Baya Weaver

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Baya WeaverFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Baya Weaver

Male of race philippinus displaying at nest

Female of race philippinus

Conservation status

Least Concern(IUCN 3.1)[1]
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Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Passeriformes

Family: Ploceidae

Genus: Ploceus

Species: P. philippinus

Binomial name

Ploceus philippinus

(Linnaeus,1766)

Approximate distribution of the Baya Weaver

The Baya Weaver(Ploceus philippinus) is aweaverbird found across Southand Southeast Asia. Flocks of

these birds are found in grasslands, cultivated areas, scrub and secondary growth and they are best known for

their hanging retort shaped nests woven from leaves. These nest colonies are usually found on thorny trees or

palm fronds and the nests are often built near water or hanging over water where predators cannot reach
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easily. They are widespread and common within their range but are prone to local, seasonal movements mainly

in response to rain and food availability.

Male ofburmanicus race with the bright yellow crown

Among the population variations, three subspecies are recognized. The nominate racephilippinus is found

through much of mainland India while burmanicus is found eastwards into Southeast Asia. The population insouthwest India is darker above and referred to as subspecies travancoreensis.[2]

Contents

[hide]

1 Description

2 Behaviour and

ecology

o

2.1 Breedi

ng

3 In culture

o 3.1 Local

names

4 References

5 Other sources

6 External links

[edit]Description
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Female (burmanicus race) feeding juvenile in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

These are sparrow-sized (15 cm) and in their non-breeding plumage, both males and females resemble

female house sparrows. They have a stout conical bill and a short square tail. Non-breeding males and females

look alike, dark brown streaked fulvous buff above, plain (unstreaked) whitish fulvous below, eyebrow long and

buff coloured, bill is horn coloured and no mask. Breeding males have a bright yellow crown, dark brown mask,

blackish brown bill, upper parts are dark brown streaked with yellow, with a yellow breast and cream buff

below.[3][4]

[edit]Behaviour and ecology

A flock in Hyderabad, India.

Baya Weavers are social and gregarious birds. They forage in flocks for seeds, both on the plants and on the

ground. Flocks fly in close formations, often performing complicated manoeuvres. They are known to glean

paddy and other grain in harvested fields, and occasionally damage ripening crops and are therefore

sometimes considered as pests.[5] They roost in reed-beds bordering waterbodies. They depend on wild
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grasses such as Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum) as well as crops likerice for both their food (feeding on

seedlings in the germination stage as well as on early stages of grain[6]) and nesting material. They also feed

on insects (including butterflies[7]), sometimes taking small frogs[8] and molluscs, especially to feed their young.

[9] Their seasonal movements are governed by food availability. Their calls are a continuous chit-

chit-... sometimes ending in a wheezy cheee-eee-ee that is produced by males in a chorus. A lower intensity

call is produced in the non-breeding season. [10]

They are occasionally known to descend to the ground and indulge in dust bathing. [11]

In captivity, individuals are known to form stablepeck orders.[12]

[edit]Breeding

The breeding season of the Baya Weavers is during the monsoons.[2] The breeding condition is initiated by

environmental characters such as day length and comes to an end after summer although this termination is

not influenced by short day length as in temperate birds. [13]They nest in colonies typically of up to 20-30, close

to the source of food, nesting material and water. Baya Weavers are best known for the elaborately woven

nests constructed by the males. These pendulous nests are retort-shaped, with a central nesting chamber and

a long vertical tube that leads to a side entrance to the chamber. The nests are woven with long strips of paddy

leaves, rough grasses and long strips torn from palm fronds. Each strip can be between 20 and 60 cm in

length. A male bird is known to make up to 500 trips to complete a nest. The birds use their strong beaks to

strip and collect the strands, and to weave and knot them while building their nests. The nests are often built

hanging over water[14] from palm trees[15] and often suspended from thornyAcacias and in some cases from

telephone wires.[16][17][18][19][20] Although the birds prefer thorny trees, they sometimes use avenue trees in urban

areas.[21] Nests are often located on the eastern side of the tree, where they are believed to provide shelter

from the Southwest Monsoon; however, late breeders are more likely to build their nests in other orientations

relative to the trunk of the nest tree.[22] Abandoned nests are sometimes used by mice (Mus booduga)[23] and

other birds such as munias.[24][25]
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Male burmanicus at half-built nest in "helmet stage" without the entrance funnel

Nests are built mainly in colonies but isolated nests are not unknown. [26] Nests are often built from

thornyAcacia or palm trees ( mainlyPhoenix sylvestris[27] ) and hang over open water.[12]Young males may

build experimental nests among reeds.[28]In Burma, birds often build nests under the eaves of buildings, but

this habit is uncommon in India.[29]The males take about 18 days to construct the complete nest with the

intermediate "helmet stage" taking about 8 days. [30] The nests are partially built before the males begin to

display to passing females by flapping their wings and calling while hanging from their nests. The females

inspect the nest and signal their acceptance of a male. Once a male and a female are paired, the male goes on

to complete the nest by adding the entrance tunnel. Males are almost solely in charge of nest building, though

their female partners may join in giving the finishing touches, particularly on the interiors. Females may modify

the interiors or add blobs of mud.[31] A study has found that nest location is more important than nest structure

for the female when it selects the nest and mate. [32] Females prefer nests high in trees, those over dry land, and

those on thin branches.[33]

Both males and females are polygamous. Males build many partial nests and begin courting females. The male

finishes the nest only after finding a mate. The female lays about 2 to 4 white eggs and incubates them for

about 14 to 17 days.[34]Males may sometimes assist in feeding the chicks. The chicks leave the nest after

about 17 days.[10]After mating with a female the male typically court other females at other partially constructed

nests. Intraspecificbrood parasitism is known, that is, females may lay their eggs in the nests of others. [35]

Young birds leave the nest in a juvenal plumage which is replaced in their first moult after about four to six

months. The young disperse to new locations not far from their nest and young have been located up to two

kilometres away from their origin.[36]Females are capable of breeding after a year while males take half a year

longer. Prior to breeding they go through a prenuptial moult. Adults also go through a second moult after

breeding and thus there are two moults each year. [37] Histochemical studies have shown increased lipid
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metabolism in the crown region of male Baya during the breeding season. Lipids are known to be involved in

the transport of the yellow carotenoid pigments that form the crown and are subsequently metabolized. [38]

The nest, being suspended from thorny trees and overhanging water, is protected from many predators, but

nest predation by crows is not unusual. Brood may also be destroyed by lizards such as Calotes versicolor[34] or

rodents such as Vandeleuria oleracea which may take over the nest.[12] Nests may sometimes be taken over

and used for nesting byIndian Silverbills (Euodice malabarica).[39]

[edit]In culture

A widespread folk belief in India is that the Baya sticks fireflies with mud to the nest walls to light up the interior

of the nest at night. [40] Clay, however is known to be used in the nests of Baya weavers. Males alone have been

seen to add blobs of mud and dung to the nest chamber prior to pairing with a female. [40]It has been theorized

that the clay helps to stabilise the nests in strong winds. [41]

In earlier times, the Baya Weaver was trained by street performers in India for entertainment. They were

trained to fire toy cannons, string beads, pick up coins and other objects. These uses have been noted from the

time ofAkbar.

The baya is like a wild sparrow but yellow. It is extremely intelligent, obedient and docile. It will take small coins

from the hand and bring them to its master, and will come to a call from a long distance. Its nests are so

ingeniously constructed as to defy the rivalry of clever artificers.n (trans. Jarrett), iii. 122. (ca. 1590) quoted in the Hobson Jobson[42]

[edit]Local names

Tokora, Tokora chorai(Assamese); Baya, Son-Chiri(Hindi); Bayya Chirya (Urdu: ); Baya

Chadei(Oriya); Sugaran (Marathi);Tempua (Malay); Sughari(Gujarati); Babui(Bengali); Parsupu

pita, Gijigadu/Gijjigadu (Telugu); Gijuga (Kannada); Thukanam kuruvi(Malayalam);Thukanan-

kuruvi(Tamil); Wadu-kurulla, Tatteh-kurulla, Goiyan-kurulla (Sinhala); sa-gaung-gwet, mo-sa(Myanmar); Bijra (

Hoshiarpur); Suyam (Chota Nagpur).[43]

[edit]References

1. ^ BirdLife International(2012). "Ploceus philippinus".IUCN Red List of Threatened

Species. Version 2012.1.International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 16 July 2012.

2. ^ abRasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C. (2005). The Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume

2. Smithsonian Edition and Lynx Edicions. p. 579.

3. ^ Salim, Ali (2002). The Book of Indian Birds, Third Edition. Oxford University Press.

pp. 64,283. ISBN0-19-566523-6.
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Documents

Baya Weaver