BIBLIOGRAPHY - Information and Library Network Centreshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/75392/16/16_bibliography... · Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Samitis and Zila ... Himachal

358

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. PRIMARY SOURCES

I - STATUTES

1. Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Samitis and Zila Samitis Act, 1959. 2. Assam Cattle Improvement Act, 1953. 3. Assam Cattle Preservation Act, 1951. 4. Beedi and Cigar Workers (conditions of Employment) Act, 1966. 5. Bihar Preservation and Improvement of Animals (Amendment) Act, 1956. 6. Bombay Animal Preservation Act, 1954. 7. Bombay Animal Preservation Act, 1954. 8. Bombay Separation of Judicial and Executive Functions Act, 1951. 9. Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1933. 10. Children Act, 1960. 11. Constitution ( First Amendment) Act, 1951. 12. Constitution (Forth Amendment) Act, 1955. 13. Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1964 14. Constitution (Twenty Forth Amendment) Act, 1971. 15. Constitution (Twenty Fifth Amendment) Act, 1971. 16. Constitution (Twenty Sixth Amendment) Act, 1971. 17. Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act, 1976. 18. Constitution ( Forty Forth Amendment) Act, 1978. 19. Constitution (Eighty Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002. 20. Constitution (Ninety Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011. 21. Coorg Live Stock Improvement Act, 1950. 22. Employees State Insurance Act, 1955. 23. Factories Act, 1948. 24. Himachal Pradesh Livestock Improvement Act, 1955. 25. Himachal Pradesh Prohibition of Cow Slaughter Act, 1977. 26. Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956. 27. Hyderabad Slaughter of Animals Act, 1950. 28. Hyderabad Vilage Panchayat Act, 1956. 29. International Bill of Man 1945. 30. Iron Ore Labour Welfare Cess Act, 1961. 31. Jammu and Kashmir Village Panchayat Act, 1959. 32. Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971. 33. M.P. Agriculture Cattle Preservation Act 1951 and Act No. 10 of 1956. 34. Madhya Pradesh Animal Preservation (Amendment) Act, 1951.

359

35. Madhya Pradesh Animal Preservation (Amendment) Act, 1961. 36. Madhya Pradesh Livestock Improvement Act, 1950. 37. Madras Panchayat Act, 1950. 38. Maternity Benfit Act, 1961. 39. Mines Act, 1952. 40. Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961. 41. Mysore Livestock Improvement Act, 1951. 42. Mysore Village Panchayat and District Board Act, 1952. 43. National Forest Policy 1988. 44. National Policy on Education, 1986. 45. Orissa Livestock Improvement Act, 1957. 46. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965. 47. Payment of Wages Act, 1961. 48. Pepsu Livestock Improvement Act, 1954. 49. Plantation Labour Act, 1951. 50. Punjab Preservation of Cow Slaughter Act, 1956. 51. Punjab Prohibition of Cow Slaughter Act, 1956. 52. Rajasthan Gaushala Act, 1960. 53. Rajasthan Livestock Improvement Act, 1958. 54. Rajasthan Preservation of Certain Animals Act, 1950. 55. Rajasthan Prevention of certain Animals Act, 1950. 56. Re Kerela Education Bill, 1957, 1959. 57. Right to Education Act 2010. 58. Saurashtra Separation of Judicial and Executive Function Act, 1952. 59. The Adoption Bill, 1972. 60. The Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act,

1951. 61. The Bombay Prohibition (Amendment) Act, 1960. 62. The Constitution of Burma 1948. 63. The Constitution of India, 1950. 64. The Constitution of Ireland 1937. 65. The Constitution of Republic China 1946. 66. The Constitution of USA, 1787. 67. The Employment of Children (Amendment) Act, 1979. 68. The Factory Act of 1891. 69. The Forest Rights Act 2006. 70. The German Constitution, 1871. 71. The Government India Act, 1935. 72. The H.P. Panchayats (Amendment) Act, 1972. 73. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

360

74. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956. 75. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956. 76. The Hyderabad Slaughter of Animal Act, 1950. 77. The Hydrabad Gram Panchayat Act, 1956. 78. The Indian Factory Act 1881. 79. The Legal Service Authority Act, 1987. 80. The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 1994. 81. The Madhya Pradesh Panchayats Act, 1962. 82. The Madras Prohibition (Amendment) Act, 1956. 83. The Madras Village Panchayat Act, 1950. 84. The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997. 85. The National Green Tribunal Act 2010. 86. The Orissa Prohibition Act, 1957. 87. The Punjab Excise (Delhi Amendment) Act, 1960. 88. The Punjab Separation of Judicial from Executive Functions (Haryana Amendment) Act,

1972. 89. The Russian Constitution 1936. 90. The Travancore and Cochin Prohibition (Amendment) Act, 1960. 91. The West Bengal Livestock Improvement Act, 1954. 92. Travancore Cochin Livestock Act, 1954. 93. U.P. Preservation of Cow Slaughter (Amendment) Act, 1955. 94. U.P. Prevention of Cow slaughter Act, 1956. 95. Workmen Compensation Act, 1962.

II - FIVE YEARS PLANS

1. First Five Year Plan (1951-1956). 2. Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961). 3. Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966). 4. Forth Five Year Plan (1969-1974). 5. Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1978). 6. Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985). 7. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990). 8. Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997). 9. Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002). 10. Tenth Five year Plan (2002-2007). 11. Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012). 12. Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017).

361

III - REPORTS/SURVEY/PROCEEDINGS

1. Constitutional Proposals of the Sapru Committee Report (1945). 2. Country Report Fourth World Conference on Women (Department of Women and Child

Development, 1995). 3. Declaration of Health for All by 2000 AD (WHO, 1978) and the ICSSR Report (1980). 4. Draft National Land Reforms Policy (Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi, 2013). 5. Economic Survey: 2007-08 (Ministry of Finance, New Delhi 2008). 6. Educational Statistics at Glance 2005-2006 (Ministry of HRD, 2008). 7. Elementary Education in India Progress towards UEE: Flash Statistics-DISE 2011-12

(National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi, 2013). 8. II Indian Statutory Commission Report (1930). 9. India Human Development Report 2011 towards Social Inclusion (Planning Commission,

2012). 10. Interim Report of the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights (23 April 1947). 11. Annual Report (Ministry of Rural Development (2007). 12. Minutes of the Proceedings of the Drafting Committee. 13. National Family Health Survey-NFHS (2005-06). 14. National Health Policy Draft 2015 (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Department,

December, 2014). 15. National Policy on Education, 1986: Program of Action (Ministry of HRD, 1986). 16. NSSO Report on Operational Holdings, 59th Round (2006). 17. Report of the Committee on Plan Projects (Planning Commission, New Delhi, 1959). 18. Report of the Core Group on National Perspective Plan for Women (1988-2000). 19. Report of the Motilal Nehru Committee (1928). 20. Report of the Prohibition Enquiry Committee (1955). 21. Reports on “Towards Equality” of Committee on Status of Women in India (1974). 22. Summary of Recommendations of the Constitution Review Committee (2002). 23. The Report of the Committee of First Panel on Land Reforms. 24. The Situation of Children in India: A Profile (UNICEF, New Delhi, May 2011). 25. Tracking Progress on Child and Maternal Nutrition: A Survival and Development

Priority (UNICEF, 2009). 26. XV Report of the National Commission on Agriculture (1976).

IV - DEBATES

1. III Constituent Assembly Debate. 2. I Constituent Assembly Debates. 3. VII Constituent Assembly Debates. 4. III Constituent Assembly Debates.

362

5. III Constitutional Assembly Debates. 6. VII Constituent Assembly Debates. 7. VII Constitutional Assembly Debates. 8. I Constitutional Assembly Debates. 9. II Constitutional Assembly Debates. 10. V Constitutional Assembly Debates. 11. XI Constitutional Assembly Debates. 12. II Lok Saba Debates, Cols.2822-3. 13. House of Lords Debates (Hansard), 19 December 1944. 14. II Lok Sabha Debates, 14 March 1955. 15. II Lok Sabha Debates, 16 May 1951. 16. Rajya Sabha Debates (December 18, 2006). 17. Rajya Sabha Debates (July 20, 2009). 18. Rajya Sabha Debates (April 24, 2012).

B. SECONDARY SOURCES

I - BOOKS

1. A.C. Banerjee, the Making of the Indian Constitution (Mukherjee & Co., Calcutta, 1948). 2. A.T. Hingorani, Socialism of My Conception -M.K. Gandhi (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,

Bombay, 1966). 3. A.V. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England (University of California Press,

California, 1961). 4. Allen Gledhill, Republic of India (Stevens and Sons, London, 1950). 5. Annie Wood Besant, How India Wrought for Freedom (Theosophical Publishing House,

Madras, 1915). 6. Arun C. Mehta, Elementary Education in India: Analytical Report (Department of School

Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi, 2011). 7. B. Shiva Rao, The Framing of Indian Constitution: A Study (Indian Institute of Public

Administration, Bombay, 1968). 8. B.B. Tayal & A.Jacob, Indian History - World Developments and Civics (Avichal

Publishing Co., Himachal, 2005). 9. B.Shiv Rao, The Framing of India’s Constitution: A Selected Documents (Indian

Institution of Public Administration, New Delhi, Vols. I-IV, 1967-1968). 10. Baden Powel, The land systems of British India (Oriental Publishers, New Delhi, 1974). 11. Banerjee, Population Planning in India – National and Foreign Priorities (Jawaharlal

Nehru University, New Delhi, 1973). 12. Bipin Chandra, History of Modern India (Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2009).

363

13. C.H. Alexandrowics, Constitutional Development in India (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1957).

14. D. Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India (LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur, 2009).

15. D.D. Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1993).

16. D.D. Basu, Shorter Constitution of India (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1981). 17. D.D. Basu, Shorter Constitution of India (Wadhwa & Co., Nagpur, 2003). 18. D.Thorner & A. Thorner, Land and labour in India (Asia Publishing House, New Delhi,

1961). 19. Dipankar Gupta, Mistake Modernity India between Worlds (Harper Collins, New Delhi,

2006). 20. Enakshi Ganguly Thukral , Says a Child…Who Speaks for My Rights(Centre for Child

Rights, New Delhi, 2005). 21. G.A.Natesan, The Indian National Congress (Natesan & Co., Madras, 1917). 22. G.S. Halappa (ed.), Dilemmas of Democratic Politics in India (Manaktalas, Bombay,

1966). 23. G.S.Chhabra, Advanced Study in the Constitutional History of India (Parkash Brother,

New Delhi, 1973). 24. Gajendragadkar, Secularism and the Constitution of India (Bombay University Press,

Bombay, 1971). 25. Gajendragadkar, Secularism and the Constitution of India (University of Bombay,

Bombay, 1971). 26. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation (Oxford University

press, New Delhi, 1999). 27. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a nation (Oxford University

Press, Oxford, 1966). 28. H.M. Seervai, Constitutional Law of India (N.M.Tripathi Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, 1975). 29. H.R Khanna, Constitutional and Civil Liberties (Radha Krishna Prakashan, New Delhi,

1978). 30. Harlow and Rowlings, Law and Administration (Cambridge University Press, 2009). 31. Ian Brown lie, Basic Documents on Human Rights (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971). 32. J.K. Mittal, Right to Equality in the Indian Constitution: Public Law (London, 1970). 33. J.N. Pandey, Constitutional Law of India (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 2014). 34. J.N. Pandey, Constitutional Law of India (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 2008). 35. J.N.Pandey, The Constitutional Law of India (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 2013). 36. Jawahar Lal Nehru, The Discovery of India (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1946). 37. Justice Khosla, Our Judicial System (University Book Agency, Allahabad, 1949). 38. K. Suba Rao, Fundamental Rights under the Constitution of India (University of Madras,

Madras, 1966).

364

39. K.C. Markandan, Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution (Allied Publishers, Mumbai, 1966).

40. K.M. Munshi, Indian Constitutional Documents (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1967).

41. K.P. Krishna Shetty, Fundamental Rights and Socio-Economic Justice in the Indian Constitution (Chaitanya Publishing House, Allahabad, 1969).

42. K.S. Hedge, Directive Principles of State Policy in the Constitution of India (National Publishing House, Delhi, 1972).

43. K.V. Rao, Parliamentary Democracy of India (The World Press Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta, 1961). 44. Kailash Thakur, Environmental Protection Law and Policy in India (Deep & Deep

Publication, New Delhi, 2008). 45. Kotharia, P. Pande, et.al., Management of National Parks and sanctuaries in India - a

Status Report (Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi, 1989). 46. Lord Denning, The Family Story (Butterworths, Boston, London, 1981). 47. M P Jain & S N Jain, Principles of Administrative Law (Wadhwa and Company, Nagpur,

2005). 48. M V Pylee, Constitutions of the World (Universal Law Publishing, 2000). 49. M.C. Chagla, The individual and the State (Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1961). 50. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law (Lexis Nexis, Gurgaon, 2014). 51. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law (N.M. Tripathi, Bombay, 1978). 52. M.P.Jain, Indian Constitutional Law (Wadhwa & Co., Nagpur, 2004). 53. M.V. Pyle, India’s Constitution (Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1970). 54. M.V. Pylee, Constitutional Government in India (Asia Publishing House, Bombay,

1965). 55. Mahendra.P.Singh, V.N.Shukla’s Constitution of India (Eastern Book Company,

Lucknow, 2008). 56. Michael Edwaardes, Nehru: A Political Biography (Penguin, London, 1971). 57. Minattur Joseph (ed.), V.S. Deshpande: Constitutional Law I in the Indian Legal System

(Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, 1978). 58. N.R.Madhava Menon (ed.), National Convention on Uniform Civil Code for all Indians

(Bar Council of India Trust, New Delhi, 1986). 59. N.V. Pranjape, Directive Principles under the Indian Constitution, (Central Law Agency,

Allahabad, 1975). 60. Neera Desai and Maithreyi Krishna Raj, Women and Society in India (Ajanta

Publication, Delhi, 1990). 61. P. Sarojini Reddy, Judicial Review of Fundamental Rights (National Publishing House,

Delhi, 1976). 62. P.B. Gajendragadhker, The Constitution of India: Its Philosophy and Basic Postulates

(Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1969).

365

63. P.B. Gajendragadkar, Secularism and the Constitution of India (Bombay University Press, Bombay, 1971).

64. P.K. Tripathi, Spotlights on Constitutional Interpretation (N.M.Tripathi Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, 1972).

65. P.M. Bakshi, The Constitution of India (Universal Law Publication, Delhi, 2009). 66. P.S.Appu, Land Reforms in India (Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1996). 67. Panchanand Misra, The making of the India Republican (Scientific Book Agency,

Calcutta, 1966). 68. Paras Diwan, Administrative Law (Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, 2004). 69. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, The History of the Indian National Congress (Padma Publication,

Bombay, 1946). 70. R.C.Dutt, Economic History of India (Publication Devision, Government of India, 1976). 71. R.C.Majumdar (ed.), K.M. Munshi, History and Culture of the Indian People (Bharatiya

Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1969). 72. R.N. Aggarwala, National Movement and Constitutional Development of India (Council

of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1981). 73. R.N. Aggarwals, National Movement and Constitutional Development of India

(Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi, 1980). 74. R.S. Ghate, Forest Policy and Tribal Development: A Study of Maharashtra (Concept

Publishing House, New Delhi, 1992). 75. Rajeev Dhayan, The Supreme Court of India and Parliamentary Sovereignty (Sterling

Publishers, New Delhi, 1976). 76. Ranbir Singh and A.Lakshminath, Constitutional Law (Lexis Nexis Butterworths, New

Delhi, 2006). 77. S. Shanthakumar, Introduction to Environmental Law (Wadhwa & Co., New Delhi,

2007). 78. S.C. Sarkar (Ed.), Hindustan Year Book (M.C.Sarkar & Sons, Culcutta, 1968). 79. S.R.Bansali, Durga Das Basu Human Rights in Constitutional Law (lexis Nexis,

Wadhwa, 2008). 80. Santha Sinha, Child Labour and Right to Education in South Asia: Needs v. Right (Sage

Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2003). 81. Shariful Hasan, Supreme Court: Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles (Deep &

Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1981). 82. Sinha, Savita, Supta Das and Neeraja Rashmi, Social Science-Part-II (National Council

of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi, 2005). 83. Supreme Court Orders on the Right to Food (Right to Food Campaign Secretariat, New

Delhi, 2008). 84. Tara Chand, History of the Freedom Movement in India (Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting, New Delhi, 2005). 85. V.B.Saharia, Wildlife in India (Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun, 1982).

366

86. V.B.Singh, Indian Economy Yesterday and Today (People’s Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1970).

87. V.N. Shukla, The Constitution of India (Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2001). 88. V.R. Krishna Iyer, Justice and Beyond (Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1980). 89. V.R. Krishna Iyer, Law versus Justice: Problems and Solutions (Deep & Deep

Publication, New Delhi, 1981). 90. W. Friedmann, Law in a Changing Society (University Book House, Delhi, 1970). 91. Y.D. Phadke and R. Srinivasan, The Constitution of India (Himalaya Publishing House,

Bombay, 1979).

II - ARTICLES

1. A. David Ambrose, “Directive Principles of State Policy and Distribution of Material Resources with Special Reference to Natural Resources – Recent Trends” 55 JILI (2013).

2. A. David Ambrose, “From Charity to Right: Education, Law and Judiciary” 30 YBLS (2008).

3. A.V. Rajgopal, “Implementing the National Land Reform Agenda: The Way Forward for Eradicating Poverty” 57 Yojana (2013).

4. Ajay Bhupendra Jaiswal, “Role of Judiciary: Protecting Right to Health as a Fundamental Right” 15 Nyaya Deep (2014).

5. Alok Sharma, “Empowering Women through Legal Aid” 13 Nyaya Deep (2012). 6. Amita Singh, “Child Labour in India” 25 IJPA (2007). 7. Armin Rosencranz, “The Forest Rights Act 2006: The High Aspirations, Low

Realization” 50 JILI (2008). 8. Arpita Sharma, “Government Initiatives in Rural Emploment” 61 Kurukshetra (2013). 9. B.R. Sharma, “Independence of Judiciary: Appointments and Transfers of Judges” 17

CMLJ (1981). 10. Bernard Schwartz, “Crucial Areas in Administrative Law” 34 George Washington L.R.

(1966). 11. C.M. Jariwala, “Right to Free and Compulsory Primary Education: Myth or Reality” 14

Nyaya Deep (2013). 12. Calvin Woodard, “Reality and Social Reform: The Transition from Laissez Faire to the

Welfare State” 72 Yale LJ (1963). 13. Chandra Pal, “Independence of Judiciary: Some aspects of Indian Experience” 9 JBCI

(1982). 14. Charles A. Reich, “Individual Rights and Social Welfare: The Emerging Legal Issues” 74

Yale LJ (1965). 15. D.C. Manooja, “Uniform Civil Code” 42 JILI (2000). 16. Deepa Sankar, “Education Sector in India: Progress, Challenges and Way Forward” 54

Yojana (2010).

367

17. Deepika Bhatnagar, “Separation of Judiciary from Executive” 4 IIRRJ (2012). 18. Dilip Pandey, “The Historical Development and the Forest Conservation in India” 10

Nyaya Deep (2009). 19. G. Mallikarjun, “Legal Aid in India and the Judicial Contribution” 7 NLR (2013). 20. G. Vidya Sagar Reddy & G.V. Yasudevaiah, “Socio-Economic Development of

Scheduled Castes during Five Year Plans” 1 IJACL (2013). 21. G.S. Sharma, “Concept of Leadership Implicit in the Directive Principles of State Policy

under the Indian Constitution” 7 JILI (1965). 22. Gopal Kalkoti and Kavita Kalkoti, “Performance of Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar

Yojana” 61 Kurukshetra (2013). 23. Gopal Subramanium, “Contribution of Indian Judiciary to Social Justice Principles

underlying the Universal Declaration of human Rights” 1 JILI (2008). 24. H.D. Dwaraka Nath, “Strategies for employment Generation in Rural India-A Critical

Evaluation” 61 Kurukshetra (2013). 25. Hoshiar Singh, “Constitutional Base for Panchayati Raj in India: The 73rd Amendment”

34 Asian Survey (1994). 26. I S Gulati, “Financial Devolution to Local Bodies” 29 Economic and Political Weekly

(1981). 27. J.S. Bisht, “Right to Legal Aid: A Basic Human Right” 12 Nyaya Deep (2012). 28. Jagat Narain, “Equal Protection Guarantee and the Right to Property under the Indian

Constitution” 15 ICLQ (1966). 29. Jayna Kothari, “Social Rights and the Constitution” 6 SCC (2004). 30. Joseph Minattur, “Directive Principles: Irish Example” 7 JBC1 (1978). 31. Justice Kurian Joseph, “Judiciary and Social Welfare in India 54 Nyaya Deep (2013). 32. K.K. Tripathi, “Rural Wage Guarantee Implementation Challenges” 61 Kurukshetra

(2013). 33. Krishnayan Sen, “Uniform Civil Code” 39 Economic and Political Weekly (2004). 34. Leila Seth, “A Uniform Civil Code: towards gender justice” 31 IICQ (2006). 35. M. P. Singh, “The Statistics and the Dynamics of the Fundamental Rights and the

Directive Principles - A Human Rights Perspective” 5 SCC (2003). 36. M.K. Widge, “Gender issue in Development” 37 Yojana (1992). 37. Manoj Kumar Sinha, “Right to Education: National and International Perspectives” 48

JILI (2008). 38. Mansi Sood, “The Right to Education and the Poor” 14 Nyaya Deep (2013). 39. Mihir Shah, “A new Beginning on Water in 12th Plan” 57 Yojana (2013). 40. Neeru Verma, “Challenges Ahead for Teachers in Elementary Education in India” 4

IJEIS (2014). 41. Nupur Tiwari, “Two Decades of Panchayati Raj as Institutions of Local Self-

Governments in India” 11 GGJ (2013).

368

42. P.G. Gayathri, “Uniform Civil Code in India: Myths, Realities and the Way Forward” 56 Nyaya Deep (2013).

43. P.G. Gayathri, “Uniform Civil Code in India: Myths, Realities and the Way Forward” Nyaya Deep (2013).

44. Paras Diwan, “Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights towards the constitutionally proclaimed goal of justice” 32 PULR (1980).

45. Prema Ramachandran, “Food & Nutrition Security: Challenges in the new millennium” 138 IJMR (2013).

46. R.C.S. Sarkar, “Some Aspects of Constitutional Reforms: Judicial Review and Directive Principles,” 10 JCPS (1976).

47. S Waseem Ahmad and M. Ashraf, “Social Justice and the Constitution of India” 67 JILI (2006).

48. S. Shyam Sundar, “Wildlife Conservation and Forestry: Concerns and Policy Developments in India” 74 CWFR (1995).

49. S.K. Sharma, “Jurisprudence of Legal Aid: A Constitutional Juridical Perspective” 13 ACALR (1989).

50. Saumya Shrivastava, “Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan” 58 Yojana (2014). 51. Shabbeer Ahmed and Shabbeer Ahmad, “Uniform Civil Code (Article 44 of the

Constitution): A Dead Letter” 67 IJPS (2006). 52. Shantha Sinha, “Deficit Childhood” 46 IICQ (2009). 53. Shantha Sinha, “Infant Survial: A Political Change” 41 Economic and Political Weekly

(2006). 54. Somnath Roy & Deoki Nandan,” Development Towards Achieving Health /Reproductive

Health For All and Millennium Development Goals: A Critical Appraisal” 30 HPPI (2007).

55. T. Haque, “Agricultural Land Leasing in India – Policy, Practice and Impact” 57 Yojana (2013).

56. T.N. Srivastava, “Local ‘Self’ Government and the Constitution” 37 Economic and Political Weekly (2002).

57. Upendra Baxi, “Directive Principles and Sociology of Indian Law: A reply to Dr. Jagat Narain” 11 JILI (1969).

58. Upendra Baxi, “Little Done Vast-Undone: Some reflections on Reading Granville Austin’s Indian Constitution” 9 JILI (1967).

59. V P Niranajanaradhya, “The Right to Education, Constitution, Constitution and the Common School System in India 14 Nyaya Deep (2013).

60. V.K. Sthanunathan, “Prohibition Pros and Cons” 23 Yojana (1979). 61. V.R. Krishna Iyer, “A Theme introduced, National Jurisprudence: Foreword to the

Future” AIR (1976). 62. V.R. Krishana Iyer, “Three Decades of Constitutional Experience” 17 CMLJ (1981).

369

63. V.S. Vyas and V. Ratna Reddy, “Assessment of Environmental Policies and Policy Implementation in India” 33 Economic and Political Weekly (1998).

64. Virender Kumar, “The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: A Juridical Critique of its Constitutional Perspective” 55 JILI (2013).

65. Virendra Kumar, “The Institution of Property and the proposed Forty-Forth Amendment of the Constitution” 38 PULR (1976).

66. A. Vaidyanathan, “The Pursuit of Social Justice” in Zoya Hasan (ed.), India’s Living Constitution (Permanent Black, Delhi, 2002).

67. B. Sivaramayya, “Gender Justice” in S.K.Verma, Kusuk (eds.) Fifty Years of the Supreme Court of India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000).

68. G. Rajasekar, “The Constitution and the Changing Approach of the Judiciary” in G. Manoher Rao (ed.), Constitutional Development through Judicial Process (Asia Law House, Hyderabad, 2012).

69. K.I. Vibhute, “Social Justice: Constitutional Scheme and Spirit”, in K.I.Vibhuti (ed.), Dr. Ambedkar and Empowerment: Constitutional Vicissitudes (1993).

70. K.Sai Baba,”Contribution of Indian Judiciary to Ensure Gender Justice” in G. Manoher Rao (ed.), Constitutional Development through Judicial Process (Asia Law House, Hyerabad, 2012).

71. Kalbagh Chetana, “A Better Deal for Women by 2000 AD” in Kalbagh Chetana (ed.), Social and Economic Dimensions of women’s Development (Discovery Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1992).

72. N. Maheshwara Swamy, “Environment and Socio-Economic Development through Judicial Process – A Critical Analysis” in G. Manoher Rao (ed.), Constitutional Development through Judicial Process (Asia Law House, Hyderabad, 2012).

73. Neera Desai, “Changing Status of women, Policies and Programmes” in Amit Kumar Gupta (ed.), Women and Society, Development Perspective (Quiterion Publishers, New Delhi, 1986).

74. S.N. Jain, “Judicial system and Legal Remedies” in J. Minattur (ed.), The Indian Legal System (Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, 1995).

75. Krishana Iyer remarked, “Do not walk into the false dilemma of conflict between Parts III and IV at All India Seminar on Directive Principles Jurisprudence, at Chandigarh on 3 March 1981.

76. V.S. Deshpande, “Between Truth and Justice”, an inaugural address at the All India Seminar on Directives Principal Jurisprudence held at Chandigarh under the auspices of the Department of Law, P.U. Chandigarh, (From Feb 28 to March 1, 1981).

77. Mani Shankar Aiyar, “The Dilemma of Development and Democracy in India” (Address to the Centre for Media Studies, New Delhi, November 2010).

370

III - JOURNAL AND PERIODICALS

1. All India Reports. 2. Asian Survey. 3. Civil and Military Law Journal. 4. Economic and Political Weekly. 5. George Washington L.R. 6. Health and Population Perspectives and Issues. 7. Indian International Centre Quarterly. 8. Indian Journal of Comparative Law. 9. Indian Journal of Education and Information Studies. 10. Indian Journal of Public Administration. 11. International Indexed & Referred Research Journal. 12. International Journal of Arts Commerce and Literature. 13. Journal of Bar Council of India. 14. Journal of Indian law Institute. 15. Journal of the Constitution and Parliamentary Studies. 16. Kurukshetra A Journal on Rural Development. 17. Nalsar Law Review. 18. Nyaya Deep. 19. Punjab University Law Review. 20. Supreme Court Cases. 21. Supreme Court Reports. 22. The Commonwealth Forestry Review. 23. The Grassroots Governance Journal. 24. Yale Law Review. 25. Yojana.

IV - MAGAZINES/NEWSPAPERS 1. “Economic Survey 2014: India logs record milk production in FY’13” The Economic

Times, June 9, 2014. 2. “New Lieutenant-Governors” The Hindu, February 15, 1952. 3. Anitha Anand, “Engendering the Plan” The Hindu, April 6, 1997.

V – WEBSITES 1. http://www.jastor.org/info/about/policies/terms.jsp 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersch_Lauterpacht 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wages_Act_1948

371

4. http://en.wikiepdia.org/wiki/Simon_Commission 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_State 6. http://historypak.com/nehru-report 7. http://nac.nic.in 8. http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/annualplan/ap2021ch5-7.pdf 9. http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates 10. http://rajyasabha.nic.in/photo/princets/p16.html 11. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com 12. http://www.angoc.org/cso-land-reform-monitoring-in-asia 13. http://www.cmseducation.org/Article51.htm 14. http://www.currentaffaires4exam/2013/07 15. http://www.labour.nic.in/content/division/social-security.php 16. http://www.lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/v2ch9htm 17. http://www.mdm.nic.in 18. http://www.paycheck.in/main/salary/minimumwages/haryana 19. http://www.Planning Commission.nic.in 20. http://www.Transforming/child/nutritionThe/Hindu.html 21. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml 22. http://www.vpmthane.org/law1/Heritage_Management_Law_131010.pdf 23. http://www.yourArticlelibrary.com 24. http://www.nfhsindia.org/index.shtm 25. www.google.com

372

APPENDICES

APPENDIX-A

SIR B.N. RAU’S ANNEXURE TO DRAFT REPORT OF APRIL 3, 1947 TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE SUB-COMMITTEE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS TO THE ADVISORY

COMMITTEE

ANNEXURE Fundamental Rights

CHAPTER –I

Justifiable Rights

1 to 34

CHAPTER-II

Non-justiciable Rights 35. 36. 37. 38.

The Principles of policy set forth in this Chapter are intended for the general guidance of the State. The application of these principles in legislation and administration shall be the care of the State and shall not be cognizable by any court. The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the whole people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political shall inform all the institutions of national life. The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing- (i) that all citizens, men and women, equally have the right to an adequate

means of livelihood; (ii) that the ownership and control of material resources of the community are

so distributed as best to sub-serve the common good; (iii) that the operation of free competition shall not be allowed to develop as

the result in the concentration of the ownership and control of essential commodities in a few individuals to the common detriment;

(iv) that there shall be equal pay for equal work for both men and women; (v) that the strength and health of workers, men and women, and the tender

age of children shall not be abused and that children shall not be forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;

(vi) that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

The State shall within the limit of its economic capacity and development make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and public

373

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

assistance in case of unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement, and other cases of undeserved want. The State shall endeavor to secure lay suitable legislation, economic organization and in other ways, to all workers industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities. The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code. The State shall endeavor to secure that marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and shall be maintained through mutual co-operation, with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis. The State shall also recognize that motherhood has a special claim upon its care and protection. That State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and ab original tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties. The State shall promote internal peace and security by the elimination of every cause of communal discord. The State shall promote international peace and security by the elimination of war as an instrument of national policy, by the prescription of open, just and honorable relations between nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among governments and by the maintenance of justice and the scrupulous respect for treaty obligations in the dealings of organized people with one another.

374

APPENDIX-A(i)

REVISED DRAFT CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (As submitted to the President of the Constituent Assembly on 3rd November, 1949)

PART-IV

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” has the same meaning as in Part III. The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down therein, are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may, a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life. The state shall, in particulars, direct its policy towards securing – (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate

means of livelihood; (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are

so distributed as best to subserve the common good; (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration

of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; (d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both, men and women; (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of

children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;

(f) that childhood and youth are protected against moral and material abandonment.

The State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and to endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. The State shall make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

375

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

The State shall endeavor to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. The State shall promote with special care, the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social in justice and all forms of exploitation. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and the drugs which are injurious to health. The State shall endeavour to organize agriculture and animal husbandry and modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for improving the breads of milch and draught cattle including cows and calves and for prohibiting their slaughter. It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by Parliament by law to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be. The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. The State shall endeavour to – (a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of

organized peoples with one another; and (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration. (e)

376

APPENDIX-B

PART IV

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (With Amendments upto 2011)

36. 37. 38. 39. 39.A 40.

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” has the same meaning as in Part III. The provisions contained in this part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. 1. The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and

protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life.

2. The State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing – (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate

means to livelihood; (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are

so distributed as best to subserve the common good; (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration

of Wealth and means of production to the common detriment; (d) that there is equal work for both men and women; (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age

of children are not abused and that citizens are forced by economic necessity to enter evocations unsuited to their age or strength;

(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. The State shall take steps to organize village Panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as

377

41. 42. 43. 43-A 43-B 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

units of self-government. The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. The State shall endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organization engaged in any industry. The State Shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies. The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. The State shall promote with special care that educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purpose of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health. The State shall endeavour to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.

378

48.A 49. 50. 51.

The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. It shall the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be. The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. The State shall endeavour to- (a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honorable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of

organized peoples with one another; and (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

379

380

APPENDIX-C

STATE WISE LEGISLATION ON

(i) Abolition of Intermediaries

(ii) Tenancy Reforms and

(iii) Ceiling on Holdings

1. Uttar Pardesh : (i) The Uttar Pardesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 as

amended in 1952, 1954, 1956 and 1958. (ii) The Uttar Pardesh Imposition of ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960 as

amended upto 1973. 2. Bihar :-

(i) The Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 as amended in 1954, 1959, 1960, and

1972. (ii) Bihar Tenancy Act, 1885 as amended upto 1907. (iii) Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908. The Act was subsequently

strengthened by the President’s Act of 1900. (iv) The Bihar Bakshi Disputes Settlements Act, 1947. (v) The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy Act, 1947. (vi) The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Celling Area and Acquistion of

Surplus Land) Act, 1961 as amended upto 1973. 3. West Bengal:

(i) The West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act, 1953. (ii) The West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 as amended upto 1972. (iii) The West Bengal Acquisition and Setytlement of Homestead Land

(Amendment) Act, 1972. (iv) The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land Act, 1973.

4. Orissa : (i) The Orissa Estate Abolition Act, 1951 as amended upto 1972. (ii) The Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960 as amended upto 1974.

5. Andhra Pradesh:

Andhra Pradesh has been divided into two regions for the purpose of legislation relating to land reforms. These are : Hyderabad region or commonly called the Telengana region, and the Andhra and the scheduled areas region. The

381

following Acts are in force in the State:- (i) The Hyderabad Abolition of Cash Grants Act, 1952. (ii) The Andhra Pradesh (Telengana Area) Abolition of Inams Act, 1954. (iii) The Andhra Pradesh Absorbed Enclaves (Hydarabad Jagirdars)

(Commutation sum and allowances Act, 1955.) (iv) The Andhra Pradesh (Telengana Area) Jagir (Commutation) Regulation

25 of 1948. (v) The Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates (Abolition and Conversion

into Ryotwari) Act, 1948. (vi) The Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Inam (Abolition and Conversion into

Ryotwari) Act, 1956. (vii) Regulations to abolish malguzari and muttaderi tenures in the scheduled

areas. (viii) The Andhra Pradesh (Telengana) Area TEnancy and Agriculture Land

Act, 1950 as amended in 1954. (ix) The Andhra Tenancy Act, 1956 as amended in 1970. (x) Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas (Land Transfer) Regulation, 1958 as

amended in 1971. (xi) The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Calling on Agricultural Holdings)

Act, 1973.

6. Rajasthan: (i) The Rajasthan Land Reform and Resumption of Jagir Act, 1958 as

amended in 1954. (ii) Ajmer Abolition of intermediaries and Land Reforms Act, 1955. (iii) The Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswadari Abolition Act, 1950. (iv) The Rajasthan Land Reforms (Acquisition of Land owners’ Estate) Act,

1963. (v) The Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 as amended in 1972. (vi) The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceilings on Holdings Act, 1973

7. Tamil Nadu:

(i) Tamil Nadu Estates (Supplementary) Act, 1958. (ii) Tamil Nadu Inams Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act,

1963. (iii) Tamil Nadu Lease Holds (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act,

1963. (iv) Tamil Nadu Minor Inams (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act,

1963. (v) Tamil Nadu Inams (Supplementary) Act, 1963. (vi) Tamil Nadu (Transferred Territory) Ryotwari Settlement Act, 1964. (vii) Tamil Nadu (Transferred Territory) Jennie Karam Payment Abolition

Act, 1965. (viii) Tamil Nadu (Transferred Territory) Thiruppu-varran Payment Abolition

382

Act, 1964. (ix) The Kanya Kumari (Sreepandaravake Lands) Abolition Act, 1964. (x) The Gudalur Jemen Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari)

Act, 1959. (xi) The Kanya Kumari Sreepadam lands (Abolition and Conversion into

Ryotwari) Act, 1972. (xii) The Madras Cultivating Tenants Protection Act, 1955 as amended in

1965. (xiii) The Madras Cultivating Tenants (Payment of Fair Rent) Act, 1956 as

amended upto 1969. (xiv) Tamil Nadu Public Trusts (Regulation of Administration of Agricultural

Lands) Act, 1961 as amended upto 1966. (xv) Tamil Nadu Agricultural Lands (Record of Tenancy Rights) Act,. 1969. (xvi) The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1961

as amended upto 1972.

8. Maharashtra: (i) The Bombay Bhagdari and Narwadari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949. (ii) The Bombay Khoti Abolition Act, 1949. (iii) The Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watans (Abolition Act, 1950. (iv) The Salsette Estates (Land Revenue Exemption Abolition) Act, 1951. (v) The Bombay Personnel Xnams Abolition Act, 1958. (vi) The Bombay Kauli and Katuban Tenures (Abolition) Act, 1953. (vii) The Bombay Land Tenure Abolition (Recovery of Records) Act, 1953. (viii) The Bombay Service Inams (useful to community) Abolition Act, 1953. (ix) The Bombay Bhil Naik Inams Abolition Act, 1955. (x) The Bombay Shilotri Rights (Kolaba) Abolition Act, 1955. (xi) The Bombay Shetgi Watans Rights (Ratnagiri) Abolition Act, 1953. (xii) The Bombay Bandhijama, Udhad and Ugadia Tenures Abolition Act,

1959. (xiii) The Kholapur Abolition of Khoti System Act, 1945 (For Kholapur State

Area). (xiv) The Bombay Merged Territories (Jangira and Bhore) Khoti Tenure

Abolition Act, 1953 (xv) The Bombay Merged Territories and Areas (Jagir Abolition)Act, 1953. (xvi) The Bombay Merged Territories Miscellaneous Alienations Abolition

Act, 1955. (xvii) The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Land Act, 1948 as amended upto

1970. (applicable to Bombay region). (xviii) The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Land Act, 1950 (Applicable to

Marthawada region). (xix) The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Act, 1958 (applicable to

Vadarbha region and Kuteharea). (xx) The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (ceiling on Holdings) Act, 1961 as

amended upto 1975.

383

9. Madhya Pardesh : (i) The Madhya Pradesh Abolition of Proprietary Rights (Estates, Mahals,

Alienated Lands) Act, 1950. (ii) The United States of Gwalior, Indore and Malwa Zamindari Abolition

Act, 1950. (iii) The Abolition of Jagirs Act, 1951. (iv) The Vindhya Pardesh Abolition of Jagirs and Land Reforms Act, 1952. (v) Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code 1969. (vi) The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1960 as

amended up to 1974.

10. Karnataka: (i) The Mysore (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1954. (ii) The Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955. (iii) The Madras Estate (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948. (iv) The Hyderabad Abolition of Inams Act, 1955. (v) The Bombay Personal Inams Abolition Act, 1952. (vi) The Bombay Service Inams (useful to community) Abolitio-n Act, 1953. (vii) The Bombay Merged Territories and Miscellaneous Alienation Abolition

Act, 1955. (viii) The Bombay Merged Territories and Areas (Abolition) Act, 1950. (ix) The Mysore Village Offices Abolition Act, 1961. (x) Mysore Land Reforms Act, 1961 as amended upto 1974. (xi) Karnatka Land Reforms Act, 1962 as amended in 1974.

11. Assam :

(i) The Assam State Acquisition of Zamindari Act, 1951. (ii) The Assam Lushari Hills District (Acquisition of Chiefs rights) Act,

1954. (iii) Assam Temporary Settled Districts Tenancy Act, 1953 as amended in

1971. (iv) The Adhairs Protection and Regulation Act, 1948. (v) The Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1956 as amended

upto 1972.

12. Kerala : Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 as amended upto 197. The Act also deals with tenancy reforms vis-a-via ceiling limit on agricultural lands.

13. Gujrat : The following Acts which were in force in Bombay State at the time of separation of Gujrat area on May 1, 1960, continued to be in force in the state of Gujrat :

384

(i) The Bombay Bhagdari and Harwadari Tenures Abolition Act, 1949. (ii) The Bombay Malaki Tenures Abolition Act, 1949. (iii) The Bombay Telukdari Tenures Abolition Act, 1949. (iv) The Panchmahala Mehwassi Tenures Abolition Act, 1940. (v) The Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watans (Abolition) Act, 1960. (vi) The Bombay Watwa Nazirdari Rights (Abolition) Act, 1960. (vii) The Salsette Estates (Land Revenue Exemption Abolition) Act, 1951. (viii) The Bombay Service Inams (useful to community) Abolition Act, 1953. (ix) The Bombay personal Inams Abolition Act, 1952. (x) The Bombay Land Tenured Abolition (Recovery of Records) Act, 1953. (xi) The Bombay (Okhamandal Salami Tenure Abolition) Act, 1953. (xii) The Bombay Bhil Naik Inam Abolition Act, 1955. (xiii) The Bombay Inferior Village Watans Abolition Act, 1958. (xiv) The Bombay Bandhijama, Udhad and Ugadia Tenures Abolition Act,

1959. In the areas which have been transferred to Gujrat from Bombay States, the following acts continued to be in force:- (i) The Bombay Merged Territories (Abolition of Tenure) Act, 1953. (ii) The Bombay Merged Territories (Baroda, Malgiras Tenures Abolition)

Act, 1953. (iii) The Bombay Merged Territories (Baroda Watan Abolition) Act, 1953. (iv) The Bombay Merged Territories Matadari Tenure Abolition Act, 1953. (v) The Bombay Merged Territories and Areas (Jagir Abolition) Act, 1953. (vi) The Bombay Merged Territories Miscellaneous Alienation Abolition Act,

1955. Besides the above, the following Acts and Ordinances were legislated in Gujrat State for saurashtra area:- (i) The Saurashtra Barkhali Abolition Act, 1951. (ii) The Saurashtra Land Reforms Act, 1951. (iii) The Saurashtra Estates Acquisition Act, 1952. (iv) The Saurashtra Attachment of Grasadar’s Land and Compensation

(Temporary Exemption) Act, 1953. (v) The Saurashtra Grants (Resumption)Ordinance, 1949. (vi) The Bombay Ankadia Tenure (Saurashtra Area) Abolition Act, 1959. (vii) The Bombay (Saurashtra Area) Aghat Tenure Lajaras Abolition Act,

1969. (viii) The Bombay Inams (Kutch area) Abolition Act, 1953. (ix) The Gujrat Patel Watans Abolition Act, 1961; the Gujrat Surviving

Alienation Abolition Act, 1953 and the Saghara and Mehwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition etc. Regulation), 1962.

(x) The Devasthan Inam Abolition Act, 1969. For tenancy and ceiling legislation see: (i) the Bombay Tenancy and agricultural lands Act, 1948 as amended

upto 1974 (ii) Gujrat Agricultural Lands Ceiling Act, 1960 as amended upto 1974.

385

14. Punjab : (i) The Punjab Occupancy Tenants (Vesting of Proprietary Rights) Act,

1952. (ii) The Papsu Occupancy Tenants (Vesting of Proprietary Rights) Act, 1953. (iii) The Punjab Abolition of Ala Malkiyat and Talukdari Act, 1952. (iv) The Papsu Abolition of Ala Malkiyat Talukdari Rights Act, 1954. (v) Papsu Tenancy and Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1955. (vi) The Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953. (vii) The Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972 as amended in 1973.

15. Haryana :

All the laws enacted by the erstwhile Punjab and Papsu States which were in force in the composite State of Punjab (including) continued to be in force in Haryana, (see Above).

16. Himachal Pradesh : (i) Himachal Pradesh Abolition of Big Landed Estates and Land Reforms

Act, 1953 (applicable in old areas) (ii) All the laws which were in force in the erstwhile Punjab and Papsu States

were also applied for abolition of intermediary rights in the State of Himachal Pradesh in merged areas.

(iii) Himachal Pradesh (Transferred Territory) Tenants (Protection of Rights) Act, 1971-merged areas.

(iv) Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 1972 as amended in 1974.

(v) Himachal Pradesh Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972.

17. Jammu & Kashmir : (i) J & K Tenancy Act, 1923 as amended in 1955. (ii) J & K Agrarian Reforms Act, 1972.

386

APPENDIX- C (i)

AGRARIAN LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF LAND RIGHTS OF SCHEDULE CASTES AND TRIBES

States & Legislative Measures

1. Andra Pradesh The Agency Tracts Interest and Land Transfer Act 1917.

(i) The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas and Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 (Amended in 1963).

(ii) The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Area Land (Extension and Amendment) Regulation, 1963.

2. Bihar (i) Bihar Tenancy Act, 1885. (ii) Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908. (iii) Santal Parganas Act, 1949. (iv) Bihar Scheduled Areas Regulations, 1969.

3. Gujarat (i) Bombay Land Revenue Code, 1879 (Section 73A). (ii) The State Government added more provisions in Bombay L.R. Code, 1879 vide

Bombay Land Revenue Act, 1980.

4. Karnataka (i) Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Land, 1950. (ii) Mysore Land Revenue (Amendment) Rule 1960. (iii) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of transfer of certain lands) Act,

1978.

5. Kerala (i) Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Registration on Transfer of Land and Restoration of

Alienated Lands) Act, 1973. (ii) Kerala Arable Forest Land Assignment Rules, 1970. (iii) Kerala Land Assignment Rules, 1964.

6. Madhya Pradesh (i) Central Provinces Land Alienation Act 1916. (ii) Madhya Bharat Scheduled Areas (Allotment and Transfer of Land) Regulation, 1954. (iii) Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Codes, 1959.

387

7. Maharashtra

(i) The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1974. (ii) The Maharashtra Restoration of Land to the Scheduled Tribes Act, 1974. (iii) Maharashtra Land Revenue Code 1966(Section 36); (iv) Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948; (v) Bombay Tenancy and Assignment Lands Act (Vidarbha Region) Act, 1958; (vi) Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950.

8. Orissa

(i) Orissa Scheduled Area Transfer of Immovable Property (by Scheduled Tribes) Regulation, 1956 (Amended in 1963).

(ii) Orissa Land Reform Act 1960 (Amended in 1973). (iii) Executive Measure (there is no legislation relating to the allotment of land to SCs

and STs.

9. Punjab

Not available

10. Rajasthan (i) Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (ii) Rajasthan Registration (Adoption Amendment) Ordinance, 1975 (iii) Rajasthan Land Revenue (Allotment of Land for Agricultural Purpose) Rules, 1957 (iv) Rajasthan Bhoodan Yagna Act, 1954.

11. Tamil Nadu

(i) The Holdings (stay of Execution Proceedings) Act, 1950.

12. Uttar Pradesh (i) Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abilition and Land Rules Act, 1950 (Amended in 1968). (ii) Section 198 and Rule 174-A of Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1952. (iii) Section 1(A) and Rule 24 A (2) of UP Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953; (iv) Sections 27 and 28 of the UP Imposition of Ceilings of Land Holdings Act, 1960.

13. West Bengal

(i) The Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885. (ii) West Bengal Land Reforms Act 1955 (Amended from time to time)

388

APPENDIX-D

HIGHLIGHTS OF PLANNING: OUTLAYS & EXPENDITURE

[Rs. In Crore] S.N. Five Year Plan Approved

Outlay Total Plan Expediture

Target Growth

(%)

Actual Growth (%)

1 Ist Five Year Plan 1951-1956

6.30 4.70 2.1 3.6

2. 2nd Five Year Plan 1956-1961

17.00 15.37 4.5 4.3

3. 3rd Five Year Plan1961-1966

99.33 93.10 5.6 2.8

4. 4th Five Year Plan 1969-1974

168.77 155.60 5.7 3.3


363.75 341.34 4.4 4.8


1039.38 1041.95 5.2 5.7


2537.34 2631.47 5.0 6.0


4500.00 6208.32 5.6 6.8


15541.28 13465.09 6.5 5.4


23000.00 17455.06 8.0 7.6


36447.18 15893.43 9.0 8.0


36686.26 8 It is slowed down to 6.2 in 2011-12

and the deceleration

continued into the first year of the

12th Plan Source: Economic Survey of Delhi. 2005-2006, 2009-2010 & data from Various Five Years Plans.

389

APPENDIX- E

MINIMUM WAGES RATES ACROSS STATES

All States specify different minimum wages for different occupations and skill levels within those occupations except for Andaman and Nicobar, no state makes variations in wage rates across districts. The Table below briefly shows if the states account for Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA) that are linked and fixed according to a cost of living index (CPI in case of India), the range of minimum wages, and when these wages were last updated/revised. The period within which minimum wages are revised is different for different states. Some states revise their respective minimum wage rates every six months while some do so in 5 years. This anomaly reflects how in some cases minimum wage rates are as low as INR 38/day.

State/UT Basic and VDA/Special Allowance

No. of Minimum Wages

Lowest Minimum Wage Rate (per day), Occupation and date With Effect From (wef)

Highest Minimum wage Rate (per day)

Remarks

Andaman and Nicobar

63 212 (Agriculture, construction, education, loading-unloading, wood based and unorganized sector) 1 January 2012

322 (construction, education, and wood based industry) 1 January 2012

Arunachal Pradesh

×

180 80 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 19 February 2009

100 (Highly skilled workers of forestry and construction) 19 February 2009

Assam ×

267 208 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

208 (Highly skilled workers of forestry and construction) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

390

Bihar



Chandigarh ×

387 244.53 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

285.88 (Highly skilled workers of forestry and construction) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

Chhattisgarh



Wages are common for 33 out of 34 industries

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

132 166.8 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 April 2012

179.80 (Highly skilled workers of forestry and construction) 1 April 2012

The Government gives a special allowance. Not VDA

Daman & Diu

213 115 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 April 2012

128 (Highly skilled workers of forestry and construction) 1 April 2012

Delhi ×


328 (Highly skilled workers of forestry and construction) 1 April 2012

Goa ×

109 150 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 13 May 2010

179 (Clerks in Commercial and Industrial establishments) 13 May 2010

391

Gujarat

313 55 (Unskilled workers in Agarbati industries) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

210.7 (Patiawali-A workers in Brick kilns) 1 April 2012

Haryana x

6 186.42 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2012 223.56 w.e.f. 1 January 2015 to 30 June 2015

211.42 (All industries) 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2012

The minimum wage rates correspond to different skills common to all industries

Himachal Pradesh

x


209.94 (Highly skilled workers of forestry and construction) 1 April 2012

Jammu & Kashmir

X

140 110 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 October 2009

200 Skilled workers in all industries) 1 October 2009

Jharkhand



Karnataka

71 4.25/kg (Peeling cashews) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

226.69 (Manager in Brick Industry) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

Maximum Minimum wage/day of Manager in Brick Industry is calculated by deviding the category’s monthly Minimum wage by 30 days

392

Kerala

182 109.04 (Grade IV workers of Toddy Tapping) 2 August 2012

271.32 (Milking cows in Dairy Farming) 2 August 2012

Lakshadweep X

16 200 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 December 2011

275 (Highly skilled workers of all industries) 1 December 2011

Madhya Pradesh

576 103.66 (Peons and unskilled workers at cardboard box industry) 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2012

435 (Accountant at Power loom) 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2012

Minimum wage/day calculated by dividing monthly Minimum wage by 30 days

Maharashtra

485 103.67 (Unskilled workers and peon/watchmen in card-board box industry)

478.57 (Managers in Power loom)

Minimum wage/day calculated by dividing monthly Minimum wage by 30 days

Manipur X

45 112.30 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 February 2011

132.60 (skilled workers of all industries) 1February 2011

Meghalaya X

81 100 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 24 August 2009

140 (skilled workers of all industries) 24 August 2009

Mizoram X


235 (Skilled Grade II workers of all industries) 1 April 2009

393

Nagaland X

144 80 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 October 2009

100 (Skilled Grade II workers of all industries) 1 October 2009

Orissa X

332 90 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 13 July 2009

129 (Highly skilled workers of all industries) 13 July 2009

Pondicherry X

87 without VDA 8 with VDA

55 (Female light workers in Agriculture) I March 2011

177.88 (Manager of security guards) 1 March 2011

55/day is the wage for 8 hours a day of work

Punjab X 664 154.62 (Agriculture, meal or foodgrain) 1 March 2012

209.18 (Truck/Tempo/Bus Driver/ Supervisor/Stenographer) 1 March 2012

Rajasthan X

212 147 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 May 2009

217 (Highly skilled workers of all industries) 1 May 2009

Sikkim X 100 130 (Unskilled workers of all industries) 1 July 2009

190 (Highly skilled workers of all industries) 1 July 2009

Tamil Nadu

69 85 (Women workers in agriculture) 1 April 2012

273 (Neera tapping) 1 April 2012

Rs. 85/day is the wage rate for 5 hours of daily work

Tripura X

50 38 (Unskilled workers at tea plantations) Wef Not mentioned

(Highly Skilled at Mechanical workshop) Wef Not mentioned

The 38/day minimum wage rate includes supply of rice and wheat dough

West Bengal X

105 127 (without food, Agriculture) August 2010

196.31 (all industries except agriculture) August 2010

394

Uttarakhand

191 82 (Unskilled workers at Khandsari, Soap and Woolen industries) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

253 (Skilled workers at engineering industry and establishments) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

Uttar Pradesh

178 100 (Agriculture) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

220.35 (All industries except agriculture) 1 April 2012 to 30 September 2012

Central Sphere

44 162 (Mining) 1 April 2012

1120.93 (Agriculture) 1 April 2012

Central Sphere consists of Area A and B, both comprising metropolitan cities

Source: Minimum Wages Rates in India, available at: http”//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wages_Act_1948 _ (Visited on November 20, 2014).

395

APPENDIX- F STATE-WISE EMPLOYMENT IN DIFFERENT SECTORS IN RURAL AND URBAN INDIA

IN 2011-12 (PER 1000 EMPLOYED PEOPLE)

Agriculture and Allied

Industry Services with Construction

Services with Construction

State/UT

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Andhra Pradesh 687 53 97 241 217 705 150 583

Arunachal Pradesh 757 140 32 41 213 817 158 722 Assam 725 27 38 137 257 833 222 757 Bihar 669 146 53 121 279 732 174 609

Chhattisgarh 849 53 39 282 112 666 83 553 Delhi 0 1 120 285 879 712 542 682 Goa 239 14 365 289 397 696 353 552

Gujarat 783 53 62 306 156 641 112 576 Haryana 598 53 98 319 304 627 195 511

Himachal Pradesh 629 85 53 149 320 767 167 676 Jammu & Kashmir 597 110 84 227 316 662 218 552

Jharkhand 548 52 92 160 361 787 145 602 Karnataka 757 94 67 221 176 686 132 558

Kerala 347 110 132 178 511 711 357 570 Madhya Pradesh 824 98 48 203 128 700 62 569

Maharashtra 794 47 52 236 154 716 116 638 Manipur 534 205 90 118 377 677 240 604

Maghalaya 707 58 56 65 236 877 178 780 Mizoram 806 360 14 53 180 587 128 499 Nagaland 741 219 17 35 241 745 200 684

Odisha 676 103 84 215 240 683 144 549 Punjab 618 83 81 249 298 669 168 552

Rajasthan 633 70 54 186 312 743 110 595 Sikkim 539 0 48 99 414 901 282 874

Tamil Nadu 637 136 117 276 246 586 146 482 Tripura 306 21 63 89 633 891 244 716

Uttarakhand 695 54 41 199 263 747 131 629 Uttar Pradesh 669 91 76 257 257 653 124 551 West Bengal 563 36 173 279 265 683 206 621

A & N Islands 430 30 91 98 477 873 330 766 Chandigarh 31 22 145 122 826 856 629 778

Dadra & Nagar Haveli 591 38 160 632 251 332 155 315 Daman & Diu 548 394 340 177 110 430 106 398 Lakshadweep 452 277 57 164 491 558 361 483 Pondicherry 461 29 144 201 396 770 238 647

All India 679 75 80 242 241 683 147 582 Source: Economic Survey, 2011-2012, YOJANA October 2013