Bellwork

Work with one other person.• On a note card, make up one test

question.• On your neighbor’s note card, write

the answer to that question.• Now your neighbor also makes up

one test question, and on the back of your original question card, you write his/her answer

Turn in Study Guides from Yesterday

Turn in Cell Membrane Study Guides (study guides for the test yesterday)

Reminder: Your Benchmark 2 Study Guide will be due tomorrow

Today’s Agenda

• Review tests (2nd block)

• 3rd/4th block, 15 minutes to work on study guide questions, including 1-9• Rest of class, time to finish tests

• Zip Around Game• KaHoot

Mid-Term Review

1. Describe the levels of a food chain and how energy is transferred from one level to another.

Producers – AutotrophsPrimary Consumers – HerbivoresSecondary Consumers – Carnivores and omnivoresTertiary Consumers – Carnivores and omnivoresDecomposers - Detritivores

2. Give an example of an organism at each level of the food chain.

Grass Rabbit Fox Bear fungus and bacteria

3. What is the ultimate source of energy for the food web and biological processes?

The sun

For what type of organisms is it directly used?Producers (autotrophs)

4. Describe the difference between Primary and Secondary Succession.

Primary Succession occurs when there is a new area that has never before had life, life must begin fresh without any soil

Secondary Succession occurs somewhere that a disaster has destroyed the life and new life must start over – already has soil.

5. What types of species would you expect to see first with each type of succession?

Primary – lichensSecondary – grasses and flowers6. Give an example of each.Primary – lichens, mosses, shrubs, trees, birds,

snakes, mammalsSecondary – grasses, shrubs, trees, birds,

snakes, mammals

7. What types of things are involved with nutrient cycling? (give examples of living and nonliving components)

Animals, soil, atmosphere, plants, industry8. List and describe the processes involved in the

water cycle.Evaporation – water moving from the lakes,

rivers, and oceans into the atmosphereTranspiration – water leaving plants and trees

into the atmosphereCondensation – water in the atmosphere

forming cloudsPrecipitation – water in the clouds falling as

rain, snow, sleet, or hailRun off – water returning to the rivers, lakes,

and oceans

9. What is homeostasis? The process of maintaining the environment necessary

for the survival of the cell/organism10. Give an example of something a cell would do to maintain

homeostasis.Regulating nutrient concentrations, removing waste,

exchanging gases, etc. 11. What does selectively permeable mean? How does this

characteristic of the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis?

It means that some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane while other substances can not

This helps the cell get what it needs and get rid of what it does not need.

12. What are two differences between active and passive transport?

Passive does not use energy and moves materials from high concentration to low

Active does use energy and moves materials from low concentrations to high

13. List and describe the three types of passive transport.

Diffusion – moving materials from areas of high concentration to low through a semi-permeable membrane

Facilitated Diffusion - moving materials from areas of high concentration to low through a semi-permeable membrane with the aid of transport proteins

Osmosis - moving water from areas of high concentration to low through a semi-permeable membrane

14. List and describe the three types of active transport.

Protein pumps – moving materials against the concentration gradient with the aid of proteins and energy

Endocytosis – moving bulky materials into the cell by folding the membrane in around the material and bringing it into the cell

Exocytosis – moving bulky material out of the cell by fusing a storage vacuole with the cell membrane and forcing the material out of the cell

15. Describe the properties of a hypertonic solution. The solution has a higher concentration of

solute than inside the cell16. What happens to a cell when placed in a

hypertonic solution?Water would move out of the cell causing the

cell to shrink17. Describe the properties of a hypotonic solution. The solution has a lower concentration of

solute than inside the cell18. What happens to a cell when placed in a

hypotonic solution? What is that called?Water would move into the cell causing the

cell to swell and burst, lysis

19. Describe the properties of a isotonic solution.

The solution has the same concentration of solute as inside the cell

20. What happens to a cell when placed in a isotonic solution? What is that called?

Water molecules will move into and out of the cell maintaining the same concentration, dynamic equilibrium

21. What are the four important types of organic molecules that make up living things?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

22. Which type is the primary source of energy?

Carbohydrates 23. Which type has the greatest chemical

bond energy?Lipids 24. In what type of bonds is energy stored

and causes foods to be energy rich?Carbon-Hydrogen bonds

25. What three elements must all carbohydrates contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen26. What are the building blocks of large

carbohydrates?Monosaccharides (they join together to build

polysaccharides)27. List the three types of carbohydrates and give

examples of eachMonosaccharides - glucoseDisaccharides - sucrosePolysaccharides – amylose, cellulose28. What are three functions of carbohydrates?Energy source, Energy storage, Structural

Support

29. What three elements must all lipids contain? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen30. What are the building blocks of lipids?Glycerol and 3 Fatty acids31. Name the structure to the right. Name

the two types of monomers that make it up.Triglyceride: glycerol and three fatty acids32. What are three functions of lipids?Energy storage, cellular membrane structure,

and building vitamins and hormones33. How are lipids helpful to a cold-climate

organism?They can build up lipids to serve as insulation

and energy storage

34. What four elements must all proteins contain? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

35. What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acids

36. How many different amino acids are there? 20With only so few types of amino acids, how are so many different proteins possible?They can be arranged in many different ways

37.What are the different functions of proteins? Structural proteins are used for support

Ex. connective tissue and keratin that forms hair and finger nails.

Transport proteins transport many substances throughout the bodyEx. hemoglobin which transports oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body

Hormone proteins coordinate body activitiesEx. insulin which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.

Contractile proteins help control movementEx. proteins in the muscles which help control contraction.

Enzymatic proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactionsEx. digestive enzymes which break down food in the digestive tract.

38. What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?Nucleotides – made up of a 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base and a phosphate

39. What five elements make up nucleotides?Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

40. What is the function of nucleic acids? Store information

41. Give two examples of nucleic acids.DNA, RNA

42. Enzymes are a type of catalyst. What does that mean?

They are materials that lower activation energy required for a reaction to occur

43. How does having enzymes involved in our body’s chemical reactions help us?

Reactions are able to occur at lower temperatures in our body

44. Describe three functions of enzymes.Digest food, release energy (burn glucose),

build molecules like proteins and lipids45. What is a substrate?What the enzyme acts upon46. Where does the substrate fit on the enzyme?The active site

47. Is an enzyme consumed in a chemical reaction? Explain.

No, it goes back to its original shape and is ready to work again

48. What are four factors that can affect an enzymes activity?

Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration

49. What happens to the reaction rate if more enzyme is added?

It increases until all of the enzymes are working or until it runs out of substrate (when the reaction would stop)

50. What happens to the reaction rate if more substrate is added?

It increases until all of the enzymes are working51. What happens to the reaction rate if all of the enzymes

are working?the rate of reaction would level off

52. What is ATP and what does it do?Adenosine triphosphate – the form of energy

that a cell can quickly and easily use, drives metabolism

53. What are the monomers that make up ATP?A 5-carbon sugar (ribose), a nitrogen base

(adenine), and three phosphate groups54. How does ATP transfer energy? What does it

become?When ATP loses a phosphate group off of its

phosphate chain - It then become ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

55. How can ADP be used to store energy?It can find another phosphate to bind to and

become ATP again