Bio 101 Cumulative FINAL Homework Prof. Fournier · 14.Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product of cellular metabolism in aerobic organisms. The reaction below occurs within

Bio 101 Cumulative FINAL Homework Prof. Fournier

A) DNA B) starchC) hormones D) ATP

1. The energy an organism requires to transport materials and eliminatewastes is obtained directly from

A) necessary nutrients are circulatedB) hydrogen is used to synthesize glucoseC) metabolic wastes are absorbedD) chemical energy is converted into a usable form

2. Respiration is best described as a process by which

A) absorption B) circulationC) digestion D) respiration

3. Which life function is primarily involved in the conversion of theenergy stored in organic molecules to a form directly usable by acell?

A) kingdom B) phylumC) genus D) species

4. The scientific name for the fruit fly is Drosophila melanogaster.What classification group does the word Drosophila refers to?

5. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram belowrepresents levels of organization in living things.

A) human B) tissueC) stomach D) chloroplast

Which term would best represent X?

A) Plants and animals are made up of structural units known ascells.

B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genetic material and canreplicate.

C) All cells arise from preexisting cells.D) The cell is the basic functional unit of all living things.

6. Which statement describes an exception to the cell theory?

Cumulative FINAL Homework

7. Which row in the chart below contains a cell structure paired with its primary function?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

A) It would stimulate mitotic cell division.B) The cell would be unable to synthesize proteins.C) Development of abnormal hereditary features would occur in

the cell.D) Increased protein absorption would occur through the cell

membrane.

8. If the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed, what effect would thismost likely have on the cell?

A) a nucleus B) a chromosomeC) a protein molecule D) an enzyme molecule

9. The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in

10. The diagram below represents a biological process

A) A: oxygen and waterB: glucose

B) A: glucoseB: carbon dioxide and water

C) A: carbon dioxide and waterB: glucose

D) A: glucoseB: oxygen and water

Which set of molecules is best represented by letters A and B?

A) does not contain carbon B) does not contain nitrogenC) contains hydrogen D) contains oxygen

11. Water is classified as an inorganic compound because it

A) Mg(OH)2 B) NaClC) Cl2H22O11 D) NH3

12. Which formula represents an organic compound?

A) enzymes B) nucleiC) chloroplasts D) organelles

13. All cells of an organism are engaged in many different chemicalreactions. This fact is best supported by the presence in each cell ofthousands of different kinds of

14. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product of cellularmetabolism in aerobic organisms. The reaction below occurs withinthe cells to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide.

A) enzyme in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxideB) enzyme in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxideC) emulsifier in the digestion of hydrogen peroxideD) indicator in the detection of hydrogen peroxide

In this reaction, catalase functions as an


Base your answers to questions 15 and 16 on the graph below and your knowledge of biology.

A) 1 B) 5 C) 3 D) 13

15. Neither enzyme works at a pH of

A) acidic, only B) basic, onlyC) neutral D) sometimes acidic, sometimes basic

16. Pepsin works best in which type of environment?

A) shapes of the molecules involvedB) number of molecules involvedC) sequence of bases present in ATPD) amount of glucose present in the cell

17. The enzyme amylase will affect the breakdown of carbohydrates,but it will not affect the breakdown of proteins. The ability of anenzyme molecule to interact with specific molecules is mostdirectly determined by the

18. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents stages in the digestion of astarch, and on your knowledge of biology.

A) an antibody B) a receptor moleculeC) an enzyme D) a hormone

The structure labeled X most likely represents

19. What substance could be represented by the letter X in the diagrambelow?

A) carbohydrates B) ozoneC) carbon dioxide D) water


20. Some structural formulas of organic molecules are shown below.

A) 1 and 5 B) 2 and 4 C) 3 and 2 D) 4 and 3

Which structural formulas represent carbohydrate molecules?

21. Two molecules of the type illustrated below are combined bydehydration synthesis.

A) a protein B) a lipidC) maltose D) starch

Combining these two molecules produces

A) amino acids B) fatty acidsC) starch D) nucleic acids

22. Plants store carbohydrates in the form of

A) simple sugars B) amino acidsC) fatty acids D) nucleotides

23. What are the end products of the hydrolysis of a polysaccharide?

A) lipids B) proteinsC) carbohydrates D) salts

24. Vegetable oils, such as corn oil, belong to which general class oforganic substances?


25. Base your answer to the following question on on the chart below and your knowledge of Biology.

A) B)

C) D)

Which belongs in section G ?

A) water and nucleic acidsB) amino acids and dipeptidesC) fatty acids and glycerolD) glucose and water

26. Which substances are produced by the hydrolysis of an oil?

A) Proteins are long, usually folded, chains.B) The shape of a protein molecule determines its function.C) Proteins can be broken down and used for energy.D) Proteins are bonded together, resulting in simple sugars.

27. Which statement concerning proteins is not correct?

A) whether it is organic or inorganicB) changes in temperature or pHC) the number of genes found in the nucleusD) the number of chromosomes in the cell

28. What is the shape of a protein molecule influenced by?

A) produce gametes by the process of mitosisB) produce carbon dioxide and water as metabolic wastesC) are able to obtain complex organic materials from the

environmentD) are able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic raw

materials

29. Maple trees and tulips are classified as autotrophs because they both

A) Chloroplasts are visible inside the cells.B) Digestive organs are visible upon dissection.C) The organism lives close to the surface.D) The organism makes molecules that help digest food.

30. Scientists studying ocean organisms are discovering new andunusual species. Which observation could be used to determine thatan ocean organism is a plant cell?


A) cellular respiration B) asexual reproductionC) active transport D) autotrophic nutrition

31. Which process usually uses carbon dioxide molecules?

A) hydrolysis B) photosynthesisC) respiration D) digestion

32. Which activity of autotrophs makes radiant energy available for useby heterotrophic organisms to perform essential cell functions?

A) chloroplast B) cell membraneC) centriole D) cell wall

33. Which structure is most directly responsible for maintaininghomeostasis in all cells?

A) starch B) water C) protein D) DNA

34. Which molecule will most likely diffuse through a cell membrane?

A) it is a large organic food molecule such as protein or starchB) it is enclosed in an organelle such as a vacuoleC) the concentration of the substance is greater outside the cell

than insideD) the pH of the substance is greater than the pH of the cell

35. A substance is most likely to diffuse into a cell when

A) phagocytosis B) diffusionC) ingestion D) pinocytosis

36. After a cookie has been digested, glucose molecules enter thebloodstream by the process of

A) aerobic respiration B) lactic acid productionC) photosynthesis D) fermentation

37. Which process produces the greatest quantity of ATP per moleculeof glucose oxidized?

A) muscle fatigueB) protein synthesisC) an increase in alcohol consumptionD) an increase in glucose production

38. The formation of lactic acid in human muscle cells is most closelyassociated with

A) less lactic acid is formed during anaerobic respiration thanaerobic respiration

B) anaerobic respiration requires more oxygen than aerobicrespiration

C) the net gain of ATP molecules is less in anaerobic respirationthan in aerobic respiration

D) less energy is required during anaerobic respiration thanaerobic respiration

39. Anaerobic respiration is considered to be less efficient than aerobicrespiration because

40. The diagram below represents a portion of the human body.

A) produce salivary enzymesB) secrete sex hormonesC) absorb waterD) digest bile

The principal function of structure X is to

A) mechanical digestion, onlyB) chemical digestion, onlyC) both mechanical and chemical digestionD) neither mechanical nor chemical digestion

41. Which type of digestion occurs in the mouth when an individualchews a piece of bread?


42. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the pathway of blood throughout the body,and on your knowledge of biology.

A) 5 B) 6 C) 3 D) 4

Which structure represents the chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood directly from the lungs?

A) left ventricle B) right ventricleC) left atrium D) right atrium

43. Which chamber of the human heart receives most of the bloodreturning from the brain?

A) biological control B) negative feedbackC) active immunity D) passive immunity

44. An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets this diseaseagain. This situation is an example of

A) an increase in arterial blood pressureB) oxygen deprivation of cardiac muscleC) narrowing of the arteries transporting blood to the heart

muscleD) decreased consumption of complex carbohydrates

45. A heart attack may be due to all of the following except

A) carbon dioxide content of the bloodB) oxygen content of the atmosphereC) number of platelets in the bloodD) number of red blood cells

46. An increase in breathing rate can be triggered by an increase in the

A) thinking during an exam B) writing your nameC) regulating heartbeat D) chewing food

47. Which is an activity controlled primarily by the autonomic nervoussystem?


48. The diagram below represents division of a cell that produces two daughter cells.

A) The daughter cells will pass on only half of the genetic information they received from the original cell.B) The daughter cells will each produce offspring that will have the same genetic information as the original cell.C) The daughter cells will each undergo the same mutations as the original cell after reproduction has occurred.D) The daughter cells will not pass on any of the genes that they received from the original cell.

Which statement most likely describes the daughter cells produced?

A)

B)

C)

D)

49. The number in each circle below represents the chromosomenumber of the cell. Which diagram represents the production ofoffspring by an asexually reproducing organism

A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40

50. A cell in the stem tip of a corn plant contains 20 chromosomes.After this cell divides, how many chromosomes should eachresulting daughter cell contain?

A) It is exactly the same in plant and animal cells.B) The walls of plant cells pinch in, but the membranes of animal

cells do not.C) Most plant cells use centrioles, but most animal cells do not.D) In both plants and animals, the daughter cells are genetically

identical to the original cell.

51. Which statement most accurately compares mitotic cell division inplant and animal cells?

A) cancer B) regenerationC) cleavage D) oogenesis

52. The uncontrolled division of certain body cells, which then invadethe surrounding tissues and interfere with the normal functioning ofthe body, is known as

A) meiosis B) metamorphosisC) regeneration D) cleavage

53. Which process is most directly involved in the production of eggcells by a female frog?

A) 6 B) 12 C) 24 D) 48

54. A dogfish shark contains 24 chromosomes in each of its musclecells. How many chromosomes are normally found in each of itssex cells?

A) a uterine cell having half the normal species number ofchromosomes

B) an egg having the full species number of chromosomesC) a zygote having the full species number of chromosomesD) a sperm having half the normal species number of

chromosomes

55. Which cell is normally produced as a direct result of meiosis?


A) n2

B) nC) 2nD) 4n

56. The chromosome number of a cell produced by mitotic cell divisionis represented by 2n. If that cell had been produced by meiotic celldivision, its chromosome number would be represented by

A) allantois B) chorionC) amnion D) placenta

57. Most embryos that develop internally obtain food and oxygenthrough the

A) a mutation in a cell of an eye that changes the color of the eyeB) a mutation in a leg cell that causes the leg to be shorterC) a mutation in a sperm cell that changes the shape of the wingD) a mutation in a cell of the digestive tract that produces a

different enzyme

58. Which mutation in a fruit fly could be passed on to its offspring?

A) the principles of dominance, segregation, and independentassortment

B) that pea plants develop mutations after exposure to radiationC) intermediate inheritance and gene linkageD) that DNA is involved in the inheritance of dominant traits

59. Using the results of his experiments with pea plant crosses, whatdid Gregor Mendel discover?

A) dominance B) polyploidyC) crossing-over D) mutation

60. After observing the offspring of many generations of pea plantcrosses, Gregor Mendel formulated the principle of

A) Drosophila B) bacteriaC) four-o'clock plants D) pea plants

61. Gregor Mendel formulated some basic principles of heredity fromthe results of his experiments with

A) mitotic cell division B) active transportC) recombination of genes D) synthesis of proteins

62. Which process will increase variations that could be inherited?


Base your answers to questions 63 and 64 on the pedigree chart below, which shows a history of ear lobe shape, and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) EE, only B) Ee, only C) ee D) EE or Ee

63. The genotype of individual 2 could be

A) EE, only B) Ee, only C) ee D) EE or Ee

64. The genotype of individual 1 could be

A) heterozygous B) hybrid C) homozygous D) incompletely dominant

65. What term would best be used to describe an organism possessingtwo identical genes for a trait?

A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%

66. In canaries, the gene for singing (S) is dominant over the gene fornon-singing (s). When hybrid singing canaries are mated withnon-singing canaries, what percentage of the offspring is likely topossess the singing trait?

A) GG × Gg B) GO × GOC) Gg × gg D) gg × gg

67. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant over the gene forblack fur (g). If 50% of a large litter of squirrels are gray, theparental cross that produced this litter was most likely

A) crossing it with plants that are homozygous for yellow seedsB) crossing it with plants that are homozygous for green seedsC) crossing it with plants that are known to contain mutant genesD) exposing it to high doses of radiation

68. In pea plants, the gene for yellow seeds is dominant over the genefor green seeds. Which procedure can be used to determine if aplant that produces yellow seeds is homozygous or heterozygous?

A) It is a gene that has thousands of different forms.B) It has genetic information contained in DNA.C) It is a reproductive cell that influences more than one trait.D) It contains hundreds of genetically identical DNA molecules.

69. Which statement best describes a chromosome?

A) genes found on chromosomesB) chromosomes found on genesC) the mitochondria of gametesD) the lysosomes in the cytoplasm

70. Hereditary information for most traits is generally located in

71. Base your answer to the following question on Which process isillustrated by the diagram below?

A) crossing-over B) nondisjunctionC) sex determination D) independent assortment

A) It takes place between homologous chromosomes and resultsin new gene combinations.

B) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes andresults in an increased gene mutation rate.

C) It takes place between homologous chromosomes and resultsin an increased gene mutation rate.

D) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes andresults in new gene combinations.

72. Which statement best describes the process of crossing-over?

A) are caused only by the events of mitosisB) do not occur at randomC) result in different genetic sequencesD) occur to meet the needs of a species

73. A characteristic of mutations is that they usually


74. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of pairedhomologous chromosomes shown below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) screening B) chromatographyC) karyotyping D) grafting

Which technique was used to organize the chromosomes as shownin the diagram?

A) the genetic makeup of autosomes found in the egg cellB) the genetic makeup of autosomes found in the sperm cellC) whether the unfertilized egg contains an X- or Y-chromosomeD) whether the sperm that fertilizes the egg contains an X- or Y

-chromosome

75. The sex of a person depends on

A) 22 autosomes and one X-chromosomeB) 22 autosomes and one Y-chromosomeC) 44 autosomes and XX-chromosomesD) 44 autosomes and XY-chromosomes

76. A normal human egg cell contains

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

77. The diagram below represents an incomplete section of a DNAmolecule. The boxes represent unidentified bases.

When the boxes are filled in, what will the total number of basesrepresented by the letter A (both inside and outside the boxes) be?

A) RNA B) DNA C) ADP D) ATP

78. Which molecule has the shape of a double-stranded helix?

A) thymine and deoxyriboseB) uracil and deoxyriboseC) thymine and riboseD) uracil and ribose

79. In addition to a phosphate group, a DNA nucleotide could contain

A) phosphate groups B) deoxyribose sugarsC) nitrogenous bases D) ribose sugars

80. In nucleotides, the letters A, G, C, and T represent

A) A-A-U B) G-G-T C) T-T-C D) U-U-A

81. If a portion of a messenger RNA molecule contains the basesequence A-A-U, the corresponding transfer RNA base sequence is


82. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below of a biochemical process and on your knowledge of biology.

A) leucine B) glycine C) valine D) histidine

Which amino acid would be transferred to the position of codon CAC?

Base your answers to questions 83 and 84 on the diagram below ofa biochemical process that occurs within cells and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) lipid digestion B) cell respirationC) protein synthesis D) protein hydrolysis

83. The process represented in the diagram is

A) vacuole B) ribosomeC) chloroplast D) mitochondrion

84. The process represented in the diagram occurs on the cell organelleknown as a


85. The arrows in the diagram below indicate the development of four different varieties of vegetable plants from wild mustard.

A) asexual reproduction in the wild for many years B) changes in light availabilityC) competition between plants D) selective breeding over many generations

Each of these varieties was most likely produced as a result of

A) natural selection B) direct harvestingC) selective breeding D) dynamic equilibrium

86. In some cases, humans have chosen to mate certain individual farmanimals within a species. For example, by allowing only the largestcattle to reproduce over many generations, strains of very largecattle have been produced. This process is known as

87. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram belowrepresents a technique used in some molecular biology laboratories.

A) chromatography B) gel electrophoresisC) direct harvesting D) genetic engineering

What is this technique an example of?

A) isolation B) geologyC) ecology D) evolution

88. Most species on Earth have changed through time. This change isknown as


89. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below?

A) natural selection B) genetic manipulationC) dynamic equilibrium D) material cycle

A) variation and natural selectionB) use and disuseC) spontaneous genetic mutationsD) transmission of acquired characteristics

90. Darwin's theory of evolution is based on

A) speciation B) extinctionC) overproduction D) competition

91. Geographic and reproductive isolation are most closely associatedwith

A) geographic isolation B) reproductive isolationC) natural selection D) struggle for existence

92. Members of a population may become separated from the originalpopulation by a newly formed mountain range. This occurrence isan example of

A) budding B) asexual reproductionC) sexual reproduction D) sporulation

93. Since variations between offspring are important in the process ofnatural selection, evolution would be expected to occur morerapidly in species that reproduce by the process of

A) all these animals can swimB) pigs developed from chickensC) these animals may have had a common ancestorD) gill slits and tails are required for embryonic development

94. The embryos of fish, chickens, and pigs have gill slits and a tail.The presence of these features suggests that

95. A researcher recently discovered a new species of bacteria in thebody of a tubeworm living near a hydrothermal vent. He comparedthe DNA of this new bacterial species to the DNA of four otherspecies of bacteria. The DNA sequences came from the same part ofthe bacterial chromosome of all four species.

A) species I B) species IIC) species III D) species IV

According to these data, the unknown bacterial species is mostclosely related to

96. The diagrams below illustrate three homologous structures.

A) the heterotroph hypothesisB) a common ancestryC) use and disuseD) geographic isolation

The structural similarities represented in the diagrams areconsidered supporting evidence for

A) fossils B) homozygousC) homologous D) mutations

97. Which term describes appendages that may have differentfunctions, but are similar in structure an are assumed to have thesame evolutionary origin?

A) the climax stage B) the biosphereC) a population D) a biotic community

98. The portion of Earth in which all life exists is known as


99. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram belowand on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows areas on amountain that represent some major biomes.

A) tundraB) taigaC) temperate deciduous forestD) tropical rain forest

Which major biome is found throughout most of New York State?

100. Which concept is best represented in the diagram below?

A) random mutations B) ecological successionC) genetic engineering D) direct harvesting

A) manipulation of genes B) evolution of a speciesC) ecological succession D) equilibrium

101. A volcanic eruption destroyed a forest, covering the soil withvolcanic ash. For many years, only small plants could grow.Slowly, soil formed in which shrubs and trees could grow. Thesechanges are an example of

A) saprophytism B) commensalismC) mutualism D) parasitism

102. In which symbiotic relationship do two different species benefitfrom their association with one another?

A) snake eating a birdB) tree absorbing mineralsC) fungus breaking down wastesD) deer eating grass

103. A relationship between a consumer and producer is best illustratedby a

A) the carrying capacity of the environmentB) the lack of natural predatorsC) the cycling of energyD) increased numbers of decomposers

104. The size of a mouse population in a natural ecosystem tends toremain relatively constant due to


105. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram belowrepresents a pyramid of energy that includes both producers andconsumers.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

On which level is the greatest amount of available energy found?

Base your answers to questions 106 through 108 on the diagrambelow and on your knowledge of biology.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

106. Which level of the pyramid contains the greatest biomass?

A) alga B) crustaceanC) sunfish D) great blue heron

107. Which organism is a primary consumer?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

108. Which level of the pyramid contains autotrophic organisms?

A) increased burning of fuelsB) increased number of green plantsC) decreased mineral availabilityD) decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

109. Which factor is a major cause of global warming?

A) need for waterB) need for foodC) ability to adapt to changeD) ability to alter the environment

110. Human impact on the environment is often more dramatic than theimpact of most other living things because humans have a greater

A) the disappearance of native speciesB) industrialization of an areaC) the depletion of the ozone shieldD) global warming

111. Deforestation would most immediately result in

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Bio 101 Cumulative FINAL Homework Prof. Fournier · 14.Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product of cellular metabolism in aerobic organisms. The reaction below occurs within