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Bey
on
d G
DP
: New
Me
as
ure
s
of W
ellb
ein
g a
nd
Pro
gre
ss
Jānis
Briz
ga
Pasaule
s d
abas
fonds
Co
nte
nt o
f pre
sen
tatio
n
•M
yth
ab
ou
t gro
wth
•A
ltern
ativ
e m
easu
res
•E
xam
ple
of e
co
log
ical fo
otp
rint
Wo
rld p
op
ula
tion
map
Myth
ab
ou
t Eco
no
mic
Gro
wth
•R
eso
urc
e d
ep
letio
n–
next g
enera
tions
•M
ore
co
nsu
mp
tion
, energ
y u
se, g
reenhouse
gas e
mis
sio
ns, m
ake e
conom
y g
row
, but a
re
we b
ette
r off?
•E
xte
rnal c
osts
•C
rime, s
ickness, p
ollu
tion, a
ccid
ents
make
econom
y g
row
—ju
st b
ecause m
oney is
bein
g
spent.
Wro
ng
messag
es
•G
DP
can g
row
even a
s p
overty
and
inequality
incre
ase;
•M
ore
work
hours
make e
conom
y g
row
-fre
e
time h
as n
o v
alu
e –
affe
cts
health
(stre
ss);
•G
DP
ignore
s w
ork
that c
ontrib
ute
s d
irectly
to
com
munity
health
(volu
nte
ers
, work
at
hom
e).V
alu
es, e
lem
en
ts o
f wellb
ein
g•
Health
•S
ecurity
•K
now
ledge
•C
om
munity
•F
reedom
•E
colo
gic
al in
tegrity
•E
quity
Exp
an
ded
defin
ition
of c
ap
ital
Diffe
ren
t SD
I ap
pro
ach
es
gro
up
ed
aro
un
d a
po
licy c
ycle
Diffe
ren
t SD
I ap
pro
ac
he
s g
rou
pe
d a
rou
nd
a p
olic
y
cy
cle
(So
urc
e o
f po
licy
cy
cle
: de
Rid
de
re
t al., 2
00
6)
Th
e G
en
uin
e P
rog
res
s In
dex
(US
, Au
stra
liao
nly
)
or In
de
x o
f Su
sta
inab
le W
elfa
re
or M
ea
su
ro
f Do
mes
tic P
rog
res
s (U
K o
nly
)
GP
I is c
alc
ula
ted b
y a
dju
stin
g G
DP
by s
ubtra
ctin
g s
ocia
l an
d e
nviro
nm
en
tal
co
sts
, and a
ddin
g in
the v
alu
e o
f no
n-m
ark
et p
rod
uctiv
e a
ctiv
ity, s
uch a
s
volu
nte
er w
ork
and c
hild
rearin
g.
Calc
ula
ted
by N
GO
sand th
ink ta
nks -
Redefin
ing P
rogre
ss (G
PI, 2
006, U
.S.
only
); New
econom
ics fo
undatio
n (M
DP
, 2004; U
K o
nly
); Frie
nds o
fth
e E
arth
U
K a
nd N
ew
econom
ics fo
undatio
n (IS
EW
)
Ad
juste
d N
et S
avin
gs (G
en
uin
e
Savin
gs) –
World
Bank
AN
S =
Net s
avin
gs -
reso
urc
e d
ep
letio
n &
en
viro
nm
en
tal
deg
rad
atio
n +
the v
alu
e o
f investm
en
t in h
um
an
cap
ital.
Negativ
ely
ad
juste
d n
et s
avin
g ra
tes
imply
a to
tal w
ealth
in d
eclin
e. T
he b
asic
ide
a
behin
d th
is c
on
cept is
that o
nly
net s
avin
gs in
cre
ase
we
alth
. While
the s
tandard
natio
nal
accounts
sole
ly s
ho
w c
han
ge
in p
hysic
al c
apita
l, i.e. m
an-m
ade
assets
like m
achin
ery
and in
frastru
ctu
re, 'g
enuin
e s
avin
gs' s
trive to
inclu
de th
e n
atu
ral,
enviro
nm
enta
l an
d
hum
an c
apita
l as a
sourc
e o
f we
alth
.
Ad
juste
d N
et S
avin
g
rate
s b
y re
gio
n (%
of
GN
I)
Hu
man
Develo
pm
en
t Ind
ex
(UN
DP
)
The H
DI w
as d
esig
ne
d a
s a
measure
for p
rogre
ss in
de
velo
pin
g
countrie
s b
eyon
dsim
ple
incom
e fig
ure
s s
uch a
s G
DP
. A lo
ng a
nd
hea
lthy life
, know
ledg
e a
nd a
decent s
tandard
of
livin
g a
re
consid
ere
d a
s th
e th
ree k
ey e
lem
ents
of d
evelo
pm
ent. T
here
fore
, data
on life
exp
ecta
ncy, a
du
lt litera
cy, s
chool e
nro
lme
nt a
nd G
DP
are
com
bin
ed to
calc
ula
te th
e in
dex.
Gro
ss N
atio
nal H
ap
pin
ess
(Kin
gdom
of B
huta
n)
•T
he fo
ur p
illars
of G
NH
are
: •
susta
inable
and e
quita
ble
socio
-econom
ic d
evelo
pm
ent;
•pre
serv
atio
n a
nd p
rom
otio
n o
f cultu
ralvalu
es;
•conserv
atio
n o
f the e
nviro
nm
ent; a
nd
•esta
blis
hm
ent o
f good g
overn
ance.
•A
pp
licatio
n: G
NH
is n
ot a
quantifie
d m
easure
. Rath
er, h
appin
ess is
the
guid
ing fra
mew
ork
for th
ecountry
’s fiv
e-y
ear p
lannin
g p
rocesses.
•A
ssessm
en
t: Afte
r two in
tern
atio
nal c
onfe
rences a
bout th
e c
oncept o
f G
NH
, the c
urre
nt fo
cus is
todevelo
p in
dic
ato
rs to
measure
GN
H. A
targ
et
date
to c
om
ple
te a
first s
et o
f indic
ato
rs is
2008,w
hen th
e firs
t dem
ocra
tic
ele
ctio
ns in
Bhuta
n w
ill be h
eld
.
Hap
py P
lan
et In
dex
(Th
e n
ew
eco
no
mic
s fo
un
da
tion
)H
PI =
(Life
satis
factio
n x
Life
exp
ecta
ncy) / E
colo
gic
al F
ootp
rint.
Qu
ality
of life
ind
ices (g
en
era
lly): R
esearc
h o
n q
ua
lity o
f life
goes b
eyo
nd e
con
om
ic a
nd
enviro
nm
enta
lsta
tistic
s a
nd in
clu
des
surv
eys to
get in
form
atio
n d
irectly
from
the in
div
idua
l. Vario
us
inde
xes fo
rquality
of life
have b
een d
eve
lop
ed b
y d
iffere
nt
researc
h te
am
s. T
he a
im is
to m
onito
r the s
tate
and
de
velo
pm
ent
of q
uality
of life
for d
iffere
nt c
ountrie
s a
nd v
ario
us s
ocia
l gro
ups.
More
over, th
ese
stu
die
s s
eek to
find c
orre
latio
ns w
ith s
ocio
-
econ
om
ic d
ata
to id
entify
driv
ers
for w
ell-b
ein
g a
nd
ha
pp
iness.
Eco
log
icalfo
otp
rint
EF
measure
s th
e a
mount o
f natu
ral re
sourc
es a
n in
div
idual, a
com
munity
, or a
country
consum
es in
a g
iven y
ear.
To u
nders
tand th
e h
um
anity
’s fo
otp
rint w
e n
eed to
know
two k
ey th
ings:
-E
co
log
ical S
up
ply
(the a
vaila
ble
bio
capacity
/ ecolo
gic
al c
apacity
)
-E
co
log
ical D
em
an
d(o
ur u
se o
f bio
logic
al re
sourc
es / th
e fo
otp
rint).
�C
om
pare
s h
um
an c
onsum
ptio
n o
f natu
ral re
sourc
es w
ith th
e p
lanet’s
ecolo
gic
al c
apacity
to re
genera
te th
em
�A
ssum
es c
urre
nt te
chnolo
gy le
vels
, and lo
oks a
t the a
mount o
f are
a n
eeded
to g
enera
te a
nd to
dis
pose o
f waste
.
Lan
d u
se c
ate
go
ries
To
tal te
rritory
of th
e W
orld
is 5
1 b
il. ha.
Ou
t of th
at:
•36,6
bil. h
a is
wate
r;
•14,4
bil. h
a is
terre
stria
l lan
d;
•11,2
bil. h
a a
re b
iolo
gic
ally
pro
du
ctiv
ete
rritory
Cro
pla
nd
–1
,5b
il. ha
Pastu
re –
3,4
bil. h
a
Fo
rest –
3,7
bil. h
a
Sea s
pace
–2,4
bil. h
a
Bu
ilt-up
lan
d –
0,2
bil. h
a
Carb
on
sto
rag
e a
reas
Need
s o
f oth
er
sp
ecie
s –
12
%
Wo
rld p
op
ula
tion
: Sep
tem
ber 2
007 –
6,6
mil.
Ava
ilab
le p
rod
uctiv
e la
nd
per c
ap
ita 1
,7h
a
Measu
ring
(un
)su
sta
inab
ility•
Euro
pea
n fo
otp
rint –
4,8
ha
•U
S fo
otp
rint –
9,6
ha
•A
vera
ge E
uro
pe
an n
eeds 3
pla
nets
•A
vera
ge A
meric
an n
eeds 5
pla
nets
EF
an
d G
row
th in
EU
20
years
ag
o
an
d
no
wL
V
LT
EE
Eco
log
ical d
ep
t
Fu
ture
scen
ario
s1) In
erc
e(4
0 p
lanēta
sbio
kap
acitā
tes
gadi
līdz
2050.g
);
2) n
eskārti
50
% n
o e
kosis
tēmām
3) n
eskārti
67
% n
o e
kosis
tēmām
4) n
eskārti
88
% n
o e
kosis
tēmām
Solu
tions
