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Write these terms and their meanings in your notes related to the Integumentary System.
EPIDERMIS (epi- = upon/over)
DERMIS (derm- = skin)
(SUBCUTANEOUS OR SUPERFICIAL FASCIA) This is not considered the “true” skin or integument.
HYPODERMIS (hypo- = below)(sub-=below)(cutane-=skin)
*Also, write the standard on the following slide in your notes.
Bell Work for Day One
THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM-
THE LARGEST ORGAN
Anatomy & Physiology
8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal explanation of the three layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize functions and characteristics of each layer; describe layers within epidermis and dermis; outline and sketch cell types and definitions, appendages, blood supply, innervation, and possible lesions.
Standard-(write in your notes)
Outline the structure and function of the three layers of the skin (including its appendages, nerves, and blood vessels) through the creation of a model.
Distinguish each cell type of the skin by outlining a provided sketch.
Objectives for Day One
The Integumentary System
2 components of the integumentary system:
1. Cutaneous membrane Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
2. Accessory structures (appendages)
Hair
Nails
Exocrine glands
Consider previous classes, how are exocrineglands different than endocrine glands?
Functions of the Integumentary System
Protection- Consider past lessons…In what ways does the integument (skin) provide protection?
Temperature maintenance- Think about your own body…what happens when you get too hot? Too cold?
Synthesis and storage of nutrients- We will discuss these later in this lesson, but what other body system would the integument communicate with based on this function?
Sensory reception – What body system does this relate to? Which special sense relates to the integument?
Absorption- What is an example of something the integument absorbs?
Excretion & secretion- What do these mean?
What is excretion? What is secretion?
What’s the difference? Write examples of each in your notes. (Make sure you know the difference!)
Quickly view the link explaining the differences:
http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-between-excretion-and-secretion/
Share out!
http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-between-excretion-and-secretion/
Epidermis
Superficial epithelium
Avascular- What does this mean?
Thick skin – 5 layers
Palms of hands, soles of feet
Thin skin – 4 layers
Layers of epidermis:
1. Stratum basale
2. (Intermediate strata)
1. Stratum spinosum
2. Stratum granulosum
3. Stratum lucidum- (only hands/feet)
3. Stratum corneum
**Broccoli Soup Gives Lucy Cramps!
Stratum Basale (start at the base)
Epidermal ridges extend downward into the dermis
Dermal papillae extend upward between epidermal ridges
Ridge contours are genetically determined
**This combination yields our fingerprints!!!
Obtains nutrients from dermis (Is this excretion or secretion?)
Composed mostly of stem cells (continuous cell division occurs here)
Contains melanocytes
Intermediate Strata (3 layers)
Stratum spinosum
Spiny layer
Continues cell division
Stratum granulosum
Grainy layer
No cell division
Produces keratin Protein, water-resistant & durable
*Stratum lucidum
Flattened & densely packed
Filled with keratin
Only found in thick skin
*(Palms of hands and soles of feet)
Stratum Corneum
Most superficial layer
15-30 layers
Cells are dead & keratinized
Tightly connected and flat
Cells are shed after ~2 weeks
(Activity: Take 3-5 minutes, draw a
sample of the diagram to the right,
outlining the cell types in each layer.)
Thick Skin
Thin Skin
Skin Color - Pigmentation
Carotene – orange/yellow pigment
Converted to vitamin A, which maintains epidermis
Melanin – brown/yellow/black pigment
Made by melanocytes in the stratum basale
Stored in intracellular vesicles
Production increases with UV light What do we call this?
Melanin absorbs UV radiation to prevent burns
Freckles are areas with heavy melanin production
Dermal Circulation
Gives skin reddish color due to blood vessels in the dermis
What happens if melanin is NOT produced at all?
Melanocytes
Albinism Vitiligo
Albinism:
Absence of melanin
Vitiligo:
Melanin
cells die
or stop
functioning
The Sun
Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale after UV exposure
Not enough Vitamin D3 = abnormal bone growth
Too much Vitamin D3 = premature wrinkling(damaged connective tissue), chromosome damage (skin cancer)
Is the sun the only cause for wrinkling or cancer?
Dermis
Lies beneath epidermis
2 major layers
1. Papillary layer
loose connective tissue
Support & nourishment
Contains capillaries and nerves that supply the epidermis
2. Reticular layer
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers prevent damage from flexibility
Contains blood vessels, nerve receptors, hair follicles, and sweat glands
Nerve Receptors (Innervation)
Hypodermis
AKA subcutaneous layer
Not part of “true” integument
No clear distinction between hypodermis & dermis
Loose connective tissue with many adipocytes-
What types of cells are these?
Functions:
Reduces heat loss
Energy reserve
Absorbs shock
Accumulates differently in males & females
Elastic
No vital organs, few capillaries
Good for subcutaneous injections with a hypodermic needle
Accessory Structures - Hair
Everywhere except sides & soles of feet, palms of hands, sides of fingers & toes, lips, & parts of external genital organs
Hair follicles: produce hair
Structure:
Follicles project into dermis and hypodermis
Follicle contains cells of epidermis
Hair papilla – peg of connective tissue containing capillaries & nerves
Hair root – anchors hair to skin
Hair shaft – 3 layers of dead, keratinized cells1. Cuticle – surface layer of hair, overlapping shingle-like cells
2. Cortex – underneath the cuticle
3. Medulla – core of the hair, underneath the cortex
Accessory Structures - Hair
Accessory Structures - Hair
2.5 million hairs on the human body!
~500,000 on the head
Functions of hair:
UV protection
Cushioning (head)
Insulation
Prevents entry of foreign particles into nostrils, ears, and eyes What hair protects our eyes?
Prevents injury
Sensory nerve fibers can feel movement of the hair shaft
Responds to stress, cold, or anger/fear
Arrector pili muscles in the dermis force hair to stand up
Accessory Structures – Hair (Color)
Differences in hair color due to amount of pigment
produced by melanocytes
Genetically determined
Eumelanin-dark
Pheomelanin-light
No pigment or presence
of bubbles-gray/white
Share out!
What makes a person’s hair straight or curly?
Accessory Structures – Sebaceous Glands
Holocrine glands- Arrector pili muscle contracts and squeezes oil out of the gland…This oil is called…
Sebum – oily secretion
Lubricates hair & skin
Inhibits bacteria growth
What was one of our first lines of defense in the immune response?
Sensitive to changes in sex hormones
Acne caused by blocked sebaceous ducts
Secretions accumulate and become inflamed
May lead to bacterial infection
Accessory Structures –
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Secrete products into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and groin
Sticky, cloudy secretion released at puberty
Becomes odorous when bacteria break it down (food source)
Merocrine sweat glands
coiled tubular glands
Discharge secretions directly onto skin surface
Most numerous in palms of hands and soles of feet
99% water plus electrolytes, organic nutrients, & waste
Cools skin surface & lowers body temperature
Too much perspiration = dehydration
Flushes microorganisms from the surface-line of defense!
Sweat Glands
Think.Paire.Share.
What are examples of
times we sweat?
What is the cause?
What body systems
relate to the structure
and functions of these
glands?
Accessory Structures - Nails
Protect finger tips & limit distortion when exposed to mechanical stress
Nail body – dead keratinized cells
Visible part
Nail bed – epidermis covered by nail body
Nail root – site of nail production
Cuticle – portion of the stratum corneum extending over the nail
Lunula – pale crescent
Blood vessels obscured
Group Activity
Create a 3D Model of the Integumentary System. Label the
layers and their components, nerves, hairs, and sweat glands.
On a separate sheet of piece, write down the functions of each
layer.
These will be judged and the winners will receives 2 points on
any test!
“Can’t touch this!” End of class activities….
Exit Ticket:
Without looking at your notes, summarize the
functions of each layer of the integumentary system.
Bell Work Day Two
What are the names of the two types of glands we
discussed yesterday?
Research two more types of glands found in the
integumentary system: Ceruminous glands and
Mammary glands.
1. What are the functions of each?
2. Can any problems occur with these glands?
Standards for Day Two
8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal
explanation of the three layers of skin (epidermis,
dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize functions and
characteristics of each layer; describe layers within
epidermis and dermis; outline and sketch cell types
and definitions, appendages, blood supply,
innervation, and possible lesions.
Objectives for Day Two
Briefly review yesterday’s material.
Sketch and describe possible skin lesions and the layers of skin affected.
Continue 3D Model Group Project of the Integumentary System.
“Crash Course” review with guided notes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw
Draw a sketch and describe each!!(Page 76-77 in the small Body Structures and Functions book.)
Describe the various lesions of the skin:
Bulla (large blister)
(called a bleb if on lung)
Macule (freckle)
Nodule (wart)
Pustule (pimple, acne)
Differentiated between the depth,
circumference, pus, or fluid.
Papule (mole, birth mark)
Tumor (benign or not)
Vesicle (small blister)
Wheal (hives, insect bite)
This chart has a few
more examples along
with visual
representation.
Think.Pair.Share.
Notice the scar.
Do you have any
scars?
What are some
examples of scars?
Do they all look the
same?
Are they all due to
injury?
How about these?
What are some other examples?
Fissure (Crack or Split)
Acne Vulgaris
Common chronic disorder of the sebaceous glands
Due to excess production of oil
Plugs the opening to the gland preventing outflow of oil
White blood cells attack creating pus and an inflammatory response.
What body system does this relate to?
Can lead to cellulitis (an infection of the subcutaneous layer of the skin)
What is the oil called that is produced?
Applying what you know about infection
control, what might be a cause of cellulitis or
other skin infections?
…Continue with Group Project
Create a 3D Model of the Integumentary System. Label the
layers and their components, nerves, hairs, and sweat glands.
Add to your model at least three different lesions!!
On a separate sheet of piece, write down the functions of each
layer.
These will be judged and the winners will receives 2 points on
any test!
Exit Ticket
What is an example of a wheal?
What is the term for a large blister located on the
lungs?
Acne Vulgaris is a chronic disorder of (sebaceous
OR sudoriferous) glands?
A macule lesion is what we normally refer to as a
(mole OR freckle)?
Bell Work Day Three
What other body systems relate to the
Integumentary System?
How?
Copy the new standard (9) in your notes.
Standards for Day Three
(write the new one in your notes)
8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal explanation of the
three layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize
functions and characteristics of each layer; describe layers within epidermis
and dermis; outline and sketch cell types and definitions, appendages,
blood supply, innervation, and possible lesions.
9) Investigate and obtain information on a skin disorder/disease/syndrome
from a medical/healthcare journal or textbook. Appraise a sample case
study involving review of the A&P of the cells and tissues affected. Decide
whether an inflammatory response was involved, identify the causative
agent, locate signs and symptoms of the disorder, and relate to normal
A&P.
Objectives Day Three
Investigate various diseases and disorders
associated with the integumentary system.
Work with a small group to research an assigned
disease/disorder and create a PowerPoint to
present to the class.
Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Dry red itchy scaly appearance to the skin
Mainly due to an underlying allergic reaction
Avoidance of the cause typically cures
Non-contagious
Dry reddish patches covered with silvery white scales.
Typically seen on elbows, knees, scalp and back
Treated using immune system suppressing drugs.
Genetic
Eczema Psoriasis
Acute vs. Chronic
Eczema (Acute) Psoriasis (Chronic)
Boils
Painful bacterial infection of the hair follicles or sebaceous glands
Typically due to a staph infection.
Deep in the skin and often require drainage, excision, and antibiotics
**Warning: yucky picture ahead**
Drainage of a Boil
Skin Repair
Skin is easily regenerated due to stem cells
Inflammatory response – triggered by mast cells to
increase blood flow
Scab restricts entry of microorganisms
Cells of the stratum basale rapidly divide to replace lost cells
Macrophages & phagocytes clear away debris/pathogens
Scar tissue – collagen fibers with few blood vessel
Keloids – thickened scar tissue with shiny smooth surface
Damaged hair follicles, sebaceous & sweat glands,
muscle cells, and nerves are rarely repaired
Aging
Epidermis thins as stem cell activity decreases
Higher risk of skin injury and infections
Skin tears (thin like paper)
Number of macrophages & other immune system cells decrease
Decline in Vitamin D3 weakens muscles & bones
Melanocyte activity decreases causing increased sun sensitivity
Gland activity decreases causing dry/scaly skin
Follicles decrease function creating thinner hair
Elastic fibers decrease causing wrinkling
Less blood supply to dermis means less thermoregulation
What does that mean??
Repairs are very slow
3-4 weeks in young adults = 6-8 weeks at ages 65-75
Causes recurrent infections
Think.Pair.Share.
The cosmetic industry sells many products claiming to
remove or prevent wrinkles. If this is true, why do
people who use these creams still wrinkle as they
age?
What are simple ways to maintain healthy skin even
with aging?
Group Project: Research and PPT
Burns
Skin Cancer
Decubitus Ulcers
Diabetic Wounds
Click on the link from
the website titled
Group Project
Assignments.
Follow the instructions
carefully.
Each group has
specific instructions.
Individual Activity
Click the link called The Long and Short of Nails.
OR https://cookhealthscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/0/8/13084909/fingernails_related_to_
disease_and_disorder.pdf
Summarize your findings.
Copy the descriptions and related conditions in your
notes.
https://cookhealthscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/0/8/13084909/fingernails_related_to_disease_and_disorder.pdf
Exit Ticket
What are three examples of signs or symptoms that
the skin has been compromised and may require
specific treatment.
Why is it important to pay close attention and care
for your own skin?
Bell Work Day Four
Answer the 5 review questions on page 76 in the
small Body Systems book.
Then go to work on your projects!!!
Bell Work Day 5
Define the following from your small Body Systems
book (page 73):
Shingles (herpes roster)
Herpes simplex
Genital herpes
Impetigo
Ringworm
Activities
Present projects.
Read Burn Injury Case Study and complete the
questions.
(You may use your textbooks and internet sources to
help answer the questions).