9t f%o* e!#h othe% !*ens!lis* (he%e one is

h!%*e$ (hile the othe% is 'n!"e#te$ !n$ p!%!sitis* (he%e one

&ene9ts (hile the othe% is h!%*e$+ The (o%$ :#o**ens!lis*: is

$e%i,e$ f%o* the (o%$ :#o**ens!l: *e!nin :e!tin !t the

s!*e t!&le: in h'*!n so#i!l inte%!#tion (hi#h in t'%n #o*esth%o'h -%en#h f%o* the Me$ie,!l L!tin #o**ens!lis *e!nin

:sh!%in ! t!&le: f%o* the p%e9. #o*; *e!nin :toethe%: !n$

*ens! *e!nin :t!&le: o% :*e!l:+


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spe#ies (hi#h is s'&st!nti!lly 'n!"e#te$+ The #o**ens!l

%el!tion is often &et(een ! l!%e% host !n$ ! s*!lle% #o**ens!l

the host o%!nis* is 'n*o$i9e$ (he%e!s the #o**ens!l spe#ies

*!y sho( %e!t st%'#t'%!l !$!pt!tion #onson!nt (ith its h!&its

!s in the %e*o%!s th!t %i$e !tt!#he$ to sh!%0s !n$ othe% 9shes+/oth %e*o%!s !n$ pilot 9shes fee$ on the lefto,e%s of thei% hosts?

*e!ls+ N'*e%o's &i%$s fee$ on the inse#ts t'%ne$ 'p &y %!@in

*!**!ls (hile othe% &i%$s o&t!in soil o%!nis*s sti%%e$ 'p &y

the plo(+


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Re*o%! 9sh !n$ sh!%0


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E p ip h y t e s a ep !a " ts # h i$ h% & # & " & th e p !a " ts ' ( t ) &" & t & ' t a i" * & & )* & + th eh & s t . F & e a + p !e ,s t a % h & "* e " s , ' i ) s" e s t *e " s a " )

p i% e & " & $ h i)% & # & " t h et ( " - s & * t e e st & & ' t a i"s ( " !i% h t *& p h & t & s y " t h e s i s.t h e h & s tp !a " ts a e " & t

a e $ te ) ' y t h es + a ! !e p !a " ts% & # i" % & "t h e +

s t ! hfe % n st % ' n 0t %ee

& i %$fe % nt %' nt %ee

pno$t %s t %


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E p @o # s ! %e ! n * ! s( h i#h li,e on the& o $ y o f o th e %

! n i* ! ls +/ ! %n! # le s( h i# h ! tt! # hth e * s e l, e s to th es0 in o f ! ( h! le o % thesh e ll o f ! # %!& e t !f%e e % i$ e ( h ilelo o0 in f o % fo o$ +T he

( h ! le ! n $ th e&! %n ! # le s ! %e no t! " e # te $ & y th e&! % n! # l e s +


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MUTUALISM

A mutualistic relationship is when two organisms of different species "work

together," each benefiting from the relationship.

Eypti!n plo,e% !n$ the #%o#o$ile+

In the t%opi#!l Af%i#!n B'nles the #%o#o$ile lies 0eepin its *o'thopen+ The plo,e% 8ies in to the *o'th of the #%o#o$ile !n$ e!tsthe $e#!yin *e!t st'#0 in its teeth+ The #%o#o$ile $oes not e!tthe plo,e% &'t !pp%e#i!tes the f%ee $ent!l #!%e+ This (!y &oth ofthe* !%e &ene9te$ f%o* e!#h othe%+

Monoose !n$ ho%n &ill &i%$s

In the $ese%ts of T!%' in eny! *onoose !n$ ho%n &ill &i%$ssh!%e ! %e!t *'t'!lis* %el!tionship+ In the $esse%t the%e !%e not%ees so the &i%$s !%e h!lf of the ti*e on the %o'n$ !n$ h!,e toloo0 fo% the foo$ on the %o'n$ itself+ -o% %estin !n$ sleepinp'%poses !lso &i%$s nee$ the s!fe %o'n$ !%e!+ /oth theMonoose !n$ ho%n &ills !%e e.pose$ to hih p%e$!to% p%ess'%es+So (hen the *onooses !%e sleepin o% h'ntin fo% foo$ the

&i%$s '!%$ the* !n$ ,i#e ,e%s!+ They *!0e #e%t!in noises (henthey see !ny th%e!tenin %eptiles !n$ !le%t the othe% p!%ty+Toethe% they fo%* fo%!in #o**'nities !n$ p%ote#t e!#h othe%+


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O.pe#0e% !n$ the %hino#e%os o% @e&%!

O.pe#0e% >! 0in$ of &i%$) !n$ the %hino#e%os o% @e&%!+ O.pe#0e%s

l!n$ on %hinos o% @e&%!s !n$ e!t ti#0s !n$ othe% p!%!sites th!t li,e

on thei% s0in+ The o.pe#0e%s et foo$ !n$ the &e!sts et pest

#ont%ol+ Also (hen the%e is $!ne% the o.pe#0e%s 8y 'p(!%$ !n$

s#%e!* ! (!%nin (hi#h helps the sy*&iont >! n!*e fo% the

othe% p!%tne% in ! %el!tionship)+

The &ee !n$ the 8o(e%

The &ee !n$ the 8o(e%+ /ees 8y f%o* 8o(e% to 8o(e% !the%in ne#t!% (hi#h they

*!0e into foo$ &ene9tin the &ees+ 6hen they l!n$ in ! 8o(e% the &ees et so*e

pollen on thei% h!i%y &o$ies !n$ (hen they l!n$ in the ne.t 8o(e% so*e of the

pollen f%o* the 9%st one %'&s o" pollin!tin the pl!nt+ This &ene9ts the pl!nts+ In

this *'t'!listi# %el!tionship the &ees et to e!t !n$ the 8o(e%in pl!nts et to

%ep%o$'#e+


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The spi$e% #%!& !n$ the !l!e

The spi$e% #%!& !n$ the !l!e+ Spi$e% #%!&s li,e in sh!llo( !%e!s of the o#e!n 8oo%

!n$ %eenish;&%o(n !l!e li,es on the #%!&s &!#0s *!0in the #%!&s &len$ in (ith

thei% en,i%on*ent !n$ 'nnoti#e!&le to p%e$!to%s+ The !l!e ets ! oo$ pl!#e to

li,e !n$ the #%!& ets #!*o'8!e+

The &!#te%i! !n$ the h'*!n

The &!#te%i! !n$ the h'*!n+ A #e%t!in 0in$ of &!#te%i! li,es in the intestines of

h'*!ns !n$ *!ny othe% !ni*!ls+ The h'*!n #!nnot $iest !ll of the foo$ th!t it

e!ts+ The &!#te%i! e!t the foo$ th!t the h'*!n #!nnot $iest !n$ p!%ti!lly $iest it!llo(in the h'*!n to 9nish the Bo&+ The &!#te%i! &ene9t &y ettin foo$ !n$ the

h'*!n &ene9ts &y &ein !&le to $iest the foo$ it e!ts+


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Li#hens

Sy*&iosis in li#hens is the *'t'!lly helpf'l sy*&ioti# %el!tionship of %een !l!e

!n$Fo% &l'e;%een !l!e >#y!no&!#te%i!) li,in !*on 9l!*ents of ! f'n's+The

f'n's &ene9ts f%o* the !l!e o% #y!no&!#te%i! &e#!'se they p%o$'#e foo$ &y

photosynthesis+ The !l!e o% #y!no&!#te%i! &ene9t &y &ein p%ote#te$ f%o* the

en,i%on*ent &y the 9l!*ents of the f'n's (hi#h !lso !the% *oist'%e !n$

n't%ients f%o* the en,i%on*ent !n$ >'s'!lly) p%o,i$e !n !n#ho% to it+ The li#hen

#o*&in!tion of f'n's !n$Fo% !l!e !n$Fo% #y!no&!#te%i! h!s ! ,e%y $i"e%ent fo%*

>*o%pholoy) physioloy !n$ &io#he*ist%y th!n the p!%ts %o(in &y the*sel,es+

The p%ope%ties of the :(hole: #o*&in!tion !%e ,e%y $i"e%ent f%o* the s'* of the

p%ope%ties of the p!%ts li,in &y the*sel,es+


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P!%!sitis*


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Parasitism, relationship between two speciesofplantsor animalsin which one benefits at the expense

of the other, sometimes without killing thehostorganism.

Parasites may be

characterized as ectoparasitesincluding ticks,fleas,leeches, and licewhich live on the body surface of

the host and do not themselves commonly causediseasein the host; or endoparasites, which may be
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either intercellular (inhabiting spaces in the hosts body! orintracellular (inhabiting cells in the hosts body!.

"ntracellular parasitessuch as bacteriaorvirusesoften rely on a third organism, known as the carrier,

or vector, to transmit them to the host.#alaria,which is caused by a protozoanof the

genus Plasmodiumtransmitted to humans by the bite of an anopheline mos$uito, is an example of this

interaction. %heplantailment known as &utch elm disease(caused by the fungusCeratocystis ulmi! can

be spread by the 'uropean elm bark beetle.

different form of parasitism called brood parasitismis practiced

by most species ofcuckoosand allcowbirds. %hose birds do not build nests of their own but deposit

their eggsin the nests of other species and abandon them there, with the hope that adult birds of other

species will raise the abandoned young as their own. %hecowbirdsparasitism does not necessarily harm

the host or the hosts brood; however, the cuckoomay remove one or more host eggs to reduce thesuspicion surrounding the presence of its egg, and the young cuckoo may heave the hosts eggs and

nestlings from the nest.

nother form of parasitism, such as that practiced by someantson ants of other species, is known

associal parasitism.()ocial parasitism is a condition where a parasitizing antspecies depends upon the

labour provided by a host ant species within the context of a mixed*species colony.! Parasites may also

become parasitized; such a relationship, known as hyperparasitism, may be exemplified by

aprotozoan(the hyperparasite! living in the digestive tract of a flea living on a dog.

)exual parasitism, which is actually a type of specialized reproduction,is most commonly associated with

deep*seaanglerfish, where it occurs in more than + species. "n these fish, males are much smaller than

females. ("n the case of the northern seadevil, or deep*sea angler, Ceratias holboelli, females may be

more than - times the size of males.! emales possess a luring apparatus to entice prey, but males do

not. /owever, males possess the visual and olfactory acuity to locate females so that they might obtain

food. #ales attach themselves to females with their0aws,and in some cases the tissues andcirculatory

systemsbetween the sexes are 0oined. %hereafter, the male serves as a sperm*producing organ on the

female, since transformation makes him completely dependent upon her.
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1ther forms of sexual parasitism also exist, including those in which the genetic material from one parent

is discarded by the other parent despite the effort made by the other parent to produce and deliver it. or

example, young resulting from the pairing of sailfin mollies(Poecilia latipinna! and tlantic mollies (P.

mexicana! are females that can produce only clonesof themselves. %hey need sperm from males of

either of the two species to start the process; however, since all offspring are clones of their mother, no

male &2 is passed on.

Par

asitism differs from parasitoidism, a relationship in which the parasite always kills the host. Parasitoidism

occurs in some /ymenoptera(ants,wasps,and bees!, &iptera(flies!, and a

few3epidoptera(butterfliesandmoths!4 the female lays her eggs in or on the host, upon which the larvae

feed on hatching.
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Examples of parasites

1)Tapeworm

Tapeworms are segmented flatworms that attach themselves to the insides of

the intestines of animals such as cows, pigs, and humans.Tapeworms get into

the organism when an organism eats or drinks something that's infected with a

worm or its eggs. Once inside the body, the tapeworm head attaches to theinner wall of the intestines. The tapeworm feeds off the food that the host is

digesting. It uses this nutrition to grow.

2)Flea


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Fleas are a nuisance to their hosts, causing an itching sensation which in turn may result in the

host attempting to remove the pest by biting, pecking, scratching, etc. in the vicinity of the

parasite. Fleas are not simply a source of annoyance, however. Flea bites generally cause the

formation of a slightly raised, swollen itching spot with a single puncture point at the center .The

8e!s in t'%n et foo$ !n$ ! (!%* ho*e+

3)Rafflesia sp.

The Rafflesia sp. Is a parasitic plant which absorbs food substances from the trees

phloem tissue by using its haustorium.


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Examples of saprophytes


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1)Mushrooms

2)Saprophytic Bacteria

%hey grow on dead and decaying plants and animals, dung, rotten wood, stagnant water

and many other decaying substances rich in organic matter. 5ertain enzymes secreted by

the bacteria decompose the complex organic substances of the substrate, converting them

into simpler ammonium compounds.

%hey cause decay, and therefore also known as putrefying bacteria. %he souring of milk,

manufacture of cheese, preparation of butter from milk and vinegar from sugarcane 0uice,

are various processes completed by the action of certain specific saprophytic bacteria.

6ygomonas ferments glucose producing alcohol, lactic acid and carbon dioxide and plays

significant role in wine industry.

cetobacter oxidises organic compounds to organic acids such as lactic acid thus having a

significant role in vinegar industry. 5lostridium aceto*butylicum forms butyl alcohol from

carbohydrates. 3actobacillus converts sugars into lactic acid. 5anned food is spoiled by

7acillus stearuothermophilus and 5lostridium thermosaccharolyticium.


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Prey-predator relationship

Prey-predator interaction occurs when an organism,the prey,is hunted and

eaten by a stronger and bigger organism called predator.

Effects of predator

Predators such as tigers and lions usually have long canine teeth, sharp

vision and sharp claws to catch and kill their prey.

Predatory birds like eagles have hooked beaks to tear the flesh of their

prey.

In contrast, the prey relies on speed or camouflage to avoid being caught

by the predators.

The predator population is smaller than the prey population, and lags

behind the prey population.

In favourable conditions, when there are sufficient

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