Behavioural Science Chandrayaan-1

8/14/2019 Behavioural Science Chandrayaan-1

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BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCEPROJECT

ON

CHANDRAYA

AN-1

SUBMITTED BY:


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JASMEET SINGH B-24

SAKSHI MANAKTALA B-42

CONTENTS:-

ABOUT CHANDRAYAAN-1

LAUNCH PROCESS

OBJECTIVES

SPECIFICATIONS

AREAS OF STUDY

SUCCESS OF CHANDRAYAAN-1

REACTIONS AND STATEMENTS

FUTURE: CHANDRAYAAN-2

MISCELAANEOUSo NEWSPAPER CUTTING


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o PICTURES OF CHANDRAYAAN-1 AND, MOONAND EARTH.

WHAT IS CHANDRAYAAN-1?

IT IS A SPACE CRAFT DESIGNED TO STUDY THE SURFACE OFTHE MOON.

IT IS DESIGNED AND CREATED BY THE INDIAN SCIENTISTS.

Organization Indian Space Research Organisation

Mission type Orbiter

Satellite of Moon

Orbital insertion date 12 November 2008

Launch date 22 October 2008 from Sriharikota, India

Mission duration 2 years

Mass 523 kg (1,153 lb)


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ABOUT CHANDRAYAAN

The moon with the history of the early solar system etched on its beckonsmankind from time immemorial to admire its marvels and discover itssecrets. Understanding the moon provides a pathway to unravel the earlyevolution of the solar system and that of the planet earth.

Though the ages, the Moon, our closest celestial body has roused curioustyin our mind much more than any other objects in the sky.

Chandrayaan-1, (Sanskrit: -, Moon-vehicle) is India's first mission to

the moon, launched by India's national space agency the Indian SpaceResearch Organisation (ISRO). The unmanned lunar exploration missionincludes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by amodified version of the PSLV XL on 22 October 2008 from Satish DhawanSpace Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 06:23 IST(00:52 UTC). The

vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008.

The Moon Impact Probe was successfully impacted at the lunar South Pole at20:31 hours on 14 November 2008.

The estimated cost for the project is Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million).
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spacecraft has to be manoeuvred precisely in stages to reach the moonsorbit.

After all the 11 instruments were successfully integrated into Chandrayaan-

1, it underwent thermo-vacuum tests in the special facility SSC. Thespacecraft was subjected to 120 degrees Celsius and minus 150 degreesCelsius in the chamber. It was tested in varying temperatures for almost 20days. The performance of the spacecraft and its instruments werethoroughly checked and we found that they were all working well, said Dr.Alex.

M. Annadurai, Project Director, Chandrayaan-1, asserted that there wereno issues when the spacecraft went through thermo-vacuum tests, includingsoak and shock tests. During the soak tests, it was subjected to high

temperatures for long durations. In shock tests, it alternately wentthrough high and very low temperatures in quick succession. During thesetests also, we found that there was no issue and all the systems wereworking well, Mr. Annadurai said.

He called the SSC a big contraption that looks like a well. It is four metresin diameter and seven metres in depth. It has a big lid.

Chandrayaan-1 is now getting ready for the vibration and acoustic tests from

September 20. It will be placed on a shake-table. Mr. Annadurai said: Wewill generate the vibrations that the spacecraft will undergo when it islaunched by the PSLV. Then we move on to the acoustic chamber, where wegenerate noise similar to that made by the PSLV engines. The spacecraft hasto withstand that also.

While an aircraft engine produced 145 decibels of noise, the PSLV enginesproduced 150 decibels, Dr. Alex explained. We are on course fortransporting Chandrayaan-1 to Sriharikota by the end of this month(September), Mr. Annadurai said.


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Objectives

The stated scientific objectives of the mission are:

To design, develop and launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moonusing Indian made launch vehicle.

Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board thespacecraft which will yield the following results:

o To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial andaltitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both the near and far side ofthe moon.

o To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire

lunar surface at high spatial resolution, mapping particularly thechemical elements Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron,Titanium, Radon, Uranium, & Thorium.

o To impact a sub-satellite (Moon Impact Probe MIP) on thesurface on the Moon as a fore-runner to future soft landingmissions.

Specifications


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After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) is seen beingloaded into the Thermovac Chamber (right)

Mass1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523 kg after releasingthe impactor.

DimensionsCuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m

CommunicationsX band, 0.7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload datatransmission. The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC)communication operates in S band frequency.

PowerThe spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array, which includesone solar panel covering a total area of 2.15 x 1.8 m generating 700 W

of power, which is stored in a 36 Ah Lithium-ion battery. Thespacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reachlunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting theMoon.

Specific areas of study
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High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanentlyshadowed north and south polar regions.

Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the Moon, especiallyat the lunar poles.

Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks. Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of the central

uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitken Region(SPAR), where interior material may be expected.

To map the height variation of the lunar surface features. Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic

coverage of most of the Moon's surface with 5 m resolution To provide new insights in understanding the Moon's origin and

evolution.

Payloads

Chandrayaan 1

The scientific payload has a total mass of 90 kg and contains five Indianinstruments and six foreign instruments.

Indian

TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera is a CCD camera with 5 mresolution and a 40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will beused to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon. The aim of thisinstrument is to completely map the topography of the moon. Thecamera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrumand captures black and white stereo images. When used in conjunction
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with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can help inbetter understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well. TMC wasbuilt by the ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad.The TMC was successfully tested on 29 October 2008 through a set

of commands issued from ISTRAC.

HySI or Hyper Spectral Imager will perform mineralogical mapping inthe 400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatialresolution of 80 m.

LLRI or Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument will determine the surfacetopography.

C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer covering 1- 10 keV, will map

the abundance of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface with aground resolution of 25 km, and will detect solar flux. This payload iscollaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA andISRO.

HEX is a High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer for 30 200keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX willmeasure U, Th, Pb, Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements

MIP or the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO is an impactprobe which was ejected at 20:00 hours IST on 14 November, 2008.The Moon Impact Probe successfully crash landed at the lunar SouthPole at 20:31 hours IST on 14 November, 2008. It carried with it apicture of the Indian flag. India is now the fourth nation to place aflag on the Moon after the Soviet Union, United States and Japan.[18]

Non-Indian

SARA, the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA will

map composition using low energy neutral atoms sputtered from thesurface.

M3, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL(funded by NASA) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map thesurface mineral composition.
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SIR-2, A near infrared spectrometer from ESA, built at the MaxPlanck Institute for Solar System Research, Polish Academy ofScience and University of Bergen, will also map the mineralcomposition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The instrument

will be similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR.

MiniSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team thatincludes the Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins UniversityApplied Physics Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheonand Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system to search forlunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarised radiationwith a frequency of 2.5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left andright polarised radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circularpolarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from thesemeasurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter OppositionEffect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, sothat water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated.

RADOM-7, Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the BulgarianAcademy of Sciences maps the radiation environment around theMoon.

Space flight

Chandrayaan-1 flight

Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 6.22 am IST fromSatish Dhawan Space Centre using ISRO's 44.4 metre tall four-stage PSLVlaunch rocket, and it took 21 days to reach final lunar orbit. ISRO'stelemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore,will track and control Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span.
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First orbit burn

The first orbit raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft wasperformed at 09:00 hrs IST on 23 October 2008 when the spacecrafts 440

Newton Liquid Engine was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding thespacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry,Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With thisChandrayaan-1s apogee was raised to 37,900 km, and its perigee to 305 km.In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about 11 hours to go round theEarth once.

Second orbit burn

The second orbit raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carriedout on 25 October 2008 at 05:48 IST when the spacecrafts engine wasfired for about 16 minutes, raising its apogee to 74,715 km, and its perigeeto 336 km, thus completing 20 percent of its journey. In this orbit,Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about twenty-five and a half hours to goround the Earth once. This is the first time an Indian spacecraft has gonebeyond the 36,000 km high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude morethan twice that height.

Third orbit burn

The third orbit raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at07:08 IST when the spacecrafts engine was fired for about nine and a halfminutes. With this its apogee was raised to 164,600 km, and the perigee to348 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about 73 hours to go round theEarth once.

Fourth orbit burn

The fourth orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 29 October 2008 at07:38 IST when the spacecrafts engine was fired for about three minutes,raising its apogee to 267,000 km and the perigee to 465 km. This extendedits orbit to a distance more than half the way to moon. In this orbit, thespacecraft took about six days to go round the Earth once.[30]
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Operation of TMC

The Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft wassuccessfully operated on 29 October 2008 through a series of commands

issued from the Spacecraft Control Centre of the ISRO Telemetry,Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore.[16] The second imageshowing Australias Southern Coast and taken from 70,000 km, waserroneously flipped horizontally when issued to the press.[31]

Final orbit burn

The fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 4 November2008 04:56 am IST when the spacecrafts engine was fired for about twoand a half minutes resulting in Chandrayaan-1 entering the Lunar TransferTrajectory with an apogee of about 380,000 km.

Lunar orbit insertion

Chandrayaan-1 successfully completed the lunar orbit insertion operation on8th Nov 2008 at 16:51 IST. This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquidengine for 817 seconds (about thirteen and half minutes) when thespacecraft passed within 500 km from the moon. The satellite was placed inan elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the moon, with 7502

km aposelene (point farthest away from the moon) and 504 km periselene(nearest to the moon). The orbital period was estimated to be around 11hours. With the successful completion of this operation, India became thefifth nation to put a vehicle in lunar orbit.[6]

First Lunar Orbit Reduction

First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 was carried outsuccessfully on 9 November 2008 at 20:03 IST. During this, the engine of

the spacecraft was fired for about 57 seconds. This reduced the periselenefrom 504 km to 200 km while aposelene remained unchanged at 7,502 km. Inthis elliptical orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about ten and a half hours to circlethe moon once.

Second Lunar Orbit Reduction
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This manoeuvre, which resulted in steep decrease in Chandrayaan-1saposelene from 7,502 km to 255 km and its periselene from 200 km to 187km, was carried out on 10 November 2008 at 21:58 IST. During thismanoeuvre, the engine was fired for about 866 seconds (about fourteen and

half minutes). Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 16 minutes to go round theMoon once in this orbit.

Third Lunar Orbit Reduction

Third Lunar Orbit Reduction was carried out by firing the on board enginefor 31 seconds on 11 November 2008 at 18:30 IST. This reduced theperiselene from 187 km to 101 km, while the aposelene remained constant at255 km. In this orbit Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 9 minutes to goround the Moon once.

Final Lunar Orbit

Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was successfully placed into a mission specificlunar orbit of 100 km above the lunar surface on 12 November 2008. In thefinal orbit reduction manoeuvre, Chandrayaan-1s aposelene was reducedfrom 255 km to 100 km while the periselene was reduced from 101 km to 100

km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about two hours to go round the moononce. Two of the 11 payloads the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) and theRadiation Dose Monitor (RADOM) have already been successfully switchedON. The TMC has successfully taken pictures of both the Earth and themoon.

Injection of MIP on Lunar Surface

Moon Impact Probe (MIP) landed on the lunar surface on 14 November 2008,20:31 IST on the South Pole. The MIP is one of eleven scientific instruments(payloads) onboard Chandrayaan-1.

The MIP separated from Chandrayaan at 100 km from lunar surface andbegan its nosedive at 20:06 going into a free fall for thirty minutes. As itfell, it kept sending information back to the mother satellite which, in turn,beamed the information back to earth. The altimeter then also began


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recording measurements to prepare for a rover to land on the lunar surfaceduring a second moon mission planned for 2012. When the MIP was closer tothe surface, rockets were fired to slow down its speed and to soften impact.

Following the successful deployment of MIP, the other scientificinstruments will be turned on one-by-one starting the next phase of thetwo-year mission.

ReactionsUpon becoming the fourth country to plant a flag on the moon, theChandrayaan led to national euphoria in India with leaders coming out inpraise of the country and the scientists behind the mission. Former IndianPresident APJ Abdul Kalam said the landing was "a gift to Pandit JawaharlalNehru" because the landing happened on the latter's 119th birthanniversary. He added that, "The success of Chandrayaan-1 is result of [a]team effort. This is the reason for which every Indian should feel proud."

Continuing that "India is not far from becoming a super power and itsgreatest asset, the youth, will lead it to the path of glory." ISRO chairman GMadhavan Nair said, "We had promised the country that we will deliver themoon and we have done it...India has successfully hoisted the national flag onthe moon. It is a proud achievement." Additionally, serving Indian presidentPratibha Patil, UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi, and leader of the oppositionL.K. Advani also commended the team for the landing.

Team

The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan-1project are:

G. Madhavan Nair Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation T. K. Alex Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre) Mylswamy Annadurai Project director
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S. K. Shivkumar Director - Telemetry, Tracking and CommandNetwork.

George Koshi Mission Director Srinivasa Hegde Mission Director

M Y S Prasad Associate Director of the Sriharikota Complex andRange Operations Director J N Goswami Director of Ahmedabad-based Physical Research

Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan-1 Narendra Bhandari Head, ISRO`s Planetary Sciences and

Exploration program

Chandrayaan-1 enters lunar orbit successfully

After two weeks of journey India's first unmanned lunar spacecraftChandrayaan-1 entered the lunar orbit on Saturday (Nov. 08, 2008) evening.It started at 16:50 hrs IST and within 14 minutes, it the entered lunarorbit. It is now 504 km from Moon. ISRO says the most critical operation issuccessful. With this development, India's moon mission has been declaredsuccessful.

When

Chandrayaan-1 planned to be launched in 2008 using spacecraft and launchvehicle of ISRO. The mission is expected to have an operational life of about2 years.

The idea of undertaking an Indian scientific mission to Moon was initiallymooted in a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1999 that wasfollowed up by discussions in the Astronautical Society of India in 2000.Based on the recommendations made by the learned members of theseforums, a National Lunar Mission Task Force was constituted by the IndianSpace Research Organization (ISRO). Leading Indian scientists andtechnologists participated in the deliberations of the Task Force thatprovided an assessment on the feasibility of an Indian Mission to the Moonas well as dwelt on the focus of such a mission and its possible configuration.
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Government of India approved ISRO's proposal for Chandrayaan-1 inNovember 2003.

Chandrayaan will be ready to launch in between October 19 and October 28.

Why

Why India want to go to moon?

ISRO said it would spur the Indian scientific community and probe thephysical characteristics of the lunar surface in greater depth than previousmissions by other nations. It will explore its minerals, map the terrain andfind out whether water and helium deposits exist. It will also give us adeeper understanding about the planet Earth itself or its origins, Earlier

missions did not come out with a full understanding of the moon and that isthe reason scientists are still interested.

This will lay the foundation for bigger missions and also open up newpossibilities of international networking and support for planetaryprogrammes.

Chandrayaan-1 had triggered a small debate within India about its necessity.Critics are saying it is outdated and the organization was wasting its moneyfrom a limited budget allotted by the government. India should notundertake the mission but instead restrict its space programmes to satellitelaunches and use its funds for social welfare.

How

Lunar Craftwould be launched using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)from .The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) is located in Sriharikota.

LunarCraft would weight 1304 kg at launch and 590 kg at lunar orbit.

The LunarCraft would be launched in a highly elliptical transfer orbit withperigee (Perigee is the point at which an object in orbit around the Earthmakes its closest approach to the Earth) of about 240 km and an apogee(The point in the orbit of the moon or of an artificial satellite most distantfrom the center of the earth) of about 24,000 km.


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After a quick estimate of the achieved LTT (Lunar Transfer Trajectory) amid-course correction will be imparted at the earliest opportunity. Thespacecraft coasts for about five and a half days in this trajectory prior tothe lunar encounter. The major maneuver of the mission, called Lunar Orbit

Insertion (LOI) that leads to lunar capture, would be carried out at the peri-selene (nearest point in lunar orbit) leading to successful lunar capture in apolar, near circular 1000 km-altitude orbit.

After successful capture and health checks, the altitude is planned to belowered through a series of in-plane corrections to achieve the targetaltitude of 100 km circular polar orbit

Mission Objectives

Carry out high resolution mapping of topographic features in 3D, distributionof various minerals and elemental chemical species including radioactivenuclides covering the entire lunar surface using a set of remote sensingpayloads. The new set of data would help in unraveling mysteries about theorigin and evolution of solar system in general and that of the moon inparticular.

Realize the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft andthe launch vehicle with suitable ground support system including DSNstation, integration and testing, launching and achieving lunar orbit of ~100km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/telecomm and,telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientificutilization by identified group of scientists.

Launch Centre

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) Sriharikota

The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) islocated in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh India.


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SDSC is mostly referred to as Sriharikota. This is the launch centre forISRO. The centre is 80 kilometers north of Chennai in South India. It wasoriginally called Sriharikota Range (SHAR) and renamed to its present namein 2002 after the death of ISRO's former chairman Satish Dhawan.

The centre became operational in October 1971 when three Rohini rocketswere launched.

The SHAR facility now consists of two launch pads, with the second builtrecently. The second launch pad was used for launches beginning in 2005 andis a universal launch pad, accommodating all of the launch vehicles used byISRO. The two launch pads will allow multiple launches in a single year, whichwas not possible earlier

Launch Vehicle

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)built its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) inthe early 90s. The 45 m tall PSLV with a lift-offmass of 295 tonne, had its maiden success onOctober 15, 1994 when it launched India's IRS-

P2 remote sensing satellite into a Polar SunSynchronous Orbit (SSO) of 820 km.

Between 1996 and 2005, it has launched sixmore Indian Remote Sensing satellites as well asHAMSAT, a micro satellite built by ISRO foramateur radio communications into polar SSOs,one Indian meteorological satellite intoGeosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).,

PSLV has also launched four satellites from abroad (TUBSAT and DLR-Birdfrom Germany, Proba from Belgium and KITSAT from Republic of Korea) aspiggyback payloads into polar SSOs. PSLV has emerged as ISRO's workhorselaunch vehicle and proved its reliability and versatility by scoring eightconsecutive successes between 1994-2005 periods in launching multiplepayloads to both SSO as well as GTO.


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On January 10, 2007, the PSLV-C7 carried four satellites - the 680 kgIndian remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-2, the 550 kg Space CapsuleRecovery Equipment (SRE-1), Indonesia's LAPAN-TUBSAT (60kg) andArgentina's 6kg nanosatellite called NANO PEHUENSAT-1 into orbit.

Ground Control

Ground Segment for Chandrayaan-1 comprises three major elements viz.Deep Space Station (DSN), Spacecraft Control Center (SCC) and IndianSpace Science Data Center (ISSDC).

This trio of ground facility ensures the success of the mission by providingto and fro conduit of communication, securing good health of the spacecraft,maintaining the orbit and attitude to the requirements of the mission and

conducting payload operations. The ground segment is also responsible formaking the science data available for the Technologists / Scientists alongwith auxiliary information, in addition to storage of payload and spacecraftdata.

Perfect start, Chandrayaan-1 ready for next step

After a historic launch and a successful injection into the transfer orbit,

Indias first unmanned moon mission Chandrayaan-1 is ready for the next bigtask.

Chandrayaan-1 has to get into the orbit around the moon where it willrevolve for two years before returning back to the earth.The moon space craft was put into transfer orbit around the earth by the


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surface and sending data to India.And among the first things it does will be to plant India's national flag onthe moon.Then as part of its many other challenging objectives the multi-continent

mission will begin the most intense search ever undertaken for life givingwater on the moon."We have designed and built this instrument for Chandrayaan-1 to searchfor the water ice over the lunar poles and will be most extensive search ofthis type in history," said Dr Stewart Nozette, NASA and Lunar PlanetaryInstitute, Houston, USA.

Once scientific data has been gathered by the satellite, sending it back to

Earth will be a big challenge.Digitally talking to the moon craft will not be easy as the satellite will bealmost 4 lakh kilometers away. And to gather the faint signals a dish antennathat weighs 60 tons has been set up at a small village called Bylalu nearBangalore. Part of the hi-tech data centre is still being constructed at thevillage where laborers sweat it out without even knowing that their effortsare taking India to outer space.

Chandrayaan-I another step closer to moon

Chandrayaan I, Indias spacecraft which is to take off for the moon, is on itsway to SHAR, i.e., Sriharikota Range, to be integrated with PSLV-C11. The50-hour countdown to the launch of Chandrayaan will start on the night ofOctober 19.

At Sriharikota, Chandrayaan will be put through its paces on the ground.Indian Satellite Research Organization (ISROs) scientists will check how itssolar panels will deploy. It will also undergo electrical and mechanical tests.


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Chandrayaan had earlier undergone preliminary thermal and vibration testsat Isro Satellite Centre (ISAC) in Bangalore.

For security threats arising from Naxalites and other possible extremist

attacks, the exact location of Chandrayaan is being kept under wraps even asit is being provided tightest possible security, according to sources in Isro.Chandrayaan is expected to reach SHAR in a day or two. The upgradedversion of PSLV, PSLV-C11, which has a lift-off weight of 316 tonnes, will beused to inject the 1,304-kg mass spacecraft into a 240 x 24,000 km orbit.

The main objective of Chandrayaan-I is investigation of the distribution ofvarious minerals and chemical elements and high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of the entire lunar surface. ISROs Polar SatelliteLaunch Vehicle (PSLV) will launch Chandrayaan-I into a 240 km x 24,000 km

earth orbit. Subsequently, the spacecrafts own propulsion system will beused to place it in a 100-km polar orbit around the moon. Mr. Annadurai,project chief, Chandrayaan, had said earlier: This will be the first steptowards our manned mission to the moon.

The remote sensing satellite will weigh 1,304 kg (590 kg initial orbit massand 504 kg dry mass) and carry high-resolution remote sensing equipmentfor visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over itsexpected lifetime of two years, it will survey the lunar surface and produce

a map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography.

The project, expected to cost Rs 386 crore, will study the surface of themoon using light. Many other countries are also looking at the possibility ofmining the abundant mineral resources on the moon.


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Chandrayaan-2

The ISRO is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named

Chandrayaan II. According to ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, "The IndianSpace Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land a motorised rover on theMoon in 2012, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will bedesigned to move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil orrocks, do on site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. Chandrayaan II willtransmit the data to Earth."

NASA Lunar Outpost

According to Ben Bussey, senior staff scientist at the Johns HopkinsUniversity Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel Maryland, Chandrayaan'simagery will be used to decide the future lunar outpost that NASA hasrecently announced. Bussey told SPACE.COM, "India's Chandrayaan-1 lunarorbiter has a good shot at further identifying possible water ice-laden spotswith a US-provided low-power imaging radar." Bussey advised one of twoUS experiments on the Indian Moon probe. "The idea is that we find regionsof interest with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would investigate those using all

the capabilities of the radar on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter".Bussey added, "A Moon probe to be launched late in 2008."(The LRO is nowscheduled for launch 24 April 2009).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)


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Reactions and statements

Reactions within India

Indian President Pratibha Patil and Vice-President Mohammad HamidAnsarisent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for thesuccessful launch.

Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh sent congratulatory messages tothe space scientists for the successful launch, and L. K. Advani, theleader of opposition congratulated the ISRO scientists on launch.

The Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi, visited the ISROcentre in Ahmedabad and congratulated the Indian scientists on their

achievement.

The Chief Minister of Karnataka B. S. Yeddyurappa, visited the ISROIndian Deep Space Network in Byalalu and congratulated MadhavanNair and his team on their achievement.

International reaction

NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin congratulated Indianscientists: "Congratulations to our Indian colleagues on the successfullaunch of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which is carrying two NASAinstruments. India's first lunar mission will provide important insight."

US White House hailed India's maiden moon mission as "encouraging"and "exciting".

U.S. Presidential candidate Barack Obama viewed the launch of

Chandrayaan as a challenge to the United States. He stated "We arereminded just how urgently we must revitalise our space programme,if we are to remain the undisputed leader in space, science, andtechnology".

ESA Director of Science and Robotic Exploration Prof. DavidSouthwood said: "This is a new opportunity for Europe to expand its


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competence in lunar science while tightening the long-standingrelationship with India - an ever stronger space power. Joining forcesis becoming more and more key to future successes. We congratulateISRO on the successful launch and we are eagerly looking forward to

science to begin.

Documents

Behavioural Science Chandrayaan-1