BBNAN04000 Angol fonológia ea. /

English Phonology lecture course (sávos)

BBK 2012

1. Intro

phonetics – phonology – morphology

today:

phonetics vs. phonology: vowels

revision of basics of phonology

phonetics: physical properties of speech sounds:

phonetics: physical properties of speech sounds:

- articulatory (speech production)

phonetics: physical properties of speech sounds:

- articulatory (speech production)

- acoustic: spectrograms:

- articulatory (speech production)

- acoustic

- auditory (speech perception)

e.g., the articulatory classification of RP

vowels:

- manner of articulation:

monophthongs vs. diphthongs (vs.

triphthongs)

long vs. short

- place of articulation:

tongue position (tongue height +

frontness/backness)

lip position

the Cardinal Vowel Chart

the Cardinal Vowel Chart

Gimsonian IPA symbols for the vowels of RP:

Front

(All

spread)

Central

(All

spread)

Back

Spread Rounded

High

(Close)

Tense

Lax

Mid Mid-

high

Mid-

low

Low (Open)

Notes to the vowel symbols:

1. for long monophthongs: /i, u, , , /

2. in diphthongs only: /a/

3. In English (phonetic) short-long pairs, there

is always a difference in quality, too:

short

vowel

long

vowel

sin // - seen //

pull // - pool //

pot // - port //

hum // - harm //

an // - earn // !

Diphthongs:

acc. to

direction

Closing diphthongs Centring

diph.

acc. to

distance

in /-/ (fronting)

in /-/

(backing)

in /-/

Narrow

Wide -

Functional (= phonological) classes:

in what position?

Functional (= phonological) classes:

in what position?

- full vs. weak: reduction under zero stress, all

full vowels -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,

Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous

Functional (= phonological) classes:

in what position?

- full vs. weak: reduction under zero stress, all

full vowels -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,

Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous

- r-influence: bee-beer, sky-lyre (breaking), cat-

car, bid/put/but/bet-bird/purr/Bert

(broadening)

- tense vs. lax: e.g., ~ : vain ~ vanity, ~ :

receive ~ reception, ~ : crime ~ criminal,

~ : tone ~ tonic

The full vowels of RP:

Tense Lax

Plain Broken Plain Broad

()

()

Phonetics vs. phonology

phonological vs. phonetic length

the case of (ash!): phonetics: long;

phonology: short (word-finally, "plain lax")

ash cloud :-)

The basics of phonology

The basics of phonology

- sound inventory (universal/particular,

markedness, implications)

The basics of phonology

- sound inventory (universal/particular,

markedness, implications)

- distribution of sounds, possible combinations

(phonotactics)

The basics of phonology

- sound inventory (universal/particular,

markedness, implications)

- distribution of sounds, possible combinations

(phonotactics)

- processes (alternations)

The basics of phonology

- sound inventory (universal/particular,

markedness, implications)

- distribution of sounds, possible combinations

(phonotactics)

- processes (alternations)

that is, rules and representations

possible relations between two (or more)

phones: do they contrast?

possible relations between two (or more)

phones: do they contrast?

(i) correspond to different phonemes:

distinctive / contrastive units

minimal pairs: pit – bit, right – wrote

minimal sets: pit, pat, pet, put, putt, pot

identical or at least overlapping distribution

possible relations between two (or more)

phones: do they contrast?

(i) correspond to different phonemes

(ii) allophones: conditioned variation:

complementary distribution predictable phonetic variants, nondistinctive/noncontrastive,

redundant, conditioned/positional variants, physical

realisations

allophony / allophonic variation

phonetic vs. phonemic representation:

[] vs. // <pig>

[] vs. // <pill>

// in [] vs. [] <bead> vs. <beat>

(phonetic shortening of vowels: "clipping")

possible relations between two (or more)

phones: do they contrast?

(i) correspond to different phonemes

(ii) allophones: conditioned variation:

complementary distribution

possible relations between two (or more)

phones: do they contrast?

(i) correspond to different phonemes

(ii) allophones: conditioned variation:

complementary distribution

(iii) free variation

(iii) free variation:

of phonemes: economic /~/ (cf. pet vs.

Pete), either /~/ (cf. pie vs. pee)

of allophones: butter /~~/

when a contrast ceases to exist: neutralisation

e.g.:

- under zero stress: recall: all full vowel

phonemes -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,

Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous

when a contrast ceases to exist: neutralisation

e.g.:

- under zero stress: recall: all full vowel

phonemes -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,

Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous

- voicing contrast of obstruents after /s/:

/t/ vs. /d/ cf. e.g., tick vs. Dick

/p/ vs. /b/ cf. e.g., pier vs. beer

etc.

when a contrast ceases to exist: neutralisation

e.g.:

- under zero stress: recall: all full vowel

phonemes -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,

Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous

- voicing contrast of obstruents after /s/:

/t/ vs. /d/ cf. e.g., tick vs. Dick

/p/ vs. /b/ cf. e.g., pier vs. beer

etc.

but: s_... ?? cf. e.g., spear but *sb-

THE END