Write these terms and their meanings in your notes related to the Integumentary System.

EPIDERMIS (epi- = upon/over)

DERMIS (derm- = skin)

(SUBCUTANEOUS OR SUPERFICIAL FASCIA) This is not considered the “true” skin or integument.

HYPODERMIS (hypo- = below)(sub-=below)(cutane-=skin)

*Also, write the standard on the following slide in your notes.

Bell Work for Day One

THE INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM-

THE LARGEST ORGAN

Anatomy & Physiology

8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal explanation of the three layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize functions and characteristics of each layer; describe layers within epidermis and dermis; outline and sketch cell types and definitions, appendages, blood supply, innervation, and possible lesions.

Standard-(write in your notes)

Outline the structure and function of the three layers of the skin (including its appendages, nerves, and blood vessels) through the creation of a model.

Distinguish each cell type of the skin by outlining a provided sketch.

Objectives for Day One

The Integumentary System

2 components of the integumentary system:

1. Cutaneous membrane Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

2. Accessory structures (appendages)

Hair

Nails

Exocrine glands

Consider previous classes, how are exocrineglands different than endocrine glands?

Functions of the Integumentary System

Protection- Consider past lessons…In what ways does the integument (skin) provide protection?

Temperature maintenance- Think about your own body…what happens when you get too hot? Too cold?

Synthesis and storage of nutrients- We will discuss these later in this lesson, but what other body system would the integument communicate with based on this function?

Sensory reception – What body system does this relate to? Which special sense relates to the integument?

Absorption- What is an example of something the integument absorbs?

Excretion & secretion- What do these mean?

What is excretion? What is secretion?

What’s the difference? Write examples of each in your notes. (Make sure you know the difference!)

Quickly view the link explaining the differences:

http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-between-excretion-and-secretion/

Share out!

http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-between-excretion-and-secretion/

Epidermis

Superficial epithelium

Avascular- What does this mean?

Thick skin – 5 layers

Palms of hands, soles of feet

Thin skin – 4 layers

Layers of epidermis:

1. Stratum basale

2. (Intermediate strata)

1. Stratum spinosum

2. Stratum granulosum

3. Stratum lucidum- (only hands/feet)

3. Stratum corneum

**Broccoli Soup Gives Lucy Cramps!

Stratum Basale (start at the base)

Epidermal ridges extend downward into the dermis

Dermal papillae extend upward between epidermal ridges

Ridge contours are genetically determined

**This combination yields our fingerprints!!!

Obtains nutrients from dermis (Is this excretion or secretion?)

Composed mostly of stem cells (continuous cell division occurs here)

Contains melanocytes

Intermediate Strata (3 layers)

Stratum spinosum

Spiny layer

Continues cell division

Stratum granulosum

Grainy layer

No cell division

Produces keratin Protein, water-resistant & durable

*Stratum lucidum

Flattened & densely packed

Filled with keratin

Only found in thick skin

*(Palms of hands and soles of feet)

Stratum Corneum

Most superficial layer

15-30 layers

Cells are dead & keratinized

Tightly connected and flat

Cells are shed after ~2 weeks

(Activity: Take 3-5 minutes, draw a

sample of the diagram to the right,

outlining the cell types in each layer.)

Thick Skin

Thin Skin

Skin Color - Pigmentation

Carotene – orange/yellow pigment

Converted to vitamin A, which maintains epidermis

Melanin – brown/yellow/black pigment

Made by melanocytes in the stratum basale

Stored in intracellular vesicles

Production increases with UV light What do we call this?

Melanin absorbs UV radiation to prevent burns

Freckles are areas with heavy melanin production

Dermal Circulation

Gives skin reddish color due to blood vessels in the dermis

What happens if melanin is NOT produced at all?

Melanocytes

Albinism Vitiligo

Albinism:

Absence of melanin

Vitiligo:

Melanin

cells die

or stop

functioning

The Sun

Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale after UV exposure

Not enough Vitamin D3 = abnormal bone growth

Too much Vitamin D3 = premature wrinkling(damaged connective tissue), chromosome damage (skin cancer)

Is the sun the only cause for wrinkling or cancer?

Dermis

Lies beneath epidermis

2 major layers

1. Papillary layer

loose connective tissue

Support & nourishment

Contains capillaries and nerves that supply the epidermis

2. Reticular layer

Dense irregular connective tissue

Elastic fibers provide flexibility, collagen fibers prevent damage from flexibility

Contains blood vessels, nerve receptors, hair follicles, and sweat glands

Nerve Receptors (Innervation)

Hypodermis

AKA subcutaneous layer

Not part of “true” integument

No clear distinction between hypodermis & dermis

Loose connective tissue with many adipocytes-

What types of cells are these?

Functions:

Reduces heat loss

Energy reserve

Absorbs shock

Accumulates differently in males & females

Elastic

No vital organs, few capillaries

Good for subcutaneous injections with a hypodermic needle

Accessory Structures - Hair

Everywhere except sides & soles of feet, palms of hands, sides of fingers & toes, lips, & parts of external genital organs

Hair follicles: produce hair

Structure:

Follicles project into dermis and hypodermis

Follicle contains cells of epidermis

Hair papilla – peg of connective tissue containing capillaries & nerves

Hair root – anchors hair to skin

Hair shaft – 3 layers of dead, keratinized cells1. Cuticle – surface layer of hair, overlapping shingle-like cells

2. Cortex – underneath the cuticle

3. Medulla – core of the hair, underneath the cortex

Accessory Structures - Hair

Accessory Structures - Hair

2.5 million hairs on the human body!

~500,000 on the head

Functions of hair:

UV protection

Cushioning (head)

Insulation

Prevents entry of foreign particles into nostrils, ears, and eyes What hair protects our eyes?

Prevents injury

Sensory nerve fibers can feel movement of the hair shaft

Responds to stress, cold, or anger/fear

Arrector pili muscles in the dermis force hair to stand up

Accessory Structures – Hair (Color)

Differences in hair color due to amount of pigment

produced by melanocytes

Genetically determined

Eumelanin-dark

Pheomelanin-light

No pigment or presence

of bubbles-gray/white

Share out!

What makes a person’s hair straight or curly?

Accessory Structures – Sebaceous Glands

Holocrine glands- Arrector pili muscle contracts and squeezes oil out of the gland…This oil is called…

Sebum – oily secretion

Lubricates hair & skin

Inhibits bacteria growth

What was one of our first lines of defense in the immune response?

Sensitive to changes in sex hormones

Acne caused by blocked sebaceous ducts

Secretions accumulate and become inflamed

May lead to bacterial infection

Accessory Structures –

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

Apocrine sweat glands

Secrete products into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and groin

Sticky, cloudy secretion released at puberty

Becomes odorous when bacteria break it down (food source)

Merocrine sweat glands

coiled tubular glands

Discharge secretions directly onto skin surface

Most numerous in palms of hands and soles of feet

99% water plus electrolytes, organic nutrients, & waste

Cools skin surface & lowers body temperature

Too much perspiration = dehydration

Flushes microorganisms from the surface-line of defense!

Sweat Glands

Think.Paire.Share.

What are examples of

times we sweat?

What is the cause?

What body systems

relate to the structure

and functions of these

glands?

Accessory Structures - Nails

Protect finger tips & limit distortion when exposed to mechanical stress

Nail body – dead keratinized cells

Visible part

Nail bed – epidermis covered by nail body

Nail root – site of nail production

Cuticle – portion of the stratum corneum extending over the nail

Lunula – pale crescent

Blood vessels obscured

Group Activity

Create a 3D Model of the Integumentary System. Label the

layers and their components, nerves, hairs, and sweat glands.

On a separate sheet of piece, write down the functions of each

layer.

These will be judged and the winners will receives 2 points on

any test!

“Can’t touch this!” End of class activities….

Exit Ticket:

Without looking at your notes, summarize the

functions of each layer of the integumentary system.

Bell Work Day Two

What are the names of the two types of glands we

discussed yesterday?

Research two more types of glands found in the

integumentary system: Ceruminous glands and

Mammary glands.

1. What are the functions of each?

2. Can any problems occur with these glands?

Standards for Day Two

8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal

explanation of the three layers of skin (epidermis,

dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize functions and

characteristics of each layer; describe layers within

epidermis and dermis; outline and sketch cell types

and definitions, appendages, blood supply,

innervation, and possible lesions.

Objectives for Day Two

Briefly review yesterday’s material.

Sketch and describe possible skin lesions and the layers of skin affected.

Continue 3D Model Group Project of the Integumentary System.

“Crash Course” review with guided notes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw

Draw a sketch and describe each!!(Page 76-77 in the small Body Structures and Functions book.)

Describe the various lesions of the skin:

Bulla (large blister)

(called a bleb if on lung)

Macule (freckle)

Nodule (wart)

Pustule (pimple, acne)

Differentiated between the depth,

circumference, pus, or fluid.

Papule (mole, birth mark)

Tumor (benign or not)

Vesicle (small blister)

Wheal (hives, insect bite)

This chart has a few

more examples along

with visual

representation.

Think.Pair.Share.

Notice the scar.

Do you have any

scars?

What are some

examples of scars?

Do they all look the

same?

Are they all due to

injury?

How about these?

What are some other examples?

Fissure (Crack or Split)

Acne Vulgaris

Common chronic disorder of the sebaceous glands

Due to excess production of oil

Plugs the opening to the gland preventing outflow of oil

White blood cells attack creating pus and an inflammatory response.

What body system does this relate to?

Can lead to cellulitis (an infection of the subcutaneous layer of the skin)

What is the oil called that is produced?

Applying what you know about infection

control, what might be a cause of cellulitis or

other skin infections?

…Continue with Group Project

Create a 3D Model of the Integumentary System. Label the

layers and their components, nerves, hairs, and sweat glands.

Add to your model at least three different lesions!!

On a separate sheet of piece, write down the functions of each

layer.

These will be judged and the winners will receives 2 points on

any test!

Exit Ticket

What is an example of a wheal?

What is the term for a large blister located on the

lungs?

Acne Vulgaris is a chronic disorder of (sebaceous

OR sudoriferous) glands?

A macule lesion is what we normally refer to as a

(mole OR freckle)?

Bell Work Day Three

What other body systems relate to the

Integumentary System?

How?

Copy the new standard (9) in your notes.

Standards for Day Three

(write the new one in your notes)

8) Create a model with a written, digital, or verbal explanation of the

three layers of skin (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). Summarize

functions and characteristics of each layer; describe layers within epidermis

and dermis; outline and sketch cell types and definitions, appendages,

blood supply, innervation, and possible lesions.

9) Investigate and obtain information on a skin disorder/disease/syndrome

from a medical/healthcare journal or textbook. Appraise a sample case

study involving review of the A&P of the cells and tissues affected. Decide

whether an inflammatory response was involved, identify the causative

agent, locate signs and symptoms of the disorder, and relate to normal

A&P.

Objectives Day Three

Investigate various diseases and disorders

associated with the integumentary system.

Work with a small group to research an assigned

disease/disorder and create a PowerPoint to

present to the class.

Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Dry red itchy scaly appearance to the skin

Mainly due to an underlying allergic reaction

Avoidance of the cause typically cures

Non-contagious

Dry reddish patches covered with silvery white scales.

Typically seen on elbows, knees, scalp and back

Treated using immune system suppressing drugs.

Genetic

Eczema Psoriasis

Acute vs. Chronic

Eczema (Acute) Psoriasis (Chronic)

Boils

Painful bacterial infection of the hair follicles or sebaceous glands

Typically due to a staph infection.

Deep in the skin and often require drainage, excision, and antibiotics

**Warning: yucky picture ahead**

Drainage of a Boil

Skin Repair

Skin is easily regenerated due to stem cells

Inflammatory response – triggered by mast cells to

increase blood flow

Scab restricts entry of microorganisms

Cells of the stratum basale rapidly divide to replace lost cells

Macrophages & phagocytes clear away debris/pathogens

Scar tissue – collagen fibers with few blood vessel

Keloids – thickened scar tissue with shiny smooth surface

Damaged hair follicles, sebaceous & sweat glands,

muscle cells, and nerves are rarely repaired

Aging

Epidermis thins as stem cell activity decreases

Higher risk of skin injury and infections

Skin tears (thin like paper)

Number of macrophages & other immune system cells decrease

Decline in Vitamin D3 weakens muscles & bones

Melanocyte activity decreases causing increased sun sensitivity

Gland activity decreases causing dry/scaly skin

Follicles decrease function creating thinner hair

Elastic fibers decrease causing wrinkling

Less blood supply to dermis means less thermoregulation

What does that mean??

Repairs are very slow

3-4 weeks in young adults = 6-8 weeks at ages 65-75

Causes recurrent infections

Think.Pair.Share.

The cosmetic industry sells many products claiming to

remove or prevent wrinkles. If this is true, why do

people who use these creams still wrinkle as they

age?

What are simple ways to maintain healthy skin even

with aging?

Group Project: Research and PPT

Burns

Skin Cancer

Decubitus Ulcers

Diabetic Wounds

Click on the link from

the website titled

Group Project

Assignments.

Follow the instructions

carefully.

Each group has

specific instructions.

Individual Activity

Click the link called The Long and Short of Nails.

OR https://cookhealthscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/0/8/13084909/fingernails_related_to_

disease_and_disorder.pdf

Summarize your findings.

Copy the descriptions and related conditions in your

notes.

https://cookhealthscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/0/8/13084909/fingernails_related_to_disease_and_disorder.pdf

Exit Ticket

What are three examples of signs or symptoms that

the skin has been compromised and may require

specific treatment.

Why is it important to pay close attention and care

for your own skin?

Bell Work Day Four

Answer the 5 review questions on page 76 in the

small Body Systems book.

Then go to work on your projects!!!

Bell Work Day 5

Define the following from your small Body Systems

book (page 73):

Shingles (herpes roster)

Herpes simplex

Genital herpes

Impetigo

Ringworm

Activities

Present projects.

Read Burn Injury Case Study and complete the

questions.

(You may use your textbooks and internet sources to

help answer the questions).