Basic Competency Up Gradation

8/7/2019 Basic Competency Up Gradation

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Presented by,

Abhijeet Bhosale (G04103)

Nikhil Prabhudeva (G0412)

"To speak the name ofthe dead is to make

him live again"


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INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF PYRAMID

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA CONSTRUCTION OF EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS


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The word PYRAMID is derived from theLatin word PYRAMIS meaning wheat cakewhich were pointy topped.

Pyramids are the tombs of Egyptian kingscalled PHAROHS and are one of the worlds

greatest Historical Monuments.

They were built in 24th century before Christ.


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The Egyptians believed in life after death.

They believed that Pharoh was their livingGod and after burying him in the pyramid, hewould rule them again.

The pyramid was stacked with riches likegold,silver,jewels,servants and pharaoh'sbelongings to continue his journey afterlife.


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The entire kingdom was suffering from severedraughts.

Once in a year there used to be floods in the Nile valley

and the land on either side of the valley depended onit. They believed milk way galaxy as celestial Nile. They saw Orien constellation resembling CYRUS,

The messenger of God and thought that he wasblessing them through continuous rainfalls.

On comparing the positions of these three pyramidsand the position of Orion constellation we can come toknow that the egyptians were trying to build the imageof their god cyrus on the earth.


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The body of the dead Pharoh was wrappedwith white cloth and placed inside the coffin.

The face of the dead Pharoh was covered by

the mask of King CYRUS.

This was done because the Egyptians believedthat in afterlife, their souls would need to reuse

their body and organs .


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Mastaba tombs were low rectangular brick or stone structures. Like thepyramids, they were built on the west side of the Nile (symbol of death,where the sun falls into the underworld).

In the mastabas, lavish tombs with all necessary possessions would beprepared for the Phaorahs

The pyramids evolved from the mastabas.

M

ASTABA

Construction of Pyramids


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Internally, a Mastabaconsist of three parts- aburial chamber, aserdab and a chapel

The burial chamberwas located 30 belowground

Connected to burial

chamber above groundthrough a shaft

place for the burial ofthe dead person


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During the early OldKingdom (2680 BCE),King Zosercommissioned Imhotepto build him amemorial tomb thatwould remind futuregenerations of hisbrilliance and power

Imhotep took the ideaof the mastabas andstacked six of them oneon top of the other >creating a stairway toHeaven

This became the

worlds first buildingmade completely ofstone

Steps in the pyramidwere to enable thepharaoh to take hisplace among the star

gods


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Pharaoh Snefru madetwo attempts atpyramid construction

1st pyramid, the Bentpyramid at Dashur hada square plan with aheight of 102m

The pyramid had a

change of anglemidway, leading to itsbeing called the bentpyramid


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Snefrus 2nd

pyramid--northpyramid--is place

he was buried Low pitch of 43

instead of 52making it look

stunted

A true pyramid hasan incline angle of

52


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Construction of a truegeometrical pyramidachieved during reignof Cheops (Khufu), sonof Snefru

Located at Giza

Called Great Pyramidbecause of size

The pyramid is 482high on a plan 760square


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Two additionalpyramids built at Giza

2nd largest in the centerbuilt by Chefren(Khafra), the son ofCheops

3rd and smallest builtbyMykerinus, son of

Chefren The three together are

referred to as thePyramids at Giza


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A major problem facing the builders of the AncientEgyptian Pyramids, was that of getting the Large stoneblocks to the height they required.

The method shown above, is the only one proven to have

been used. The ramps were built on inclined planes of mud brick and

rubble.

It is likely that for the construction of each pyramid, several

ramps were probably used.

The Various Possible Methods of PyramidConstruction


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The arrangement of the ramps used for building isin much dispute. Assuming that the step pyramidwas built before the outer structure, and then the

packing blocks were laid on top, the ramps couldhave run from one step to another.


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The internal construction of most true pyramids consists ofa series of buttress walls surrounding a central core. Thewalls decrease in height from the center outwards. The

internal arrangement added stability to the structure. Packing blocks filled the "steps" formed by the faces of the

outermost buttress walls and casting blocks (oftenLimestone) completed the structure of the true pyramid.


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Some of the pyramids indicate an accurateunderstanding of Pi, but the mathematicalknowledge of the Egyptians did not include the

ability to arrive at this by calculation. It ispossible that this could have been arrived at"accidentally" through a means such ascounting the revolutions of a drum.


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Basic Competency Up Gradation