Bihar - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

11/8/2014 Bihar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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BiharState

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Location of Bihar in India

BiharFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bihar (/bhr/; Hindi: , Urdu: , Hindustanipronunciation: [bar]) is a state in NorthernIndia.[4][5] It is the 12th largest state in terms ofgeographical size of 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and3rd largest by population. It is bounded by UttarPradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northernpart of West Bengal to the east, and by Jharkhand tothe south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts bythe river Ganges which flows from west to east.[6]

Bihar has forest area of 6,764.14 km2,[7] which is7.2% of its geographical area. In 2000, southern Biharwas separated from Bihar to form the new state stateof Jharkhand.[8] Close to 85% of the population livesin villages. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the ageof 25,[9] which is the highest proportion in India.

Bihar was a centre of power, learning and culture inancient and classical India.[10] From Magadha aroseIndia's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire,as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-toreligions, Buddhism.[11] Magadha empires, notablyunder the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified largeparts of South Asia under a central rule.[12] Its capitalPatna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an importantcentre of Indian civilization. Close to Patna, Nalandaand Vikramshila were centres of learning which wereestablished in the 5th and 8th century respectively inBihar, and are counted as amongst the oldestinternational universities of the time.

Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged behind otherIndian states in terms of its social and economicdevelopment.[13][14][15] Economists and socialscientists claimed that this is a direct result of thepolicies of the central government, such as the Freightequalization policy,[16][17] its apathy towardsBihar,[9][18][19] lack of Bihari sub-nationalism(resulting in no spokesperson for the state),[17][20][21]and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the BritishEast India Company.[17] The state government hashowever made significant strides in developing the

Coordinates: 25.37N 85.13E



Map of BiharCoordinates (Patna): 25.37N 85.13E

Country IndiaRegion North India

Established 1912 as Bihar and OrissaProvince1936 as Bihar

Capital PatnaLargest city PatnaDistricts 38 total

Government Governor D. Y. Patil Chief Minister Jitan Ram Manjhi (JDU) Legislature Bicameral (243 + 75 seats) Parliamentaryconstituency

40

High Court Patna High Court

Area

Total 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi)Area rank 12th

Population (2011)[1]

Total 103,804,637 Rank 3rd Density 1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi)

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)UN/LOCODE INBRISO 3166 code IN-BRVehicle registration BR

HDI 0.41[2] (low)

state.[22] The improved governance has led to aneconomic revival[23] in the state through increasedinvestment in infrastructure, better health carefacilities, greater emphasis on education, and adiminution in crime and corruption.[24][25]

Contents

1 Etymology2 History

2.1 Ancient2.2 Medieval2.3 Colonial Era2.4 Pre and post Independence

3 Geography and climate3.1 Flora and fauna

4 Demographics5 Government and administration

5.1 Politics6 Economy

6.1 Agriculture6.2 Industry6.3 Income distribution: north-southdivide

7 Culture7.1 Language and literature7.2 Arts and crafts7.3 Performing arts7.4 Cinema7.5 Religion7.6 Festivals7.7 Cuisine

8 Media9 Transportation

9.1 Railways9.2 Airways



HDI rank 21st (2011)

Literacy 63.4% (28th)73.4% (male)53.3% (female)

Official language(s) Hindi, Urdu, Maithili

Website gov.bih.nic.in(http://gov.bih.nic.in)

Symbols of Bihar[3]

Animal Ox()Bird Sparrow()Flower Marigold()Tree Peepal()

The Mahabodhi Temple, amongthe four holy sites related to thelife of the Lord Buddha andUNESCO World Heritage Site

9.3 Roadways9.4 Inland Waterways

10 Tourism11 Education12 See also13 References14 Further reading15 External links

Etymology

The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, Vihara(Devanagari: ), which means "abode". The region roughlyencompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, theabodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods.Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabakat-i-Nasirithat in 1198 AD, Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town nowknown as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km away from Bodh Gaya.[26][27]Later, Bakhtiyar learned that the town was a college, and the word forcollege is bihar.

History

Ancient

Different regions of Bihar like Magadha, Mithila, Anga, Vaishali arementioned in different religious texts and epics of ancient India. Thepower centre of ancient Bihar was around the region of South-WestBihar called Magadha, which remained the centre of power, learning,and culture in India for 1000 years.

The Haryanka dynasty founded in 684 BC ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern Rajgir), twowell known kings were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru who imprisoned his own father to get the throne.Ajatashatru founded the city of Patliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war andconquered Vajji another powerful Mahajanapada north of Ganges with their capital at Vaishali. Vaishaliwas ruled by Licchvi who had a republic form of government where king was elected from the number ofrajas. Haryanka Dynasty was followed by Shishunaga dynasty and later Nanda Dynasty replaced them witha vast empire from Bengal to Punjab.

The Nanda Empire was replaced by Maurya Empire. India's first empire, the Maurya empire as well asBuddhism arose from the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan empire, which originatedfrom Magadha in 325 BC, was started by Chandragupta Maurya who was born in Magadha, and had its



Kalidasa's Sanskrit playAbhijnakuntalam

capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The Mauryan Emperor, who was born in Patliputra (Patna) is believedto be one of the greatest rulers in the history of India and the world.[28][29]

Bihar remained an important place of culture and education during the next 1000 years. The Gupta Empirethat originated from Magadha in 240 AD is referred as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics,astronomy, commerce, religion and Indian philosophy.[30] Bihar and Bengal was invaded by RajendraChola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.[31][32]

Medieval

The Buddhism in Magadha declined completely with the invasion ofMuhammad Bin Bakhtiar Khilji, during which many of the viharas and thefamed universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila were destroyed, and thousandsof Buddhist monks were massacred during 12th century.[33][34][35] In 1540 thegreat Pathan of Bihar, Sher Shah Suri, from Sasaram, Bihar, took the reins ofNorth-India. He was the first person who defeated the Mughals and army ofHumayun, making Delhi as his capital. The Mughals had to leave India duringhis rule.

The tenth and the last Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna.After the downfall of Mughal Empire, Bihar came under Nawabs of Bengal.

Colonial Era

After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights toadminister, and collect revenue or tax) for Bihar, Bengal and Odisha. The rich resources of fertile land,water and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18thcentury. A number of Agrio based industries (http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships) had been started in Bihar by the foreign entrepreneurs. Bihar remained a part of theBengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when the province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out as aseparate province. Since 2010, Bihar has celebrated its birthday as Bihar Diwas on 22 March.[36] In 1935,certain portions of Bihar were reorganised into the separate province of Orissa.

Pre and post Independence

Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia). InApril 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to theexploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The Champaran Satyagraha that followedreceived support from many Bihari nationalists, such as Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah NarayanSinha.[37][38]

In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the Kisan Sabha (peasant movement) was an importantconsequence of the Freedom Movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of Swami SahajanandSaraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), to mobilize peasant grievances againstthe zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar acrossthe rest of India, culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session



(Sitting left to right) RajendraPrasad and Anugrah NarayanSinha during Mahatma Gandhi's1917 Champaran Satyagraha

River Map of Bihar

Mountain of Ashrams, nearSena Village, at BuddhaGaya

of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.[39] Thismovement aimed at overthrowing the feudal zamindari system instituted by the British. It was led bySaraswati and his followers Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Rahul Sankrityayan, Pandit Karyanand Sharma, BabaNagarjun and others. Pandit Yamuna Karjee along with Rahul Sankritayan and a few others startedpublishing a Hindi weekly Hunkar from Bihar, in 1940. Hunkar later became the mouthpiece of the peasantmovement and the agrarian movement in Bihar and was instrumental in spreading it.

Bihar played a very important and vital role in the Independence of India. Much revolutionary activity tookplace in Bihar during the movement for Indian independence, and Champaran, especially, figured largely inthat movement. MK Gandhi and many other leaders of the independence movement held marches andrallies in Bihar. Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur is the most famous independence activist of Bihar.

Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra,Punjab and Assam after independence.[40][41]

Geography and climate

Bihar has a diverse climate. Its temperature is subtropical in general,with hot summers and cool winters. Bihar is a vast stretch of fertileplain. It is drained by the Ganges River, including its northerntributaries Gandak and Koshi, originating in the Nepal Himalayas andthe Bagmati originating in the Kathmandu Valley that regularly floodparts of the Bihar plains. The total area covered by the state of Bihar is94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi). the state is located between 24-20'-10" N ~27-31'-15" N latitude and between 83-19'-50" E ~ 88-17'-40" Elongitude. Its average elevation above sea level is 173 feet (53 m).

The Ganges divides Bihar into two unequal halves and flows throughthe middle from west to east. Other Ganges tributaries are the Son,Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Phalgu. Though the Himalayasbegin at the foothills, a short distance inside Nepal and to the north ofBihar, the mountains influence Bihar's landforms, climate, hydrology

and culture. Central parts of Biharhave some small hills, for examplethe Rajgir hills. To the south is theChota Nagpur plateau, which waspart of Bihar until 2000 but now ispart of a separate state calledJharkhand.

Bihar is very cold in the winter,with the lowest temperaturesbeing in the range from 010 C



Flooded farmlands innorthern Bihar during the2008 Bihar flood

ClimateClassification ETh

Avg. temperature 27 C (81 F)

Summer 34 C (93 F)

Winter 10 C (50 F)

Precipitation 1,200 mm (47 in)

Bauhinia acuminata, locallyknown as Kachnaar

Population growth Census Pop. %

1951 29,085,000 1961 34,841,000 19.8%1971 42,126,000 20.9%1981 52,303,000 24.2%1991 64,531,000 23.4%2001 82,999,000 28.6%

(3250 F). Winter months are December and January. It is hot in the summer, with average highs around3540 C (95104 F).

Flora and fauna

Bihar has notified forestarea of 6,764.14 km2(2,612 sq mi), which is7.2% of its geographicalarea.[7] The subHimalayan foothill ofSomeshwar and the Dun ranges in theChamparan district are another belt of moist

deciduous forests. These also consist of scrub, grass and reeds. Here therainfall is above 1,600 millimetres (63 in) and thus promotes luxuriant Salforests in the area. The most important trees are Shorea Robusta, SalCedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in theSaharsa and Purnia districts.[42] Shorea Robusta (sal), Diospyrosmelanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose(Asan), Terminalia bellayoica (Bahera), Terminalia Arjuna (Arjun),Pterocarpus Marsupium (Paisar), Madhuca indica (Mahua) are the commonflora across the forest of Bihar.

The Ganges River dolphins, or "sois" are found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra. This river dolphin is thenational aquatic animal of India. It is now considered amongst the most endangered mammals of the region.The dolphins range from 2.3 to 2.6 meters in length. They have impaired vision due to the muddy riverwater but use sonar signals to navigate. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, near Bhagalpur is set upto ensure the protection of this species.

Valmiki National Park, West Champaran district, covering about 800 km2 (309 sq mi) of forest, is the 18thTiger Reserve of India and is ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger population.[43] It has a diverselandscape, sheltering rich wildlife habitats and floral and faunal composition, along with the primeprotected carnivores.

Demographics

After the 2001 Census, Bihar was the third most populated state of India withtotal population of 82,998,509 (43,243,795 male and 39,754,714female).[1][45] Nearly 85% of Bihar's population lived in rural areas. Almost58% of Biharis were below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. Thedensity was 881. The sex ratio was 919 females per 1000 males. Mostly,Biharis belong to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups along with fewDravidian-speaking and Austroasiatic-speaking people mostly inChhotanagpur Plateau (now part of Jharkhand). Since ancient times, Bihar hasattracted migrants and settlers including Bengalis, Turks from Central Asia,Persians, Afghans and Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British



2011 103,805,000 25.1%Source:Census of India[44]

Vidhansabha Building, Patna

Krishna Sinha (right) withAnugrah Narayan Sinha duringswearing-in ceremony ofindependent Bihar's firstgovernment on 15 August 1947

India in 1947.[46] Bihar has a total literacy rate of 63.82% (75.7% for malesand 55.1% for females), recording a growth of 20% in female literacy over theperiod of a decade.[47][48]At the 2011 census, the density has surpassed 1,000 per square kilometre, making Bihar India's densest-populated state, but is still lower than West Java or Banten of Indonesia.

Government and administration

The constitutional head of the Government of Bihar is the Governor, who isappointed by the President of India. The real executive power rests with theChief Minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition ofpolitical parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms theGovernment.

The head of the bureaucracy of the State is the Chief Secretary. Under thisposition, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian AdministrativeService, Indian Police Service, and different wings of the State CivilServices. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice. Bihar has a HighCourt which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the

government are located in the state capital, Patna.

The state is divided into nine divisions and 38 districts, for administrative purposes.

Politics

See also: Political parties in Bihar, Elections in Bihar and List of politicians from Bihar

The first Bihar ministry during British regime from 1 April 1937 to 19July 1937 was led by Premier Mohammad Yunus. The second Biharministry in 1937 and the first, second Bihar governments afterIndependence were led by Sri Krishna Sinha and Anugrah NarayanSinha. Subsequently, Bihar gained an anti-establishment image and itwas often projected as prone to low discipline and anarchy. Caste-based politics came to the fore, with power initially being in the handsof the Yadavs, Bhumihar Brahmin, Rajput, Kayastha and Brahmincommunities. For two decades, the Indian National Congress governedthe state hand-in-glove with the central government of Indira Gandhi. Itwas at this time that Chandrashekhar Singh became chief minister andpoliticians such as Satyendra Narain Sinha deserted Congress for theJanata Party due to ideological differences. There were occasionalbreaks in Congress governance, as in 1977. In between, the socialistmovement tried to break the stranglehold of the status quo under theleadership of Mahamaya Prasad Sinha and Karpoori Thakur. This didnot flourish, partly due to the impractical idealism of these leaders andpartly due to the machinations of the central leaders of the CongressParty who felt threatened by a large politically aware state.



Janata Dal came to power in the state in 1990 on the back of its victory at the national stage in 1989. LaluPrasad Yadav became Chief Minister after defeating Ram Sundar Das, a former chief minister from theJanata Party and a protege of upper caste Janata stalwarts. Yadav gained support among the masses througha series of popular and populist measures. Socialists such as Nitish Kumar disassociated themselves fromYadav, who by 1995 was both chief minister and president of his party, the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD).Yadav was later subject to various charges of corruption leading him to quit the post of chief minister. Soonafter his wife Rabri Devi was elected in his place. The administration is believed to have deterioratedduring this period.

By 2004, 14 years after Yadav's victory, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a bywordfor the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable frommafia-dons they patronize, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[50] In2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistentpoverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".[51]

In 2005, as disaffection mounted, the RJD was voted out of power and replaced by a coalition headed by hisformer ally, Nitish Kumar.

Currently, there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) whichcomprises Bharatiya Janata Party, Lok Janashakti Party,and the Rashtriya Lok Samatha Party. RJD-ledcoalition which includes Janata Dal United and Indian National Congress. There are many other politicalformations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, but is weakened now.The CPM and Forward Bloc have a minor presence, along with the other extreme Left.

In the 2010 state elections Bihar's current Chief Minister Nitish Kumar-led government won 206 seats outof 243 seats. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, Kumar'smanifesto was based on economic development, curbs on crime and corruption and greater social equalityfor all sections of society. This was the at the time of election and immediately afterwards. Since 2010, thegovernment has confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeployed them as schools buildings.[52]

Simultaneously they introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.[53] It has also legislated for a two-hour break on Fridays, including lunch, to enable Muslim employees to pray and thus cut down on post-lunch absenteeism by them.[54]

Economy

Gross state domestic product of Bihar for the year 2011/2012 has been around 2622.30 billion INR. Bysectors, its composition is:

Agriculture = 22%Industry = 5%Services = 73%.

The economy of Bihar is largely service-oriented, but it has a significant agricultural base. The state alsohas a small industrial sector. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a very high growth (in the excess of10%), making Bihar the fastest growing major state of India.



Year

Gross State DomesticProduct

(millions of IndianRupees)[55]

1980 73,5301985 142,9501990 264,2901995 244,8302000 469,430

2005 710,060[56]

Bihar accounts for 71% ofIndia's annual litchiproduction.[57]

A village market

Agriculture

Bihar lies in the riverine plain of theGanga basin area and is endowed withfertile Gangetic alluvial soil withabundant water resources, particularlyground water resources. This makesBihar's agriculture rich and diverse,although it has never reached its fullpotential. Rice, wheat, and maize arethe major cereal crops of Bihar, whilearhar urad, moong, gram, peas, lentils,and khesaria are some of the pulsescrop cultivated in Bihar. Bihar is the largest producer of vegetables,especially potatoes, onions, brinzle, and cauliflower. In fruit cultivation, itis the largest producer of litchi, the third largest producer of pineapplesand a major producer of mangoes, bananas, and guava. Sugarcane and juteare the other two major cash crops of Bihar.

Industry

Bihar has a very small industrial base compared to the other Indian states including neighbouringJharkhand. The state of Bihar accounts for nearly about 8.5% of India's population and about 3% of itslandmass. In percentage terms of industrial units, Bihar holds only around 1% of factories installed in India.In terms of output value, less than 1% of India's industrial output comes from Bihar. The industrial sectorcontributes about 5% to the GDP of Bihar, while the share of industrial sector in India's GDP is around20%. Bihar's industrial sector is dominated by small household and cottage industries. Agro-basedindustries are major constituents of industrial sector in Bihar.

Bihar has emerged as brewery hub with major domestic and foreign firms setting up production units in thestate. Three major firms United Breweries Group, Danish Brewery Company Carlsberg Group andCobra Beer are to set up new units in Patna and Muzaffarpur in 2012.[58]

Bihar has significant levels of production of mango, guava, litchi, pineapple, brinjal, cauliflower, bhindi,and cabbage.[59] Despite the state's leading role in food production, investment in irrigation and otheragriculture facilities has been inadequate. Historically, the sugar and vegetable oil industries wereflourishing sectors of Bihar. Until the mid-1950s, 25% of India's sugar output was from Bihar. Dalmianagarwas a large agro-industrial town. There were attempts to industrialise the state between 1950 and 1980: anoil refinery in Barauni, a motor scooter plant at Fatuha, and a power plant at Muzaffarpur. However, thesewere forced to shut down due to certain central government policies (like the Freight Settlement Policy)which neutralised the strategic advantages of Bihar. Barauni is still one of the few old industrialised townsin the state. Hajipur, near Patna, remains a major industrial town in the Bihar, linked to the capital citythrough the Ganges bridge and good road infrastructure.

The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.[60] The Finance Ministry has given top priority tocreate investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance Industries. Further developmentshave taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, the new software



park in Patna, and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar toJharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna registered company called the Security and Intelligence Services (SIS)India Limited[61] took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of Americanconglomerate, United Technologies Corporation (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.[62] The capitalcity, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.[63]^ The StateGovernment is setting up an Information Technology (IT) City at Rajgir in Nalanda district.[64]

Additionally, India's first Media Hub is also proposed to be set up in Bihar.[65]

Income distribution: north-south divide

In terms of income, the districts of Patna, Munger and Begusarai were the three best-off out of a total of 38districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of 31,441, 10,087 and9,312, respectively in 200405.[66]

Culture

Language and literature

Hindi - the co-official national language, with English - and Urdu are constitutionally recognized languagesof the state.[67] Urdu - which is the mother tongue of Muslims, who form about 17% of the state'spopulation - is very much secondary to Hindi in official use, although nearly 25% people in Bihar read andwrite Urdu. It was only recently that Maithili was also included as one of the state's official languages,although such use of it is negligible. Maithili is one of the Bihari languages Maithili, Angika, Magadhi,Bhojpuri which a majority of the people speak. Presently, Bihari languages are considered one of the fivesubgroups of Hindi, although Maithili was declared a separate language. Bihari languages are considered tobe derived from the language of the erstwhile Magadha state Magadhi Prakrit, along with Bengali,Assamese, and Oriya. Bhojpuri, a language related to Standard Hindi, is used as a lingua franca; and manythroughout the state speak it as their first language. Surajpuri is spoken in northeastern districts such asKishanganj.

Arts and crafts

Mithila painting is a style of Indian painting practised in the Mithila region of Bihar - especially Darbhangaand Madhubani districts - where powdered rice is coloured and used as a pigment. Tradition states that thisstyle of painting originated, according to the Ramayana, when King Janak commissioned paintings tocelebrate the marriage of his daughter, Sita, to Lord Ram. The painting was traditionally done on freshlyplastered mud walls of huts, but now it is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Mithila paintingmostly depicts men and their association with nature. There are scenes and deities from ancient epics,including Krishna, Ram, Shiva, Durga, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. Natural objects like the sun, the moon, andreligious plants like tulsi are much painted. Finally, there are scenes of royal courts and social events, suchas weddings. Generally no space is left empty in the composition. Traditionally, painting was one of theskills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the Mithila region, mainly bywomen. The painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and other milestones inpeople's lives, such as birth, Upanayanam (sacred thread ceremony), and marriage. There are many



Madhubani painting by BhartiDayal(http://www.bhartidayal.com)

A painting of the city of Patna, onthe River Ganges, Patna School ofPainting

Artisans selling their work nearGPO Patna.

renowned Mithila artists, such as Smt. Bharti Dayal, Mahasundari Devi, the late Ganga Devi, the late SitaDevi, and others, who have brought an intellectual element to their paintings. Bharti Dayal is consideredone of the greatest Madhubani painters, as her art is a unique amalgamation of heritage and modernity.

Not less in importance or expressiveness is the ancient and historically significant Manjusha Art, orManjusha Kala, or Angika Art, an art form of the Anga region of Bihar, originating in the old Angakingdom, which encompassed present-day Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and the Terai area of Nepal.Manjushas - temple-shaped boxes, with eight pillars (but see referenced video); made of bamboo, jute-strawand paper; and containing, or decorated with (again, see video), paintings of gods, goddesses, snakes andother characters (dubbed "snake paintings" by foreigners) - are used in the Bihula-Bishahari Puja,celebrated in Bhagalpur, usually in August, in remembrance of Bihulas tale of love and sacrifice, and toappease the snake goddess (Manasa or Bishahari) and gods (Ngas).[68][69] A notable Manjusha artist isJahar Dasgupta, born in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand (formerly Bihar).

The Patna School of Painting orPatna Qalaam, some times alsocalled Company Painting, is anoffshoot of the well-known MughalMiniature school of painting, whichflourished in Bihar during the early18th to the mid-20th centuries. Thepractitioners of this art form weredescendants of Hindu artisans ofMughal painting who facingpersecution under the MughalEmperor Aurangzeb and who foundrefuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna

during the late 18th century. The Patna painters differed from theMughal painters, whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes,in that they included as subjects bazaar scenes, scenes of Indian dailylife, local dignitaries, festivals and ceremonies, and nature scenes. Thepaintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica, but thestyle was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality. It is thisschool of painting that inspired the formation of the College of Arts and Crafts, Patna, under the leadershipof Shri Radha Mohan, which is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar.

In caning and weaving, artisans of Bihar are skilful in creating articlesusing local materials. Baskets, cups, and saucers made from bamboo-strips or cane reed painted in vivid colours are commonly found inBihari homes. A special container woven out of Sikki Grass in thenorth, the pauti, is a sentimental gift that accompanies a bride when sheleaves her home after her wedding. The weavers of Bihar have beenpractising their trade for centuries. Among their products in commonuse are cotton dhurries and curtains. These are produced by artisans incentral Bihar, particularly in the Patna and Biharsharif areas. Thesecolourful sheets, with motifs of Buddhist artefacts, pictures of birds,animals, and/or flowers, gently wafting in the air through doors and



Magahi folk singersBharat Ratna Ustad BismillahKhan, from Dumraon, Bihar

windows, blown by a cool summer breeze, used to be one of the most soothing sights as one approached ahome or an office. Bhagalpur is well known for its sericulture, manufacture of tussah silk yarn, andweaving it into lovely products.

Performing arts

Bihar has contributed to Indian(Hindustani) classical music and hasproduced musicians such as Bharat RatnaUstad Bismillah Khan, who, however,left Bihar at an early age. Dhrupadsingers like the Malliks (of theDarbhanga Gharana), and the Mishras (ofthe Bettiah Gharana), who werepatronised by the Zamindars ofDarbhanga and Bettiah respectively, haveproduced masters like Ram Chatur

Mallik, Abhay Narayan Mallik, and Indra Kishore Mishra. While perhapsnot as well-known and commercially successful as those of the Dagar school of Dhrupad, these mastershave kept the Dhrupad tradition in perhaps the purest form.

Gaya is another centre of excellence in classical music, particularly of the Tappa and Thumri varieties.Pandit Govardhan Mishra - son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer - is perhaps thefinest living exponent of Tappa singing in India today, according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh,founding secretary of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar. Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in hismemoir, that Champanagar, Banaili, was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar ShyamanandSinha of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself one of the finestexponents of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.[70] Singh, in another book on Indian classical music,has written that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many greatsingers including Kesarbai Kerkar acknowledged his ability. After listening to bandishes from KumarSahib, Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas!, he did not have such ability himself." [freetranslation of Hindi text].[71][72]

Bihar has a very old tradition of folk singing, sung during important family occasions, such as marriage,birth ceremonies, festivals, etc. The songs are usually sung by groups without the accompaniment ofmusical instruments, although Dholak, Bansuri and, occasionally, Tabla and Harmonium are sometimesused. The most famous folk singer has been Padma Shri Sharda Sinha. Bihar also has a tradition of livelyHoli songs known as Phaguwa, filled with fun rhythms.

During the 19th century, when the condition of Bihar worsened under the British misrule, many Biharis hadto emigrate as indentured labourers to the West Indies, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sad playsand songs called birha became popular, in the Bhojpur area, thus Bhojpuri Birha. Dramas incorporating thistheme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna.[73]

Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are many folkdance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as Dhobi Nach (nach meaning dance), Jhumarnach, Manjhi,Gondnach, Jitiyanach, More Morni, Dom-Domin, Bhuiababa, Rah Baba, Kathghorwa Nach, Jat Jatin,



Launda Nach, Bamar Nach, Jharni, Jhijhia, Natua Nach, Nat-Natin, Bidapad Nach, Sohrai Nach, and GondNach.

Theatre is another form in which the Bihari culture expresses itself. Some forms of theatre with richtraditions are Bidesia, Reshma-Chuharmal, Bihula-Bisahari, Bahura-Gorin, Raja Salhesh, Sama Chakeva,and Dom Kach. These theatre forms originate in the Anga region of Bihar.

Cinema

Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of Magadhi-,Maithili-, as well as Angika-language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialog was Ganga Jamuna,released in 1961.[74] Bhaiyaa, the first Magadhi film, was released in 1961.[75] The first Maithili movie wasKanyadan released in 1965,[76] of which a significant portion was made in the Maithili language.

The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya TohePiyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by KundanKumar.[77] 1963's Lagi nahin chute ram was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance thanMughal-e-Azam in the eastern and northern regions of India. Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is another of themost famous Bhojpuri-language movies. However, in the following years, films were produced only in fitsand starts. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga ("Ganges",1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were notcommonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.

In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to tentatively support a dedicated industry. Films suchas Mai ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji ("My Brother's Wife", 1983,directed by Kalpataru) continued to have at least sporadic success at the box office. However, this trendfaded out by the end of the decade, and by 1990, the nascent industry seemed to be completely finished.[78]

The Bhojpuri film industry took off again in 2001 with the super hit Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart",directed by Mohan Prasad), which vaulted the hero of that film, Ravi Kissan, to superstardom.[79] Thissuccess was quickly followed by several other remarkably successful films, including Panditji Batai NaBiyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura BadaPaisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). In a measure of the Bhojpuri film industry's rise, bothof these did much better business in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hitsat the time, and both films, made on extremely tight budgets, earned back more than ten times theirproduction costs.[80] Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folksinger, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. In 2008, he and Ravi Kissan are still the leading actorsof Bhojpuri films, and their fees increase with their fame. The success of their films has led to a dramaticincrease in Bhojpuri cinema's visibility, and the industry now supports an awards show[81] and a trademagazine, Bhojpuri City,[82] which chronicles the production and release of what are now over one hundredfilms per year. Many of the major stars of mainstream Bollywood cinema, including Amitabh Bachchan,have also recently worked in Bhojpuri films.

Religion



Buddha's statue at Bodh Gaya'stemple

Vishnupadh Temple, Gaya,Bihar

The Morning Worship DalaChhath.

Gautam Buddha attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, a town located in the modern day district of Gaya inBihar. Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th and the last Tirthankara ofJainism, was born in Vaishali around the 6th century BC.[83]

A typical Hindu Brahmin household would begin the day with theblowing of a conch shell at dawn.

In rural Bihar, religion is the main component of popular culture.Shrines are located everywhere at the foot of trees, at roadsides, etc.Religious symbols or images of deities can be found in the mostobscure or the most public places. From the dashboard of a dilapidatedtaxi to the plush office of a top executive, holy symbols or idols havetheir place.

There is a wide variety of religious festivals. While some are celebrated allover the state, others are observed only in certain areas. Bihar is so diversethat different regions and religions have something to celebrate at sometime or other during the year. So festivals take place round the year. Manyof these are officially recognised by the days on which they take placebeing proclaimed as government holidays.

Festivals

Chhath, also called Dala Chhath, is an ancient and major festival in Bihar.It is celebrated twice a year: once in the summer, called the Chaiti Chhath,and once about a week after Deepawali, called the Kartik Chhath. Thelatter is more popular because winters are the usual festive season in NorthIndia, and Chhath, being an arduous observance requiring the worshippersto fast without water for more than 24 hours, is easier to do in the Indianwinters. Chhath is the worship of the Sun God. Wherever people fromBihar have migrated, they have taken with them the tradition ofChhath. This is a ritual bathing festival that follows a period ofabstinence and ritual segregation of the worshiper from the mainhousehold for two days. On the eve of Chhath, houses are scrupulouslycleaned and so are the surroundings. The ritual bathing and worship ofthe Sun God takes place, performed twice: once in the evening andonce at the crack of dawn, usually on the banks of a flowing river, or acommon large body of water. The occasion is almost a carnival, andbesides every worshipper, usually women, who are mostly the seniorladies of the household, there are numerous participants and onlookers,all willing to help and receive the blessings of the worshiper. Ritualrendition of regional folk songs, carried on through oral transmissionfrom mothers and mothers-in-law to daughters and daughters-in-law,are sung on this occasion for several days running. These songs are a great mirror of the culture, socialstructure, mythology and history of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Chhath being celebrated at the crack ofdawn is a beautiful, elating spiritual experience connecting the modern Indian to his ancient cultural roots.Chhath is believed to have been initiated by Karna, the king of Anga Desh (modern Bhagalpur region ofBihar).



Among ritual observances, the month-long Shravani Mela, held along a 108-kilometre route linking thetowns of Sultanganj and Deoghar (now in Jharkhand state), is of great significance. Shravani Mela isorganised every year in the Hindu month of Shravan, that is the lunar month of JulyAugust. Pilgrims,known as Kanwarias, wear saffron coloured clothes and collect water from a sacred Ghat (river bank) atSultanganj, then walk barefooted 108 km (67 mi) to the town of Deoghar, there to bathe a sacredShivaLingam. The observance draws thousands of people to Deoghar from all over India.

Teej and Chitragupta Puja are other local festivals celebrated with fervor in Bihar. Bihula-Bishari Puja iscelebrated in the Anga region of Bihar. The Sonepur cattle fair is a month-long event starting approximatelyhalf a month after Deepawali and is considered the largest cattle fair in Asia. It is held on the banks of theGandak River in the town of Sonepur. The constraints of the changing times, and new laws governing thesale of animals and prohibiting the trafficking in exotic birds and beasts, have eroded the once-upon-a-timemagic of the fair.

Besides Chhath(mostly celebrated in Bihar), all major festivals of India are celebrated in Bihar, such asMakar Sankranti, Saraswati Puja, Holi, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha (often called Eid-ul-Zuha in the IndianSubcontinent), Muharram, Ram Navami, Rath yatra, Rakshabandhan, Maha Shivaratri, Durga Puja(celebrated with a grandeur akin to the neighbouring state of Bengal), Diwali, Kali Puja/Shyama Puja/NishaPuja (celebrated in the Mithilanchal region of the north), Kojagra (also celebrated in the Mithilanchalregion), Laxmi Puja, Christmas, Mahavir Jayanti, Buddha Purnima, Jivitputrika, Chitragupta Puja,Gurpurab, Bhai Dooj, and several other local festivals, as well.

Cuisine

Bihari cuisine (Hindi: , Urdu: ) is eaten in Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern Uttar Pradesh,Bangladesh, and Nepal, as well as Mauritius, Fiji, some cities of Pakistan, Guyana, and Trinidad andTobago, as these last are destinations of large Bihari emigration. Bihari cuisine is predominantly vegetarianbecause traditional Bihar society - influenced by Buddhist and Hindu values of non-violence - did not eateggs, chicken, fish and other animal products. However, meat and sea food are also common, the latter dueto the number of rivers in Bihar.

Dairy products are consumed frequently throughout the year, including yogurt (dahi), buttermilk (mattha),lassi, ghee, chanch and butter. The cuisine of Bihar is similar in large extent to North Indian cuisine but isinfluenced by other East Indian cuisines, such as Bengali. Bihari cuisine is seasonal; with watery foods suchas watermelon, and sherbet made of the pulp of the wood-apple fruit, being consumed mainly in thesummer months; and dry foods, prepared with sesame and poppy seeds, in the winter months.

Some dishes which Bihar is famous for include Sattu Paratha, which are parathas stuffed with friedchickpea flour, chokha (spicy mashed potatoes and/or brinjal ), fish curry, Bihari kebab, and Posta-dana kaHalwa (or Khas-khas ka Halwa ( ), sweet poppy seed pudding), litti chokha is a veryfamous cuisine in Bihar . It is an all year food prepared by putting the litti{sattu stuffed in atta(mixture offlour and water)}on burning woods or burning dry cowdung . When prepared, the litti is dipped in ghee andeaten with chokha. The food is best eaten while hot.

Media



Map showing national inlandwaterways-1 and various riverports or terminals along itsstretch.

Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published from Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan MohanBhatta, a Maharashtrian Brahman settled in Biharsharif.[84] Hindi journalism in Bihar, and specially Patna,could make little headway initially. It was mainly due to lack of respect for Hindi among the people atlarge. Many Hindi journals took birth and after a lapse of time vanished. Many journals were shelved evenin the embryo.[85] But once Hindi enlisted the official support, it started making a dent into the remote areasin Bihar. Hindi journalism also acquired wisdom and maturity and its longevity was prolonged. Hindi wasintroduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.[84][86]

Urdu journalism and poetry has a glorious past in Bihar. Many poets belong to Bihar such as ShaadAzimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and many more. Shanurahman, a world famous radio announcer,is from Bihar. Many Urdu dailies such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara publish from Bihar at this time. There isa monthly Urdu magazine called "VOICE OF BIHAR" which is the first of its kind and becoming popularamong the Urdu speaking people.

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthlymagazine named Bharat Ratna was started from Patna in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi,Aryavarta from Dinapure, Patna, Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika.[87] Udyog was edited by VijyaanandTripathy, a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literaryfigures of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts ofBihar.[84][88]

Magahi Parishad, established in Patna in 1952, pioneered Magadhi journalism in Bihar. It started themonthly journal, Magadhi, which was later renamed Bihan.

Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, Aaj, Nayee Baat and Prabhat Khabar are some of the popular Hindi news papersof Bihar. National English dailies like The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Navbharat Times, TheTelegraph and The Economic Times "(Mithila Today)" have readers in the urban regions.

Transportation

Railways

Bihar is very well-connected by railway lines to the rest of India. Mostof the towns are interconnected, and they are also connected directly toKolkata, Delhi and Mumbai (as well as most other major cities inIndia). Daily or weekly trains connect major cities in India. NepalRailways operates two railway lines: a 6 km broad gauge line fromRaxaul in India to Sirsiya Inland Container Depot or Dry Port nearBirganj in Nepal and a 53 km 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge linefrom Jaynagar in India to Bijalpura in Nepal. The latter line iscomposed of two sections: 32 km between Jaynagar and Janakpur and21 km from Janakpur to Bijalpura. The Janakpur line is used largely forpassengers and the Sirsiya (Birganj) line only for cargo freight.

Airways



Patna river port on nationalinland waterways-1 at GaiGhat

Steamers and dredgers at GaiGhat, Patna

Trolley ride in RajgirRemains of the ancient cityof Vaishali

Bihar has three operational airports at Patna, Gaya Airport, and Purnea Airport. The Patna airport iscategorised as a restricted international airport, with customs facilities to receive international charteredflights. The Gaya Airport is an international airport connected to Colombo, Singapore, Bangkok, Paro andmore.

Roadways

The state has a vast network of National and State highways. East-Westcorridor goes through the cities of Bihar (Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga-PurniaNH57) 46 lanes. There are tourist buses operates for few places fromPatna under Bihar State Tourism Corporations, there is well known andtrusted Car Rental Services from www.eazeecab.com which operatesmajorly in Bihar, Including Gaya, Bodhgaya and Patna.

Inland Waterways

The Ganges navigable throughout the year was the principal riverhighway across the vast north Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable ofaccommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river inthe ancient period; it served as a conduit for overseas trade, as goodswere carried from Pataliputra (later Patna) and Champa (laterBhagalpur) out to the seas and to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by itsnatural links it embraces all the major rivers and streams in bothnorth and south Bihar.[89]

In recent times, Inland Waterways Authority of India has declared the Ganges between Allahabad andHaldia to be a national inland waterway and has taken steps to restore its navigability.

Tourism

Bihar is one of the oldest inhabited places inthe world, with a history spanning 3,000years. The historically rich culture andheritage of Bihar can be observed from thelarge number of ancient monuments spreadthroughout the state. Bihar is visited bymany tourists from around the world,[90]with about 24,000,000 (24 million) touristsvisiting the state each year.[90]

In earlier days, tourism in the region was purely based on educationaltourism, as Bihar was home of some prominent ancient universities like Nalanda University & VikramalaUniversity.[91][92]



The tomb of Sher Shah Suri is in theSasaram town of Bihar state, India.

IIT Patna Students carrying theInstitute Flag at the annual Inter IITSports Meet

Bihar is one of the most sacred place for various religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism andIslam. Mahabodhi Temple, a Buddhist shrine and UNESCO World Heritage Site is also situated in Bihar.Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna, was one of the longest river bridges in the world in early 80s.

The Sasaram is a part of Rohtas District. The language spoken in this area is [Bhojpuri,Hindi and English]It is one of the India's leading tourist destinations, and the city is home to an array of famous touristattractions.

Education

Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to theancient universities of Nalanda (established in 450 CE), Odantapur(established in 550CE) and Vikramshila (established in 783 AD).[93] Thistradition of learning may have been had stultified by the period ofTurkic invasions c. 1000 CE at which point it is believed majoreducation centres (now maintained by reclusive communities ofBuddhist monks removed from the local populace) were put out ofoperation during the Turkic raids originating from central Asia .[94]The current state of education and research is not satisfactorythough the current state government claims big achievements inschool education.

Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part ofthe British rule when they established Patna University (establishedin 1917) which is the seventh oldest university of the Indiansubcontinent.[95] Some other centres of high learning established bythe British rule are Patna College (established in 1839), BiharSchool of Engineering (established in 1900; now known as NationalInstitute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College(1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College,Patna (1928) among others.

After independence Bihar lost the pace in terms of establishing acentre of education. Modern Bihar has a grossly inadequate educational infrastructure creating a hugemismatch between demand and supply. This problem further gets compounded by the growing aspirationsof the people and an increase in population. The craving for higher education among the general populationof Bihar has led to a massive migration of the student community from the state.

Bihar, with female literacy at 53.3%, is striving to climb as the government has established educationalinstitutions. At the time of independence, women's literacy in Bihar was 4.22%. Bihar has a NationalInstitute of Technology (NIT) in Patna and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Patna. A recentsurvey by Pratham[97] rated the absorption of their teaching by the Bihar children better than those in otherstates.The best talent pool of engineers is in Delhi, Bihar and Jharkhand says the National EmployabilityReport of Engineering Graduates, 2014 [98] by Aspiring Minds, which makes Bihar one of the top threestates producing best Engineering Graduates in terms of Quality and Employability [99]



Literacy rate from 1951 to 2011[96]

Year Total Males Females1961 21.95 35.85 8.111971 23.17 35.86 9.861981 32.32 47.11 16.611991 37.49 51.37 21.992001 47.53 60.32 33.57

2011 63.82 73.39 53.33

Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute OfTechnology

NIT Patna Main building

As of December 2013, there are 7 government engineeringcolleges in public sector and 12 engineering colleges in theprivate sector in Bihar,besides government aided BIT Patna andWomen's Institute of Technology, Darbhanga. The overallannual intake of these technical institutes offering engineeringeducation to students in Bihar is merely 6,200.[100][101] [102] InBihar, the government colleges are located at Muzaffarpur,Bhagalpur, Gaya, Darbhanga, Motihari, Nalanda and Saran(Chhapra). All institutes are recognized by All India Council forTechnical Education (AICTE) affiliated with AryabhattaKnowledge University (AKU). As it is, the foundation stone ofeighth engineering college of the state government,namedRamdhari Singh Dinkar Engineering College was laid on 22December 2013 at Begusarai,[103][104] while the process to createinfrastructure for two new engineering colleges one each atMadhepura and Sitamarhi has started.[105][106]

NIT Patna is the sixth oldest engineering college of India. Its origincan be traced to 1886 with the establishment of a survey trainingschool and subsequent renaming it to Bihar college of Engineeringin 1900. A graduate level curriculum was introduced in 1924. It wasrenamed Bihar College of Engineering in 1932. In 2004 thegovernment of India upgraded the college to National Institute ofTechnology (NIT) status, as the state of Bihar had lost its onlyRegional Engineering College (REC), located at Jamshedpur, whenJharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000. By 2002, the Indiangovernment decided to upgrade all RECs to NITs, with the aim ofhaving at least one NIT per state. Bihar College of Engineering wasthe first institute to be directly upgraded to NIT status. In 2007, itwas granted Institute of National Importance status in accordancewith the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007. Biharestablished several new education institutes between 2006 and 2008.BIT Mesra started its Patna extension center in September 2006. On8 August 2008, IIT was inaugurated in Patna with students from allover India these are also prominent engineering colleges inBihar.[107] NSIT opened its new college in Bihta, which is now emerging as a new education hub in Bihar,in 2008.[108][109] BCE, Bhagalpur and MIT, Muzaffarpur National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educationand Research (NIPER)[110] is being set up in Hajipur. On 4 August 2008, National Institute of FashionTechnology Patna was established as ninth such institute in India.[111] Chanakya National Law University alaw university and Chandragupt Institute of Management was established in later half of 2008. Steps torevive the ancient Nalanda University as Nalanda International University is being taken; countries likeJapan, Korea and China have also taken initiatives. The Aryabhatt Knowledge University in Patna is framedto which all the engineering as well medical colleges are affiliated in Bihar. The A.N. Sinha Institute[112] ofSocial Studies is a premier research institute in the state.



Bihar is pioneer in the field of yoga with its internationally renowned institute Bihar School of Yoga inMunger.

Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the Government of Bihar have initiated a uniqueprogram to establish a center of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a finishing school to equipstudents with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centeraims to attract every youth of the state to hone up their technical, professional and soft skills and preparethem for the present industry requirement/job market.[113]

Bihar also has Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET) and Institute of HotelManagement (a Central govt Unit) in Hajipur.

Bihar also has Munshi Singh College in Motihari, East Champaran, Bihar. Website ishttp://munshisinghcollege.org.in and Khemchand Tarachand College (KCTC) College in Raxaul, itswebsite is http://www.kctcraxaul.org.in/

The Central University of Bihar (CUB) is one of the sixteen newly established Central Universities by theGovernment of India under the Central Universities Act, 2009 (Section 25 of 2009).[1] The university islocated at the premises of Birla Institute of Technology, Patna (BIT Campus, P.O.- B.V. College, Patna 800 014).[2] The university is likely to be relocated to Panchanpur, approximately 10 km from Gaya onDefence land to be transferred soon. Keeping in view of the permanent location of the university at Gaya, ithas been decided to launch new academic programmes at Gaya. It operates from a temporary campus on thegrounds of Birla Institute of Technology, Patna. The university will now have its own campus in Gaya. On28 February 2014, Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar laid the foundation stone of the Central University ofBihar at Gaya.[3] It will be spread in 300 acre campus One of India's premier medical institute AIIMSPatna started functioning in Patna. It is in line with AIIMS, New Delhi.

See also

IndiaOutline of IndiaIndex of India-related articlesBibliography of India

India Wikipedia bookHistory of IndiaTimeline of BiharBihari languagesAnti-Bihari sentimentBihari peopleBihari cultureList of people from BiharBihar Sthapana Diwas



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25. ^ Jha, Abhay Mohan (8 March 2008). "English makes inroads in Bihar villages"(http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399&ch=3/8/2008%2011:32:00%20AM). NDTV. Retrieved 8 March 2008.

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1922. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-521-09873-1.38. ^ "Eminent Gandhian Dr A N Sinha, First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister"

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42. ^ "Forest in Bihar" (http://forest.bih.nic.in/). Forest Ministry of Bihar.43. ^ Valmiki Tiger Reserve (http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm)44. ^ "Census Population" (http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf) (PDF). Census of India.

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45. ^ "Total population of Bihar"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Total_population.htm).Censusindia.gov.in. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20091113231617/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Total_population.htm) from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.

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47. ^ Bihar CM public address (http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/38342/female-literacy-rate-leapfrogs-to-53-pc-in-bihar:-nitish-kumar.htm)

48. ^ "Literacy rate"(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Literacy_rate.htm).Censusindia.gov.in. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20091113234624/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Literacy_rate.htm) from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.

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50. ^ "Bihar a byword for worst of India: The Economist" (http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789).

51. ^ "Bihar Towards a Development Strategy"(http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20556842~pagePK:141137~piPK:217854~theSitePK:295584,00.html). World Bank.

52. ^ Nitish Kumar government orders corrupt officials home to be made into school(http://www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice)

53. ^ Court upholds Bihar Special Court Act [newKerala.com News # 154170](http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html)

54. ^ "Bihar fixes time for Friday prayers by its employees" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842/). 25 July 2012.

55. ^ estimated (http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation56. ^ "Bihar's economy climbs to $12b by 2005" (http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-

debt-ridden-states.htm). Specials.rediff.com. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.57. ^ "Distressed Delicacy" (http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy.asp).

Tehelka. 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)58. ^ "Bihar emerging as brewery hub" (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-

products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms). Economic Times. 16 January 2012.Retrieved 16 January 2012.

59. ^ "Industries Department" (http://industries.bih.nic.in/). Industries.bih.nic.in. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20091006042618/http://industries.bih.nic.in/) from the original on 6 October 2009.Retrieved 15 October 2009.

60. ^ "Bihar's debt soars to 77% of GDP" (http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-



ridden-states.htm). Specials.rediff.com. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.61. ^ "History" (http://www.sisindia.com/history.htm). Sisindia.com. 29 July 1993. Retrieved 15 October 2009.62. ^ "Bihar security firm sets foot in Australia" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-

25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry). The Times of India. 25 August 2008.Retrieved 25 August 2008. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

63. ^ "For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity" (http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/). The Financial Express. 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008. |first1= missing |last1=in Authors list (help)

64. ^ "Bihars first IT City to come up at Nalanda : Nitish Kumar" (http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/bihars-first-it-city-to-come-up-at-nalanda-nitish-kumar/). IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 24 February 2014.

65. ^ "Bihar prepares to be Indias 1st Multimedia Hub within 3 Years" (http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/bihar-prepares-to-be-indias-1st-multimedia-hub-within-3-years/). IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 24 February2014.

66. ^ For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity (http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/)

67. ^ http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm History of Indian languages68. ^ Team Bihardays (19 December 2011). "Manjusha art from Bhagalpur: and the festival and the story of Bihula!"

(http://www.bihardays.com/manjusha-art-bhagalpur-festival-story-bihula/). Bihar Days. Retrieved 23 July 2014.69. ^ Kumar, Siddhant (13 May 2012). An Insight View of "MANJUSHA ART" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=hQ2dw0P19LQ). YouTube (Rakesh Ranjan). Retrieved 23 July 2014.70. ^ Singh, Gajendra Narayan (2008) [2002]. Surile Logon Ki Sangat. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers &

Distributors. ISBN 9788184570724.71. ^ Singh, Gajendra Narayan (1999). Swargangh.72. ^ "Collections" (http://www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?

option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8). Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh.73. ^ Jugnu, Haidar Ali. Sati Sulochana - Bhojpuri Birha By Haidar Ali- Jugnu (https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=T3vGrihYfX4). YouTube (hamaarbhojpuri). Retrieved 25 July 2014.74. ^ Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Charaihbo First Bhojpuri language film (http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/)75. ^ Bhaiyaa First Magadhi language film (http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/)76. ^ Kanyadan First Maithili language film (http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236358/)77. ^ IMDB (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/)78. ^ Tripathy, Ratnakar (2007) 'BHOJPURI CINEMA', South Asian Popular Culture, 5:2, 14516579. ^ "For my female audiences, I'll wear a really flimsy dhoti"

(http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp). The Telegraph (Kolkota, India). 14 April2006. Retrieved 15 October 2009.

80. ^ Move over Bollywood, Here's Bhojpuri (http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/south_asia/4512812.stm),BBC News

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82. ^ "bhojpuricity.com" (http://www.bhojpuricity.com/). bhojpuricity.com. Retrieved 15 October 2009.83. ^ Pathak Prabhu Nath,Society and Culture in Early Bihar, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, p. 140



83. ^ Pathak Prabhu Nath,Society and Culture in Early Bihar, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, p. 140

84. ^ a b c Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through the ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy, CommonwealthPublishers, New Delhi, 1988

85. ^ Rajendra Abhinandan Granth, "Nagri Pracharini Sabha", Arrah, 3 March 1950, pp. 35386. ^ Kumar N., Journalism in Bihar, A Supplement to Bihar State Gazette pp. 2887. ^ Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati, Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Patna 1956, p. 7388. ^ Jayanti Smarak Granth, pp. 58358589. ^ Yang, Anand A (1998). Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar

(http://books.google.com/?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bazaar+India). Books.google.co.in.ISBN 978-0-520-21100-1. Retrieved 15 October 2009.

90. ^ a b Statics(http://www.tourism.gov.in/survey/BIHAR%20TOURISM%20ANNUAL%20STATISTICS%20%20REPORT%20Final.pdf) Tourism in Bihar on Indian Government's website

91. ^ Wriggins, Sally Hovey. Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road. Westview Press, 1996. Revised andupdated as The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang. Westview Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8133-6599-6.

92. ^ A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India andCeylon (A.D. 399414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline (http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fa-hien/f15l/). Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965. ISBN 0-486-21344-7

93. ^ Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). Education in Ancient India, Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.94. ^ Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons". Numen 42

(2): 141. doi:10.1163/1568527952598657 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598657).95. ^ "Patna University" (http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/about_university.htm). Patna University. Retrieved 15

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100. ^ "Parents want wards to go for tech education outside Bihar" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-11/patna/45077897_1_colleges-aryabhatta-knowledge-university-aku). Times of India. 11 December 2013.Retrieved 11 December 2013.

101. ^ "CM inaugurates new engineering college at Chhapra" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/patna/33712844_1_cm-inaugurates-medical-colleges-chhapra). The Times Of India. 26 December 2012.Retrieved 26 December 2012.

102. ^ "7th engineering college of state to open in July" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/patna/30372783_1_engineering-college-chhapra-residential-quarters). Times of India. 8 November 2011.



Further reading

Retrieved 11 November 2011.103. ^ "CM lays foundation of engineering college" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CM-lays-

foundation-of-engineering-college/articleshow/27761297.cms). Times of India. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 23December 2013.

104. ^ "Nitish lists special tag cry as LS poll plank"(http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131223/jsp/bihar/story_17710299.jsp#.Ure8E9IW2Ao). Calcutta, India: TheTelegraph. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

105. ^ "Shortage of engineering colleges in Bihar" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-06/patna/30596928_1_engineering-colleges-engineering-education-students). Times of India. 6 January 2012.Retrieved 6 January 2012.

106. ^ "New engineering colleges, polytechs to get impetus soon" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-26/patna/30558186_1_new-polytechnics-engineering-colleges-building-plan). Times of India. 26 December2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.

107. ^ Jha, Abhay Mohan (4 August 2008). "Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all"(http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982). NDTV. Retrieved 4 August 2008.

108. ^ Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit), Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Address,Admission, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Courses, Ranking...(http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html)

109. ^ Welcome to NSIT (http://nsit.in/)110. ^ NITPU Chandigarh. "National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar"

(http://niper.ac.in). Niper.ac.in. Retrieved 15 October 2009.111. ^ NIFT starts classes in Patna (http://www.hindustandainik.com/news/7097_2150113,008700010014.htm)112. ^ "Premier Research Institute: ANSISS" (http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx). Official website.113. ^ http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), PrakashanSansthan, Delhi, 2003.Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion,17701870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press,1999.Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauseralong with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (ManoharPublishers, paperback, 2005).Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by WalterHauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).



Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemicand its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled byGautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited,Bangalore.Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi,Patna.Indradeep Sinha, Real face of JP's total revolution, Communist Party of India (1974).Indradeep Sinha, Some features of current agrarian situation in India, All India Kisan Sabha, (1987).Indradeep Sinha, The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks, Peoples Publishing House (1980).Indradeep Sinha, Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry, Communist Party of India (1982).Nand Kishore Shukla, The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, ISBN81-241-0143-4.Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1stEdition, April 2000).Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series, PublicationsDivision, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.Walter Hauser, 1961, Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 19291942, PhDThesis, University of Chicago, (Forthcoming publication).Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah.N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi.N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi.Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi,Allahabad.Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad.Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry ofInformation and Broadcasting, Government of India.Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi,2005, ISBN 81-260-2142-X.Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, ISBN 978-81-260-2627-2.Mishra Shree Govind, History Of Bihar 17401772 (http://books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&dq=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&pgis=1), MunshiramManoharlal, 1970Verma B S, Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.)(http://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar), Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962Maitra A,Magahi Culture (http://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh&dq=History+Of+Magadh&pgis=1), Cosmo Publications, NewDelhi, 1983



Naipaul V S, India: A Wounded Civilization, Picador, 1977Trevithick Alan, The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (18111949): Anagarika Dharmapala AndThe Mahabodhi TempleJannuzi F. Tomasson, Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar (http://books.google.com/books?id=tTSFAAAAIAAJ&q=Agrarian+Crisis+in+India:+the+Case+of+Bihar&dq=Agrarian+Crisis+in+India:+the+Case+of+Bihar&pgis=1), University of Texas Press, 1974, ISBN 0-292-76414-6, ISBN 978-0-292-76414-9Omalley L S S, History of Magadh, Veena Publication, 2005, ISBN 81-89224-01-8Shukla Prabhat Kumar, Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 17801917(http://books.google.com/books?id=AooQAgAACAAJ&dq=Indigo+And+The+Raj:+Peasant+Protests+In+Bihar+1780-1917), PragatiPublications, 1993, ISBN 81-7307-004-0Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy(http://books.google.com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&dq=Patna+Through+The+Ages), CommonwealthPublishers, 1988Jain B D, Ardha Magadhi Reader, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923Crindle John W Mc, Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy (http://books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&dq=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&pgis=1), Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, ISBN 81-215-0945-9Patra C, Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya, Punthi Pustak, 1996, ISBN 81-85094-93-4Hazra Kanai Lal, Buddhism In India As Described By The Chinese Pilgrims AD 399689, MunshiramManoharlal, 1983, ISBN 81-215-0132-6Mccrindle John W, Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian, Munshiram ManoharlalSastry Harprasad, Magadhan Literature, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923Rai Alok, Hindi Nationalism, Orient Longman, 2000, ISBN 81-250-1979-0Waddell Austine L., Report On The Excavations At Pataliputra (Patna) The Palibothra Of The Greeks, AsianPublicational Services, Calcutta, 1903Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press,1992Brass Paul R., The politics of India since Independence, Cambridge University Press, 1990Askari S. H., Mediaeval Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990Tayler William, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library,Patna, 2007Taylor P.J.O., "What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 18571859in India", Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564182-5Pathak Prabhu Nath, Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 600) (http://books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar&dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar&pgis=1), Commonwealth Publishers, 1988Basham A. L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 1954, ISBN 0-330-43909-XNambisan Vijay, Bihar in the eye of the beholder, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-14-029449-1Pathak Mohan, Flood plains and Agricultural occupance, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, ISBN 81-7100-289-7



Radhakanta Barik - Land & Caste Politics in Bihar (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)

External links

Official website (http://www.biharonline.gov.in)Bihar (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Bihar) at DMOZ

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D'Souza Rohan, Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India, OxfordUniversity Press, 2006,

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