Basic Chinese: A Grammar and Workbook (Grammar Workbooks)

2001690ecoverv05bjpg

BASIC CHINESE A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK

Praise for the first edition

lsquoVery well structured and clearly explainedrsquoDr Qian Kan Cambridge University

Basic Chinese introduces the essentials of Chinese syntax Each ofthe 25 units deals with a particular grammatical point and providesassociated exercises Features include

bull clear accessible formatbull many useful language examplesbull jargon-free explanations of grammarbull ample drills and exercisesbull full key to exercises

All Chinese entries are presented in both pinyin romanization andChinese characters and are accompanied in most cases by Englishtranslations to facilitate self-tuition as well as classroom teaching inboth spoken and written Chinese

Basic Chinese is designed for students new to the language Togetherwith its sister volume Intermediate Chinese it forms a compendiumof the essentials of Chinese syntax

Yip Po-Ching was formerly Lecturer in Chinese Studies at theUniversity of Leeds and Don Rimmington is Emeritus Professor of East Asian Studies and former head of the East Asian StudiesDepartment at the University of Leeds They are the authors of Chinese An Essential Grammar (1996 2nd edition 2006)Intermediate Chinese A Grammar and Workbook (1998 2nd editionforthcoming) and Chinese A Comprehensive Grammar (2004)

Titles of related interest published by Routledge

Intermediate Chinese A Grammar and Workbookby Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmington

Chinese An Essential Grammarby Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmington

Chinese A Comprehensive Grammarby Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmington

Colloquial Chinese A Complete Language Courseby Kan Qian

Colloquial Chinese CD-ROMby Kan Qian

Colloquial Chinese (Reprint of the first edition)by Ping-Cheng Trsquoung and David E Pollard

The Chinese Lexiconby Yip Po-Ching

Basic Cantonese A Grammar and Workbookby Virginia Yip and Stephen Matthews

Intermediate Cantonese A Grammar and Workbookby Virginia Yip and Stephen Matthews

Cantonese A Comprehensive Grammarby Stephen Matthews and Virginia Yip

Colloquial Cantonese A Complete Language Courseby Keith S T Tong and Gregory James

Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are

Basic CantoneseIntermediate Cantonese

Basic DutchIntermediate Dutch

Basic GermanIntermediate German

Basic IrishIntermediate Irish

Basic Italian

Basic KoreanIntermediate Korean (forthcoming)

Basic PolishIntermediate Polish

Basic RussianIntermediate Russian

Basic SpanishIntermediate Spanish

Basic WelshIntermediate Welsh

BASIC CHINESE A GRAMMAR ANDWORKBOOK

2nd edition

Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmingtonwith Zhang Xiaoming Rachel Henson and Yip Li Quzhen

First published 1998by Routledge2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Ave New York NY 10016

Second edition published 2009

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group an informa business

copy 1998 2009 Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmington

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilizedin any form or by any electronic mechanical or other means now known orhereafter invented including photocopying and recording or in any informationstorage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication DataYip Po-ching 1935ndash

Basic Chinese a grammar and workbook Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmingtonp cm

Includes index1 Chinese languagemdashGrammar 2 Chinese languagemdashSyntax 3 Chinese

languagemdashTextbooks for foreign speakersmdashEnglish I Rimmington DonII Title

PL1111Y56 20094951prime82421mdashdc22

2008031535

ISBN10 0ndash415ndash47216ndash4 (hbk)ISBN10 0ndash415ndash47215ndash6 (pbk)ISBN10 0ndash203ndash88340ndash3 (ebk)

ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash47216ndash6 (hbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash47215ndash9 (pbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash203ndash88340ndash2 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2009

ldquoTo purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcoukrdquo

ISBN 0-203-88340-3 Master e-book ISBN

CONTENTS

Introduction vii

1 Nouns singular and plural 1

2 Definite and indefinite reference and demonstratives 8

3 Personal pronouns 17

4 Interrogative pronouns 28

5 Numbers 38

6 Measure words 49

7 Indefinite plurals 63

8 Times and dates 73

9 More interrogative expressions 84

10 Adjectives attributive and predicative 93

11 shigrave and yiu 103

12 Comparisons 113

13 Verbs and location expressions 127

14 Verbs and time expressions 139

15 Verbs and aspect markers 154

16 Modal verbs 165 v

Contents

vi

17 Negators bugrave and ( ) meacutei(yiu) 174

18 Types of question (1) 185


20 Imperatives and exclamations 206

21 Complements of direction and location (or destination) 214

22 Complements of result and manner 225

23 Potential complements 234

24 Coverbal phrases 242

25 Disyllabic prepositions 255

Key to exercises 264

Vocabulary list Chinese to English 320

Vocabulary list English to Chinese 340

Glossary of grammatical terms 359

Index 364

vii

INTRODUCTION

This book is designed to assist learners of Mandarin or ModernStandard Chinese which is the language spoken by close on 70 per centof the people of China It presents the essential features of Chinesesyntax in an easily accessible reference-and-practice format We hopethat it will be helpful to students of the language at all levels thoughsome initial knowledge will be an advantage and we envisage that itwill be suitable for classroom use as well as for individual study andreference

The book sets forth most of the basic elements of Chinese syntaxdealing with simple sentences and the main grammatical categories Thematerial is laid out over 25 units and is introduced on a graded basiswith more elementary items in the early units and more complexpatterns in the later sections

Each unit deals with an individual language category or structureIn the early stages of necessity grammatical items beyond those intro-duced in a unit are used in the illustrative sentences but explanatorynotes are added for them with cross-referencing to the later units inwhich they themselves appear

Each unit also provides follow-up exercises which are designed forimmediate reinforcement and readers are encouraged to make full use of them A key to the exercises is given at the end of the bookReaders may wish to consult the units separately or work pro-gressively through the book but we suggest that when going througha particular unit they attempt all the exercises in it before consultingthe key

In this second edition extra drills have been provided for each unitwhich draw on the additional illustrative material mentioned above andwhich give an opportunity for the reader to extend and explore his or her learning experience of the language They of course in manycases anticipate material that is to appear later in the book but theintention is to encourage from the start practice in the rhythms of thebasic structures of the language It is an advantage when learning anylanguage and particularly Chinese if you can develop good speech habits

Introduc-tion

viii

as soon as possible as well as learning grammatical rules If theexercises are there to help you with the grammatical rules the drillswill help you develop good speech habits Keys to these drills areprovided with the exercise keys at the end of the book

Practical functional vocabulary is used in the grammatical explana-tions and in the exercises and drills and it is introduced as far as possibleon a cumulative basis A complete vocabulary list is appended tofacilitate easy reference

The use of grammatical terms is kept to a minimum and explana-tions of them are given as they occur In addition a glossary of theseterms is included as an appendix An index is also provided to helplocate particular grammatical structures or explanations

All illustrative examples throughout the book are given in Chinesescript and pinyin romanization with colloquial English translations andwhere necessary with additional literal translations (marked lit)

Students interested in pursuing their practical study of the Chineselanguage to a higher level should consult the companion volume to thisbook Intermediate Chinese A Grammar and Workbook where moresyntactic patterns peculiar to the Chinese language are explained andthe important grammatical items covered in Basic Chinese are sum-marized Furthermore exercises and drills in Intermediate Chinese not only cover specific grammar points but also compare them withEnglish language usage

The preparation of this second edition is based on the first editionof the book which received financial assistance from the University ofLeeds Academic Development Fund Two Research Assistants MsZhang Xiaoming and Ms Rachel Henson carried out much of theimportant work of assembling the illustrative material The presentrevision however could not have been completed without help andcontribution from Mrs Yip Li Quzhen who closely monitored the vocabulary progression partially revamped the exercises and compiled the vocabulary list

Any errors or omissions are of course the fault of the authors

Note We have used lsquoarsquo rather than lsquoɑrsquo which is the standard formin pinyin romanization

UNIT ONENouns singular and plural

1

A In Chinese as in other languages nouns may be differentiated intoa number of categories The largest category is the common noun whichcovers tangible discrete entities eg dagraveren adult shugrave tree etc The common noun is the main focus of this unit but other nouncategories are

(i) proper noun (for one individual entity)eg zhdngguoacute China lh miacuteng Li Ming (name of a person)

(ii) material noun (for non-discrete entities)eg zhh paper chaacute tea

(iii) abstract noun (for non-tangible entities)eg weacutenhuagrave culture jcngjigrave economy

B Chinese common nouns unlike English ones make no distinctionin form between singular and plural

piacutenggui appleappleshaacuteizi childchildrenyc gegrave piacutenggui anone applelifng gegrave piacutenggui two applesyc gegrave haacuteizi aone childlifng gegrave haacuteizi two children

C Another important feature of the common noun in Chinese is that when it is used with a numeral the numeral has to have a measure word between it and the noun (see also Unit 6) gegrave(usually unstressed as ge in actual speech) is by far the most commonmeasure word and it can occur with a wide range of nouns

yc gegrave reacuten aone personlifng gegrave xueacutesheng two studentssan gegrave miagravenbao three bread rollsthree bunssigrave gegrave cheacutengzi four oranges

wj gegrave jcdagraven five eggsliugrave gegrave cheacutengshigrave six citiesqc gegrave guoacutejia seven countriesba gegrave shangdiagraven eight shopsjij gegrave naacuten haacuteizi nine boysshiacute gegrave ns haacuteizi ten girlsjh gegrave peacutengyou a few friends

A considerable number of nouns or sets of nouns are linked with par-ticular measure words

yc bgn she aone bookyc zhc bh aone penyc bf yaacuteshua aone toothbrushyc kb shugrave aone tree

Some Chinese measure words that indicate portion or partition for example are similar to English measures

lifng piagraven miagravenbao two slices of breadyc kuagravei dagravengao a piece of cakeyc bbi kafbi a cup of coffeeyc bbi piacutejij a glass of beer

Measure words are also used with abstract and material nouns

yc gegrave jiagravenyigrave a suggestion (abstract)yc gegrave jiegravekiu an excuse (abstract)yc gegrave lhxifng an ambitionideal (abstract)yc zhang zhh a piece of paper (material)yc kuagravei bugrave a piece of cloth (material)

Note 1 Notice that with yc you distinguish between lsquoaanrsquo andlsquoonersquo in speech by the degree of emphasis given to it The phrase

yc gegrave bbizi for example may mean lsquoone mugrsquo if yc isstressed and lsquoa mugrsquo if yc is not stressed In the latter meaning

yc can be omitted altogether if it comes directly after a mono-syllabic verb

( ) wi xifng qugrave shangdiagraven mfi (yc) gegrave bbizi( yc is unstressed and optional)Irsquom going to the shop to buy a mug

wi zhh yagraveo mfi yc gegrave bbizi ( yc is stressed)I only want to buy one mug

1Nounssingular and plural

2

Note 2 In Chinese bbizi may mean lsquocuprsquo or even lsquoglassrsquo as wellas lsquomugrsquo

Note 3 xifng and yagraveo are both modal verbs ie verbs whichprecede main verbs to indicate the mood or attitude of the subject(see Unit 17) While xifng emphasizes lsquoplanrsquo or lsquoinclinationrsquo

yagraveo indicates lsquowishrsquo or lsquowillrsquo They may generally be used interchangeably

D It is possible to pluralize human nouns by adding the suffix menbut only when the people concerned are seen or addressed as a groupA collectivized noun like this undergoes two changes

(i) A noun with men suffix becomes definite in reference Beingof definite reference this form may be used to address a particu-lar audience

xianshengmen Ladies and gentlemennsshigravemen

peacutengyoumen Friends

(ii) A collectivized noun with men suffix is incompatible with alsquonumeral + measure wordrsquo phrase

One cannot say

san gegrave gdngcheacutengshcmen (lit three engineers) jij gegrave dagraverenmen (lit nine adults)

However it is not possible to collectivize non-human nouns withthe suffix men

giumen (lit dogs) bbizimen (lit cupsglassesmugs)

E Nouns or noun phrases (eg lsquonumeral + measure word + nounrsquo)may be linked together by the conjunction heacute lsquoandrsquo

bh heacute zhh

pens and paper

naacuten haacuteizi heacute ns haacuteiziboys and girls


3

san gegrave dagravengao heacute sigrave gegrave miagravenbaothree cakes and four bread rolls

zhdngguoacute jcngjigrave heacute weacutenhuagrave Chinarsquos economy and culture

ta yiu lifng bgn she heacute yc zhc bh

He has two books and one pen

wi yagraveo chc lifng piagraven miagravenbao | yc gegrave jcdagraven heacute yc kuagravei dagravengaoI want to eat two slices of bread an egg and a piece of cake

Note Observe that a Chinese full-stop is a hollow dot not a solidone as in English and the lsquo rsquo dun-comma seen in this last exampleis peculiar to Chinese punctuation and is used for listing items in a series

ta xifng mfi sigrave gegrave piacutenggui | san gegrave cheacutengzi | lifng gegrave miagravenbao heacuteyc daacute jcdagravenShe would like to buy four apples three oranges two loaves ofbread and a dozen eggs

Exercise 11

Translate the following phrases into Chinese

1 a child 16 one mug2 one child 17 two pens3 two children 18 ten cups4 three oranges 19 two cups of tea5 a dozen eggs 20 three books6 four bread rolls 21 four adults7 five slices of bread 22 six pieces of paper8 a city 23 a cake9 two suggestions 24 a piece of cake

10 six countries 25 an excuse11 eight shops 26 five boys 12 nine students 27 six girls13 seven engineers 28 two pieces of cloth14 a friend 29 a few trees15 a person 30 two Chinese


4

Exercise 12

Decide on the emphasis given to yc in the sentences below by puttingbrackets round the where it may be omitted

1wi xifng jiao (yc) gegrave zhdngguoacute peacutengyou I would like to have a Chinese friend ( jiao lsquoto make friends withrsquo)

2wi xifng mfi yc daacute jcdagravenI want to buy a dozen eggs

3ta zhh shigrave yc gegrave xueacuteshengHe is only a student

4wi xifng chc yc gegrave cheacutengziI want to eat an orange

5wimen yiu yc gegrave jiagravenyigraveWe have a suggestion

6wi zhh xifng qugrave yc gegrave guoacutejiaI only want to go to one country

7wi yagraveo qugrave mfi yc bf yaacuteshua

I want to go and buy a toothbrush

8ta zhh yiu yc gegrave haacuteiziShe only has one child

Exercise 13

Decide which of the following sentences are incorrect and make thenecessary corrections

1 wi pegravengjiagraven lifng gegrave peacutengyoumen( pegravengjiagraven lsquoto bump intorsquo)I bumped into two friends

2 ta xifng zhfo yc jiegravekiu ( zhfo lsquoto findrsquo)He wanted to find an excuse


5

3 haacuteizimen yagraveo chc piacutengguimenThe children wanted to eat apples

4 tamen xifng qugrave san guoacutejiaThey would like to visit three countries

5 wi xifng hb bbi chaacute ( hb lsquoto drinkrsquo)I would like to have a cup of tea

6 ta yiu zhdngguoacute peacutengyoumenShe has Chinese friends

7 nh yagraveo chc jh miagravenbaoHow many slices of bread would you like to eat

8 shuiacutesheacutei yagraveo mfi jcdagravenWho wants to buy eggs

Exercise 14

Translate the sentences below into English

1 wi yagraveo mfi jh gegrave miagravenbao2 ta xifng chc lifng kuagravei dagravengad

3 wi pegravengjiagraven san gegrave zhdngguoacute reacuten4 wi yagraveo hb bbi kafbi5 wi xifng qugrave wj gegrave guoacutejia6 ta shigrave yc gegrave gdngcheacutengshc

7 wi yiu lifng gegrave haacuteizi8 wi zhh xifng qugrave yc gegrave cheacutengshigrave9 shuiacutesheacutei xifng mfi she

10 wi yiu gegrave jiagravenyigrave

Exercise 15

Translate the following phrases and sentences into Chinese Donrsquot forget to use the dun-comma where necessary

1 apples and oranges2 adults and children3 three slices of bread a cup of coffee and a piece of cake4 four books and six pens5 I would like to visit three countries6 I would like to have a cup of tea7 She only wants to go to two shops


6

8 She wants to buy a bread roll two cakes five apples and a dozen eggs9 The child has only one ambition

10 I bumped into four Chinese friends11 I want a few pieces of paper12 I want to know something about Chinarsquos economy and culture

( lifojig lsquoto know or understandrsquo)

Pattern and vocabulary drill 11

Complete the following sentences using the examples indicated

1 wi yagraveo mfi I would like to buy

a some eggs b a few bread-rolls c a book and a pend some oranges

2 wi xifng hb I would like to drink

a a cup of tea b a cup of coffee c a glass of beerd a glass of coke ( kglegrave)

3 wi xifng chc I would like to eat

a an apple b an orange c a piece of caked a sandwich ( sanmiacutengzhigrave)

4 wi yagraveo qugrave I would like to go to

a China b Britain ( ycngguoacute) c Beijing ( blijcng)d London ( luacutenden)

5 wi xifng jiao I would like to make friends with

a a few Chinese friends b some English friends


Change all the statements you have completed in Drill 11 into ques-tions using sheacutei lsquowhorsquo as the subject instead of wi lsquoIrsquo

wi yagraveo mfi jh gegrave piacutenggui

I would like to buy a few apples

sheacutei yagraveo mfi jh gegrave piacutenggui

Who would like to buy a few apples


7

8

UNIT TWODefinite and indefinite reference and demonstratives

A Reference is an important aspect of common nouns As there areno definite or indefinite articles lsquothea(n)rsquo in Chinese definite orindefinite reference is indicated by the positioning of the noun in thesentence Generally speaking a noun placed before the verb will beof definite reference while a noun placed after the verb will be ofindefinite reference

Definite reference

bh zagravei nfr Where is the penWhere are the pens( bh lsquopenrsquo is positioned before the verb zagravei lsquobe inatrsquo)

Indefinite reference

nfr yiu bh Where is there a penWhere are there somepens( bh lsquopenrsquo is positioned after the verb yiu lsquoexistrsquo)

In fact any noun used on its own is subject to this general principleThe English translations of the following examples provide the refer-ential clues

bigravengreacuten zagravei nfr Where is the patientnfr yiu ycshbng Where is there a doctorwi xhhuan chc I like (eating) bananasxiangjiao nh zhfo maacuteoyc ma Are you looking for your

sweaterjumper

Note ma is a sentence particle which is used at the end of a statement to convert it into a general question asking for eitherconfirmation or denial (see Unit 18)

Even a noun apparently made indefinite by its lsquonumeral (other thanyc lsquoonersquo) + measurersquo phrase may still be regarded as of definite

reference when placed before the verb particularly when ddu or yg is present to refer back to the noun in question

san gegrave haacuteizi ddu shagravengxueacuteAll the three children go to school (lit three children all go to school)

lifng jiagraven maacuteoyc yg zagravei guigravezi liBoth of the jumpers are also in the wardrobe

Note guigravezi is a general term in Chinese which may meanlsquowardrobersquo lsquocabinetrsquo lsquocupboardrsquo etc depending on the context

B However this general rule may be nullified if the speaker is making a general comment rather than narrating an event or incidentThe comment in a topic-comment sentence as we shall see usually consists of an adjective the verb shigrave lsquoto bersquo a modal verb or a verbthat indicates a habitual action

xiangjiao hgn Bananas are (adjective)hfochc deliciouscheacutengzi bugrave shigrave Oranges are (verb shigrave shecagravei not vegetables lsquoto bersquo)mao huigrave zhua Cats can catch (modal verb)lfoshj micemf chc cfo Horses eat grass (verb that

indicates ahabitual action)

In the above examples xiangjiao lsquobananasrsquo cheacutengzilsquoorangesrsquo mao lsquocatsrsquo and mf lsquohorsesrsquo as topics to be commentedon are of indefinite reference in spite of the fact they are placed beforethe verb

Note The distinction between subject-predicate and topic-comment sentences is discussed in detail in Intermediate Chinese Unit 7

C On the other hand a noun before the verb may be made to takeon indefinite reference if it is preceded by yiu lsquohaveexistrsquo

2Definiteandindefinitereference anddemon-stratives

9

yiu reacuten zhfo nh

There is someone looking for you

yiu maacuteoyc zagravei guigravezi liThere is a sweaterthere are (some) sweaters in the wardrobe

In these sentences with yiu a numeral (including yc lsquoa(n) onersquo)or an expression such as ( ) (yc)xib lsquosomersquo or jh + measure lsquoafewrsquo may be used with the noun

( ) yiu (yc) gegrave ycshbng qhng bigravengjiagraveA doctor was on sick leave(lit There was a doctor [who] asked for sick leave)

( ) yiu (yc) gegrave ns ycshbng zagravei bigravengfaacuteng liA lady doctor is in the ward(lit There is a female doctor [who] is in the ward)

yiu lifng gegrave jcdagraven zagravei wfn liThere are two eggs in the bowl

( ) yiu (yc)xib huar zagravei huapiacuteng liThere are some flowers in the vase

yiu jh bgn she zagravei shejiagrave shangThere are a fewseveral books on the (book)shelf

As can be seen from the examples above these yiu sentences can express the presence of a person or thing in a place with or with-out a clear indication of the location Where the location is indicateda more common way of phrasing such sentences is to begin with the location phrase (eg huapiacuteng li lsquoin the vasersquo shejiagrave shang lsquoon the bookshelfrsquo) since it is likely to be of definite refer-ence and a pre-verbal position is therefore more natural (see Units 11and 13)

( ) huapiacuteng li yiu (yc)xib huarThere are some flowers in the vase (lit In the vase there are some flowers)

shejiagrave shang yiu jh bgn she

There are a few books on the (book)shelf (lit On the bookshelf there are a few books)

wfn li yiu lifng gegrave jcdagravenThere are two eggs in the bowl (lit In the bowl there are two eggs)


10

wezi li yiu yc zhang zhudzi heacute sigrave bf yhziThere are a table and four chairs in the room(lit In the room there are a table and four chairs)

( ) zhudzi shang yiu (yc) gegrave huapiacutengThere is a vase on the table (lit On the table there is a vase)

guigravezi li yiu maoacuteyc

There is a sweaterare sweaters in the wardrobe(lit In the wardrobe there is a sweaterare sweaters)

bigravengfaacuteng li yiu sigrave gegrave bigravengreacutenThere are four patients in the ward

nagraver yiu bh | zhegraver yiu zhh

There is a penare pens over there and (there is) some paper here(lit There there is a penare pens here there is some paper)

D Demonstratives are by definition context-based They naturally indicate definite reference In Chinese lsquothisrsquo is zhegrave and lsquothatrsquo is nagrave

zhegrave shigrave kafbi | nagrave shigrave chaacute This is coffee and that is tea

In Chinese when demonstratives are followed by a noun as with num-bers a measure is required between the demonstrative and the nounWhen used in this way zhegrave may also be pronounced lsquozhegraveirsquo and nagrave lsquonegraveirsquo The probable explanation for this is that lsquozhegraveirsquo and lsquonegraveirsquo arefusions of lsquozhegrave + ycrsquo and lsquonagrave + ycrsquo

zhegravei gegrave reacuten this personnegravei zhang zhudzi that tablezhegravei zhc giu this dognegravei zhc mao that cat

wi peacutengyou xhhuan zhegravei zhang zhagraveopiagravenMy friend likes this photograph

wi bugrave xhhuan negravei fuacute huagraverI donrsquot like that painting

In the plural these demonstratives are followed by xib or a jh +measure word phrase to mean lsquothesersquo or lsquothosersquo


11

ta yagraveo zhegravei xib maoacuteyc

She wants these sweaters

ta yagraveo zhegrave jh jiagraven maacuteoyc

She wants these (few) sweaters

wi mfi negravei xib wfnIrsquoll buy those bowls

wi mfi nagrave jh zhc wfnIrsquoll buy those (few) bowls

When zhegrave and nagrave are used in conjunction with a numeral theword order is demonstrative + number + measure

nh xhhuan zhegrave lifng zhang zhagraveopiagraven maDo you like these two photo(graph)s

nh zhfo nagrave san bf yagraveoshi maAre you looking for those three keys

When the context is clear the noun of course may be omitted

wi yagraveo zhegravei gegraveI want this one

ta xhhuan negravei lifng jiagravenHe likes those two (eg sweater shirt etc)

wi xhhuan zhegravei zhang | bugrave xhhuan negravei zhangI like this one but I donrsquot like that one (eg photographs paint-ings etc)

E Finally as we have seen context is always an important factor inChinese If an object or a matter has already been mentioned in a par-ticular context then this will give it a consequential definite referenceFor example in the sentence

nh qugrave mfi she ma

the unmarked noun she lsquobookrsquo would normally be of indefinitereference because it comes after a verb (where it would mean lsquoAreyou going to buy a booksome booksrsquo) However it would take ondefinite reference if the communicators were already aware from theirprevious exchange that she here refers to a book or books they havebeen talking about This would make it mean lsquoAre you going to buythe book(s)rsquo


12

The indefinite reference of an unmarked noun after the verb can ofcourse always be countered by the presence of a demonstrative

nh qugrave mfi negravei bgn she maAre you going to buy that book

Exercise 21

Complete the translations below by filling in the blanks

1 this pen bh

2 these pens bh

3 that orange cheacutengzi4 those oranges cheacutengzi5 those (few) children haacuteizi6 these (few) tables zhudzi7 that cupglassmug bbizi8 this book she

9 those schoolbags shebao10 those (few) bookshelves shejiagrave11 this vase huapiacuteng12 these (few) vases huapiacuteng13 that kitchen chuacutefaacuteng 14 these flowers huar15 those trees shugrave16 that piece of cake dagravengad

17 that school xueacutexiagraveo 18 this toothbrush yaacuteshua

19 that slice of bread miagravenbao20 these keys yagraveoshi21 those umbrellas yjsfn 22 that shop shangdiagraven23 those (few) chairs yhzi24 these (few) paintings huagraver25 these two doctors ______ ______ ______ ycshbng26 those few patients ______ ______ ______ bigravengreacuten

Exercise 22

Indicate which of the two English translations below is the correct ver-sion of the Chinese in each case

1 ta xhhuan giuShe likes the dogsShe likes dogs


13

2 wi mfi zhegravei dhng magraveozi ( dhng measure word for hatscaps)Irsquoll buy this hatIrsquoll buy that hat

3 nh dagravei yjsfn ma( dagravei lsquoto bring along to take withrsquo)Are you bringing an umbrella with youAre you bringing theumbrella with you

4 yagraveoshi zagravei nfrWhere are the keysWhere can I find some keys

5 nh dagravei maacuteoyc maAre you bringing along a jumpersweaterAre you bringing alongthe jumper

6 ta yiu haacuteizi maHas she got any childrenHas she got the children

7 zhudzi shang yiu zhc wfnThere is a bowl on the tableThe bowl is on the table

8 yiu jiagraven maacuteoyc zagravei guigravezi liThe jumper is in the wardrobeThere is a jumper in the wardrobe

9 kuagraveizi zagravei zhudzi shangThe chopsticks are on the tableThere are chopsticks on the table

10 wi huigrave zhua kuagraveizi ( huigrave lsquoknow how torsquo)I know how to use chopsticks (lit I know how to grasp chopsticks)I know how to use the chopsticks

Exercise 23

Translate the following sentences into English paying attention towhether the nouns involved are of definite or indefinite reference Insome cases the noun could be either definite or indefinite dependingon the possible contexts

1 nfr yiu she

2 she zagravei nfr3 chuacutefaacuteng li yiu yc gegrave dagravengao4 mao zagravei wezi li5 nh zhfo yagraveoshi ma6 nh mfi yjsfn ma7 nh chc xiangjiao ma8 wimen xifng mfi huar9 haacuteizimen zagravei xueacutexiagraveo li

10 wi xhhuan chc piacutenggui


14

11sigrave jiagraven maacuteoyc heacute san dhng magraveozi ddu zagravei guigravezi li

12 shiacute gegrave xueacutesheng ddu xifng qugrave zhdngguoacute13 nh yiu kuagraveizi ma14

piacutenggui | cheacutengzi | dagravengao heacute miagravenbao ddu zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li

Exercise 24

Translate the following sentences into Chinese

1 Where are there any shops2 Oranges are good to eat3 There are a few mugs on the table4 There are some books on the bookshelf5 Do you have a pen on you (Hint you can formulate this sentence

using the verb dagravei lsquoto bring along withrsquo or you can use the loca-tion phrase shbnshang lit lsquoon bodyrsquo)

6 The bowls are in the cupboard7 Where is the key8 There are some flowers in the vase9 Where are the boys

10 Do you have a jumper11 Do you like these photo(graph)s12 Are you looking for the books 13 These two books are very interesting ( yiu yigravesi lsquointerestingrsquo)14 I like those three pictures15 Where are those five students


Following the patterns below in each case formulate the question orstatement separately as appropriate for (a) and (b)

1 nfr yiu Where is there a (when you need to locate (a) a pen and (b) a chair)

2 zagravei nfr Where is the (when you want to know where (a) the toilet ( cegravesui) is and(b) where the station ( chbzhagraven) is)

3 yiu zagravei bigravengfaacuteng li There isare in the ward(when you are explaining that there are (a) a male doctor and a ladydoctor (b) nine patients in the ward)


15

4 zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li The isare in the kitchen(when you are pointing out that (a) the bowls and chopsticks and(b) the knives and forks are in the kitchen)

5 guigravezi li yiu There isare in the cupboard(when you are saying that there are (a) tea and coffee and (b) somemugs in the cupboard)


Change the following statements into general questions using ma

Model wi xhhuan chc xiangjiao I like eating bananas

Answer nh xhhuan chc xiangjiao maDo you like eating bananas

1 wi xhhuan chc dagravengao2 wi xhhuan hb piacutejij3 wi xhhuan chc shecagravei4 wi xhhuan jiao peacutengyou5 wi xifng hb bbi kafbi6 wi xifng mfi zhc bh

7 wi yagraveo mfi jh bgn she

8 wi xifng mfi xib huar9 wi de mao huigrave zhua lfoshj

10 ( huagrave lsquodraw paintrsquo) wi huigrave huagrave huagraver

Note If xifng and yagraveo indicate wills and wishes on individualoccasions xhhuan indicates habitual preferences


16

UNIT THREEPersonal pronouns

17

A Chinese personal pronouns

Singular Plural1st person wi Ime wimen weus

zaacutenmen weus (including the listener)

2nd person nh you nhmen youniacuten you

(polite form)3rd person ta hehim tamen theythem (masculine)

ta sheher tamen theythem (feminine)ta it tamen theythem (neuter)

As can be seen the personal pronouns have no case distinctions

wi shigrave zhdngguoacute reacuten I am Chineseta laacutei kagraven wi She came to see menh hfo HelloHow are younhmen zhugrave zagravei nfr Where do you (plural)

livewimen bugrave regravenshi We donrsquot know themtamentamen bugrave xhhuan ta They donrsquot like herzhugrave nh shbngrigrave kuagraveilegrave Happy birthday

(lit Wish you birthday happy)

Note As and are both pronounced ta gender differentiationin speech (rather than in writing) is only possible through context

B zaacutenmen lsquowe usrsquo is employed only when the speaker wantsconsciously to include the listener(s)

zaacutenmen ziu ba Letrsquos gozagraveijiagraven | wimen Goodbye Wersquore off nowziu le

Note 1 In ordinary conversation the distinction between zaacutenmen lsquowe (inclusive)rsquo and wimen lsquowe (exclusive)rsquo is not strictlyfollowed particularly in the south of the country where zaacutenmen may often be replaced by wimen though not the otherway round when the speaker wants to exclude the listener(s) eg

wimen zigravejh laacutei lsquoWersquoll help ourselvesmanage by ourselvesrsquo

Note 2 ba is a sentence particle for a tentative request (see Unit20) and le is a sentence particle used to signal the beginning ofa new situation of some kind as is made clear in the statement above(see Intermediate Chinese Unit 8)

C ta tamen is mostly used to refer to animals

nh zhfo dagraveo le negravei zhc mao meacuteiyiuHave you found that cat

zhfo dagraveo le | ta zagravei huayuaacuten liI have found it Itrsquos in the garden

shuhchiacute li yiu hgn dud jcnyuacute | tamen ddu hgn hfokagravenThere are a lot of goldfish in the pool They are all very beautiful

In spoken Chinese ta tamen is rarely used to refer to inani-mate objects since the reference is usually clear without it

zigravexiacutengchb nh xie hai le meacuteiyiuHave you repaired your bicycle

xie hfo leYes I have (repaired it) (lit repair good)

nh kagraven le negravei gegrave diagravenyhng meacuteiyiuDid you see that film

kagraven le | kgshigrave bugrave xhhuanYes but I didnrsquot like it

3Personalpronouns

18

One does not usually say

xie hfo ta le kagraven le ta | kgshigrave bugrave xhhuan ta

It occurs only occasionally in expressions where without it ambiguitymight arise

bieacute dograveng ta Donrsquot touch itvs

bieacute dograveng Donrsquot you move

bieacute gufn ta ba Donrsquot bother about itvs

nh bieacute gufn None of your business

D niacuten is the polite form of nh It is a fusion of nh and menand therefore has no plural form (One cannot say niacutenmen) Toexpress a plural for niacuten one uses an appositional phrase

niacuten san wegravei shigrave zhdngguoacute reacuten maAre the three of you Chinese

niacuten jh wegravei shigrave nf guoacute reacutenWhere are you (people) from

Note wegravei is a more polite measure word for lsquopeoplersquo than thenormal gegrave

E Possession whether as an adjective or a pronoun is indicated bythe addition of the particle de to the personal pronoun

wi de myminewimen de ouroursnh de youryoursnhmen de youryoursta de histamen de theirtheirs (masculine)ta de herherstamen de theirtheirs (feminine)ta de itstamen de theirtheirs (neuter)

3Personalpronouns

19

nh de jiagraveoshigrave zagravei nfrWhere is your classroom

zhegrave shigrave tamen de chb

This is their car

negravei bf yjsfn shigrave wi deThat umbrella is mine

de may be omitted before nouns where the possessor has a closerelationship with the person or object

wi mama xifng gbn nh mama taacutentanMy mother would like to talk to your mother

wi gbge xifng regravenshi nh digravediMy older brother would like to meetget to know your younger brother

nh fugravemj hfo maHow are your parents

nh jia zagravei nfrWhere is your home

Note 1 de may also be used after nouns to indicate possession

wi megraveimei xhhuan qiacute wi jigjie de zigravexiacutengchb

My younger sister likes to ride my elder sisterrsquos bicycle

wi digravedi xhhuan liacutenje de negravei zhc xifo maoMy younger brother likes that kitten of our neighbours

wi jigjie xhhuan kai bagraveba de chb

My elder sister likes driving fatherrsquos car

Note 2 The possessive phrase always comes before the demonstrative

liacutenje de negravei zhc that kitten of our xifo mao neighbourswi de negravei jigravean that jumper of minemaacuteoyc

nh de zhegravei xib she these books of yoursta de zhegrave jh fuacute these few paintings of his huagraver

3Personalpronouns

20

F zigravejh lsquooneself rsquo

(i) It is used immediately after the subject in apposition to it

wimen zigravejh meacutei We donrsquot have a ( ) yiu diagravenshigrave(jc) television (set) ourselves

ta zigravejh ziu le He left by himselfwi zigravejh laacutei Irsquoll do it (by) myself

Irsquoll help myself (eg at a meal)

Note laacutei which basically means lsquoto comersquo is used here in anidiomatic sense to indicate personal involvement

(ii) It may also be used as a reflexive objectbieacute magrave zigravejh Donrsquot blame yourself

(iii) With the addition of the particle de it means lsquoonersquos ownrsquozhegrave shigrave wi zigravejh de shigraver

This is my (own) business

G There are a few less conventional pronouns like dagravejia lsquoevery-bodyrsquo reacutenjia lsquoothersrsquo etc reacuten lsquopersonrsquo when used on its ownas the object of a verb means lsquoanybodyrsquo

dagravejia hfoGood morningafternoonevening everybody (lit everybody good)

nh huigrave | reacutenjia bugrave huigraveYou know how to do it but other people (me included) donrsquot

negravei bgn she bugrave shigrave wi zigravejh de | shigrave reacutenjia deThat book is not my own it is somebody elsersquos

laacutei reacuten na Help (lit come anybody)yograveu reacuten ma Anybody therein (lit have anybody)

Note na is an exclamatory sentence particle (See Unit 20 J)

3Personalpronouns

21

Exercise 31

Complete the Chinese translations of the English sentences below byadding the correct personal pronouns where necessary (Bear in mindthat it may not be necessary to fill in the blanks in all cases)

1 I like him and he likes me too( yg lsquoalsorsquo)

xhhuan | yg xhhuan 2 We want to see them but they donrsquot want to see us

( dagravenshigrave lsquobutrsquo)xifng qugrave jiagraven | dagravenshigrave bugrave xifng jiagraven

3 You donrsquot know her but she knows you

bugrave regravenshi | dagravenshigrave regravenshi 4 Dad Mum would you like some coffee

bagraveba | mama | yagraveo hb kafbi ma5 Where is she I want to talk to her

zagravei nfr | xifng gbn taacutentaacuten6 We have two dogs They live in his room

( tiaacuteo measure word for dogs)yiu lifng tiaacuteo giu | ddu zhugrave zagravei

faacutengjian li7 I donrsquot like those flowers Do you like them

bugrave xhhuan nagravenegravei xib huar | xhhuan ma8 Do you want to see that film Letrsquos go and see it

nh xifng kagraven nagravenegravei gegrave diagravenyhng ma | zaacutenmen qugrave kagraven ba

Exercise 32

Complete the Chinese translations of the following by filling in the blanks

1 I like my workwi xhhuan gdngzuograve

2 Is Li Ming a good friend of yours( )

lh miacuteng shigrave ( ) haacuteo peacutengyou ma

3Personalpronouns

22

3 My family live in the country

jia zhugrave zagravei xiangcen ( xiangcen lsquothe countrysidersquo)4 This book is my older brotherrsquos

zhegravei bgn she shigrave 5 That hat is hers

negravei dhng magraveozi shigrave 6 Those three children are all our neighboursrsquo

nagrave san gegrave haacuteizi ddu shigrave 7 Their parents donrsquot live in London

( )( ) fugravemj bugrave zhugrave zagravei luacutenden ( fugravemj lsquoparentsrsquo)

8 This is her daughter and that is my son( ) ( )

zhegrave shigrave ( ) nsrsquoeacuter | nagrave shigrave ( ) eacuterzi9 The kitten is sleeping on Fatherrsquos chair

xifo mao shuigrave zagravei yhzi shang10 This is our classroom

zhegrave shigrave jiagraveoshigrave ( jiagraveoshigrave lsquoclassroomrsquo)11 He often repairs his car himself

ta chaacutengchaacuteng xie qigravechb

12 That child doesnrsquot have a bicycle of his own

negravei gegrave haacuteizi meacutei yiu zigravexiacutengchb

Exercise 33

Complete the Chinese translations below with nouns or personal pro-nouns in their possessive forms

1 This pen is my elder brotherrsquos that pen is my own

zhegravei zhc bh shigrave | negravei zhc shigrave

2 This umbrella is his Where is mine( )

zhegravei bf (yj)sfn shigrave | zagravei nfr

3Personalpronouns

23

3 This cat is from his house Where is our cat

zhegravei zhc mao shigrave | wi jia de mao zagravei nfr4 This jumper is mine Yours is in the wardrobe

zhegravei jiagraven maacuteoyc shigrave | zagravei guigravezi li5 Have you ever met my parents

nh jiagraven guo fugravemj ma6 Do you know his father

nh regravenshi bagraveba ma7 Your apples taste nice mine are awful

piacutenggui hgn hfochc | bugrave hfochc

8 These three pictures are yours those two are hers

zhegrave san fuacute huagraver shigrave | nagravenegravei lifng fuacute shigrave

9 My elder sister likes driving Fatherrsquos car but doesnrsquot like ridingher own bicycle

( )

wi jigjie xhhuan kai chb | dagravenshigrave bugrave xhhuan qiacute ( ) zigravexiacutengchb

10 The garden at your home is very pretty

huayuaacuten hgn hfokagraven11 I like those goldfish of our neighbours

wi xhhuan jcnyuacute12 My younger brother does not like wearing that jumper of his

( )

wi digravedi bugrave xhhuan chuan ( ) maacuteoyc

Exercise 34

Replace nh and nhmen in the following sentences with theirpolite forms

3Personalpronouns

24

1 nh xifng hb bbi chaacute maWould you like some tea

2 nhmen shigrave nf guoacute reacutenWhich country are you all from

3 nhmen qhng zuograve ( qhng lsquopleasersquo zuograve lsquoto sitrsquo)Please take a seat (addressing a few visitors)

4 nh shigrave ycngguoacute reacuten maAre you from Britain

5nhmen yagraveo chc difnr dagravengao ma ( difnr lsquoa bit (of)rsquo)Would you like some cake

6 wi gograveu le | xiegravexie nh ( gograveu lsquoenoughrsquo)Irsquom fineIrsquove had enough thanks

Exercise 35

Decide whether wimen or zaacutenmen should strictly be usedin the following situations

1 We must be off now Goodbyeziu le | zagraveijiagraven

2 Letrsquos be friendsjiao gegrave peacutengyou ba

3 We would like some beer Thank you

xhang hb difnr piacutejij | xiegravexie niacuten ( piacutejij lsquobeerrsquo)4 I am Li Whatrsquos your name Do let us introduce ourselves

wi xigraveng lh | niacuten guigravexigraveng | regravenshi ycxiagrave ba ( ycxiagrave lsquobrieflyrsquo)5 Letrsquos go together

ycqh ziu ba ( ycqh lsquotogetherrsquo)6 We live in London Where do you live

zhugrave zagravei luacutenden | nhmen zhugrave zagravei nfr


Translate the following sentences into English making intelligentguesses at the meaning with the help of the words given in brackets

3Personalpronouns

25

1 zhugrave nh niacuten shbngrigrave kuagraveilegrave2 zhugrave nh niacuten xcnniaacuten kuagraveilegrave ( xcnniaacuten lsquonew

yearrsquo)3 zhugrave nh niacuten shegravengdagraven kuagraveilegrave ( shegravengdagraven

lsquoChristmasrsquo )4 zhugrave nh niacuten shbnth jiagravenkang ( shbnth lsquobodyrsquo

jiagravenkang lsquohealthyrsquo)5 zhugrave nh niacuten yclugrave piacutengrsquoan ( yclugrave lsquoall the wayrsquo

piacutengrsquoan lsquosafe and soundrsquo)6 zhugrave nh niacuten cheacutenggdng ( cheacutenggdng lsquosucceedrsquo)


Translate the following sentences into Chinese following the model ofthe examples Pay particular attention to how adjectives are coined with

yiu lsquoto haversquo and hfo lsquogoodrsquo Donrsquot forget to include the degreeadverb hgn in each instance

My work is interestingwi de gdngzuograve hgn yiuqugrave

This piece of cake is deliciouszhegravei kuagravei dagravengao hgn hfochc

1 Those books of yours are interesting ( yiuqugrave lsquointerestingrsquo)2 His parents are famous ( yiumiacuteng lsquofamous (lit to have

name)rsquo)3 Those three Chinese (persons) are very rich ( yiuqiaacuten lsquorich

(lit to have money)rsquo)4 Your fatherrsquos book is really useful ( yiuyograveng lsquouseful (lit to

have use)rsquo)5 This method is truly effective ( fangff lsquomethodrsquo yiuxiagraveo

lsquoeffective (lit to have effect)rsquo)6 That cake of yours is really tasty

This cup of coffee is really nice ( hfochc hfohb lsquotastynice (lit good to eatgood to drink)rsquo)

7 That jumper of my younger sister is beautiful ( hfokagravenlsquopleasant to the eyersquo)

8 That song is pleasant to the ear ( gb lsquosongrsquo shiu measureword for songs hfotcng lsquopleasant to the earrsquo)

9 That suggestion of his was ridiculous ( hfoxiagraveo lsquolaughableridiculousrsquo)

10 That kitten of our neighbours is really playful ( hfowaacutenrlsquoamusing (lit good to play with)rsquo)

3Personalpronouns

26


As we have seen when a noun is placed at the beginning of a sentenceit is to some extent emphasized as it registers what is foremost in thespeakerrsquos mind Following the model below construct ten questions usingthe noun and verb given and translate the questions into English Theassumption is that the noun object has already been alluded to and istherefore of definite reference

bh dagraveiHave you brought the pen(s) with you

bh nh dagravei le meacuteiyiu

1 yagraveoshi dagravei2 yjsfn dagravei3 maacuteoyc dagravei4 zhagraveopiagraven dagravei5 she kagraven6 wfn kuagraveizi mfi7 chaacute hb

8 dagravengao chc

9 mao zhfo dagraveo10 diagravenyhng kagraven

3Personalpronouns

27

28

UNIT FOURInterrogative pronouns

A The main interrogative pronouns in Chinese are

sheacutei (shuiacute ndash less colloquial) whowhomsheacutei de whosesheacutenme what

nfngi + measure word whichnfr sheacutenme digravefang wherewhat place

B The most important feature about Chinese interrogative pronounsis that unlike English practice which shifts all interrogative pronounsto the beginning of the question Chinese keeps them in the positionin the sentence where the answers would be expected

ta shigrave sheacutei Who is heta shigrave wI de lFoshC He is my teacher

sheacutei shigrave nhmen de Who is your Chinesezhdngweacuten lfoshc teacherliacute lfoshc shigrave wimen Mr Li is ourde zhdngweacuten lfoshc Chinese teacher

Note 1 sheacutei shigrave nhmen de zhdngweacuten lfoshc

is a straightforward question which may be used interchangeablywith nhmen de zhdngweacuten lfoshc shigrave sheacuteiHowever if expressed in more emphatic tones the latter may convey the feeling that the speaker is curious or eager to find outwho the teacher really is

Note 2 One does not ask sheacutei shigrave ta

sheacutei ziu le Who has leftlH xiAnsheng ziu le Mr Li has leftnh qugrave jiagraven sheacutei Who did you go to

seewi qugrave jiagraven zhAng I went to see jCnglH MrMrs Zhang

the managerzhegrave shigrave sheacutei de Whose is this satchelshebaozhegrave shigrave wI toacutengxueacute This is my de shebao coursematersquos satchelnh xifng hb difnr What would you like sheacutenme to drinkwi xifng hb difnr I would like to have piacutejiJ some beernh zhfo sheacutenme What are you looking

forwi zhfo wI de Irsquom looking for my shIubiFo watchwi de dagraveyc zagravei nFr Where is my coatnh de dagraveyc zagravei zhegraver Your coat is here

C In addition to sheacutei shuiacute nf ngi wegravei (lit lsquowhich personrsquo)may be used to express a more respectful personal enquiry

ngi wegravei shigrave nh bagraveba Which person is yourfather

niacuten yagraveo jiagraven ngi wegravei Who do you want to see

Note sheacutenme reacuten (lit lsquowhat personrsquo) on the other hand hasa tone of rudeness or contempt

ta shigrave sheacutenme reacuten Whorsquos she (anyway)

nh pegravengjiagraven le Who were those sheacutenme reacuten people you met

D sheacutei de lsquowhosersquo may be used as an interrogative adjective toqualify a noun or as an interrogative pronoun

zhegrave shigrave sheacutei de qiaacutenbao (adjective)Whose pursewallet is this

4Inter-rogativepronouns

29

zhegrave shigrave wI de qiaacutenbaoThis is my pursewallet

zhegravei bf yagraveoshi shigrave sheacutei de (pronoun)Whose is this key

zhegravei bf yagraveoshi shigrave wI deThis key is mine

nh xhhuan sheacutei de huagraver (adjective)Whose picture do you like

wi xhhuan negravei gegrave huagravejiA de huagraverI like pictures by that artist

E sheacutenme lsquowhatrsquo likewise may be used as an adjective or a pronoun

zhegravei xib shigrave sheacutenme shecagravei (adjective)What kind of vegetables are these

zhegravei xib shigrave baacuteicagraveiThese are Chinese cabbages

zhegravei xib shigrave sheacutenme (pronoun)What are these

zhegravei xib shigrave liacuteThese are pears

( ) nh xifng chc (yc)difnr sheacutenme (pronoun)What would you like (to eat)

( ) wi xifng chc (yc)difnr dagravengAoIrsquod like (to eat) some cake

( ) nh mfi le (yc)xib sheacutenme ddngxi (adjective)What things did you buy

wi mfi le yC piacuteng kAfBi | yC bAo chaacuteyegrave heacute yC shugrave xiAnhuA

I bought a bottle of coffee a packet of tea and a bunch of flowers

nh miacutengtian xifng zuograve sheacutenme (pronoun)What do you want to do tomorrow

wi miacutengtian xifng qugrave yoacuteuyIngI want to go swimming tomorrow

F nf ngi meaning lsquowhichrsquo (not to be confused with nfrlsquowherersquo) can only be used in conjunction with a measure word orlsquonumeral + measure wordrsquo phrase


30

nGi zhang Which one (eg newspaper sheet of paper table etc)

zhegravei zhang This one

nh yagraveo nF san gegrave Which three do you wantwi yagraveo nagrave san gegrave I want those three

nGi xib piaacutenyi Which ones are cheaperdifnrzhegravei xib piaacutenyi These ones are cheaperdifnr

nh mfi nF lifng Which two books bgn she are you going to buywi mfi nagrave lifng Irsquom buying those two booksbgn she

nGi bf sfn shigrave Which umbrella is yoursnh dezhegravei bf sfn This umbrella is mineshigrave wi de

G nfr lsquowherersquo and sheacutenme digravefang lsquowhat placersquo natur-ally ask about location

(i) They may occur at the object position particularly after qugrave lsquotogo (to)rsquo and zagravei lsquoto be atinonrsquo

nh qugrave nFrsheacutenme digravefangWhere are you going

wi qugrave peacutengyou jiAIrsquom going to my friendrsquos place

nh de zigravexiacutengchb zagravei nFr sheacutenme digravefangWhere is your bike

wi de zigravexiacutengchb zagravei jiA liMy bicycle is at home

(ii) They are also regularly used at the beginning of the sentence followed by the verb yiu lsquoto existrsquo

nFrsheacutenme digravefang yiu yoacuteutingWhere is therecan I find a pillar-box

mFlugrave duigravemiagraven yiu yoacuteutingTherersquos a pillar-box across the road


31

nFrsheacutenme digravefang yiu ddngxi chc

Where can I find something to eat(lit Where is there something to eat)

bCngxiAng li yiu ddngxi chc

There are things to eat in the fridge

The second example above illustrates the common pattern lsquoloca-tion + yiu + noun object + verbrsquo in which yiu and the verbin fact share the same object The verb which comes last in thesentence is similar to an English infinitive qualifying the noun objectwhich precedes it

Here are some more examples

nFr yiu hfo diagravenyhng kagravenWhere can we go to see a good film(lit Where is there a good film (to) see)

negravei jiA diagravenyHngyuagraven yiu hfo diagravenyhng kagravenThere is a good film on show in that cinema(lit At that cinema there is a good film (to) see)

nFr yiu bcngjiliacuteng magraveiWhere can (we) buy ice-cream(lit Where is there ice-cream to be soldfor sale)

mFlugrave duigravemiagraven yiu | nagraver yiu yc liagraveng bcngjiliacuteng chb

Across the road Therersquos an ice-cream van there(lit Across the road there is (some) There there is an ice-cream van)

nFr yiu chb ze

Where are there cars forto hireduigravebuqh | zhegraver meacutei yiu chb ze

Irsquom sorry there arenrsquot any cars for hire here(lit Here there are not cars (to) hire)

(iii) nfr and sheacutenme digravefang are also commonly usedafter a coverb (see Unit 24) such as zagravei lsquoin at onrsquo dagraveo lsquotorsquoetc to create a coverbal phrase These coverbal phrases comebefore the verb

nh haacuteizi zagravei nFr xueacutexiacuteWhere isare your child(ren) studying

wi haacuteizi zagravei dagravexueacute xueacutexiacuteMy child(ren) isare studying at the university

nh bagraveba zagravei sheacutenme digravefang gdngzuograveWhere does your father work


32

wi bagraveba zagravei yC jiA yiacutenhaacuteng gdngzuograveMy father works at a bank

ta dagraveo nFrsheacutenme digravefang qugraveWhere is he going

ta dagraveo bagravengDngshigrave qugraveHersquos going to his office

Note jia as you may have noticed is the measure word for diagravenyhngyuagraven lsquocinemarsquo yiacutenhaacuteng lsquobankrsquo shangdiagraven

lsquoshoprsquo etc The noun jia also means lsquohome house familyrsquo

Exercise 41

Formulate questions based on the sentences below focusing on the wordsin bold italics Use interrogative pronouns and switch the first-personand second-person pronouns as necessary

wi qugrave shangdiagraven mfi ddngxiIrsquom going to the shops to buy something

(a) wI qugrave shangdiagraven mfi ddngxisheacutei qugrave shangdiagraven mfi ddngxi

(b) wi qugrave shAngdiagraven mfi ddngxinh qugrave nFr mfi ddngxi

(c) wi qugrave shangdiagraven mfi dDngxinh qugrave shangdiagraven mfi sheacutenme

(d) wi qugrave shangdiagraven mFi dDngxinh qugrave shangdiagraven zuograve sheacutenme

1 mama qugrave shigravechfng mfi jcdagravenMother is going to the market to buy eggs(a) mAma qugrave shigravechfng mfi jcdagraven(b) mama qugrave shigravechFng mfi jcdagraven(c) mama qugrave shigravechfng mfi jCdagraven(d) mama qugrave shigravechfng mFi jCdagraven

2 bagraveba zagravei bagravengdngshigrave xig tucjiagravenxigravenFather is writing a referencea letter of recommendation in theoffice


33

(a) bagraveba zagravei bagravengDngshigrave xig tucjiagravenxigraven(b) bagraveba zagravei bagravengdngshigrave xiG tuCjiagravenxigraven(c) bagraveba zagravei bagravengdngshigrave xig tuCjiagravenxigraven(d) bagraveba zagravei bagravengdngshigrave xig tucjiagravenxigraven

3 jigjie zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li wegravei mao(My) elder sister is feeding the cat in the kitchen(a) jigjie zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li wegravei mao(b) jigjie zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li wegravei mAo(c) jiGjie zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li wegravei mao

4 gbge zagravei wagraveimian xie chb

(My) elder brother is repairing the car outside(a) gbge zagravei wagraveimian xiE chB

(b) gbge zagravei wagraveimian xie chB

(c) gbge zagravei wagraveimian xie chb

(d) gBge zagravei wagraveimian xie chb

5 digravedi qugrave yoacuteuyingchiacute xueacute yoacuteuying(My) younger brother is going to the swimming-pool to learn to swim(a) digravedi qugrave yoacuteuyingchiacute xueacute yoacuteuyIng(b) digravedi qugrave yoacuteuyingchiacute xueacute yoacuteuying(c) digravedi qugrave yoacuteuyIngchiacute xueacute yoacuteuying

6 digravedi xifng qhng jigjie bang ta de maacuteng(My) younger brother would like to ask his elder sister to lend hima hand (ie give him some help)(a) digravedi xifng qhng jiGjie bang ta de maacuteng(b) digravedi xifng qhng jigjie bAng tA de maacuteng(c) digravedi xifng qhng jigjie bangmaacuteng

7 liacutenje de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang qiacutezigravexiacutengchb

(Our) neighbourrsquos child is riding a bicycle in the street(a) liacutenjE de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchb

(b) liacutenjE de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchb

(c) liacutenje de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchB

(d) liacutenje de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchB

(e) liacutenje de haacuteizi zagravei jiB shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchb

8megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave zhdngguoacute lsxiacuteng(My) younger sister wants to go travelling in China with Grandpanext year(a) megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave zhdngguoacute lsxiacuteng(b) megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gBn yeacuteye qugrave zhDngguoacute lSxiacuteng(c) megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave zhdngguoacute lsxiacuteng


34

(d) megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave zhDngguoacute lsxiacuteng(e) megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave zhdngguoacute lSxiacuteng

Exercise 42

Translate the following sentences into Chinese using the pattern

lsquo + + noun + verbrsquo

Where can we buy pears (Where are there pears to be soldfor sale)nfr yiu liacute magravei

1 Where can we hire bicycles2 Where can we have coffee3 Where can we buy flowers4 Where is there any beer to drink5 Where can I find something to eat6 Where can I see a film7 Where can you buy a newspaper ( bagraveozhh lsquonewspaperrsquo)8 Where can you borrow books ( jiegrave lsquoborrowrsquo)9 Where can you buy fresh vegetables ( xcnxian lsquofreshrsquo)

10 Where can we hire a good car

Exercise 43

Translate these sentences into Chinese

1 Who would like some tea2 Who would like some cake3 Whose is this mug4 What would you like to eat5 Which picture do you prefer6 Who can speak Chinese ( huigrave lsquocan be skilful withrsquo)7 Which child is yours8 Whose teacher is Mr Zhang9 Which oranges are you going to buy

10 What kind of vegetables do you like11 Who can repair cars12 Who can help me ( neacuteng lsquocan be able torsquo)13 Who do you want to see14 Which two books have you brought with you


35

15 What place did you go to16 Which countries are you going to17 Where is my pursewallet18 Where do you go for coffee19 Who are you going to China with20 Where did you get acquainted with her

Note huigrave lsquocanrsquo indicates permanent skills whereas neacuteng lsquocanrsquoindicates whether someone is able or in a position to do somethingon a particular occasion eg wi huigrave yoacuteuying | dagravenshigrave jiantian bigraveng le | bugrave neacuteng yoacuteu lsquoI know howto swim but as I am unwell today I canrsquotrsquo


Provide the answers to the following questions using the pattern of theexample

nh xifng hb difnr sheacutenmeWhat would you like to drinkAnswer (a) some tea (b) some coffee

(a) wi xifng hb difnr chaacute (b) wi xifng hb difnr kafbi

1 nh xifng chc difnr sheacutenmeWhat would you like to eatAnswer (a) some cake (b) some ice cream

2 nh xifng mfi difnr sheacutenmeWhat would you like to buyAnswer (a) Chinese cabbage ( baacuteicagravei) (b) fish ( yuacute)

3 nh zhegravei gegrave lhbagraveitian xifng zuograve sheacutenmeWhat would you like to do this coming SundayAnswer (a) go to see a film (b) go swimming

4 nh zhfo sheacutenmeWhat are you looking forAnswer (a) my key (b) my umbrella

5 nh zhfo sheacutei Who are you looking forAnswer (a) Mr Li (b) my father


36

6 nh dagraveoshagraveng nfr qugrave ( shagraveng lsquogo torsquo)Where are you off toAnswer (a) the bank (b) the university


First translate the following sentences into English and then replacethe particle ma by ba so as to turn a general question into a sur-mise question as if you were saying instead of lsquoDo you like drinkingcoffeersquo lsquoYou like drinking coffee donrsquot yoursquo

1 nh xhhuan yfng mao ma ( yfng lsquoto keep to rearrsquo)2 nh xhhuan yfng giu ma3 nh xhhuan yfng jcnyuacute ma4 nh xhhuan qiacute zigravexiacutengchb ma5 nh xhhuan qiacute mf ma6 nh xhhuan zhugrave zagravei luacutenden ma7 nh xhhuan zhugrave zagravei baliacute ma ( baliacute lsquoParisrsquo)8 nh xhhuan mfi piaacutenyi de ddngxi ma9 nh xhhuan zhegravei xib xianhua ma

10 nh xhhuan nh de liacutenje ma11 nh xhhuan nh de gdngzuograve ma12 nh xhhuan zhegravei jiagraven maacuteoyc ma


37

38

UNIT FIVENumbers

A Numbers in Chinese follow a system based on tens hundreds etc

yc one shiacute yc elevenegraver two shiacute egraver twelvesan three shiacute san thirteensigrave four shiacute qc seventeenwj five shiacute jij nineteenliugrave six egraver shiacute twentyqc seven san shiacute yc thirty-oneba eight wj shiacute sigrave fifty-fourjij nine ba shiacute liugrave eighty-sixshiacute ten jij shiacute jij ninety-nineliacuteng zero

Note 1 7 yao is sometimes used instead of yc in speech (eg onthe telephone) to avoid the confusion between yc lsquoonersquo and qc

lsquosevenrsquo

Note 2 The numeral 2 before a measure word is lifng and notegraver

lifng gegrave liacute two pears lifng gegrave xcngqc lhbagravei two weeks

B While in English you count up to a thousand and then repeat upto a million Chinese counts up to ten thousand ( wagraven) and then repeatsup to a hundred million ( yigrave) The higher numbers are

yc bfi 100 one hundredyc qian 1000 one thousandyc wagraven 10000 ten thousandyc yigrave 100000000 one hundred million

Figures are expressed from higher to lower units

yc bfi egraver shiacute wj

125 one hundred and twenty-five

yc qian egraver bfi san shiacute wj

1235 one thousand two hundred and thirty-five

yc wagraven egraver qian san bfi sigrave shiacute wj

12345 twelve thousand three hundred and forty-five

shiacute egraver wagraven san qian sigrave bfi wj shiacute liugrave123456 one hundred and twenty-three thousand four hundred andfifty-six

yc bfi egraver shiacute san wagraven sigrave qian wj bfiliugrave shiacute qc

1234567one million two hundred and thirty-four thousand five hundred andsixty-seven

yc qian egraver bfi san shiacute sigrave wagraven wj qian liugrave bfi qc shiacute ba

12345678twelve million three hundred and forty-five thousand six hundredand seventy-eight

yc yigrave egraver qian san bfi sigrave shiacute wj wagraven liugrave qian qc bfi ba shiacute jij123456789one hundred and twenty-three million four hundred and fifty-six thou-sand seven hundred and eighty-nine

It is useful to remember that a million in Chinese is yc bfi wagraven(= 100 times 10000)

Note liacuteng lsquozerorsquo is used as a filler for any missing unit or unitswithin a figure

yc bfi liacuteng wj 105 one hundred and fiveyc qian liacuteng sigrave 1004 one thousand and fouryc qian yc bfi 1102 one thousand one hundred liacuteng egraver and two

C A fraction is expressed by the pattern lsquodenominator fbn zhc numeratorrsquo ( fbn means lsquopart componentrsquo and zhc means lsquoof rsquo)

5Numbers

39

san fbn zhc yc 13 one thirdsigrave fbn zhc yc 14 one quartersigrave fbn zhc san 34 three quartersba fbn zhc qc 78 seven eighths

D bagraven lsquohalfrsquo followed by a noun functions like a numeral andrequires a measure word

bagraven bbi jij half a glass of wine (or any alcoholic drink)

bagraven gegrave xcgua half a watermelonbagraven niaacuten six months (lit half a year)

( ) bagraven (gegrave) xifoshiacute half an hourbagraven gegrave zhdngtoacuteubagraven gegrave yuegrave two weeks (lit half a month)

bagraven is used after a lsquonumber + measure wordrsquo phrase to mean lsquoanda halfrsquo

yc bbi bagraven jij a glass and a half of wine (or any alcoholic drink)

lifng gegrave bagraven xcgua two and a half watermelonssan niaacuten bagraven three and a half yearswj gegrave bagraven xifoshiacute five and a half hoursyc gegrave bagraven yuegrave a month and a half

E Percentages take the form of fractions of 100

bfi fbn zhc sigrave shiacute 40bfi fbn zhc yc bfi liacuteng qc 107

F The decimal point is expressed as difn

san difn liugrave jij 369san shiacute san difn san san 3333liugrave difn yc qc 617

Note When liacuteng lsquonought zerorsquo occurs after the decimal pointit is not a lsquofillerrsquo but functions as a separate unit and is thereforerepeated as necessary See for instance the following

yc qian liacuteng egraver difn liacuteng liacuteng egraver1002002 one thousand and two point zero zero two

5Numbers

40

G Ordinal numbers in Chinese are formed by placing digrave beforethe numeral

digrave yc (the) firstdigrave shiacute (the) tenth

Ordinal numbers like cardinals require a measure with a noun

digrave yc gegrave xueacutesheng the first studentdigrave shiacute cigrave huigraveyigrave the tenth meetingdigrave san bgn she the third book

They also regularly occur with frequency time and unit measures

digrave yc cigrave the first timedigrave egraver zhdu the second weekdigrave wj kegrave Lesson Five

Note 1 The numeral 2 in an ordinal is egraver and not lifng evenbefore a measure word

digrave egraver chfng zuacuteqiuacute bhsagravei the second soccer match

One cannot say

digrave lifng chfng the second match

Note 2 In some cases Chinese does not use ordinal numbers wherethe equivalent phrase in English would

yc niaacutenjiacute the first yearthe first form (in school etc)egraver loacuteu the first floor (lsquoground floorrsquo in English is counted as yc loacuteu or digrave xiagrave and lsquofirst floorrsquo therefore becomes

egraver loacuteu)

H When referring to an item or items adjacent or next to the one inquestion one does not usually make use of digrave One uses shagravenglsquoprevious lastrsquo or xiagrave lsquonextrsquo followed by a numeral a measure andthe noun The noun is often omitted particularly when its meaning canbe readily derived from the context or from the measure word itselfeg

5Numbers

41

( ) shagraveng lifng chfng (bhsagravei) the last two matches( ) xiagrave san kegrave (she) the next three lessons

Where the numeral is yc lsquoonersquo it is regularly omitted leaving justthe measure and noun

( ) shagraveng (yc) gegrave shigravejigrave the previous century( ) xiagrave (yc) gegrave yuegrave next month( ) shagraveng (yc) gegrave xcngqc last week

lhbagravei( ) shagraveng (yc) gegrave jieacutemugrave the previous programme

However when the noun is understood and omitted yc lsquoonersquo mustbe used

xiagrave yc gegrave the next one (eg lsquothe next person in the queuersquo)

shagraveng yc jiacute the previous volume etc in a series

Therefore notice the following

( ) ( ) xiagrave (yc) gegrave zhagraven (xiagrave chb)(Irsquom getting off at) the next stop please

As zhagraven itself may be used as a measure word one may often hearthis expressed as ( ) xiagrave yc zhagraven (xiagrave chbxia)

I Approximate numbers in Chinese can be expressed by placing zuiyograveu or shagravengxiagrave lsquoapproximatelyrsquo after the lsquonumeral +

measure wordrsquo phrase or dagraveyub lsquoaboutrsquo or chagravebudud

lsquoalmostrsquo before it

san gdngjcn zuiyograveu about three kilogramswj mh shagravengxiagrave about five metresdagraveyub lifng difn about two orsquoclockzhdngdagraveyub lifng gegrave about two hours

xifoshiacutezhdngtoacuteuchagravebudud san shiacute ycnglh almost thirty miles

Note Observe the difference between lifng difn zhdnglsquotwo orsquoclockrsquo and lifng gegrave zhdngtoacuteuxifoshiacute lsquotwohoursrsquo (see Unit 8)

5Numbers

42

Approximation with the number 10 and its multiples up to andincluding 100 may also be expressed using laacutei or dud

shiacute laacuteidud niaacuten around ten years sigrave shiacute laacuteidud suigrave about forty years old

( ) (yc) bfi laacuteidud gegrave a little over a hundred

Note jh may also be used to indicate approximation with roundnumbers above 10 and below 100 eg

egraver shiacute jh niaacuten twenty odd yearsqc shiacute jh suigrave over seventy years of age

But not

yc bfi jh reacuten over a hundred people

However with qian lsquothousandrsquo and wagraven lsquoten thousandrsquo only dud is used for a similar purpose

lifng qian dud niaacuten over two thousand yearssan wagraven dud reacuten over thirty thousand people

Note Observe the difference between niaacuten lsquoyearrsquo (period of time)and suigrave lsquoyear (of age)rsquo

Any two consecutive numbers from one to nine may also be used toexpress approximation

yc | lifng niaacuten one or two yearslifng | san tian two or three daysshiacute qc | ba gegrave reacuten seventeen or eighteen

peopleegraver | san shiacute gegrave lfoshc twenty to thirty teachersyc | egraver bfi gegrave a hundred to two xueacutesheng hundred students

( ) lifng | san qian (gegrave) two to three thousand reacuten people

5Numbers

43

Note In relation to lsquotworsquo to say simply lsquoone or tworsquo or lsquotwo or threersquoyc | lifng or lifng | san are generally used For

lsquoeleven or twelversquo and lsquotwelve to thirteenrsquo you must say shiacute yc | egraver or shiacute egraver | san lsquoTen or twentyrsquo lsquotwenty or thirtyrsquomust also be yc | egraver shiacute or egraver | san shiacute For highernumbers in these sequences lifng is usually preferred (eg

lifng | san bfi lsquotwo or three hundredrsquo yc | lifng qianlsquoone or two thousandrsquo) but egraver is also possible

J To ask lsquohow manyrsquo dudshao lsquohow many how muchrsquo (lit manyfew) or jh lsquohow manyrsquo with a measure are used jh implies thatthe number involved is below ten whereas dudshao is unlimited

jh always requires a measure whereas dudshao normally does not

nh yiu jh gegrave haacuteiziHow many children do you have

( )nh nsrsquoeacuter jcnniaacuten jh suigrave (le)How old is your daughter (this year)

nh hb le jh bbi piacutejijHow many glasses of beer did you drink

nh shbn shang dagravei le dudshao qiaacutenHow much money do you have on you

zhdngguoacute yiu dudshao reacutenHow many people are there in China

nh qugrave guo dudshao guoacutejiaHow many countries have you been to

Note 1 jh may be used with shiacute bfi qian etc

zhdngguoacute yiu jh qian niaacuten de ligraveshh

How many thousand years of history does China have

negravei tian wfnhuigrave | nh qhng le jh shiacute gegrave toacutengxueacuteHow many (lit tens of) classmates did you invite to the party thatevening

Note 2 guo is an aspect marker indicating experience (see Unit 15)

5Numbers

44

Exercise 51

Express the following Chinese numbers in figures

1 ba shiacute jij2 shiacute liugrave3 yc wagraven4 liugrave yigrave5 qc bfi wagraven6 yc wagraven san qian wj bfi egraver shiacute liugrave7 shiacute ba wagraven8 liugrave qian jij bfi san shiacute sigrave9 san qian liugrave bfi wj shiacute egraver

10 qc yigrave ba qian wagraven liacuteng sigrave bfi liugrave shiacute jij11 liugrave wagraven sigrave qian wj bfi liacuteng sigrave12 sigrave qian liacuteng sigrave difn liacuteng liacuteng wj

Exercise 52

Translate the figures below into Chinese

1 80205 7 32 6329814 8 973 600000000 9 413164 1080 10 586235 736 11 70056 14 12 601007

Exercise 53


1 half a day 8 five and a half pears2 two weeks 9 the fifth week3 three and a half years 10 the fourth child4 six months 11 the twelfth match5 the first floor 12 the third year (at school)6 half an orange 13 the second day7 half a bottle of wine 14 seven and a half hours

5Numbers

45

Exercise 54

Fill in the blanks below with either egraver or lifng to complete thetranslation of the English

1 cigrave twice2 wagraven reacuten twenty thousand

people3 fbn zhc yc half4 shiacute mh twelve metres5 shiacute wj tiaacuteo twenty-five goldfish

jcnyuacute6 tiaacuteo quacutenzi two skirts7 digrave kegrave Lesson Two8 | san daacute two or three dozen

jcdagraven eggs9 shiacute | san bf twelve to thirteen

yaacuteshua toothbrushes10 yc | bf yjsfn one or two umbrellas

Exercise 55


1 one or two weeks2 two hundred years3 about sixty years old4 thirty to forty bicycles5 ten days and more6 some two hundred shops7 ten per cent8 twenty or so9 fifteen metres or so

10 a month or so11 over ten thousand students12 two or three children13 about fifty friends and neighbours14 about seventy miles15 over eight kilograms16 ten cities or more

5Numbers

46

Exercise 56


1 There are three oranges two pears a loaf of bread and a bottle ofwine in the cupboard

2 There is a bowl a mug and a pair of chopsticks on the table (shuang lsquopairrsquo)

3 There are half a dozen eggs a kilo of Chinese cabbage and someice-cream in the fridge

4 There are two sweaters and twelve skirts in the wardrobe5 Li Ming has invited ( qhng le) thirty to forty friends and fellow

students6 My boyfriend ( naacuten peacutengyou) has brought ( dagravei laacutei le)

a bunch of flowers and a few bottles of beer7 I have written ( xig le) around five references ( fbng is the

measure word for letters etc)8 My girlfriend ( ns peacutengyou) has been to ten countries or

more9 I bumped into ( pegravengjiagraven le) over twenty fellow students

10 My son saw ( kagraven le) about a dozen films this year ( jcnniaacutenlsquothis yearrsquo)

11 How much is that sweater12 How many younger sisters does he have13 How many people are there in Beijing14 How many Chinese people does your father know15 How many kilos of Chinese cabbage do you want to buy


Try to work out the English translation of the following You can usethe vocabulary at the end of the book if it helps

1 xiagrave yc wegravei | qhng jigraven laacutei2 ( ) xiagrave (yc) ban chb jh difn kai3 shagraveng bagraven chfng hgn jcngcai4 wimen xiagrave xcngqc sigrave ziu5 ta shagraveng gegrave xueacuteniaacuten hgn njligrave ( njligrave lsquohard-

working industriousrsquo)6 nh xiagrave gegrave zhagraven xiagrave chb ma7 shagraveng yc qc magravei waacuten le8 ( ) xiagrave (yc) cigrave zagraveijiagraven

5Numbers

47


Translate the following questions into Chinese using the alternativemeacuteiyiu format and the experience aspect marker guo

Have you ever ridden a bikenh qiacute guo zigravexiacutengchb meacuteiyiu

1 Have you met these few engineers before ( jiagraven guo lsquoto havemetseenrsquo)

2 Have you ever been to Britain ( qugrave guo lsquoto have beenrsquo)3 Have you ever kept a dog ( yfng guo lsquoto have had the experi-

ence of rearingrsquo)4 Have you ever ridden a camel ( luogravetuo lsquocamelrsquo)5 Have you used chopsticks before ( yograveng guo lsquoto usersquo)6 Have you ever had any Chinese friends ( jiao guo lsquoto have

made (friends with)rsquo)7 Have you ever tried English beer8 Have you had Chinese tea before9 Have you seen a Chinese film before

10 Have you ever driven a car ( kai guo lsquoto have drivenrsquo)11 Have you ever hired a car ( ze guo lsquoto have hiredrsquo)12 Have you ever been to your friendrsquos place13 Have you met her parents before14 Have you ever helped your friends ( bang guo lsquoto have

helpedrsquo)15 Have you ever learned how to swim ( xueacute guo lsquoto have

learnedrsquo)

5Numbers

48

UNIT SIXMeasure words

49

Measure words are a particular feature of Chinese syntax but they donot present an insuperable problem for the learner With a certainamount of practice they can soon be generally mastered This unit com-partmentalizes some of the most common and important measurewords to provide a structure for understanding their usage and an easyreference

A A measure word is always necessary when a noun is modified bya numeral or a demonstrative

yc bgn ciacutedifn aone dictionaryyc zhc maacuteobh aone writing brushlifng zhc nifo two birdssan tiaacuteo maacuteojcn three towelszhegravei bbi niuacutenfi this glass of milknegravei piacuteng piacutejij that bottle of beerngi gegrave reacuten which person

One would not normally say

yc bh (lit aone pen) lifng she (lit two books) zhegrave nifo (lit this bird) nf chb (lit which car)

Some nouns may be associated with more than one measure word

yc zuogravesuizhuagraveng aone housedograveng faacutengzi

zhegravei zhctiaacuteosdu this boatshipchuaacuten

san liagravengbugrave chb three cars nf fuacutezhang huagraver which picture or painting

B gegrave as we have seen (in Unit 1) is by far the most common ofthe measures and can be used with virtually any noun

yc gegrave kagravenff a view opinionyc gegrave xifngff an ideayc gegrave diagravenyhng a filmmovieyc gegrave wj a dancelifng gegrave kegraveren two visitorsguestssan gegrave guoacutejia three countrieszhegravei gegrave jchuigrave this opportunityngi gegrave qcngniaacuten which young man

C Most of the other measures can be placed in general categoriesdepending on their relationship to the nouns or sets of nouns they accompany

(i) Associated with particular nouns or sets of nouns

clothingyc dhng magraveozi aone hatlifng jiagraven chegravenshan two shirtsyc tiaacuteo quacutenzi a skirt

shops schools and buildingssan | sigrave jia shangdiagraven three or four shopsjh jian xueacutexiagraveo a few schoolsyc zuograve dagrave loacuteu a large building

vehiclesyc jiagrave fbijc aone planeyc liagraveng bashigrave a busyc liagraveng xifoba a minibusyc liagraveng digraveshigrave a taxi

publications writing and performanceyc bgn she a bookyc pian weacutenzhang a compositionyc fbng xigraven a letteryc che xigrave a playyc | lifng shiu gb one or two songsjh jugrave huagrave a few words

plantsyc dui huar aone flowernegravei kb shugrave that treezhegravei kb cfo this tuftclump of grassyc kb meacuteiguigrave hua a rosebush(cf yc dui meacuteiguigrave hua a rose)

6Measurewords

50

weatheryc zhegraven fbng a gust of windyc zhegraven leacutei a peal of thunderyc chaacuteng yj a shower of rainyc chaacuteng dagrave xug a heavy fall of snowyc dui yuacuten a cloud

Note dui is also the measure word for lsquoflowersrsquo

gamesyc chfng qiuacute a footballbasketballtennis matchyc juacute qiacute a game of chess

Note 1 jh means lsquoa fewrsquo when used in a statement but lsquohowmanyrsquo in a question (see Unit 5)

wi mfi le jh jiagraven chegravenshanI bought a few shirts

nh mfi le jh jiagraven chegravenshanHow many shirts have you bought (or did you buy)

Note 2 chaacuteng for weather and chfng for games are homo-graphs but note their different tones

(ii) Portion of whole

san dc shuh three drops of waterwj piagraven miagravenbao five slices of breadzhegravei kuagravei rograveu this piece of meatliugrave kuagravei dagravengao six pieces of cake

Note Observe the difference between yc gegrave dagravengaolsquoa (whole) cakersquo and yc kuagravei dagravengao lsquoa piece of cakersquo(ie a portion of a whole cake)

(iii) Container

lifng bbi chaacute two cups of teasan wfn fagraven three bowls of (cooked) ricesigrave piacuteng jij four bottles of wineyc guagraven niuacutenfi a bottle of milkyc ting shuh a pailbucket of wateryc zhudzi cagravei a table laden with food

6Measurewords

51

Note Most containers occur as nouns themselves and then takeon other measure words

lifng gegrave bbizi two cupsglassesmugssan zhc wfn three bowlssigrave gegrave piacutengzi four bottles

But yc gegrave guagraventou does not mean lsquoa cantinrsquo ingeneral but specifically lsquoa cantin of foodrsquo

Portion and container measure words are often further qualifiedby dagrave lsquobigrsquo or xifo lsquosmallrsquo to indicate their relative size

yc dagrave kuagravei rograveua large piece of meat

yc xifo piagraven miagravenbaoa small slice of bread

yc dagrave wfn fagravena large bowl of (cooked) ricea bowl of (cooked) rice filled to the top

yc xifo wfn fagravena small bowl of (cooked) ricea bowl of (cooked) rice partially filled

lifng xifo guagraven wjcanrograveutwo small cans of luncheon meat etc

(iv) Shape

(a) tiaacuteo long and narrow a stripyc tiaacuteo miagravenbao a loaf of breadyc tiaacuteo lugrave a road (street)yc tiaacuteo sheacutengzi a ropepiece of stringyc tiaacuteo yuacute a fishyc tiaacuteo heacute a riverzhegravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi this skirtnegravei tiaacuteo begraveizi that quilt

(b) gbn stick-likeyc gbn huichaacutei a matchyc gbn cfo a blade of grassyc gbn xiagraven a piece of thread

(c) ( ) zhc like a branch or a twigyc zhc qianbh a pencillifng zhc yan two cigarettes

6Measurewords

52

yc zhc bugraveduigrave an armyyc zhc qiang a riflepistol

(d) zhang a flat surfaceyc zhang zhh a piece of paperngi zhang zhudzi which tableyc zhang bagraveozhh a newspaperyc zhang chuaacuteng a bedyc zhang digravetuacute a map

(e) ligrave granularyc ligrave sha a grain of sandyc ligrave mh a grain of rice

(f) kb small and round (not to be confused with its homophone kb lsquomeasure word for plantsrsquo)

yc kb zhezi a pearlyc kb huaacutengdograveu a soya bean

(v) Relating to noun groups

(a) bf is used with nouns which indicate something held bythe hand

yc bf dao a knifezhegravei bf yhzi this chair

( ) yc bf (yj)sfn an umbrellayc bf yaacuteshua a toothbrush

(b) zuograve is used with nouns which indicate something large andimposing

yc zuograve shan a hill mountainyc zuograve qiaacuteo a bridgenegravei zuograve faacutengzi that housebuilding

(c) zhc is used with the following noun groupsbull animals birds and insects

yc zhc nifo a birdyc zhc mao a catyc zhc lfoshj a mouseyc zhc yaacuteng a sheepyc zhc cangying a fly

Note The following animals take individual measure words

yc toacuteu niuacute a cowyc ph mf a horsezhegravei tiaacuteo giu this dog

6Measurewords

53

bull utensilsyc zhc wfn a bowlyc zhc gud a wok

bull one of a pairyc zhc shiutagraveo a glovenegravei zhc xieacute that shoeyc zhc wagravezi a sockyc zhc yfnjing an eyeyc zhc grduo an ear

(vi) Referring to weight volume length etc

lifng gdngjcn mfliacutengshj two kilos of potatoesyc bagraveng niuacuterograveu a pound of beefba shbng qigraveyoacuteu eight litres of petrolwj ycnglh lugrave five miles (distance)

D Objects in pairs In Chinese lsquoa pair ofrsquo is usually yc shuang oryc duigrave

yc shuang xieacutezi a pair of shoesyc shuang kuagraveizi a pair of chopsticksyc shuang shiu a pair of handsyc shuang shiutagraveo a pair of glovesyc duigrave wagravezi a pair of socksyc duigrave grhuaacuten a pair of earrings

Note 1 yc shuang and yc duigrave are generally interchange-able although yc duigrave is more often used for people or animalsforming partnerships

yc duigrave fefugrave husband and wifeyc duigrave gbzi a pair of pigeonsyc duigrave yuanyang a pair of mandarin ducksan

affectionate couple

Note 2 In English one may use lsquoa pair ofrsquo with objects which arein fact a single entity In Chinese these objects take specific mea-sure words

yc bf jifndao a pair of scissorsyc tiaacuteo kugravezi a pair of trousersngi fugrave yfnjigraveng which pair of glasses

6Measurewords

54

E Objects in clusters or held together in one way or another adoptdifferent measure words

yc chuagraven xiangjiao a bunch of bananasyc chuagraven puacutetao a bunch of grapesyc shugrave hua a bouquet (of flowers)yc bf mh a handful of riceyc cuograve yaacuten a pinch of saltyc bh qiaacuten a sum of money

F Some nouns particularly those referring to time can be measurewords in themselves and do not require a measure word

yc tian aone daylifng niaacuten two years

In some cases the measure word is optional

yc gegrave xcngqc or yc xcngqc aone weeksan gegrave xifoshiacute or san xifoshiacute three hours

Note lhbagravei an alternative for lsquoweekrsquo and zhdngtoacuteu analternative for lsquohourrsquo and yuegrave lsquomonthrsquo always take the measureword ge

lifng gegrave lhbagravei not lifng lhbagravei two weekssan gegrave zhdngtoacuteu not san zhdngtoacuteu three hoursliugrave gegrave yuegrave not liugraveyuegrave six months

However yuegrave is used without gegrave for the calendar months eg

ycyuegrave Januaryegraveryuegrave Februaryliugraveyuegrave Juneshiacuteegraveryuegrave December

G A few Chinese measure words have a variety of translations inEnglish according to context and to the noun they are linked with

yc bbi chaacute a cup of teayc bbi kafbi a mug of coffeeyc bbi shuh a glass of water

yc quacuten laacuteng a pack of wolvesyc quacuten yaacuteng a flock of sheepyc quacuten reacuten a crowd of people

6Measurewords

55

Conversely some measure words in English have a range of transla-tions in Chinese

yc tiaacuteo xcnweacuten a piece of newsyc kuagravei feacuteizagraveo a piece of soapyc zhang zhh a piece of paperyc gegrave xigravenxc a piece of informationyc zhc yuegraveqj a piece of musicyc zhc fgnbh a piece of chalk

H As we have seen from the examples in the unit demonstratives zhegrave and nagrave and interrogative adjective nf are used with measurewords in the same way as numerals

zhegravei bbi jij this glass of wine (or any alcoholic drink)

negravei piacuteng niuacutenfi that bottle of milkngi shuang xieacute which pair of shoes

When zhegrave or nagrave or nf occurs together with a numeral theformer always precedes the latter

zhegrave lifng bbi jij these two glasses of wine etcnagrave san piacuteng niuacutenfi those three bottles of milknf sigrave shuang xieacute which four pairs of shoes

zhegrave nagrave and nf are also used regularly with ( ) (yc)xiblsquosomersquo to identify an indefinite plural number or amount

( ) zhegravei (yc)xib she these books( ) negravei (yc)xib wagravezi those socksstockings( ) ngi (yc)xib qiaacuten which (amount of) money

Note (yc)xib lsquosomersquo is a set expression xib cannot be usedwith other numerals

One cannot say

lifng xib she

I There are a number of collective nouns which consist of a measureword suffixed to a noun These collective nouns are only used in moreformal contexts

6Measurewords

56

chbliagraveng vehicles xigravenjiagraven correspondencechuaacutenzhc shipping huadui flowersshebgn books mfph horseszhhzhang paper reacutenquacuten crowd (of people)

These collective nouns cannot be modified by a lsquonumeral + measurewordrsquo phrase

lifng dui huadui (lit two flowers) san zhc chuaacutenzhc (lit three boats)

J In more descriptive writing plurality may also be formed by usingthe numeral yc lsquoonersquo followed by a reduplicated measure word withor without the attributive marker de

( ) yc duidui (de) huar many a flower( ) yc zhegravenzhegraven (de) fbng gusts of windgust

after gust of wind

In poetic writing or proverbial sayings an alternative version can belsquoreduplicated measure + nounrsquo

duidui huar xiagraveng yaacuteng kaiMany a flower opens towards the sun

tiaacuteotiaacuteo dagrave lugrave tdng luoacutemf

All roads lead to Rome

reacutenreacuten wegravei wi | wi wegravei reacutenreacutenAll for one and one for all

Exercise 61

Match each noun below with the correct measure word and translatethe resulting phrase into English

1 yc ph shangdiagraven2 lifng jiagrave dagravengao3 san gegrave yhzi4 sigrave | wj bf shan5 jh zhang mf

6 liugrave jia guoacutejia7 qc sui zhudzi8 ba zuograve she

6Measurewords

57

9 jij bgn fbijc10 shiacute kuagravei xueacutexiagraveo

Exercise 62

See if you can find a measure word out of the eight below to replacethe measure words in the following phrases

bugrave fugrave duigrave zuograve sui gegrave zhang chuaacuteng

1 yc fegraven bagraveozhh a newspaper2 yc tiaacuteo begraveizi a quilt3 yc jian xueacutexiagraveo a school4 yc duigrave grhuaacuten a pair of earrings5 yc liagraveng qigravechb a car6 yc bugrave diagravenyhng a film7 yc zhuagraveng faacutengzi a house8 yc shuang kuagraveizi a pair of chopsticks

Exercise 63

Translate the phrases below into Chinese

1 a day 11 a piece of soap2 a bowl of (cooked) rice 12 a pair of trousers3 a year 13 a month4 this pair of spectacles 14 two pounds of apples5 a pair of shoes 15 three miles6 a week 16 seven litres of petrol7 an earring 17 which writing brush8 a sock 18 a boat9 a piece of bread 19 two songs

10 that pair of scissors 20 a map

Exercise 64

Translate the following phrases into Chinese (note that some nounsmay share the same measure word)

1 a flock of sheep2 a glass of beer

6Measurewords

583 a crowd of people4 an umbrella

5 a knife6 that bird7 those two bunches of flowers8 a piece of music9 this newspaper

10 which three pencils11 an opportunity12 a drop of water

Exercise 65

Complete the Chinese translations of the English sentences below choosing appropriate measures from the following list (note that somemeasure words may be used more than once)

tiaacuteo bgn liagraveng wfn xib zhangbbi bf dhng zhc jia zhc

jian gegrave

1 There are only four tables and five chairs in this classroom

jiagraveoshigrave li zhh yiu zhudzi heacuteyhzi

2 Our neighbour has two dogs and three cats

wimen liacutenje yiu giu heacute mao3 Wersquove got four cars in the family

( ) wi jia yiu (qigrave)chb

4 My younger brother bought a new hatdigravedi mfi le xcn

magraveozi5 I had four cups of coffee today

wi jcntian hb lekafbi

6 That person made a few suggestions

reacuten tiacute le jiagravenyigrave7 My uncle brought some fruit

sheshu dagravei laacutei leshuhgui

8 Li Ming walked into a restaurant and ordered a bowl of fried noodles

6Measurewords

59

13 a cup of tea14 which flower15 a (piece of) string16 a bed17 a pair of trousers18 a pair of scissors19 this dog20 these three cigarettes

lh miacuteng ziu jigraven fagravengufn | jiagraveo le chfomiagraven9 My uncle wants to go to France by car Hersquos borrowed a map of

France

wi jiugravejiu xifng kai chb qugrave ffguoacute | ta jiegrave le ffguoacutedigravetuacute

10 My younger sister likes birds She keeps those two parrots

megraveimei xhhuan nifo | ta yfng le ycngwj

Note There is a difference in Chinese between sheshu lsquouncle(on fatherrsquos side)rsquo and jiugravejiu lsquouncle (on motherrsquos side)rsquo

Exercise 66

Translate into Chinese

1 I have two children How many do you have2 You had three glasses of beer I had only one3 I like this dog I donrsquot like that one4 My mother has a dozen pairs of shoes My sister has over twenty5 We have one car You have two donrsquot you6 She had one bowl of rice He had three or four7 Whose is this one8 Which one is hers

Note In sentence 4 lsquoa dozen pairsrsquo which brings together two measures is unacceptable in Chinese You therefore have to saylsquotwelve pairsrsquo


Complete the following Chinese sentences with the help of theEnglish translations

1 _____ _____ _____ _____ shejiagrave shang yiu There are more than ten books on the bookshelf

2 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ huapiacuteng li yiu There is a bouquet of flowers in the vase

6Measurewords

60

3 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ zhudzishang yiu heacute There are two bowls and two pairs of chopsticks on the table

4 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ycguigrave li yiu heacute There are two shirts two skirts and two pairs of trousers in thewardrobe

5 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ wi fugravemj jiayiu heacute There are two cats and a dog in my parentsrsquo home

6 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ bcng-xiang li yiu heacute There is a piece of meat and some vegetables in the fridge

7 _____ _____ _____ _____ (zuogravewegravei lsquoseatrsquo) diagravenyhngyuagraven yiu zuogravewegraveiThere are over three hundred seats in the cinema

8 _____ _____ _____ _____ shangdiagrave li yiu There is a large crowd of people in the shop

9 _____ _____ _____ _____ ta yiacutenghaacuteng li yiu He has a small sum of money in the bank

10 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______ (magravei lsquoto sellrsquo)shigravechfng shang yiu heacute magraveiThere are apples oranges pears and bananas on sale at the mar-ketplace

11 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ chuacutefaacuteng li yiu heacute There is a big table and six chairs in the kitchen

12 _____ _____ (xiacutengreacuten lsquopedestriansrsquo)jib shang yiu laacuteilaacutei wfngwfng de heacute xiacutengreacutenIn the street there are cars and pedestrians going to and fro

13 _____ _____ _____ _____ bagravengdngshigrave li yiu There are four bookshelves in the office

14 _____ ta shbn shang meacutei yiu She has no money on her

15 _____ _____ _____ _____ chiacute li yiu There are eleven fish in the pond

16 _____ _____ _____ wfn li yiu There is some (cooked) rice in the bowl

17 _____ _____ _____ _____ chuaacuteng shang yiu There are two quilts on the bed

18 _____ _____ _____ _____ wfnguigrave li yiu There are over ten bowls in the cupboard

19 _____ _____ _____ shugrave shang yiu There are a few birds in the tree

6Measurewords

61

20 _____ _____ _____ shan shang yiu There is a pack of wolves on the mountain

21 _____ _____ _____ _____ (cheacutengkegrave lsquopassengerrsquo)chb shang yiu There are over twenty passengers on the traincoachbus

22 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____chuaacuten shang yiu There are three hundred and fifty-six passengers on board the ship


Pluralize the following phrases using a more descriptive tone

yc fuacute huagravera picturepainting

( ) yc fuacutefuacute (de) huagravermany a picturepainting after painting

1 yc zhang zhudzi2 yc chuagraven xiangjiao3 yc zuograve dagrave shan4 yc quacuten yaacuteng5 yc shuang xieacutezi6 yc shuang wagravezi7 yc dui yuacuten8 yc jiagrave fbijc9 yc fbng xigraven

10 yc zhc xifo nifo

6Measurewords

62

UNIT SEVENIndefinite plurals

63

A A large (but unspecified) number or amount may be expressed inChinese by using the adjectival phrases hgn dud lsquomany a lot ofrsquoand bugrave shfo (lit not few) lsquomany quite a fewrsquo They may modifyall types of nouns

hgn dud qiaacuten a lot of money (material)bugrave shfo she many books (common)hgn dud peacutengyou many friends (common)bugrave shfo jiagravenyigrave quite a few suggestions (abstract)hgn dud yigravejiagraven a lot of opinions (abstract)

Another adjective xjdud lsquomany much a great dealrsquo may be usedinterchangeably with hgndud eg xjdud wegraventiacute lsquomanyproblemsrsquo xjdud reacuten lsquoa lot of peoplersquo etc As xjdud ismore descriptive in tone it can be used in a reduplicated form oftenfollowed by the attributive marker de eg xjxu-duddud de shangdiagraven lsquoa great many shopsrsquo xjxududdud

de reacuten lsquoa great many peoplersquo etc

Note When possessive adjectives are present they precede theseindefinite plurals eg

( ) wi (de) hgn dud peacutengyou many of my friends( ) ta (de) bugraveshfo yigravejiagraven quite a few of his

opinions

B To express an unspecified number or quantity ycxib lsquosome afewrsquo is used again with all types of nouns

ycxib zhh some paper (material)ycxib puacutetao a few grapes (common)ycxib shuh some water (material)

( ) yiu (yc)xib xcwagraveng there is some hope (abstract)

A smaller number or amount can be expressed respectively by lsquo jh+ measure wordrsquo lsquosome a fewrsquo and ( ) ycdifn(r) lsquosome a littlea bitrsquo The former is generally used with common nouns and the latter mostly with material nouns (eg lsquoiron water clothrsquo etc) or abstractnotions (eg ideas feelings etc)

jh gegrave reacuten a few people (common)jh fuacute huagraver a few pictures (common)jh liagraveng zigravexiacutengchb a few bicycles (common)

( ) ycdifn(r) yaacuten a bit of salt (material)ycdifnr dagraveoli some sense (abstract)

( ) ( ) yiu (yc)difn(r) jhnzhang (to be) a bit nervous(lit havehaving a bit of nervousness) (abstract)

( ) meacutei yiu ycdifn(r) xcwagraveng(to be) without any hope (abstract)

Note ( ) yiu (yc)xib ( ) ( ) yiu (yc)difn(r) + nounsverbs or nounverb phrases may often constitute adjectival predicateseg ( ) ta yiu (yc)xib shcwagraveng lsquoHe was somewhat disappointedrsquo ( ) ( ) wi yiu (yc)difn(r) bugrave shefulsquoI felt somewhat uncomfortablersquo etc

C Though a lsquo jh + measure wordrsquo phrase is usually used with com-mon nouns it may also be used with material nouns if the measureword is a container or a standard measurement (eg bottle kilo etc)

jh piacuteng jija few bottles of wine (container)

jh wfn fagravena few bowls of rice (container)

jh shbng qigraveyoacuteuseveral litres of petrol (standard measure)

jh gdngjcn mfliacutengshj

several kilos of potatoes (standard measure)

Note Compare the different uses of jh in statements and questions

7Indefiniteplurals

64

wi mfi le jh ping jijI have bought a few bottles of wine

nh mfi le jh ping jijHow many bottles of wine have you bought

D These noun phrases being indefinite plurals naturally occur afterthe verb in the object position

negravei tian | wi jiagraven dagraveo le bugraveshfo peacutengyouI met quite a few friends that day

negravei tian | wi pegraveng dagraveo le xjdud wegraventiacuteI came across many problems that day

These indefinite plurals can be moved to a pre-verbal position by usingthe verb yiu before them to retain their indefinite reference

negravei tian yiu xjdud peacutengyou laacutei kagraven wi

Many friends came to see me that day

E Only ( ) ycdifn(r) and lsquo jh + measure wordrsquo phrases canbe used in negative sentences (unlike yc xib which cannot)

( ) zhegraver meacutei yiu ycdifn(r) shuh

There isnrsquot any water here

( ) wi meacutei yiu ycdifn(r) qiaacutenI donrsquot have any money

( ) wi meacutei(yiu) pegravengjiagraven jh gegrave peacutengyouI didnrsquot bump into many friends

One does not say for example

wi meacutei yiu yc xib qiaacuten I donrsquot have any money

The negative emphasis is intensified if ( ) ycdifn(r) and its nounis moved to a position before the verb with yg or ddu comingright after it

( ) zhegraver ycdifn(r) shuh yg meacutei yiu(more emphatic)There isnrsquot any water here at all

7Indefiniteplurals

65

( )wi ycdifn(r) qiaacuten yg meacutei yiu (more emphatic)I donrsquot have any money at all

( )zhegravei gegrave reacuten ycdifn(r) dagraveoli ddu bugrave jifngThis person was totally unreasonable(lit This person was not concerned with reason in any way)

Note ( ) ycdifn(r) may of course occur without a noun

( ) ta ycdifn(r) yg bugrave chc

She didnrsquot eat anything at all

This emphatic construction is also regularly used with lsquo yc + measure(+ noun)rsquo phrases

zhegraver yc gegrave reacuten yg meacutei yiuThere isnrsquot anyone here at all

wi shbn shang yc fbn qiaacuten yg meacutei yiuI donrsquot have a centpenny on me

ta yc kiu fagraven yg bugrave xifng chc

She doesnrsquot want to eat a single mouthful

The emphasis can be increased still further by placing liaacuten lsquoevenrsquobefore ( ) ycdifn(r) or lsquo yc + measure word (+ noun)rsquo phrases

zhegraver liaacuten yc gegrave reacuten yg meacutei yiuThere isnrsquot even one person here

wi shbn shang liaacuten yc fbn qiaacuten yg meacutei yiuIrsquove got absolutely no money at all on me

F Interrogative pronouns discussed in Unit 4 (eg sheacutei shuiacute sheacutenme nfr etc) may also be used as indefinite plurals in pre-verb positions in conjunction with ddu yg

sheacutei shuiacute ddu laacutei leEverybody has turned up

( ) sheacuteishuiacute yg meacutei(yiu) laacuteiNobody has turned up

7Indefiniteplurals

66

( ) ta sheacutenme yg meacutei(yiu) mfiHe did not buy anything

ta nfr ddu qugrave guoShersquos been everywhereTherersquos no place shersquos not been to

Note The difference between yg and ddu is that the formertends to be used more often in a negative context

These interrogative pronouns may be used as objects in negative sen-tences in a similar way

( ) wi meacutei(yiu) pegravengjiagraven sheacuteishuiacuteI did not bump into anybody

ta bugrave xifng chc sheacutenmeHe did not want to eat anything

nh qugrave guo nfr maDidnrsquot you go anywhere

G Human nouns which take the suffix men are of definite refer-ence and cannot therefore be modified by measure word phrases (seeUnit 1 D) or adjectives like hgn dud bugrave shfo ycxibor ( ) ycdifn(r) etc which express indefinite pluralsOne cannot say

hgn dud xueacuteshengmen (lit many students) ycxib peacutengyoumen (lit some friends)

Exercise 71

Pick out the Chinese phrasessentences below that are incorrect andmake necessary corrections

1 bugrave shfo xueacutesheng many students2 bugrave shfo gegrave haacuteizi many children3 bugrave shfo peacutengyoumen many friends4 ycxib puacutetao some grapes5 hgn dud gegrave miagravenbao a lot of bread6 hgn dud yigravejian a lot of criticism

(lit opinions)7 ( ) ycdifn(r) shuh a little water

7Indefiniteplurals

67

8 jh gegrave cheacutengzi a few oranges9 hgn dud reacutenmen quite a lot of people

10 ycxib gdngcheacuteng some engineersshcmen

11 ycxib yaacuten some salt12 ycxib qiaacuten yg have no money

meacutei yiu at all13 ( ) ycdifn(r) xcwagraveng yg have no hope at all

meacutei yiu14 meacutei yiu yc wfn fagraven there isnrsquot a single

bowl of (cooked) rice15 liaacuten jia li yc ligrave mh yg There isnrsquot a single

meacutei yiu grain of rice at home16 huayuaacuten li yc dui There isnrsquot a single

huar yg meacutei yiu flower in the garden

Exercise 72

Complete the Chinese sentences below by filling the gaps with one ofthe following expressions

ycxib hgn dud bugrave shfo ( ) ycdifn(r) yc gegrave

1digravedi mfi le waacutenjugraveMy younger brother has bought a lot of toys

2 ( )nfinai meacutei hb niuacutenfiGrandma didnrsquot drink any milk at all

3yeacuteye chc le puacutetaoGrandpa ate quite a lot of grapes

4jigjie cheacutengzi yg meacutei chc

(My) elder sister didnrsquot eat a single orange5

mama jifng le gugraveshiMother told many stories

6bagraveba qugrave guo guoacutejiaMy father has been to a lot of countries

7gbge kfo le miagravenbaoMy elder brother baked some bread

7Indefiniteplurals

68

8 ( )megraveimei meacutei dagravei qiaacutenMy younger sister hasnrsquot got any money with her

9wi zagravei xueacutexiagraveo jiao le peacutengyouI made a lot of friends at school

10bagraveba xig le xigravenFather wrote quite a few letters

Exercise 73

Rephrase the following Chinese sentences to make them moreemphatic

1 wi shbn shang meacutei yiu yc fbn qiaacutenI havenrsquot got any money on me

2 wi jia li meacutei yiu yc bgn ciacutedifnI donrsquot have a single dictionary in my house

3bcngxiang li meacutei yiu ycdifnr shuhgui ( shuhgui lsquofruitrsquo)There arenrsquot any fruit in the fridge

4 ta meacutei shud sheacutenmeShe didnrsquot say anything

5 ta meacutei chc sheacutenme ddngxiHe didnrsquot eat anything

6 mama meacutei mfi sheacutenme rograveuMother didnrsquot buy any meat at all

7 wimen meacutei qugrave nfrWe didnrsquot go anywhere

8 wi zuoacutetian meacutei pegravengjiagraven shuiacutesheacuteiI didnrsquot bump into anybody yesterday

Exercise 74

Fill in the gaps in the following exchanges with ycxib or ( )ycdifn(r) as appropriate

1 nh xifng mfi lifng shuang xcn wagravezi maDo you want to buy two new pairs of socks

bugrave | wi zhh yagraveo mfi yc shuang | wi zhh yiu qiaacuten leNo I only want to buy one pair Irsquove only got a little money

7Indefiniteplurals

69

2 jcntian nh hb guo piacutejij maHave you had any beer today

( )meacutei yiu | jcntian wi piacutejij yg meacutei(yiu) hb

No I havenrsquot had any beer today

3 nh mama hfo maHow is your mother

( )ta bigraveng le | san tian meacutei chc ddngxi leShersquos ill She hasnrsquot touched anything for three days

4 wi egrave le ( egrave lsquoto be hungryrsquo)I am hungry

wi zhegraver haacutei yiu miagravenbao | nh xifng chc maIrsquove got some bread here Would you like it

5 nh dagravei le qiaacuten maHave you any money with you

duigravebuqh | wi shbn shang qiaacuten yg meacutei dagraveiIrsquom sorry I havenrsquot brought any money with me

6 zhegravei jiagraven shigraver yiu xcwagraveng ma( shigraver lsquoaffair matterrsquo)Is there any hope with this

duigravebuqh | xcwagraveng yg meacutei yiuIrsquom sorry Therersquos no hope at all

7 nh yagraveo zagravei chaacute li jia taacuteng ma( jia lsquoto addrsquo taacuteng lsquosugarrsquo)Would you like some sugar in your tea

xiegravexie | taacuteng yg bugrave jiaNo thank you I wonrsquot have any sugar

8 nh hb le hgn dud piacutejij maHave you had a lot of beer

bugrave | wi zhh hb le piacutejijI have only had a little (beer)


First translate the following phrases into English and then turn theminto yes or no questions using the formula nh yiu malsquoHave you got rsquo

7Indefiniteplurals

70

1 hgndud she

2 bugraveshfo haacuteizi3 ycdifnr qigraveyoacuteu4 ycxib mh

5 xjdud cagravei ( cagravei lsquodishesrsquo cf shecagravei lsquovegetablesrsquo)6 jh bf yhzi7 jh kuagravei qiaacuten ( kuagravei lsquoChinese currency unit for one yuanrsquo)8 ycxib zhh

9 ycdifnr yaacuten10 ycdifnr shiacutejian ( shiacutejian lsquotimersquo)

Note Observe the difference in meaning between questions with andwithout ma when using the word jh

nh yiu jh kuagravei qiaacutenHow many yuan have you got

nh yiu jh kuagravei qiaacuten maHave you got a few yuan (on you)


Formulate sentences following the given model

jib shang lsquoin the streetrsquo reacuten lsquopersonrsquojib shang yc gegrave reacuten yg meacutei yiu

There isnrsquot a single person in the street

1 chb shang cheacutengkegraveThere isnrsquot a single passenger on the bus

2 wi (de) qiaacutenbao li qiaacutenThere isnrsquot a single penny in my purse

3 pcngzi li jijThere isnrsquot a single drop of wine in the bottle

4 shejiagrave shang she

There isnrsquot a single book on the bookshelf5 heacute shang chuaacuten

There isnrsquot a single boat on the river6 ta de huagrave dagraveoli

There isnrsquot a single grain of truth in what he says7 ycguigrave li quacutenzi

There isnrsquot a single skirt in the wardrobe

7Indefiniteplurals

71

8 wfnguigrave li wfnThere isnrsquot a single bowl in the cupboard

9 negravei gegrave reacuten peacutengyouThat person doesnrsquot have a single friend

10 zhegravei jiagraven shigrave xcwagravengThere isnrsquot a single ray of hope in this (matter)

7Indefiniteplurals

72

UNIT EIGHTTimes and dates

73

A The hours of the day are expressed by difn or difn zhdngdifn lsquohourrsquo is essentially a measure and zhdng means lsquoclockrsquo

lifng difn two orsquoclockshiacute yc difn zhdng eleven orsquoclock

B fbn lsquominutersquo and kegrave lsquoquarter of an hourrsquo are placed after difn

( ) san difn egraver shiacute (fbn) twenty minutes past threeliugrave difn yc kegrave a quarter past sixba difn san kegrave a quarter to nine

( ) jij difn wj shiacute (fbn) nine fifty

liacuteng lsquozerorsquo is used as a filler when the minutes after the hour areless than ten

wj difn liacuteng wj fbn five past fivesigrave difn liacuteng egraver fbn two minutes past four

C For lsquohalf pastrsquo bagraven lsquohalfrsquo comes immediately after difn

lifng difn bagraven half past twoshiacute difn bagraven half past ten

D Expressions for lsquotorsquo the hour use chagrave (lit) lsquolack be short ofrsquowhich can form a phrase before or after difn

chagrave shiacute fbn or sigrave difn chagrave ten to foursigrave difn shiacute fbnchagrave yc kegrave or qigrave difn chagrave a quarter toqc difn yc kegrave seven

As we can see from the above examples when the time expression contains other time units apart from the hour only difn and not

difn zhdng can be used to mean lsquoorsquoclockrsquo

One does not say

( ) san difn zhdng egraver shiacute (fbn) liugrave difn zhdng yc kegrave lifng difn zhdng bagraven

E To indicate am and pm time expressions for particular periodsof the day are used

zfoshang morning (early)shagravengwj morning (before noon)xiagravewj afternoonwfnshang evening (night)bagravenyegrave midnight

wfnshang shiacute yc difn bagravenhalf past eleven in the evening (1130 pm)

xiagravewj san difnthree orsquoclock in the afternoon (3 pm)

zfoshang qc difn yc kegravea quarter past seven in the morning (715 am)

shagravengwj shiacute difn egraver shiacute fbntwenty past ten in the morning (1020 am)

F With the exception of Sunday days of the week starting fromMonday are formed by placing the numbers one to six after xcngqc

or lhbagravei lsquoweekrsquo and for Sunday tian lsquoheavenrsquo or rigrave lsquosunrsquo comeafter xcngqc lhbagravei

xcngqc lhbagravei yc Monday xcngqc lhbagravei egraver Tuesday xcngqc lhbagravei san Wednesday xcngqc lhbagravei sigrave Thursday xcngqc lhbagravei wj Friday xcngqc lhbagravei liugrave Saturday xcngqc lhbagravei rigrave tian Sunday

G Months are also formed numerically by putting the numbers oneto twelve before yuegrave lsquomonth (or moon)rsquo

8Times anddates

74

ycyuegrave Januarywjyuegrave Maybayuegrave Augustshiacuteegraveryuegrave December

Note 1 January is also zhbngyuegrave

Note 2 The word fegraven lsquoportionrsquo is often added to a particular month(except zhbngyuegrave an alternative for ycyuegrave) to mean thewhole of that month or a certain period of time within that montheg nh yc yuegrave fegraven zagravei nfr lsquoWhere are you inJanuaryrsquo

H Dates of the month are expressed by hagraveo or in writing rigrave

egraveryuegrave san hagraveorigrave 3rd February shiacuteycyuegrave egraver shiacute jij hagraveorigrave 29th November

I Years unlike English are pronounced in numerical sequence

yc jij jij liugrave niaacuten nineteen ninety-six 1996yc jij sigrave wj niaacuten nineteen forty-five 1945yc jij yc yc niaacuten nineteen eleven 1911

J Other common time expressions indicating the recent past presentor near future are

jcntian todaymiacutengtcan tomorrowhograveutian the day after tomorrowdagrave hograveutian in three days timezuoacutetian yesterdayqiaacutentian the day before yesterdaydagrave qiaacutentian three days agozhegravei gegrave yuegrave this monthxiagrave gegrave yuegrave next monthxiagrave xiagrave gegrave yuegrave the month after nextshagraveng gegrave yuegrave last monthshagraveng xcngqc yc last Mondayxiagrave lhbagravei wj next Fridayjcnniaacuten this year

8Times anddates

75

miacutengniaacuten next yearhograveuniaacuten the year after nextqugraveniaacuten last yearqiacuteanniaacuten the year before lastdagrave qiaacutenniaacuten three years agojcnniaacuten chentian this springqugraveniaacuten xiagravetian last summermiacutengniaacuten qietian next autumnqiaacutenniaacuten ddngtian winter the year before last

K Questions about time apart from the general enquiry sheacutenme shiacutehou or jh shiacute lsquowhenrsquo are linked with the particulartime expression and all involve the use of jh lsquohow manyrsquo

( ) jh difn (zhdng) What time (of the day) is it jcntian xcngqc What day is it today

lhbagravei jhjcntian jh hagraveo What is the date todayxiagravenzagravei jh yuegrave What month is it (now)

Note nfngi lsquowhichrsquo can also be used with time words like tian lsquodayrsquo yuegrave lsquomonthrsquo niaacuten lsquoyearrsquo With yuegrave lsquomonthrsquo onecan also use nfngi gegrave which also occurs with xcngqclhbagravei lsquoweekrsquo

nh ngi tian ziuWhich day are you leaving

( ) nhmen ngi (gegrave) yuegrave huiacute laacuteiIn which month are you (pl) coming back

( ) nh nf (gegrave) xcngqclhbagravei huiacute jiaWhich week are you going home

In questions (as above) or statements about time the link verb shigravelsquoto bersquo is not normally used

xiagravenzagravei jij difn bagravenItrsquos half past nine (now)

jcntian bayuegrave egraver shiacute yc hagraveorigraveToday is 21st August

8Times anddates

76

However it is not wrong to say

xiagravenzagravei shigrave liugrave difn bagraven Itrsquos half past six (now)jcntian shigrave xcngqc san Today is Wednesday

Further question-and-answer examples

nh jh difn qhchuaacutengWhat time do you (usually) get up

wi zfoshang qc difn bagraven qhchuaacutengI (usually) get up at half past seven

( ) kegraverenmen jh difn (zhdng) laacuteiWhat time are the guestsvisitors arriving

( ) tamen xiagravewj san difn (zhdng) laacuteiThey are coming at three orsquoclock in the afternoon

nh jh shiacute huiacute ycngguoacuteWhen are you going back to Britain

wi miacutengniaacuten jijyuegrave huiacute qugraveIrsquom going back in September next year

nh jh hagraveo dogravengshbn dagraveo duzhdu qugraveWhich day of the month are you setting out for Europe

wi sigrave hagraveo ziuIrsquom leaving on the fourth

nh xcngqc lhbagravei jh huiacute laacuteiOn which day of the week are you coming back

wi xcngqc lhbagravei wj huiacute laacuteiI am coming back on Friday

In dates and complex time expressions larger units always precede smallerones

yc jij jij liugrave niaacuten sanyuegrave egraver shiacute qc hagraveo xiagravewj lifng difn liacuteng wj fbnFive past two on the afternoon of the twenty-seventh of March nine-teen ninety-six

L Time expressions can also be formed by using verbs or activity nounsfollowed by qiaacuten lsquobeforersquo hograveu lsquoafterrsquo or zhdng lsquoduringrsquo (seealso Unit 14)

chefa qiaacuten before setting outfagravengxueacute hograveu after school

8Times anddates

77

yfnche zhdng during the performancefagraven hograveu after a mealkegrave hograveu after class

M As we can see from all the sentence examples above the time expres-sions are always placed next to the subject (often after it and some-times before it as a sentence opener for emphasis) and before the mainverb They in fact have a similar function to the tense indicators ofEnglish verbs (See Unit 14)

nh lhbagravei tian zuograve sheacutenmeWhat do you do on SundaysWhat are you going to do on Sunday

nh zuoacutetian xiagravewj zuograve sheacutenmeWhat did you do yesterday afternoon

wimen jcntian wfnshang qugrave jijbajianWersquore going to a pub this evening

wi miacutengniaacuten sanyuegrave qugrave bgijcngIrsquom going to Beijing next March

nh miacutengtian laacutei wi jia maAre you coming to my place tomorrow

qiaacutentian nh qugrave le nfrWhere were you the day before yesterday

xiagrave ban hograveu nh qugrave nfrWhere are you going after work

Exercise 81

Translate the following Chinese phrases into English

1 san difn zhdng2 shiacute egraver difn zhdng3 lifng difn egraver shiacute fbn4 qc difn wj shiacute wj fbn5 chagrave shiacute fbn ba difn6 shiacute yc difn yc kegrave7 jij difn bagraven8 shiacute difn liacuteng yc fbn9 shiacute egraver difn liacuteng wj fbn

10 liugrave difn san kegrave

8Times anddates

78

Exercise 82

Provide answers to the Chinese questions below using the informationin brackets

( ) xiagravenzagravei jh difn (zhdng)What time is it (now) (715 am)

xiagravenzagravei shagravengwj qc difn yc kegraveshiacute wj fbnItrsquos 715 am

1 nh jh difn zhdng qugrave xueacutexiagraveoWhat time are you going to school (830 am)

2 nh sheacutenme shiacutehou qugrave yoacuteuyingWhat time are you going swimming (855 am)

3 nh peacutengyou xiagravewj jh difn xiagravebanWhat time does your friend finish work in the afternoon (545 pm)

4 nhmen jh difn chc wfnfagravenWhat time do you have your supper (about 900 pm)

5 nh ngi tian pegravengjiagraven wi sheshuOn which day of the month did you bump into my uncle (the sixth)

6 nh bagraveba jh hagraveo qugrave zhdngguoacuteWhich day of the month is your father going to China (the eleventh)

7 nh megraveimei jh difn zhdng shuigravejiagraveoWhat time does your younger sister go to bed (around 12 midnight)

8 nh xiagrave gegrave yuegrave jh hagraveo ggi ta xig xigravenOn which day of next month are you going to write to him (the 21st)

9 nh xiagrave xcngqc jh laacutei zhegraver kai zuogravetaacutenhuigrave( kai lsquoto attend (a meeting)rsquo) ( zuogravetaacutenhuigrave lsquodiscussion seminarrsquo)On which day next week are you coming for a seminar (Thursday)

10 nh ngi niaacuten bigraveyegrave ( bigraveyegrave lsquoto graduatersquo)When will you graduate (1999)

11 nh jh shiacute dagraveo duzhdu qugraveWhen are you going to Europe (next September)

12 nh toacutengxueacute miacutengniaacuten jh yuegrave huiacute guoacuteWhich month next year are your coursemates going back to theirhome country (December)

Exercise 83

Form questions in Chinese that would elicit the answers specified inbold italics below making appropriate adjustments where necessaryto the personal pronouns involved

8Times anddates

79

wi egraveryuegrave wJ hagraveo qugrave wi peacutengyou jiaI am going to my friendrsquos house on the fifth of February

nh sheacutenme shiacutehoujH hagraveo qugrave nh peacutengyou jiaWhenwhat date are you going to your friendrsquos house

1 ta liugrave diFn bagraven chc wfnfagravenShe has her dinner at half past six

2 wi lhbagravei wj wfnshang qC diFn laacutei nh jiaIrsquoll come to your house at 7 orsquoclock on Friday evening

3 wimen bayuegrave shiacute hagraveo qugrave dugravejiagrave( dugravejiagrave lsquoto go on holidayrsquo)Wersquore going on holiday on the tenth of August

4wi yC jiJ jiJ wJ niaacuten digrave yc cigrave jiagraven dagraveo taI met her for the first time in 1995

5 wi mama wJ diFn bagraven huiacute jiaMother comes home at half past five

6xcn jcnglh xiagrave xCngqC egraver laacutei zhegraver shagravengbanThe new manager will start work here next Tuesday

7 wimen xiagrave gegrave yuegrave qugrave zhfo nh

Wersquoll go and see you next month8 tamen miacutengniaacuten bigraveyegrave

They will graduate next year9

wi jigjie shagraveng xCngqC sAn xiagravewj zagravei xueacute kaichb

My elder sister was learning to drive last Wednesday afternoon10

wi qugraveniaacuten shiacuteyCyuegrave mfi zhegravei fuacute huagraverI bought this painting in November last year

11 zuogravetaacutenhuigrave shagravengwj jiJ diFn bagraven kaishh

The discussion starts at half past nine in the morning12 wi miacutengtian zFoshang zagravei jia li xiexi

I am resting at home tomorrow morning

Exercise 84


1 What time are you going to school tomorrow ( xueacutexiagraveolsquoschoolrsquo)

2 I am coming here to attend the seminar next month ( kaizuogravetaacutenhuigrave lsquoto attend a seminarrsquo)

8Times anddates

80

3 When are you going on a trip to Europe ( lsxiacuteng lsquoto travelrsquo)4 What time are you going to work tomorrow ( shagravengban lsquoto

go to workrsquo)5 What time in the afternoon are you going to the swimming-pool

for a swim ( yoacuteuyingchiacute lsquoswimming-poolrsquo)6 Which day are you going there to play football ( tc zuacuteqiuacute

lsquoto play footballrsquo)7 Which month are you going to the seaside for a holiday ( hfi

bian lsquobeach seasidersquo)8 What time are you going to the railway station to buy the ticket

( huichbzhagraven lsquorailway stationrsquo)9 What time in the morning are you going to the market (

mfi ddngxi lsquoto do some shoppingrsquo)10 When are you going to the library to borrow books ( jiegrave she

lsquoto borrow booksrsquo)


Following the given pattern formulate questions about what someonemay be going to do at a particular time using the times and activitiesspecified in each of the twelve cases

Model Time miacutengtian xiagravewj tomorrow afternoonActivity kagraven diagravenyhng see a filmmovie

Answernh miacutengtian xiagravewj qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng maAre you going to the cinema tomorrow afternoon

Include qugrave if the activity requires the person to go out

1 zhegravei gegrave xcngqc tian this coming Sundaykagraven qiuacutesagravei see a football match

2 ( ) xiagrave (gegrave) lhbagravei next weekjiagraven nh (de) dfoshc see your supervisor

3 miacutengtian shagravengwj tomorrow morningkagraven ycshbng see a doctor

4 xiagrave xcngqc egraver next Tuesdayxueacute tagraveijiacutequaacuten learn Trsquoai Chi

5 jcntian xiagravewj this afternoonwegravei mao feed the cat

6 jcntian wfnshang this eveningshagraveng wfng go on the internet

7 miacutengtian fagravengxueacute hograveu tomorrow after schooldiagraveoyuacute go fishingangling

8Times anddates

81

8 miacutengtian xiagraveban hograveu tomorrow after workxueacute kaichb take driving lessons

9 jcn wfn this eveningkagraven diagravenshigrave watch television

10 miacutengniaacuten bigraveyegrave hograveu next year after graduationlsxiacuteng go travelling

11 xiagrave gegrave yuegrave next monthtagraven(wagraveng) nh fugravemj see your parents

12 jcnniaacuten liugrave yuegrave fegraven this Junedugrave jiagrave go on holiday

Note kagraven lsquoto watch see visitrsquo is used in the context of enter-tainment or visit whereas jiagraven lsquoto seersquo is used for an appointment(except in the case of seeing a doctor)


The following sentences are answers you have given to questionsabout timing Work out in each case what Chinese question was putto you The model provides an example

nh zfoshang jh difn zhdng qhchuaacutengwi zfoshang ba difn zhdng qhchuaacuteng

I get up at eight in the morning

1 ( )wi wfnshang shiacute yc difn bagraven (shagravengchuaacuteng) shuigravejiagraveoI go to bed at half past eleven

2 wi zfoshang jij difn zhdng shagravengbanI go to work at nine orsquoclock in the morning

3 wi liugrave hagraveo dogravengshbn dagraveo zhdngguoacute qugraveI am setting out for China on the 6th

4 wi dagraveyub wj diagraven bagraven xiagravebanI finish work around half past five

5 wi xiagrave xcngqc sigrave ziuI am leaving next Thursday

6 wi miacuteng wfn laacutei zhfo nh

Irsquoll come to see you tomorrow evening7 wi hograveutian qhng nh laacutei wi jia

Irsquoll invite you to my place the day after tomorrow

8Times anddates

82

8 wi miacutengtian xiagravewj zagravei jiaI am home tomorrow afternoon

9 wi qiaacutenniaacuten chentian zhugrave zagravei bgijcngI lived in Beijing in the spring of the year before last

10 wi qugraveniaacuten zagravei bgijcng regravenshi taI got to know him last year in Beijing

8Times anddates

83

84

UNIT NINEMore interrogative expressions

In the last unit we discussed interrogative time expressions whichinclude jh difn zhdng lsquowhat time (of the day)rsquo and jh shiacuteor sheacutenme shiacutehou lsquowhenrsquo etc and in Unit 4 we dealt witha number of interrogative pronouns including the interrogative loca-tion expression nfr lsquowherersquo In this unit we shall look at somemore interrogative idioms and expressions

A dud jij and dud chaacuteng shiacutejian lsquohow longrsquo areplaced immediately after the verb as are more precise questions suchas ( ) ( ) dudshao tian (niaacuten)jh tian (niaacuten) lsquohow manydays (years)rsquo ( ) dudshao gegravejh gegrave yuegrave (xcngqc lhbagravei) lsquohow many months (weeks)rsquo etc

( ) nh dai le dud chaacuteng shiacutejianHow long did you stay

ta dgng le dud jijHow long did he wait

nhmen zagravei negravei gegrave guoacutejia zhugrave le dudshao niaacutenHow many years did you live in that country

Note These question phrases like all time duration expressions areplaced after the verb and are essentially complements For furtherdiscussion of duration expressions see Unit 14

When there is an object with the verb if it is a pronoun it precedesthe interrogative expression if it is a noun it follows the interrogativeexpression with or without de

nh dgng le ta dud jijHow long did you wait for him

( ) nh xueacute le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian (de) zhdngweacutenHow long did you learn Chinese for

( ) nh jigjie dang le dudshao niaacuten (de) hugraveshiHow many years was your elder sister a nurse

Another common way to formulate questions of this type where theverb has an object is to repeat the verb after the object and then placethe question expression after this repeated verb (see Unit 14)

nh xueacute zhdngweacuten xueacute le dud jij dud chaacuteng shiacutejianHow long did you learn Chinese for

nh jigjie dAng hugraveshi dAng le dudshao niaacutenHow many years was your elder sister a nurse

A considerable number of common verbs in Chinese are intrinsicallyof a lsquoverb + objectrsquo construction eg yoacuteuying lsquoto swimrsquo tiagraveowj

lsquoto dancersquo chagravenggb lsquoto singrsquo shuigravejiagraveo lsquoto sleeprsquo ziulugravelsquoto walkrsquo etc With these verbs the same rule applies

( )nh heacute nh peacutengyou tiagraveo le jh gegrave zhdngtoacuteu (de) wj

or

nh heacute nh peacutengyou tiagraveowj tiagraveo le jh gegrave zhdngtoacuteuHow many hours did you dance with your friend

One cannot say

nh heacute nh peacutengyou tiagraveowj le jh gegrave zhdngtoacuteu(lit How many hours did you dance with your friend)

B dud lsquohowrsquo may in fact be used with many adjectives in ques-tions of degree for example of size weight etc The pattern of suchenquiries is usually lsquo yiu + dud + adjectiversquo

zhdngguoacute yiu dud dagraveHow big is China

nh de xiacutengli yiu dud zhogravengHow heavy is your luggage

9Moreinter-rogativeexpres-sions

85

nh jigjie yiu dud gaoHow tall is your elder sister

zhegravei gegrave yoacuteuyingchiacute yiu dud chaacutengHow long is this swimming-pool

xueacutexiagraveo liacute zhegraver yiu dud yufnHow far is the school from here

Note liacute in the last example is a coverb which occurs with otherverbs or adjectives to mean lsquodistance (away) from (a place)rsquo (see Unit 24)

C dud may also be used in conjunction with an adjective as anadverbial or an attributive

(i) as an adverbial to modify a verb

nh dud kuagravei neacuteng waacutencheacuteng zhegravei jiagraven gdngzuograveHow fast can you finish this work

(ii) as an attributive with de to modify a nounnh chuan dud dagrave de xieacute

What size (lit how big) shoes do you take

D zgn yagraveng zgnme and zgnme yagraveng are used adver-bially before verbs to mean lsquohow in what wayrsquo

wi zgnme yagraveng qugrave luacutendenHow do I get to London

qugrave yoacuteuyingchiacute zgnme ziuHow do you get to the swimming-pool

Note Observe the different meanings of ziu (i) lsquoto walk tocomego on footrsquo in wi ziulugrave qugrave lsquoIrsquoll go on footrsquo (ii) lsquotoleaversquo in ta ziu le lsquoHersquos leftrsquo and (iii) lsquoto get to (a place)(often with zgnme or zgn yagraveng)rsquo in qugravechbzhagraven zgn yagraveng ziu lsquoHow do you get to the stationrsquo

E zgnme yagraveng can be used as a predicate to mean lsquowhat is(something or somebody) likersquolsquohow is (somebody or something)rsquo

nagraver de tianqigrave zgnme yagravengWhatrsquos the weather like there


86

nh digravedi zgnme yagravengHow is your younger brother

gdngzuograve zgnme yagravengHowrsquos work

F zgnme yagraveng in addition can occur after a statement andconvert that statement into a question lsquowhathow about rsquo (it is oftenused when making suggestions about future actions or activities)

wfnshang wimen qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng | zgnme yagravengHow about going to the cinema this evening

zaacutenmen miacutengtian qugrave tiagraveowj | zgnme yagravengWhat about going dancing tomorrow

G wegravei sheacutenme lsquowhyrsquo is usually placed before the verb

nh wegravei sheacutenme xueacute zhdngweacutenWhy do you study Chinese

xifo lh zuoacutetian wegravei sheacutenme bugrave laacuteiWhy didnrsquot Xiao Li come yesterday

Note xifo is often used before the family name or given name(which must be a monosyllable) of a person who is younger thanthe speaker It implies a degree of familiarity with the personaddressed In addressing someone older than onself lfo is usedin a similar way

H zgnme is also used colloquially to mean lsquohow is it how comersquo

nh zgnme bugrave qugrave kagraven taWhy arenrsquot you going to see him

ta zgnme huigrave jifng rigraveyj

How come she can speak Japanese

Exercise 91

Convert the Chinese statements below into questions focusing on theelements in bold italics Please also make adjustments to the pronounsas necessary


87

wi zagravei zhegraver zhugrave le liugrave niaacutenI lived here for six years

nh zagravei zhegraver zhugrave le duD jiJ duD chaacuteng shiacutejiAnHow long did you live here

1 wi zagravei lugrave shang hua le liFng xiFoshiacuteIt took me two hours to get here

2wi zagravei jiagraveoshigrave li kagraven le yC gegrave duD xiFoshiacute de she

I read for over an hour in the classroom3 zuacuteqiuacute bhsagravei kaishh bagraven gegrave zhDngtoacuteu le

The soccer match started half an hour ago4

wi heacute jigjie zagravei huayuaacuten li zuograve le shiacute laacutei fBn zhDngMy elder sister and I sat in the garden for over ten minutes

5mama zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li maacuteng le jH gegrave zhDngtoacuteuMother was busy cooking in the kitchen for several hours

6 megraveimei bang le wi liFng tian de maacutengMy younger sister helped me for two days

7wi kai le yC niaacuten chb | qiacute le liFng niaacuten zigravexiacutengchb

I drove for a year and travelled by bike for two years8 zuacuteqiuacutechfng yiu bA shiacute mH chaacuteng

The football pitch is 80 metres long9 wi gbge yiu yC mH qC gAo

My elder brother is 1 metre 70 tall10 baliacute liacute luacutenden yiu egraver bFi yCnglH yuFn

Paris is two hundred miles from London

Exercise 92

Translate into English the following sentences with zgnme zgn yagraveng or zgnme yagraveng

1zaacutenmen xiagrave xcngqc yc qugrave ta jia kagraven ta | zgnme yagraveng

2 qugrave qigravechbzhagraven zgn yagravengzgnme ziu3

luacutenden de jiaotdng zgnme yagraveng ( jiaotdng lsquotransport trafficrsquo)4 qugrave diagravenyhngyuagraven zgnmezgn yagraveng ziu5

miacuteng wfn zaacutenmen qugrave jijbajian hb piacutejij | zgnme yagraveng


88

6bgijcng de tianqigrave zgnme yagraveng

7negravei jia shangdiagraven de ddngxi zgnme yagraveng

8zaacutenmen xiagrave gegrave yuegrave qugrave dugravejiagrave | zgnme yagraveng

Exercise 93

Translate the following questions into Chinese

1 How much did you eat2 How did you get to London3 Why did he leave4 How long are you going to stay5 How did you make this cake6 Whatrsquos your new house like7 How much money have you got8 What was the film like9 How about a drink

10 Why are you learning Chinese11 How do I get to know Xiao Li12 What do you think of the Chinese teacher13 How do you go to work14 How long have you been waiting for her15 How many hours did she sleep16 How many days did you (pl) drive17 How long did you wait for the bus18 How far did you walk

Exercise 94

Complete the Chinese translations of the English sentences belowwith lsquo dud + adjectiversquo (as appropriate)

1 How far is it to Londonqugrave luacutenden yiu

2 How tall is your younger brothernh digravedi yiu

3 How many people are there in Beijingbgijcng yiu reacuten

4 How far is the post office from hereyoacuteujuacute liacute zhegraver yiu


89

5 How heavy is this piece of luggage

zhegravei jiagraven xiacutengli yiu 6 How heavy is the rain outside

wagraveimian de yj yiu 7 How much is that pair of trousers

( )(mfi) negravei tiaacuteo kugravezi yagraveo qiaacuten

8 What size is that pair of shoesnegravei shuang xieacute yiu

9 How many miles did he runta paacuteo le ycnglh lugrave

10 How long has Li Ming been gone

lh miacuteng ziu le le11 Have you been dancing the whole evening

( )nhmen tiagraveo le (de) wj

12 How much time have we still gotwimen haacutei yiu shiacutejian

13 How long have you been here

nhmen zagravei zhegraver dai le 14 How much work have you done

nhmen zuograve le gdngzuograve


Formulate suggestions with the 15 verb phrases given below by tag-ging on the final phrase zgnme yagraveng lsquoHow about rsquo Begineach sentence with wimen lsquowersquo and add the time expression givenin brackets and qugrave lsquoto gorsquo where appropriate

1 ( ) hb (yc) bbi piacutejij lsquoto have a glass of beerrsquo (thisevening)

2 tiagraveowj lsquoto go dancingrsquo (tomorrow)3 dugravejiagrave lsquoto go on holidayrsquo (next year)4 jifng zhdngweacuten lsquoto speak Chinesersquo (now)5 ( ) mfi (yc) xib xiangjiao lsquoto buy some bananasrsquo (in the

afternoon)6 ( ) chaacute li jia (yc)difnr taacuteng lsquoto put some sugar in the

tearsquo7 yoacuteuying lsquoto go swimmingrsquo (today)


90

8 ( ) ( ) kagraven (yc) chfng zuacuteqiuacute (bh)sagravei lsquoto go and see afootball matchrsquo (on Saturday)

9 xueacute tagraveijiacutequaacuten lsquoto learn Trsquoai Chirsquo (next month)10 waacutencheacuteng zhegravei jiagraven gdngzuograve lsquoto complete this taskrsquo

(at three orsquoclock)11 zhfo jcnglh lsquoto see the managerrsquo (on Tuesday)12 tagravenwagraveng ta lsquoto visit himrsquo ( yhhograveu lsquoafterwardsrsquo)13 zagravei jia li xiexi lsquoto have a rest at homersquo (this afternoon)14 df qiuacute lsquoto play a game (of basketball tennis badminton ping

pong etc)rsquo (next Friday)15 tc qiuacute lsquoto play a game (of soccer)rsquo (tomorrow afternoon)


First use the phrase dud chaacuteng shiacutejian to ask the questionsbelow

How long did you wait for me therenh zagravei nagraver dgng le wi dud chaacuteng shiacutejian

1 How long did you stay there2 How long did you live there3 How long did you wait there4 How long did you work there5 How long did you study there6 How long did you stay in the pub7 How long have you been resting at home8 How long have you been driving9 How long have you been travelling in Europe

10 How long have you known her

Second use the phrase yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian lsquohow longdoes it takersquo to complete the following questions

How long does it take to go to London by train

zuograve huichb qugrave luacutenden yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian

1 How long does it take to drive down to London2 How long does it take to fly to Beijing ( zuograve fbijc lsquoto fly to

go by planersquo)3 How long does it take to get to the railway station by taxi (

digraveshigrave lsquotaxirsquo)


91

4 How long does it take to get to the university on foot ( ziulugravelsquoto go on footrsquo)

5 How long does it take to get to the city centre by bus6 How long does it take to cycle to your place7 How long does it take to get to the bank on foot8 How long does it take to get to the coach station by taxi9 How long does it take to cycle to the football pitch

10 How long does it take to get to the post office on foot


92

UNIT TENAdjectives attributive and predicative

93

Attributives are words placed before nouns to qualify or describethem Adjectives are obvious examples of attributives

A When a monosyllabic adjective is used as an attributive it isplaced directly before the noun it qualifies

hoacuteng hua red flowersbaacutei yuacuten white cloudschaacuteng quacutenzi a long skirtzang ycfu dirty clothes

Disyllabic adjectives on the other hand are normally followed by de

ganjigraveng de jibdagraveo a clean streetpiagraveoliang de chb a beautiful cargjlfo de loacuteufaacuteng ancient buildings

Where there is a lsquonumeral + measurersquo phrase or a lsquodemonstrative +measurersquo phrase it always precedes the adjectival attributive

yc sui xcn faacutengzi a new houselifng bgn jiugrave she two old bookszhegravei jia dagrave shangdiagraven this big storenegravei ph hbi mf that black horseyc chfng jcngcfi de bhsagravei an exciting matchlifng gegrave yiuqugrave de gugraveshi two interesting stories

Note When a disyllabic adjective qualifies a disyllabic noun demay sometimes be omitted especially when the combinationbecomes a set expression

xcnxian shecagravei fresh vegetablesjcngcfi bifoyfn excellent performance

B Adjectives themselves are commonly modified by degree adverbssuch as hgn lsquoveryrsquo tagravei lsquotoorsquo shiacutefbn lsquoextremelyrsquo fbichaacuteng lsquoextremelyrsquo (lit lsquounusuallyrsquo)

hgn dagrave (very) bigtagravei xifo too smallshiacutefbn ganjigraveng extremely cleanfbichaacuteng gjlfo incredibly ancient

Note Adjectives modified by degree adverbs also require the particle de when used as attributives

hgn dagrave de wezi a (very) big roomfbichaacuteng gjlfo de a really ancient citycheacutengshigrave

An exception to this rule are adjectives that indicate indefinite pluralslike hgn dud xjdud and bugrave shfo lsquomanyrsquo (see Unit 7)

tamen yiu hgn dud qiaacutenThey have a lot of money

mgi niaacuten yiu bugrave shfo reacuten laacutei zhegraver kagraven fbngjhngQuite a number of people come here for the scenery every year

C When the context is clear the noun following an adjective can beomitted but a demonstrative andor numeral is usually present In allthese cases de is indispensable whether the adjective is monosyl-labic or disyllabic

yc jiagraven xcn de a new one (eg sweater shirt etc)

negravei dui hoacuteng de that red one (eg flower blossom etc)

zhegravei xib bfi de these white ones ngi xib dagrave de which big ones

( )zhegravei shuamg kuagraveizi hgn zang | wi yagraveo (yc) shuang ganjigraveng deThese chopsticks are dirty I want a clean pair

zhegravei tiaacuteo kugravezi tagravei dufn | wi mfi negravei tiaacuteo chaacuteng deThese trousers are too short Irsquoll have (buy) that longer pair

10Adject-ivesattributiveandpredicat-ive

94

Where the adjective occurs with a demonstrative and measure the adjec-tive may also come first

zhegravei tiaacuteo kugravezi tagravei dufn | wi mfi chaacuteng de negravei tiaacuteoThese trousers are too short Irsquoll have (buy) that longer pair

In addition an adjective with de may be used on its own and implya noun which may be singular or plural depending on the context

wi bugrave yagraveo guigrave de | wi yagraveo piaacutenyi deI donrsquot want anthe expensive one I want athe cheaper oneI donrsquot want (the) expensive ones I want (the) cheaper ones

D A distinctive feature of Chinese is that when an adjective is usedas a predicative it follows the subjecttopic immediately and does not require the link verb shigrave lsquoto bersquo In addition it should alwaysbe modified by a degree adverb

negravei tiaacuteo jcedagraveo hgn ganjigravengThe street is (very) clean

zhegravei shuang xieacutezi tagravei xifoThis pair of shoes is too small

zhegravei gegrave gugraveshi fbichaacuteng yiuqugraveThis story is extremely interesting

negravei chfng bhsagravei shiacutefbn jcngcfiThat match was extremely exciting

One does not normally say (unless speaking emphatically to reiterateor contradict a statement)

jibdagraveo shigrave ganjigraveng(lit The street is clean)[implying eg who says it isnrsquot or I did say that it was clean]

Note The degree adverb hgn though when stressed it meanslsquoveryrsquo otherwise carries little meaning

An unmodified adjective when used as a predicative always impliessome form of contrast and sounds incomplete


95

jibdagraveo ganjigraveng The street is clean [but it is perhaps too narrow]

zhegravei shuang xieacutezi xifo This pair of shoes is small [but they are comfortable to wear]

In fact to imply such contrasts the more usual and colloquial form isto incorporate shigrave and repeat the adjective with or without bugraveaccording to the meaning intended

jibdagraveo ganjigraveng shigrave ganjigraveng | kgshigrave It is true that the street is clean but

zhegravei shuang xieacutezi xifo shigrave bugrave xifo |bugraveguograve It is true that this pair of shoes isnrsquot small nevertheless

E An adjectival predicative is negated by bugrave lsquonotrsquo

zhegravei shuang xieacutezi bugrave guigraveThis pair of shoes isnrsquot expensive

negravei piacuteng niuacutenfi bugrave xcnxianThat bottle of milk isnrsquot fresh

jcntian de tianqigrave bugrave hfoTodayrsquos weather is bad

The negator bugrave and a degree adverb may both come before the adjectival predicative When this happens the positioning of bugrave inrelation to the degree adverb affects the meaning of the adjective

zhegravei sui faacutengzi bugrave hgn hfoThis house isnrsquot very goodnice

zhegravei sui faacutengzi hgn bugrave hfoThis house is really bad (lit This house is very not good)

zhegravei piacuteng niuacutenfi bugrave tagravei xcnxianThis bottle of milk isnrsquot verytoo fresh

zhegravei piacuteng niuacutenfi tagravei bugrave xcnxian leThis bottle of milk isnrsquot fresh at all

Note le which comes at the end of the sentence seems indis-pensable with any predicative that incorporates the degree adverb

tagravei lsquosimply too much of a certain quality or quantityrsquo though thisdoes not apply to bugrave tagravei with its understated meaning


96

The negator bugrave is regularly linked with gograveu lsquoenoughrsquo to modifyan adjectival predicative

zhegravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi bugrave gograveu chaacutengThis skirt isnrsquot long enough

wi zhegravei bbi kafbi bugrave gograveu tiaacutenThis cup of coffee (of mine) isnrsquot sweet enough

bugrave is also used in conjunction with ycdifnr ygddu foremphasis or to contradict a previous statement

zhegravei tiaacuteo kugravezi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave dufnThis pair of trousers is not short at all

zhegravei bbi chaacute ycdifnr ygddu bugrave regraveThis cup of tea isnrsquot hot at all

F Most monosyllabic adjectives may be reduplicated to intensifytheir meaning particularly in descriptive writing Reduplicated adject-ives take the particle de when qualifying nouns

laacutenlaacuten de tiana really blue sky (lit blue blue sky)

gaogao de loacuteufaacutengreally tall buildings (lit tall tall buildings)

ycxib hoacutenghoacuteng de juacutezisome bright red tangerines (lit some red red tangerines)

A limited number of disyllabic adjectives may also be reduplicated Thepattern for reduplication is AB gt AABB

ganjigraveng clean and tidy gtganganjigravengjigraveng spotlessly cleanzhgngqiacute orderlytidy gtzhgngzhengqiacuteqiacute very orderlytidylfoshiacute honestnaiumlve gtlfolaoshiacuteshiacute very honestvery naiumlve

yc zhang gangan a spotlessly clean tablejigravengjigraveng de zhudziyc gegrave zhgngzhengqiacuteqiacute an extremely tidy roomde faacutengjianyc gegrave lfolaoshiacuteshiacute a very honest personde reacuten


97

Reduplicated adjectives being already emphatic in form cannot be fur-ther modified by a degree adverb or a negator

One cannot say

hgn hoacutenghoacuteng (lit very red) bugrave ganganjigravengjigraveng (lit not spotlessly clean)

Exercise 101

Translate the following phrases into Chinese paying attention to theinclusion or omission of de

1 a very big swimming-pool2 new buildings3 white cats4 a large bowl5 a beautiful garden6 a little child7 an interesting film8 an exciting match9 fresh vegetables

10 a lot of money11 an old car12 extremely heavy luggage13 clean clothes14 a tidy room15 very narrow streets

( xiaacutezhfi lsquonarrowrsquo)16 ancient cities17 an extremely good concert18 dirty shoes

Exercise 102

Indicate which of the Chinese translations given for the English sen-tences below is correct

1 The weather is nice todayjcntian tianqigrave hgn hfojcntian tianqigrave shigrave hfo


98

2 She is richta hgn yiu qiaacutenta shigrave yiu qiaacuten

3 This sofa [armchair] isnrsquot very comfortablezhegravei gegrave shafa bugrave hgn shefuzhegravei gegrave shafa hgn bugrave shefu

4 The classroom is really cleannegravei gegrave jiagraveoshigrave fbichaacuteng ganganjigravengjigravengnegravei gegrave jiagraveoshigrave shigrave fbichaacuteng ganjigravengnegravei gegrave jiagraveoshigrave fbichaacuteng ganjigraveng

5 My younger brother isnrsquot very tallwi digravedi bugrave tagravei gaowi digravedi tagravei bugrave gaowi digravedi bugrave gaogao

6 This match isnrsquot particularly excitingzhegravei chfng bhsagravei bugrave shiacutefbn jcngcfizhegravei chfng bhsagravei bugrave jcngjingcficaizhegravei chfng bhsagravei shiacutefbn bugrave jcngcfi

7 There were toys of all colours on the floordigrave shang ddu shigrave hoacutenghonglqlq waacutenjugravedigrave shang ddu shigrave hoacutenghonglqlqde waacutenjugravedigrave shang ddu yiu hoacutenghonglqlqde waacutenjugrave

8 Mr Wang is a very interesting personwaacuteng xiansheng shigrave yc gegrave fbichaacuteng yiuqugrave reacutenwaacuteng xiansheng yc gegrave fbichaacuteng yiuqugrave de reacutenwaacuteng xiansheng shigrave gegrave fbichaacutengyiuqugrave de reacuten

Exercise 103

Translate the following into Chinese

1 Beijing is an extremely ancient city2 That old book is not too expensive3 The library is extremely big4 I donrsquot have any new clothes


99

5 Those fresh flowers are very beautiful6 That pair of shoes is too large7 The weather here is really nice8 That street is not clean enough9 I donrsquot like milk which isnrsquot fresh

10 That cup of coffee is too sweet

Exercise 104

Add emphasis to the adjectives in bold italics by means of reduplication

1lugrave paacuteng zuograve zhe yc gegrave gAodagrave de xifohuiziA tall young man sat by the roadside

2

xifo waacuteng zhfng zhe wAn meacuteimao | gAo bhzi | xiFo zuhba heacute yc shuangdagrave yfnjing | liuacute zhe yc toacuteu zhGngqiacute de dufn fagraveXiao Wang had curved eyebrows a straight nose a small mouthbig eyes and hair cut in a neat bob

3

zhegrave shigrave yc jian gAnjigraveng de faacutengjian | baacutei chuaacutengdan | laacuten chuangliaacuten| hoacuteng luacutehui | ggi nh yc zhing shEshigrave de gfnjueacuteThis is a neat and tidy room The white sheets blue curtains andwarm fire make it feel very cosy

4ta nagrave pJsugrave de yczhuoacute | dagravefAng de jjzhh | tiaacutenmGi de shbngycn ggi reacutenliuacute xiagrave le shbnkegrave de yigravenxiagravengHer plain clothes dignified bearing and clear sweet voice made adeep impression on people

Exercise 105

Translate into Chinese paying particular attention to the pronominalexpressions

1 Whose are those2 These are mine3 The white skirt is yours The red one is mine


100

4 We donrsquot have any new ones5 The big ones are expensive The small ones are not too cheap either6 These stories are too long Those two arenrsquot7 This cup is dirty I need a clean one8 These three students are going to Japan Which two are going to

China9 I like these two books Which two do you like

10 Which ones are yours


In the model below two sentences are constructed using a noun phraseand two adjectives In these sentences the second clause contrasts withthe first (a positively and b negatively) Use the ten sets of words givenbelow to form pairs of similar sentences

zhegravei liagraveng chb this carguigrave expensive hfo kai nice to drive

azhegravei liagraveng chb guigrave shigrave guigrave | bugraveguograve hgn hfo kaiIt is true that this car is expensive but it is a very good drive

bzhegravei liagraveng chb guigrave shigrave bugrave guigrave | kgshigrave bugrave hfo kaiIt is true that this car isnrsquot expensive but it isnrsquot a very good drive

Remember that once the implication is there you need the conjunc-tion kgshigrave lsquobutrsquo or bugraveguograve lsquoneverthelessrsquo to signal the transi-tion and a degree adverb like hgn lsquoveryrsquo or a negator in the secondclause to emphasize the contrast

1 zhegravei ping jij this bottle of wineguigrave expensive hfo hb good to drink

2 negravei gegrave piacutenggui that applexifo small hfo chc delicious

3 negravei bf yhzi that chairfi low hfo zuograve comfortable to sit on

4 zhegravei shiu gb this songnaacuten chagraveng difficult to sing hfo tcng pleasant to listen to

5 negravei gegrave huapiacuteng that vasepiaacutenyi cheap hfo kagraven pretty


101

6 negravei zhc bh that penjiugrave old hfo xig good to write with

7 zhegravei bbi niuacutenfi this bottle of milkleacuteng cold xcnxian fresh

8 zhegravei tiaacuteo jib(dagraveo) that streetganjigraveng clean zhgngqiacute orderly

9 negravei gegrave reacuten that personcdngming intelligent lfoshi honest

10 negravei zuograve loacuteufaacuteng that buildinggjlfo ancient piagraveoliang pretty


Use the formula ycdifnr ygddu bugrave lsquonot at allrsquo to con-tradict both statements made in each of the ten groupings in Drill 101above

zhegravei liagraveng chb ycdifnr ygddu bugrave guigraveThis car isnrsquot expensive at all

zhegravei liagraveng chb ycdifnr ygddu bugrave hfo kaiThis car isnrsquot a good drive at all


102

UNIT ELEVENshigrave and you

103

A The verb shigrave lsquoto bersquo in Chinese is not exactly equivalent to theEnglish verb lsquoto bersquo It is similar to its English counterpart in that itmay generally be followed by a noun which defines the subjecttopic

wimen shigrave xueacutesheng We are studentsta shigrave lfoshc He is a teacherjcntian shigrave xcngqc rigrave Today is Sunday

The noun which follows shigrave may of course be modified in manyways It may for instance be preceded by a possessive adjective or pronoun another noun usually with or without de a lsquonumeraldemonstrative + measure wordrsquo phrase or an adjective qualifier

ta shigrave wi zhagravengfuHe is my husband

nagrave shigrave ta de dagraveyc

That is his coat

zhegravei wegravei shigrave zhang xiansheng de peacutengyouThis is Mr Zhangrsquos friend

zhegravei xib shigrave zhdngguoacute huagraveThese are Chinese paintings

nagrave shigrave yc gegrave maacutentouThat is a steamed bun

zhegrave shigrave yc bgn hgn yiu yigravesi de she

This is a very interesting book

If the noun that follows shigrave is qualified by an attributive and repeats the topic or if it is understood from the context it may be omitted

zhegravei zhc bh shigrave wi de (pronoun attributive)This pen is mine

negravei ph mf shigrave zhang xiansheng de(noun attributive)That horse is Mr Zhangrsquos

zhegravei yc gegrave shigrave hfo de (adjective attributive)This is a good one

B However shigrave is not normally followed by an adjective on its ownunless one is speaking emphatically to reiterate a case contradict a pre-vious speaker etc (see Unit 10)

zhegravei bgn she shigrave guigraveThis book is expensive (I admit but another may be more expensiveetc)

ta shigrave fbichaacuteng cdngmingShe is extremely intelligent (The problem is that she isnrsquot really conscientious)

Normal unemphasized sentences have an adjectival predicative with-out shigrave (see previous unit)

zhegravei bgn she hgn guigraveThis book is (very) expensive

ta fbichaacuteng cdngmingShersquos extremely intelligent

Note There is however a group of adjectives which can be calledlsquonon-gradablersquo in that they are not purely descriptive but define anlsquoeitherndashorrsquo quality or situation (eg huoacute lsquoaliversquo ie lsquonot deadrsquo

hbi lsquoblackrsquo ie not of any other colour etc) These adjectiveswhen used predicatively require shigrave to link them to the topic andthey are followed by the particle de

zhegravei tiaacuteo yuacute shigrave huoacute de This fish is alivezhegravei liagraveng chb shigrave hbi de This car is black

C shigrave is negated by bugrave

jcntian bugrave shigrave xcngqc tianToday is not Sunday

11shigrave

and you

104

miacutengniaacuten bugrave shigrave zhe niaacutenNext year is not the year of the pig

zhegrave shigrave lschaacute | bugrave shigrave hoacutengchaacuteThis is green tea not black tea (lit this is green tea not red tea)

negravei zhang zhudzi shigrave fang de | bugrave shigrave yuaacuten deThat table is square not round

zhegravei xib ddu bugrave shigrave wi de | shigrave lh tagraveitai deNone of these are mine theyrsquore Mrs Lirsquos

Note 1 Notice that if the adverb ddu lsquoboth allrsquo is also presentthe positioning of the negator bugrave with reference to ddu mayaffect the meaning of the sentence

zhegravei xib bugrave ddu shigrave Not all of these are wi de minezhegravei xib ddu bugrave shigrave None of these are wi de mine

Note 2 The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac which are oftenused to identify the year of onersquos birth come in the following order( ) (lfo)shj lsquoratrsquo niuacute lsquooxrsquo ( ) (lfo)hj lsquotigerrsquo ( ) tugrave(zi)lsquorabbitrsquo loacuteng lsquodragonrsquo sheacute lsquosnakersquo mf lsquohorsersquo yaacuteng lsquogoatrsquo

( ) hoacuteu(zi) lsquomonkeyrsquo jc lsquoroosterrsquo giu lsquodogrsquo zhe lsquopigrsquo

D shigrave is also used as an intensifier to highlight the initiator recipient time place means purpose etc of the action expressed in the verb It is placed immediately before the word or phrase to behighlighted which may mean that it can sometimes be placed at thevery beginning of the sentence if the subject is to be emphasized

nh shigrave zfoshang xhzfo maDo you take a bath in the morning

shigrave sheacutei zagravei qiao meacutenWho is it knocking at the door

ta miacutengtian shigrave zuograve chuaacuten qugraveShe is going by boat tomorrow

wimen shigrave laacutei zhfo jcnglhWe are coming to see the manager

11shigrave

and you

105

Note 1 As we can see in the last two examples shigrave is placed imme-diately before the verb when the object is emphasized

One cannot say

wimen laacutei zhfo shigrave jcnglh

Note 2 It is not unusual for speakers to include de at the end ofthe statement where laacutei is used to indicate immediate purpose(see the last example above)

wimen shigrave laacutei zhfo jcnglh deWe have come to see the manager

wnmen shigrave laacutei zhegraver lsxiacuteng deWe are tourists here (lit We have come here to travel)

If the action to be emphasized took place in the past shigrave is alwaysused with de

ta shigrave zuoacutetian Did he leave yesterdayziu de mawimen bugrave shigrave We did not come on footziulugrave laacutei de

Under such circumstances to highlight the object shigrave is placed beforethe verb while de is inserted between the verb and the object

wi xifo shiacutehou shigrave xueacute de zhdngweacutenI studied Chinese when I was little

wimen gangcaacutei shigrave jiagraveo de chfomiagravenWhat we ordered just now was fried noodles

It is however not unusual to find native speakers express this similarnotion by using an alternative structure where the topic assumes theform of an attributive marked by de with the qualified noun under-stood and the comment uses shigrave to introduce the element to be highlighted

wi xifo shiacutehou xueacute de shigrave zhdngweacutenIt was Chinese that I studied when I was little

wimen gangcaacutei jiagraveo de shigrave chfomiagravenIt was fried noodles that we ordered just now

11shigrave

and you

106

E yiu indicates either possession lsquoto haversquo

ta yiu yc gegrave diagravennfo Shersquos got a computerta zhh yiu lifng gegrave eacuterzi He only has two sons

or existence lsquothere isarersquo A regular pattern is lsquolocation phrase + yiu + nounrsquo which normally translates into English as lsquoThere isare(somethingsome things) (somewhere)rsquo (see Unit 2)

chduti li yiu xigravenzhh

There is some writing paper in the drawer

caochfng shang yiu hgn dud yugravendogravengyuaacutenThere are a lot of athletes on the sportsfield

shugrave xiagrave yiu yc zhc tugraveziThere is a hare under the tree

huacute shang yiu yc quacuten yaziThere is a flock of ducks on the lake

Note The noun following yiu is always of indefinite reference(see Unit 2)

F yiu is negated by meacutei

wi meacutei yiu diagravennfoI havenrsquot got a computer

wezi li meacutei yiu reacutenThere isnrsquot anybody in the room

chduti li zhh yiu xigravenzhh | meacutei yiu xigravenfbngThere is only writing paper in the drawer and no envelopes

Note When yiu is negated the noun object is not usuallymodified by a lsquonumeral + measure wordrsquo phrase unless the numberis the central issue

guigravezi li zhh yiu yc jiagraven maacuteoyc | meacutei yiu lifng jiagraven maacuteoyc

There is only one sweater in the wardrobe not two

G shigrave may also be used to indicate existence like yiu but itdiffers from yiu in two ways

11shigrave

and you

107

(i) shigrave (but not yiu) may be preceded by quaacuten or ddulsquoall entirelyrsquo to suggest that the location is occupied solely by onekind of being or thing

digrave shang quaacuten shigrave shuh

The ground was covered with water

jib shang ddu shigrave reacutenThe street was full of people

(ii) while yiu focuses mainly on what exists shigrave tends toemphasize the location as well

diagravenyhngyuagraven duigravemiagraven yiu jh jia shangdiagravenThere are a few shops (amongst other things) opposite the cinema

faacutengzi hograveumian shigrave gegrave cagraveiyuaacutenBehind the house is a vegetable garden

Exercise 111

Translate the following sentences into Chinese bearing in mind thatshigrave may or may not have to be present

1 She is my neighbour2 My younger sister is beautiful3 Yesterday was Tuesday4 My car is red5 This fish is alive6 Our room is clean7 That story is very interesting8 These vegetables are fresh9 This skirt isnrsquot too dirty

10 The concert was wonderful11 All these clothes are old12 Whose is that pair of glasses

Exercise 112

Rewrite the Chinese sentences below in the negative to match the English

1 xifo waacuteng yiu yc tiaacuteo giuXiao Wang hasnrsquot got a dog

11shigrave

and you

108

2 huayuaacuten li yiu hgn dud huarThere arenrsquot many flowers in the garden

3 tamen ddu shigrave ycngguoacute reacutenNone of them is English

4 zhegravei zhuagraveng faacutengzi shigrave ta deThis house isnrsquot his

5 negravei bbi kafbi shigrave wi peacutengyou deThat cup of coffee isnrsquot my friendrsquos

6 loacuteuxiagrave yiu reacutenTherersquos no one downstairs

7 ta shigrave jcnglhShe isnrsquot the manager

8 ta yiu lifng jiagraven xiacutengliHe doesnrsquot have two pieces of luggage

9 wi de toacutengxueacute ddu shigrave zhdngguoacute reacutenNot all my classmates are Chinese

10 tuacuteshegufn hograveumian shigrave diagravenyhngyuagravenIt isnrsquot the cinema behind the library

Exercise 113

Indicate which of the two Chinese translations for the English sentencesbelow is correct in each case

1 There is some writing paper in the drawerchduti li shigrave xigravenzhh


2 The picture is beautifulnegravei fuacute huagraver hgn mgi

negravei fuacute huagraver shigrave mgi de3 This snake is alive ( sheacute lsquosnakersquo)

zhegravei tiaacuteo sheacute shigrave huoacutezhegravei tiaacuteo sheacute shigrave huoacute de

4 I havenrsquot got a pair of gloveswi meacutei yiu shiutagraveo

wi meacutei yiu yc shuang shiutagraveo5 He isnrsquot a manager

ta meacutei shigrave jcnglhta bugrave shigrave jcnglh

6 There arenrsquot any rabbits under the treeshugrave xiagrave bugrave yiu tugravezishugrave xiagrave meacutei yiu tugravezi

7 Those trousers arenrsquot minenegravei tiaacuteo kugravezi bugrave shigrave wi denegravei tiaacuteo kugravezi meacutei shigrave wi de

11shigrave

and you

109

8 The bookshelf was filled with booksshejiagrave shang ddu shigrave she

shejiagrave shang ddu yiu she

Exercise 114


1 There are two red jumpers in the wardrobe2 There is a large cooker in the kitchen ( luacutezi lsquocookerrsquo)3 There are many books on the bookshelf4 There are many students in the classroom5 The swimming-pool is full of people6 There isnrsquot a single chair in the room7 There is nothing in the drawer8 There are no flowers in the garden9 There isnrsquot a telephone in the office

10 There is a flock of sheep at the foot of the hill11 Opposite the restaurant is the cinema12 There is quite a lot of cooked rice in the pot13 There is only a little milk in the bottle14 There are toys all over the floor ( digravebfn lsquofloorrsquo)15 There is nobody in the house

Exercise 115

Translate the sentences below into Chinese

1 This is a bus ticket not a cinema ticket2 That is a pair of mandarin ducks not ordinary ducks

( pjtdng lsquoordinaryrsquo)3 Those are potatoes not sweet potatoes ( fanshj lsquosweet potatorsquo)4 These are bees not flies ( migravefbng lsquobeersquo)5 This is petrol not vegetable oil ( cagraveiyoacuteu lsquovegetable oilrsquo)6 That is Mr Zhang the manager not Mr Li the engineer7 There is only a bicycle outside not a car8 There are pearls but no earrings in the box ( heacutezi lsquoboxrsquo)9 There is only a map on the wall not a picture

10 I have a packet of cigarettes but not a box of matches ( baolsquopacketrsquo)

11 There is a cooker but no fridge in the kitchen

11shigrave

and you

110

12 I have only got a knife but not a pair of scissors13 None of these is hers14 Not all of those are good15 Those are all badno good


Translate the following into Chinese using shigrave or shigrave de to highlight the italicized parts of the sentences

Are you going to China this summer Are you coming back to theUK next year

nh shigrave jcnniaacuten xiagravetian qugrave zhdngguoacute ma( ) nh shigrave miacutengniaacuten huiacute (laacutei) ycngguoacute ma

1 I am going to China in the autumn of next year2 I am coming back to the UK the year after the next3 I am not going by boat4 I am going by plane5 When are you going to China6 Where are you going next year7 Are you going to China tomorrow8 It is my friend not me9 Did your friend leave yesterday

10 No he left the day before yesterday11 He wentleft by plane12 He will come back to the UK on Saturday13 Who was it made by14 Did she make it15 She didnrsquot make it He did


Translate the sentences below into Chinese Notice that the noun inthe first clause is replaced or represented by an attributive phrase ora demonstrative and measure in the second Remember however thatin Chinese human nouns or nouns that represent institutions are notusually omitted

The fried noodles you ordered are delicious but the ones I orderedarenrsquot

nh jiagraveo de chfomiagraven hgn hfochc | wi jiagraveo de bugrave hfochc

11shigrave

and you

111

1 The bottle of milk you bought is fresh (but) the one I bought isnrsquot2 This table is square (but) that onersquos round3 Her book is interesting (but) mine is boring4 Fatherrsquos car is blue (but) motherrsquos is red5 This shirt is mine (but) whose is that one6 Those trousers are long enough (but) these arenrsquot7 His friends are all very rich ( yiuqiaacuten) (but) mine arenrsquot8 Your room is clean (but) his isnrsquot clean enough9 Mr Zhangrsquos horse is black (but) Mrs Lirsquos is white

10 These apples are expensive (but) those are cheap

11shigrave

and you

112

UNIT TWELVEComparisons

113

A The standard way to express a comparison in Chinese is to use theword bh lsquoto compare withrsquo in conjunction with an adjectival pre-dicate lsquoX is betterlarger etc than Yrsquo in English for examplebecomes lsquoX + bh + Y + goodlarge etcrsquo in Chinese

zhegravei gegrave bh negravei gegrave hfoThis one is better than that one

zhegravei gegrave xueacutexiagraveo bh negravei gegrave xueacutexiaograve dagraveThis school is larger than that school

zhegravei gegrave xiangzi bh negravei gegrave xiangzi zhogravengThis box is heavier than that box

As an adjective on its own in the predicative position implies a con-trast in Chinese (see Unit 10) it therefore follows that bh com-parisons require an adjective used by itself that does not have an adverbial modifier like hgn lsquoveryrsquo shiacutefbn lsquoextremelyrsquo fbichaacuteng lsquoexceptionallyrsquo etc

One cannot say for example

zhegravei gegrave bh negravei gegrave hgn hfoThis one is better than that one

However the adjective may be modified by degree adverbs like gegravengand ( ) haacutei (yagraveo) lsquoeven (more)rsquo or followed by degree complementslike ycdifnr lsquoslightlyrsquo ycxib lsquoa littlersquo and de dud or

dud le lsquomuchrsquo

(i) with degree adverbs

zhegravei gegrave bh negravei gegrave gegraveng hfoThis one is even better than that one

( )zhegravei gegrave xueacutexiagraveo bh negravei gegrave (xueacutexiagraveo) gegraveng dagraveThis school is even larger than that school

( ) ( )zhegravei gegrave xiangzi bh negravei gegrave (xiangzi) haiacute (yagraveo) zhogravengThis box is even heavier than that box

lifng jiagraven dagraveyc ddu hgn chaacuteng | hoacuteng dagraveyc bh laacuten dagraveyc gegraveng chaacutengBoth coats are very long but the red one is even longer thanthe blue one

( ) ( )zhegravei zhing magraveozi hgn guigrave | negravei zhing magraveozi (bh zhegravei zhing magraveozi)haacutei (yagraveo) guigraveA hat like this is very expensive but one like that is even moreexpensive (than this one)

(ii) with degree complements

zhegravei gegrave bh negravei gegrave hfo dud leThis onersquos much better than that one

( )zhegravei zhuagraveng faacutengzi bh negravei zhuagraveng (faacutengzi) dagrave ycdifnrThis house is slightly larger than that house

( )zhegravei jiagraven xiacutengli bh nagrave jiagraven (xiacutengli) zhograveng de dud

This case is much heavier than that one (lit This piece of lug-gage is much heavier than that piece)

shagravenghfi bh bgijcng nufn ycxibShanghai is a bit warmer than Beijing

Sometimes a degree complement registers an actual amount orextent

wi bh bagraveba fi yc cugravenIrsquom an inch shorter than my father

gbge bh digravedi zhograveng lifng gdngjcn(The) elder brother is two kilos heavier than the youngerbrother

B Negative comparison is expressed by either placing the negator bugrave lsquonotrsquo directly before bh or using the pattern lsquoX + ( ) meacutei(yiu)

12Compar-isons

114

+ Y + nagraveme zhegraveme lsquosorsquo + adjectiversquo The difference betweenthe two is that the former emphasizes the fact that A is no better (etc)than B whereas the latter the fact that A is worse (etc) than B

zhegravei gegrave bugrave bh negravei gegrave hfoThis one isnrsquot better than that one

zhegravei gegrave xueacutexiagraveo bugrave bh negravei gegrave xueacutexiagraveo dagraveThis school isnrsquot larger than that school

zhegravei gegrave xiangzi bugrave bh negravei gegrave xiangzi zhogravengThis box isnrsquot heavier than that box

or

( ) wi meacutei(yiu) nh nagravemezhegraveme cdngmingIrsquom not as intelligent as you

( ) zhegravei gegrave meacutei(yiu) negravei gegrave nagravemezhegraveme hfoThis (one) is not as good as that (one)

( ) wi jigjie meacutei(yiu) wi zhegraveme gaoMy elder sister isnrsquot as tall as I am

( ) lfoshj meacutei(yiu) sdngshj nagraveme dagraveMice arenrsquot as big as squirrels

The latter pattern can occur in the positive with yiu usually whena question is being asked

nh jigjie yiu nh zhegraveme gao maIs your elder sister as tall as you are

lfoshj yiu sdngshj nagraveme dagrave maAre mice as big as squirrels

C Similarity is conveyed by ycyagraveng lsquothe samersquo (lit lsquoone typersquo)in conjunction with the word gbn (or heacute toacuteng yj) lsquowithandrsquo ycyagraveng itself functions as an adjectival predicative

nagrave lifng gegrave ycyagraveng Those two are the samewi gbn nh ycyagraveng Irsquom the same as youzhegravei gegrave gbn negravei gegrave This (one) is the same as ycyagraveng that (one)

12Compar-isons

115

ycyagraveng is also followed by an adjective to express more specificsimilarity in the pattern lsquoX + gbn ( heacute toacuteng yj) + Y +

ycyagraveng + adjectiversquo

wi gbn nh ycyagraveng dagraveIrsquom as old as you

zhegravei gegrave gbn negravei gegrave ycyagraveng hfoThis (one) is as good as that (one)

xifo wuacute gbn xifo hoacuteng ycyagraveng zhogravengXiao Wu and Xiao Hong are the same weightXiao Wu weighs asmuch as Xiao Hong

mama heacute bagraveba ycyagraveng gaoMother and Father are the same heightMother is as tall as Father

Note In expressing dissimilarity bugrave comes before ycyagravengeg xifo wuacute gbn xifo hoacuteng bugrave ycyagraveng dagravetherefore means lsquoXiao Wu and Xiao Hong are not the same agersquoIt does not mean lsquoXiao Wu is not as young (or old) as Xiao Hongrsquo(see section B above)

D So far the comparisons discussed have related to an entityrsquosattributes (expressed as adjectival predicates) If the comparisoninvolves an action de is placed immediately after the verb thatexpresses the action whilst the comparative formats discussed abovepositive or negative similarity or otherwise come either before or afterthe lsquoverb + dersquo phrase

wi bh nh zuograve de hfowi zuograve de bh nh hfo

I did it better than you

wi gbn nh zuograve de ycyagraveng hfowi zuograve de gbn nh ycyagraveng hfo

I did it as well as you

wi bugrave bh nh zuograve de hfowi zuograve de bugrave bh nh hfo

I did not do it better than you

wi meacuteiyiu nh zuograve de hfowi zuograve de meacuteiyiu nh hfo

I did it worse than you

12Compar-isons

116

wi bugrave gbn nh zuograve de ycyagraveng hfowi zuograve de bugrave gbn nh ycyagraveng hfo

I did not do it as well as you


( )yc hagraveo yugravendogravengyuaacuten pfo de bh egraver hagraveo (yugravendogravengyuaacuten) kuagraveiAthlete No 1 ran faster than athlete No 2

( )yc hagraveo yugravendogravengyuaacuten pfo de gbn egraver hagraveo (yugravendogravengyuaacuten) ycyagraveng kuagraveiAthlete No 1 ran as fast as athlete No 2

ta chc de bh wi dud

He ate more than I didHe eats more than I do

ta chc de gbn wi ycyagraveng dud

He ate as much as I didHe eats as much as I do

If the action verb has an object the verb is repeated with de afterthe verb-object expression in either of the above patterns

ta tiagraveowj tiagraveo de bh wi hfota tiagraveowj bh wi tiagraveo de hfo

She dances better than I doShe is a better dancer than I am

ta paacuteshan paacute de gbn wi ycyagraveng kuagraveita paacuteshan gbn wi pagrave de ycyagraveng kuagravei

He climbs a hill as fast as I do

E The superlative degree is expressed simply by placing the adverbzuigrave before the adjective

zhegrave san zhing huar | baacutei hua zuigrave xiangOf these three flowers the white one smells the nicest(lit is the most fragrant)

ban shang egraver shiacute jh gegrave xueacutesheng | xifo zhang zuigrave qiacutenfegravenOut of the twenty or so pupils in the class Xiao Zhang is the mostdiligent

wj yiu sigrave gegrave haacuteizi | digrave egraver gegrave haacuteizi kfo de zuigrave hfoI have four children The second child did best in the examination

12Compar-isons

117

F Increasing or intensifying comparison in the pattern lsquomore andmore rsquo follows the pattern lsquo yuegrave laacutei yuegrave + adjectiversquo

baacuteitianhbiyegrave yuegrave laacutei yugravee chaacutengThe daysnights are growing longer and longer

tianqigrave yuegrave laacutei yuegrave regrave lgngThe weather is getting hotter and hottercolder and colder

wimen de shbnghuoacute yuegrave laacutei yuegrave hfoOur life is getting better and better

The lsquo yuegrave yuegrave rsquo pattern is in fact used in a number of ways

(i) lsquo yuegrave + adjective + yuegrave + adjectiversquo

yuegrave dud yuegrave hfoThe more the better (merrier)

jiang yuegrave lfo yuegrave lagraveThe older ginger gets the hotter it is (ie old ginger gets hotter)

(ii) lsquo yuegrave + verb + yuegrave + adjectiversquo

ta yuegrave tiagraveo yuegrave gaoShe jumped higher and higher

ta yuegrave pfo yuegrave kuagraveiHe ran faster and faster

(iii) lsquo yuegrave + verb + yuegrave + verbrsquo

ta yuegrave dj yuegrave she | yuegrave she yuegrave dj

The more he gambled the more money he lost and the moremoney he lost the more he gambled

ta yuegrave shud yuegrave qigraveThe more she spoke the angrier she became

(iv) where meaning allows each lsquo yuegrave + verbrsquo construction may haveits own subject

ta yuegrave shud wi yuegrave qigraveThe more she spoke the angrier I became

kafbi yuegrave tiaacuten wi yuegrave xhhuanThe sweeter the coffee the better I like it

12Compar-isons

118

G Finally it is not uncommon to make comparisons using adverbssuch as zfoxian lsquoearlyrsquo or wfnchiacute lsquolatersquo and the usual con-struction is

ta bh wi xianchiacute dagraveoHe arrived earlierlater than I did

ta bh wi zfowfn qhchuaacutengHe gets up earlierlater than I do

If a degree complement is used it usually comes after the verb if theverb is monosyllabic

( ) ta bh wi zfo laacutei bagraven (gegrave) xifoshiacuteHe came half an hour earlier than I did

However if the verb is disyllabic the degree complement is more likelyto come after the adverb

( ) ta bh wi zfo bagraven (gegrave) xifoshiacute qhchuaacutengHe got up half an hour earlier than I did

In fact the longer the verbal expression the more likely it is that thedegree complement will come after the adverb

( )ta bh wi zfo bagraven (gegrave) xifoshiacute dagraveodaacute mugravedigravedigraveHe reached the destination half an hour earlier than I did

Exercise 121

Using the words supplied construct Chinese sentences expressingcomparison or similarity and then translate them into English

wi nh dagrave gbn ycyagraveng

wi gbn nh ycyagraveng dagraveYou and I are the same age

1fbijc huichb bh kuagraveiplane train fast

2ffguoacute mgiguoacute bugrave ycyagraveng dagrave gbnFrance America

12Compar-isons

119

3ddngtian chentian bh nufnhuowinter spring warm

4mao lfohj de dud xifo bh

cat tiger a lot5

arsquogrbbisc shan xhmflayf gao nagraveme meacuteiyiushan

The Alps The Himalayas high6

zhdngguoacute de eacuteguoacute de dud bh

reacutenkiu reacutenkiuChinarsquos Russiarsquos manypopulation population

7chaacutengcheacuteng jcnzigravetf yiumiacuteng heacute ycyagravengThe Great Wall The Pyramids well-known

8xifo lh lfo zhang nagraveme qiacutenfegraven meacuteiyiuXiao Li Lao Zhang industrious

9chfofagraven chfomiagraven hfochc de dud bh

fried rice fried noodles delicious a lot10

wi de xiacutengli nh de xiacutengli lifng gdngjcn zhograveng bh

my luggage your luggage two kilos heavy

Exercise 122

Rewrite the following negative comparison sentences using bh with-out changing the meaning and then translate them into English

digravedi meacuteiyiu wi zhegraveme gaoMy younger brother isnrsquot as tall as I am

wi bh digravedi gaoI am taller than my younger brother

1 shayuacute meacuteiyiu jcngyuacute nagraveme dagraveSharks are not as big as whales

2zhagraveoxiagravengjc meacuteiyiu shegravexiagravengjc nagraveme guigraveCameras arenrsquot as expensive as video cameras

3 taacuteozi meacuteiyiu piacutenggui nagraveme yigravengPeaches are not as hard as apples

12Compar-isons

120

4zhegravei gegrave cheacutengshigrave meacuteiyiu negravei gegrave cheacutengshigrave nagraveme mgiligraveThis city isnrsquot as beautiful as that one

5ycngguoacute de chentian meacuteiyiu xiagravetian zhegraveme regraveThe spring isnrsquot as hot as the summer in Britain

6 ffyj meacuteiyiu deacuteyj zhegraveme naacutenFrench is not as difficult as German

7 nh meacuteiyiu wi nagraveme zhogravengYou are not as heavy as me

8 huaacutengheacute meacuteiyiu chaacutengjiang nagraveme chaacutengThe Yellow River is not as long as the Yangtze River

9ta de jianbfng meacuteiyiu nh de nagraveme kuan ( kuan lsquobroadrsquo)His shoulders are not as broad as yours

10zhegravei shiu gb meacuteiyiu negravei shiu gb nagraveme hfotcngThis song is not as nice as that one

Exercise 123

Complete the Chinese sentences below with either lsquo(adjective) + ycxib ycdifnr de dudrsquo or lsquo(adjective) + numeral + measurewordrsquo to match the English translations (note ycdifnr is represented as two spaces )

1negravei gegrave chuacuteshc bh wi ( pagraveng lsquofatrsquo)That cook is much fatter than I am

2mao de wgiba bh tugravezi de wgibaA catrsquos tail is much longer than a rabbitrsquos tail

3 ( )qiuacutexieacute bh piacutexieacute Sports shoes are slightly cheaper than leather shoes

4megraveimei bh jigjie ( shograveu lsquothinrsquo)The younger sister is slightly thinner than the older sister

5yeacuteye bh nfinai Grandma is two years younger than Grandpa

6zhegravei jiagraven ycfu bh negravei jiagraven ycfu This dress is two pounds more expensive than that one

12Compar-isons

121

7zhegravei gegrave gugraveshi bh negravei gegrave gugraveshi This story is much more interesting than that one

8zhegravei zhuagraveng fangzi bh negravei zhuagraveng This house is slightly prettier than that one

9negravei xib xiangjiao bh zhegravei xibThose bananas are much fresher than these

10wi de niuacutezfikugrave bh nh deMy jeans are a little cleaner than yours

Exercise 124

Complete these sentences with either gegraveng haacutei yagraveo or zuigrave

1zhegraveme dud de xieacutezi | hbi de negravei shuang piagraveoliangOf all these shoes that black pair is the most beautiful

2zhegravei xib she ddu hgn yiu yigravesi | negravei bgn yiu yigravesiAll these books are interesting but that book is even more interesting

3negravei san gegrave xcgua ddu hgn tiaacuten | zhegravei gegrave tiaacuten ycdifnrThose three water melons are sweet but this one is even sweeter

4dagraveo shigravezhdngxcn qugrave | zhegravei tiaacuteo lugrave jigravenThis is the quickest way to the city centre

5wi qugrave guo de chgngshigrave zhdng | bugravelageacute mgiligraveOf all the cities I have been to Prague is the most beautiful

6san niaacutenjiacute wj shiacute gegrave xueacutesheng | ta qiacutenfegravenAmongst the fifty students of the Third Year she is the most industrious

7zhegravei xib cagravei ddu hgn hfochc | kgshigrave negravei gegrave cagravei hfochc ( cagraveilsquodish (of food)rsquo)These dishes are tasty but that dish is even more tasty

12Compar-isons

122

8negravei shiu gb hgn hfotcng | kgshigrave zhegravei shiu gb hfotcngThat song is nice but this song is even nicer

9zhegravei zhing hua hgn xiang | negravei zhing hua xiangThis kind of flower is fragrant but that kind is even more fragrant

10egraver hagraveo yugravendogravengyuaacuten pfo de bh yc hagraveo yugravendogravengyuaacuten kuagraveiAthlete No 2 runs even faster than athlete No 1

Exercise 125

Translate the sentences below into Chinese (more than one version ofthe translation may be possible)

1 He came earlier than others ( zfo lsquoearlyrsquo) ( qiacuteta reacutenlsquoothersother peoplersquo)

2 She walks more slowly than he does ( ziulugrave lsquoto walkrsquo)3 Yesterday he went to bed later than I did ( wfn lsquolatersquo)4 My wife is a better driver than I am ( qczi lsquowifersquo)5 One of my coursemates sings better than I do ( chagravenggb lsquosingrsquo)6 My husband is a better tennis player than I am

( zhagravengfu lsquohusbandrsquo df wfngqiuacute lsquoto play tennisrsquo)7 My elder brother is an inch taller than I am ( gao lsquotallrsquo)8 (The) younger sister is a half kilo lighter than the elder sister

( qcng lsquolightrsquo)9 Is a squirrel as big as a mouse

10 This house isnrsquot as pretty as that one ( faacutengzi lsquohousersquo)

Exercise 126

Translate the following sentences into Chinese using the patterns forintensifying comparison

1 I am growing more and more hungry2 The chef was getting fatter and fatter ( chuacuteshc lsquochefrsquo)3 That horse runs more and more slowly in races

( zagravei bhsagravei zhdng lsquoin racesrsquo)4 The soccer match became more and more exciting5 The road gets wider and wider

12Compar-isons

123

6 Grandfatherrsquos illness was growing more and more serious( yaacutenzhograveng lsquoseriousrsquo)

7 The more he drinks the more drunk he becomes8 The quicker the better9 The more he sings the unhappier I become

10 The more peppery the food the more I like it


Reformulate the following Chinese sentences as two different negativecomparisons

zhegravei piacuteng nijnfi bh negravei piacuteng xcnxianThis bottle of milk is fresher than that one

azhegravei piacuteng nijnfi bugrave bh negravei piacuteng xcnxianThis bottle of milk is no fresher than that one

bnegravei piacuteng nijnfi meacuteiyiu zhegravei piacuteng xcnxianThat bottle of milk is less fresh than this one

1 ( ) zhegravei zhang zhudzi bh negravei zhang(zhudzi) ganjigravengThis table is cleaner than that one

2 ( ) zhegravei gegrave faacutengjian bh negravei gegrave (faacutengjian)zhgngqiacuteThis room is tidier than that one

3 zhegravei gegrave reacuten bh negravei gegrave reacuten lfoshiThis person is more honest than that person

4 ( ) zhegravei gegrave gugraveshi bh negravei gegrave (gugraveshi) yiuqugraveThis story is more interesting than that one

5 ( ) zhegravei chfng bhsagravei bh negravei chfng (bhsagravei)jcngcfiThis match is more exciting than that one

6 ( ) zhegravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi bh negravei tiaacuteo (quacutenzi) chaacutengThis skirt is longer than that one

7 ( ) zhegravei shuang xieacutezi bh negravei shuang (xieacutezi) xifoThis pair of shoes is smaller than that pair

8 ( ) zhegravei jiagraven ycfu bh negravei jiagraven (ycfu) zangThis shirtjacketetc is dirtier than that one

9 ( ) zhegravei liagraveng chb bh negravei liagraveng (chb) piagraveoliangThis car is better looking than that one

12Compar-isons

124

10 ( ) zhegravei zuograve loacuteufaacuteng bh negravei zuograve (loacuteufaacuteng)gjlfoThis building is more ancient than that one

11 ( ) zhegravei xib shecagravei bh negravei xib (shecagravei) xcnxianThese vegetables are fresher than those

12 ( ) zhegravei jia shangdiagraven bh negravei jia (shangdiagraven)dagraveThis shop is bigger than that one

13 ( ) zhegravei bbi kafbi bh negravei bbi (kafbi) tiaacutenThis cup of coffee is sweeter than that one

14 zhegravei gegrave haacuteizi bh negravei gegrave (haacuteizi) cdngmingThis child is more intelligent than that child

15 ( ) zhegravei jiagraven xiacutengli bh negravei jiagraven (xiacutengli) zhogravengThis piece of luggage is heavier than that one

16 ( ) zhegraver de tianqigrave bh nagraver de (tianqigrave) hfoThe weather here is better than the weather there

17 ( ) zhegravei kuagravei jiang bh negravei kuagravei (jiang) lagraveThis piece of ginger is hotter than that one

18 zhegravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten bh negravei gegraveyugravendogravengyuaacuten gaoThis athlete is taller than that athlete

19 ( ) zhegravei zhing huar bh negravei zhing (huar)xiangThis flower smells sweeter than that one

20 qugraveniaacuten ddngtian bh jcnniaacuten ddngtian lgngLast yearrsquos winter was colder than this yearrsquos winter

Note In comparisons positive or negative if the second item is similar to the first it may often be omitted for the sake of brevitybut it is less likely to be omitted if it refers to people rather thanthings or if misunderstanding might occur


Translate the sentences below into Chinese adding a degree comple-ment in each case as indicated

I am two centimetres taller than my younger brother ( lifnggdngfbn lsquotwo centimetresrsquo)

wi bh digravedi gao lifng gdngfbn

12Compar-isons

125

1 I am heavier than my younger brother ( wj gdngjcn lsquofivekilogramsrsquo)

2 My friend is shorter than me ( san cugraven lsquothree inchesrsquo)3 Your luggage is heavier than mine ( sigrave gdngjcn lsquofour kilogramsrsquo)4 Today is warmer than yesterday ( lifng dugrave lsquotwo degreesrsquo)5 Last winter was colder than this one ( lifng | san dugrave lsquotwo

to three degreesrsquo)6 This road is broader than that one ( lifng gdngchh lsquotwo

metresrsquo)7 His trousers are longer than yours ( yc | lifng cugraven lsquoone to

two inchesrsquo)8 Your camera is more expensive than mine ( yc bfi kuagravei

qiaacuten lsquoone hundred yuanrsquo)9 Your watch ( bifo) is faster than mine ( shiacute fbn zhdng

lsquoten minutesrsquo)10 This journey ( lugravecheacuteng) is farther than that one (

egraver shiacute gdnglh zuiyograveu lsquotwenty kilometers or sorsquo)11 I got up earlier than he did ( yc gegrave zhdngtoacuteu lsquoone hourrsquo)12 He graduated later than I did ( yc niaacuten lsquoa yearrsquo)13 They set out earlier than we did ( lifng tian lsquotwo daysrsquo)14 She came later than I did ( ( ) bagraven (gegrave) xifoshiacute lsquohalf an hourrsquo)15 The train arrived earlier than the bus ( wj fbn zhdng lsquofive

minutesrsquo)

12Compar-isons

126

UNIT THIRTEENVerbs and location expressions

127

A A number of the most common words that indicate place may beformed by linking the root words lh wagravei shagraveng xiagrave qiaacuten and hograveu with bian mian or tou

lhbian ( lhmian lhtou) insidewagraveibian ( wagraveimian wagraveitou) outsideshagravengbian ( shagravengmian shagravengtou) abovexiagravebian ( xiagravemian xiagravetou) belowqiaacutenbian ( qiaacutenmian qiaacutentou) in fronthograveubian ( hograveumian hograveutou) behind

Others are linked with bian or mian

zuibian ( zuimiagraven) leftyograveubian ( yograveumiagraven) rightddngbian ( ddngmiagraven) eastnaacutenbian ( naacutenmiagraven) southxcbian ( xcmiagraven) westbgibian ( bgimiagraven) north

Others have only one form

paacutengbian atby the side ofduigravemiagraven oppositezhdngjian in the middlebetween

Note A colloquial variant of xiagravebian xiagravetouxiagravemian is dhxia

B These place words may all be used after nouns to form more com-plex location expressions

zhudzi shagravengbian on the tablexueacutexiagraveo qiaacutenmian in front of the schoolguigravezi lhtou in(side) the cupboardfaacutengzi wagraveimian outside the houseyoacuteuyingchiacute next toby the side of the paacutengbian swimming-poollhtaacuteng duigravemiagraven opposite the auditoriumdagravetcng zhdngjian in the centre of the hallkegravetcng heacute wograveshigrave between the sitting-room zhdngjian and the bedroomwi jia naacutenmiagraven (to the) south of my homeshagravenghfi bgibian (to the) north of Shanghai

There are a few other words which convey less specific locations

sigravezhduzhduweacutei aroundfugravejigraven nearnagraver at the home ofwhere someone is

For example

dagravexueacute fugravejigraven near the universitylh xiansheng nagraver at Mr Lirsquos place or over there

where Mr Li ishuayuaacuten sigravezhdu on all sides ofaround the garden

C For some of these disyllabic place words that are often suffixed tonouns and which can be called postpositions (comparable to Englishprepositions) there are a number of monosyllabic variants which arein fact the root or stem of these disyllabic forms (as we have seen inA above)

li ininsidewagravei outsideshang onaboveoverxiagrave underbelowbeneathqiaacuten in front ofhograveu behindzhdng inamongbetweenpaacuteng bian bybeside

li and shang are the most widely used of these monosyllabic post-positions but they all regularly occur

13Verbs andlocationexpres-sions

128

yhzi shang on the chairfaacutengzi li in the housecheacuteng wagravei outside the citymeacuten qiaacuten in front of the doorshugrave xiagrave under the treepeacutengyou zhdng amongst friendslugrave bian by the side of the roadbegravei hograveu behind someonersquos back

Note As we can see from the last example these monosyllabic post-positions are often used in contexts where idiom rather than the strictconcept of location prevails

xcn zhdng in onersquos hearthuigrave shang at the meetinglhlugraven shang in theory

Also Chinese postpositions in actual use do not always match theirEnglish prepositional counterparts

yagraveoshi zagravei meacuten shang The key is in the doorshe shang meacutei zhegraveme It doesnrsquot say soshud in the book

D Location expressions are used in the following positions in aChinese sentence

(i) before the verb in conjunction with words such as zagravei lsquoin atrsquodagraveo lsquotorsquo coacuteng lsquofromrsquo etc to indicate location destination

or direction

tamen zagravei qiaacuteng shang xig biaoyj

They are writing slogans on the wall

haacuteizimen zagravei cfodigrave shang waacutenrThe children are playing on the grass

wimen dagraveo cheacuteng li qugrave mfi she

We went to town to buy some books

qhng zagravei lhmian dgng taPlease wait for him inside

ta coacuteng heacutezi li naacute che yc zhc qianbh laacuteiShe took a pencil out of the box


129

tamen zagravei xueacutexiagraveo paacutengbian gagravei yc zuograve xcn faacutengziThey are putting up a new building next to the school

Note Verbs that follow the location expressions usually havemore than one syllable (see Section F)

(ii) after a verb which denotes an action that will naturally end up ina location

yeacuteye zuograve zagravei shafa shangGrandpa is sitting on the sofa

( ) ta dai zagravei jia liShe stayed at home

tamen ddu zhugrave zagravei cheacuteng wagraveiAll of them live in the outskirts (lit out of the town)

hgn dud reacuten tfng zagravei cfodigrave shang shagravei tagraveiyangThere are many people lying on the grass sunbathing

qhng zuograve zagravei qiaacutenmianPlease sit in front

bieacute rbng dagraveo chuang wagravei qugraveDonrsquot throw it out of the window

Note Verbs which do not denote actions that will naturally endup in a location cannot of course follow the pattern discussedin (ii) therefore

One cannot say

tamen xueacutexiacute zagravei tuacuteshegufn(lit They are studying at the library)

(iii) at the beginning of a sentence to indicate the location of some-thing or someone (see Unit 11)

dogravengwugraveyuaacuten yograveubian shigrave zhiacutewugraveyuaacutenTo the right of the zoo is the botanical garden

zhagraventaacutei shang yiu hgn dud reacutenThere are a lot of people on the (station) platform


130

wagraveibian meacutei yiu yhziThere are no chairs outside

E The postposition li (or lhbian lhtou lhmian) is notused after geographical names For example

tamen zagravei zhdngguoacute lsyoacuteuThey are on a tour in China

bgijcng yiu hgn dud jugravechfngThere are a lot of theatres in Beijing

One cannot say

tamen zagravei zhdngguoacute li lsyoacuteu bgijcng li yiu hgn dud jugravechfng

On the other hand li is optional after a location noun of two syllables

( ) ta zagravei huayuaacuten (li) zhograveng hua

She is planting flowers in the garden

( ) digravedi coacuteng xueacutexiagraveo (li) che laacutei(My) younger brother came out of the school

( )jigjie heacute ta de peacutengyou zagravei fagravengufn (li) chcfagraven(My) elder sister and her friends are having a meal in a restaurant

However it is less likely for the omission to take place if the locationnoun is of one syllable For example

mama zagravei cheacuteng li mfi ddngxiMother is shopping in town

but not

mama zagravei cheacuteng mfi ddngxi

unless of course the noun refers to a location very familiar to the person

( ) wi zagravei jia (li) xueacutexiacute I was studying at hometa zagravei xiagraveo zhiacuteban He is on duty at school


131

If the location noun has three syllables li lsquoinrsquo is generally not used

wi zagravei yuegravelfnshigrave I am reading newspaperskagraven bagraveo in the reading room

wi zagravei huichbzhagraven Irsquoll wait for you at the dgng nh railway station

F Where location expressions with zagravei come before the verb (seeexamples under D (i) above) the verb that follows usually consists ofmore than one syllable

ta zagravei jiagraveoshigrave li xueacutexiacute (a disyllabic verb)He is studying in the classroom

D bigravengreacuten zagravei chuaacuteng shang tfng zhe(a monosyllabic verb with an aspect marker)The patient is lying in bed

yiu hgn dud reacuten zagravei zhagraventaacutei shang dgngchb (a verb with an object)There are a lot of people on the platform waiting for the train

One cannot say

ta zagravei jiagraveoshigrave li xueacute (lit He is studying in the classroom)

bigravengreacuten zagravei chuaacuteng (lit The patient is shang tfng lying in bed)

Note 1 The aspect marker that changes a monosyllabic verb into atwo-syllabled verb phrase as we can see from the second exampleabove is usually D zhe which indicates a continuous action or stateand gives the sentence a descriptive nature

Note 2 The exception to this rule is that monosyllabic verbs maybe used in questions (and their associated answers) and in imperatives

nh zagravei nfr dgng Where are you going to wait

wi zagravei huichbzhagraven dgng Irsquoll wait at the railway station

nh zagravei zhegraver zuograve You sit here


132

Exercise 131

Complete the sentences below by adding correct postpositions

1 fbng hgn dagrave | lugrave xiacutengreacuten hgnshfo ( xiacutengreacuten lsquopedestrianrsquo)The wind was strong and there were very few people on the street

2 D jc zagravei kfoxiang kfo zheThe chicken was cooking in the oven

3 ( ) D

ta zhagraven zagravei meacuten ( ) kagraven zhe bagraveba liacute qugraveShe stood by the door and watched her father leave

4chuang chuaacuten laacutei qigravechb de lfba shbng ( lfba lsquohorn (ofa car)rsquo)The sound of a car horn came from outsideA car horn soundedoutside the window

5lfoshj dui zagravei chuaacuteng ( dui lsquoto hidersquo)The mouse hid under the bed

6 chbzhagraven zagravei xueacutexiagraveoThe station is near the school

7 wimen de zuograveyegrave bgnzi zagraveilfoshc

Our course-work books are with the teacher8 ycngguoacute ddu shigrave hfi

Britain is surrounded by sea9 rigravebgn zagravei zhdngguoacute

Japan is east of China10

yiacutenhaacuteng shigrave xieacute diagraven | shigrave fuacutezhuang diagravenOn the left of the bank is a shoe shop and on the right a clothesshop

11 cegravesui zagravei diagraventcThe toilet is next to the lift

12ycngjiacuteligrave hfixiaacute zagravei ycngguoacute heacute ffguoacute The English Channel lies between England and France

13 ( )wagravezi heacute shiutagraveo ddu fagraveng zagravei guigravezi ( )( fagraveng lsquoput keeprsquo) Socks and gloves are all kept in thewardrobe

14 bcngxiang zagravei xhycjcThe fridge is on the left of the washing-machine


133

15bigravengreacuten zuograve zagravei ycshbng heacute hugraveshi ( ycshbng lsquodoctor eitherphysician or surgeonrsquo)The patient was sitting between the doctor and the nurse

16 digravetuacute guagrave zagravei hbibfnThe map is hanging on the right-hand side of the blackboard

17boacutewugravegufn zagravei yiacutenhaacuteng ( boacutewugravegufn lsquomuseumrsquo)The museum is behind the bank

18yc quacuten reacuten zhagraven zagravei dagraveloacuteuA crowd of people were standing all around the building

Exercise 132

Translate the following phrases into Chinese In some cases there maybe two possible versions

1 at the university2 at the bus-stop3 in the wardrobe4 in the north of the city5 in a box6 in bed7 in the middle of the room8 at the foot of the mountain9 on the bus

10 under a tree

Exercise 133

Decide which of the following sentences is incorrect and make correctionswhere necessary paying special attention to the use of appropriate postpositions

1 bagraveozhh zagravei zhudziThe newspaper is on the table

2 wezi li tamen zagravei kaihuigraveThey are having a meeting in the room

3 tagraveiwugraveshigrave heacute shigrave ycngguoacute li yiumiacutengde heacuteThe Thames is a famous river in Britain


134

11 next to Mother12 above the swimming-pool13 in front of the library14 behind the house15 by the river16 on the table17 near the park18 around the child19 at my grandparsquos house20 in the west

4ycshbng zagravei bigravengreacuten de chuaacuteng zhagraven le ychuigraver | meacuteiyiu shud huagraveThe doctor stood by the patientrsquos bed for a while without saying a word

5 megraveimei zagravei tuacuteshegufn kagraven she

My younger sister was reading in the library6 D yeacuteye zagravei chuaacuteng shang tfng zhe

Grandpa was lying in bed7 nh de yagraveoshi zagravei meacuten li

Your key is in the door8 sheshu gdngzuograve zagravei luacutenden

My uncle works in London9 ta zagravei meacuten qiaacuten zhagraven

She was standing in front of the house (lit in front of the door)10 nfinai zuograve zagravei shafa shang

Grandmother is sitting on the sofa11 jcnyuacute yoacuteu zagravei shuhchiacute li

The goldfish are swimming in the pool12 diagravenyhngyuagraven zagravei xieacutediagraven zui

The cinema is to the left of the shoe shop13 bagraveozhh li yiu bugrave shfo gufnggagraveo

There are quite a few advertisements in the newspaper14 tian li meacutei yiu yuacuten

There are no clouds in the sky

Exercise 134

Six people have rooms in a block of flats The diagram shows wherethey live in relation to one another Complete these sentences with thewords in the list (Each word may only be used once)

zuibian loacuteuxiagrave xiagravemianzhdngjian ddngmiagraven loacuteushagraveng

A B C (upstairs)WEST D E F (downstairs) EAST

1 B A CB zhugrave zagravei | zhugrave zagravei A heacute C

2 E D F E zhugrave zagravei D| zhugrave zagravei F

3 F C F zhugrave zagravei| zhugrave zagravei C


135

Exercise 135

Tick the correct Chinese translation(s) for each of the English sentencesbelow paying particular attention to the positioning of the locationphrase

1 The beef is cooking in the pot ( niuacuterograveu lsquobeefrsquo)D niuacuterograveu zagravei gud li zhj zhe

D niuacuterograveu zagravei gud zhj zheniuacuterograveu zhj zagravei gud li

2 A friend of mine works in a hospital

wi de yc gegrave peacutengyou zagravei yc jia ycyuagraven gdngzuograve

wi de yc gegrave peacutengyou gdngzuograve zagravei yc jia ycyuagraven

wi de yc gegrave peacutengyou zagravei yc jia ycyuagraven li gdngzuograve

3 We live in Pariswimen zhugrave zagravei baliacutewimen zhugrave zagravei baliacute liwimen zagravei baliacute zhugrave

4 She is waiting for you at the museumta zagravei boacutewugravegufn dgng nh

ta dgng nh zagravei boacutewugravegufnta zagravei boacutewugravegufn li dgng nh

5 A flock of sheep is feeding at the foot of the hillyiu yc quacuten yaacuteng zagravei shanjifo xiagrave chc cfoyiu yc quacuten yaacuteng chc cfo zagravei shanjifo xiagrave

6 My uncle is sunbathing by the seawi sheshu zagravei hfi bian shagravei tagraveiyangwi sheshu shagravei tagraveiyang zagravei hfi bian


Put the given subject location and verb phrase together into a sen-tence using first zagravei and then dagraveo qugrave (following the models given below) and translate the finished sentences into English

a jigjie zagravei cfodigrave shang shagravei tagraveiyangSister is sunbathing on the grass


136

b jigjie dagraveo cfodigrave shang qugrave shagravei tagraveiyangSister went sunbathing on the grass

1 digravedi younger brother shafa shang on the sofashuigravejiagraveo sleep

2 yeacuteye grandpa gdngyuaacuten li in the parkdf tagraveijiacutequaacuten practise Trsquoai Chi

3 bagraveba father heacute bian by the riverdiagraveo yuacute go fishingangling

4 mama mother cheacuteng li in townmfi cagravei buy food

5 nfinai grandma peacutengyou jia a friendrsquos placedf maacutejiagraveng play mah-jong

6 megraveimei younger sister xueacutexiagraveo li at schoolxueacute chagravenggb learn singingtake singing lessons

7 gbge elder brother tuacuteshegufn librarykagraven she do some reading

8 boacutebo fatherrsquos elder brother (paternal uncle) boacutewugravegufn museum

gdngzuograve work9 sheshu fatherrsquos younger brother (paternal uncle)

cagraveiyuaacuten li in the vegetable gardenzhograveng cagravei plant vegetables

10 gemj fatherrsquos elder sister (paternal aunt)huayuaacuten li in the garden

zhograveng hua plant flowers11 yiacutemj motherrsquos elderyounger sister (maternal aunt)

ycyuagraven in the hospitalkagravenbigraveng see a doctor

12 jiugravejiu motherrsquos elderyounger brother (maternal uncle)caochfng shang on the sports ground

pfobugrave go jogging13 boacutebo heacute boacutemj fatherrsquos elder brother and his wife

(paternal uncle and aunt)baliacute Parisdugravejiagrave spend their holidays

14 gemj heacute gezhagraveng fatherrsquos elder sister and her husband(paternal uncle and aunt)

bgijcng Beijinglsxiacuteng on a tour

15 yiacutemj heacute yiacutezhagraveng motherrsquos elderyounger sister and herhusband (maternal aunt and uncle)

luacutenden Londonkagraven qiuacutesagravei watch a footballtennisetc match


137

16 gbge heacute wi my elder brother and Idiagravenyhngyuagraven cinemakagraven diagravenyhng see a filmmovie

17 wi heacute digravedi my younger brother and I jia li at homekagraven diagravenshigrave watch television (Please note that only one

version is possible here)18 gbge heacute ta de ns peacutengyou elder brother and his

girlfriendkafbigufn coffee barhb kafbi drink coffee

19 jigjie heacute ta de naacuten peacutengyou elder sister and herboyfriend

yc jia shangdiagraven li in a shopmfi ycfu buy clothes

20 (D) jiugravemj dagravei (zhe) wi motherrsquos elderyounger brotherrsquoswife (maternal aunt) taking me with her

wagraveimagraveidiagraven a Chineseetc take-awaymfi wagraveimagravei buy take-away food

21 (D) jiugravejiu dagravei (zhe) wi digravedi motherrsquos elderyoungerbrother (maternal uncle) taking my younger brother with him

shatan shang on the beachqiacute mf ride on horsebackride horses go horse riding

22 (D) sheshu dagravei (zhe) wi gbge fatherrsquos youngerbrother (paternal uncle) taking my elder brother with him

jib shang in the streetqiacute zigravexiacutengchb cycle ride bicycles



1 Inside is better than outside2 Irsquoll wait for you inside the cinema3 There is no one upstairs4 Therersquos someone behind you5 Is there a public toilet in here6 In the photograph my father is sitting on the left my mother is

sitting on the right and I am standing between them7 Where do you live in China8 Please park your car on the road in front of the library9 Donrsquot sit on that chair

10 His money is in a box under the bed


138

UNIT FOURTEENVerbs and time expressions

139

A Expressions which indicate the time at which something happensare generally placed before the verb They have an important relationshipwith the verb which in Chinese does not inflect or change its form toindicate tense (see also Unit 15) They therefore set the time contextfor the action of the verb The following examples illustrate this

wimen miacutengtian qugrave sagravenbugraveWersquoll go for a walk tomorrow

wimen zuoacutetian qugrave sagravenbugraveWe went for a walk yesterday

( ) wimen mgi tian (ddu) qugrave sagravenbugraveWe go for a walk every day

We can see from the above that the verbal phrase qugrave sagravenbugravelsquogo for a walkrsquo remains unchanged in each case though the English trans-lations differ to convey tense

Note A time expression may also be placed before the subject atthe beginning of the sentence where it tends to have a slightly moreemphatic meaning

miacutengtian wimen qugrave sagravenbugraveWe are going for a walk tomorrow

( )xiagravetian wimen mgi tian (ddu) qugrave sagravenbugraveWe go for a walk every day in the summer

An unmarked verb in Chinese without a preceding time expression usu-ally indicates either habit or intention

wi ziulugrave shagravengban I go to work (habit)on foot

wimen qugrave sagravenbugrave We are going for (intention)a walk

B Time expressions may take a number of different forms from thesimple as in the examples in A above to the more complex (see alsoUnit 8) Other examples of simple time expressions are

xiagravenzagravei nownowadaysyh qiaacuten previouslyyh hograveu afterwardsguogravequgrave in the pastjianglaacutei in the futureyuegraveche at the beginning of the monthyuegravedh at the end of the monthzhdumograve at the weekendqiaacuten jh niaacuten overin the past few yearsguograve jh tian in a few daysrsquo timeshagraveng gegrave shigravejigrave in the last centuryyiu yc tian one day

tamen zhdumograve qugrave hfi bian dugravejiagraveThey are going on holiday by the sea at the weekend

wi de dagrave eacuterzi xiagravenzagravei zagravei yoacuteujuacute gdngzuograveMy eldest son is working at the post office now

guograve jh tian wi de fugravemj laacutei zhegraver tagravenwagraveng wimenIn a few days my parents will come here to visit us

yiu yc tian ta laacutei wi jia kagraven wi

One day he came to my place to see me

Note When both time and location expressions are present in a sen-tence the time expression always precedes the location expression

Other more complex phrases indicating before after and during an actionor (period of) time are formed by putting one of the following at theend of the time or verb phrase ( ) (yhzhc) qiaacuten lsquoagobeforersquo ( ) (yhzhc) hograveu lsquolaterafterrsquo ( ) ( ) (de) shiacute(hou) lsquowhen while rsquo and ( ) (zhc) zhdng lsquoduringrsquo

san gegrave xcngqc yh qiaacuten three weeks agothree weeks before

huiacute jia zhc qiaacuten before going homelifng gegrave yuegrave qiaacuten two months agotwo

months before

14Verbs and timeexpres-sions

140

wj fbn zhdng zhc five minutes laterin hograveu five minutesrsquo

timeafter five minuteschc wfnfagraven yh hograveu after (eating) supperyc niaacuten hograveu a year laterin a yearrsquos

timeafter a yearcfi cfomeacutei de shiacutehou while picking

strawberrieswimen qugrave zhdngguoacute when we went to de shiacutehou Chinakagraven she shiacute when readingxugravenliagraven zhdng during training

lifng gegrave yuegrave yh hograveu wi qugrave kagraven tamenI went to see them two months later

ta chc wfnfagraven yh hograveu qugrave kagraven diagravenyhngAfter (shersquos had) supper she is going to see a filmAfter supper shewent to see a film

wi xiagraveban de shiacutehou pegravengjiagraven taI met him when I came off work

huiacute jia zhc qiaacuten ta qugrave tuacuteshegufn jiegrave she

She is going to borrow some books from the library before she goeshomeShe went to borrow some books from the library before shewent home

Note 1 A more general time expression always precedes a morespecific one when both are present

negravei tian xugravenliagraven zhdngthat day during the training session

xiagrave xcngqc liugrave shagravengwj shiacute difn liacuteng wj fbnfive past ten1005 am next Saturday morning

Note 2 Specific time expressions formed by a lsquoverb or activity noun+ qiaacutenhograveushiacutezhdngrsquo may sometimes incorporate the word

zagravei lsquoatinonrsquo

negravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten zuoacutetian zagravei xugravenliagraven zhdng shograveu le shangThat athlete was injured yesterday during a training session


141

C Time words like chaacutengchaacuteng lsquofrequentlyoftenrsquo yhjcnglsquoalreadyrsquo and mfshagraveng lsquoimmediatelyat oncersquo etc which indicateless specific time must follow (and not precede) the subject if thereis one

ta chaacutengchaacuteng qugrave yoacuteuying He often goes swimming( ) wi mfshagraveng (jiugrave) laacutei Irsquoll be with you in a minute

(lit I immediately come)

One cannot say

chaacutengchaacuteng ta qugrave yoacuteuying ( ) mfshagraveng wi (jiugrave) laacutei

D Time words or expressions are sometimes used in conjunction with aspect markers which indicate the completion the continuationthe experience etc of an action (see Unit 15)

wi yhjcng kagraven waacuten le negravei bgn xifoshud

Irsquove already finished reading that novel

ta san suigrave de shiacutehou shbng guo ligravejiacute ( ligravejiacutedysentery)He suffered from dysentery when he was three

E Duration expressions which indicate the length of time an actionlasts or the time since an action has taken place are generally placedimmediately after the verb (compare the discussion of the time dura-tion question in Unit 9)

ta zagravei zhegraver zhugrave le bagraven niaacutenHe stayed here for six months (lit He stayed here for half a year)

wi jcntian gdngzuograve le ba xifoshiacuteI worked for eight hours today

nh de peacutengyou yhjcng dgng le egraver shiacute fbn zhdng leYour friend has already been waiting twenty minutes

wimen dagraveo lelaacutei le yc gegrave bagraven yuegrave leItrsquos one month and a half since we arrivedWersquove been here for amonth and a half


142

lh xiansheng liacutekai le san gegrave dud xcngqc leItrsquos over three weeks now since Mr Li leftMr Li has been gone forover three weeks

Note 1 In the last two examples the verbs dagraveo lsquoto arriversquo laacutei lsquoto comersquo liacutekai lsquoto leaversquo do not themselves express anyduration of action but the time phrase that follows indicates the timesince the action took place

Note 2 The implication of the presence of le at the end of thesentence as seen in a number of the sentences above is analysedin Intermediate Chinese Units 1 and 8

If the verb has a noun object the duration expression is placedbetween the verb and the noun object with or without de

( ) wi kagraven le lifng gegrave xifoshiacute (de) she

I read for two hours

( ) wimen tiagraveo le yc gegrave wfnshang (de) wj

We danced all evening

( ) ta xueacute guo san niaacuten (de) zhdngweacutenHersquos studied Chinese for three years

However if the object is a personal (pro)noun or a noun indicatinglocation the duration expression is normally placed after the object

waacuteng lfoshc jiao le wimenwimen haacuteizi lifng niaacutenMrMiss Wang our teacher taught usour children for two years

wi fugravemj laacutei bgijcng wj gegrave yuegrave leMy parents have been in Beijing for five months now

An alternative for that is to repeat the verb after the verb object phraseand then follow this verb with the duration expression (compare dura-tion questions in Unit 9)

wimen taacutentian taacuten le yc gegrave zhdngtoacuteuWe chatted for an hour

tamen xueacute zhdngweacuten zuacutezuacute xueacute le san niaacutenThey studied Chinese for fully three years


143

In this format the emphasis is more on the actual period of time andinvolves some degree of comment on the part of the speaker

F Brief duration is generally expressed by the idiomatic expressionycxiagrave lsquoa momentrsquo or ychuigraver lsquoa whilersquo

qhng nh xian zuograve ycxiagravePlease first take a seat for a moment

qhng dgng ycxiagravePlease wait a minute

zaacutenmen xiexi ychuigraver baLetrsquos rest for a while

nh neacuteng zagravei zhegraver dgng wi ycxiagrave ma (following a pronoun object)Can you wait here a minute for me

Note ba is a sentence particle indicating a tentative request (seeUnit 20)

If the verb has a noun object the brief duration expression is likewiseplaced between the verb and the noun object but without de

wimen zagravei gdngyuaacuten li sagraven le ychuigraverycxiagrave bugraveWe went for a walk in the park


wimen zagravei gdngyuaacuten li sagraven le ychuigraver deycxiagrave de bugrave

An alternative way of expressing brief duration is to repeat the verbIf the verb is a monosyllable yc may be placed between the twoverbs or le if a past action is referred to

zaacutenmen yaacutenjie yaacutenjieWersquoll look intoconsider it

qhng nh zagravei wagraveimian dgng yc dgngPlease wait outside for a moment

qhng dagravejia kagraven yc kagraven jcntian de bagraveozhh

Will everyone please have a look at todayrsquos newspaper


144

geniang xiagraveo le xiagraveoThe girl gave a smile

ta difn le difn toacuteuHe nodded

zaacutenmen qugrave sagraven sagraven bugraveLetrsquos go for a walk

G A duration expression may be placed before the verb with dduandor a negator to emphasize the fact that for that whole specifiedperiod of time something diddoeswill happen all the time or diddoeswill not happen at all

ta zhgngtian ddu zagravei jia li kangufn haacuteiziAll day she was looking after the children at home

) ta yc gegrave lhbagravei (ddu) meacutei chduyan leHe hasnrsquot smoked for a whole week

H Expressions indicating frequency like those indicating duration areplaced immediately after the verb

wimen taacuten guo lifng cigraveWe have talked to each other twiceWersquove had a couple of talks

tamen laacutei le san tagravengThey came three times

If the verb has a noun object the frequency expression is placedbetween the verb and the noun object

wi fugravexiacute le lifng biagraven kegraveweacutenI revised my lessons twice

ta yhjcng kai guo san cigrave dao leShersquos been operated on three times already

wimen jiagraven guo hgn dud cigrave miagravenWe have met many times

Note Unlike duration expressions de is not used with fre-quency expressions

One cannot say

wi fugravexiacute le lifng biagraven de kegraveweacuten


145

If the object is a noun indicating place the frequency expression mayalso follow the object

wi qugrave le yiacutenhaacuteng lifng tagravengI went to the bank twice (lit I made two trips to the bank)

If the object is a personal (pro)noun the frequency expression mustnormally follow the pronoun

duigravezhfng zhfo le nh nh gbge jh cigraveThe team captain looked for youyour elder brother several times

Note cigrave indicates the number of times (in general) tagraveng thenumber of trips made and biagraven the number of times from begin-ning to the end

It is also possible but not particularly common for the frequency expres-sion to follow a repeated verb (as with duration expressions discussedabove)

wi zhfo ta zhfo le san cigraveI looked for him three times

tamen qugrave bgijcng qugrave guo hfo jh tagravengThey have been to Beijing quite a number of times

I Like duration expressions frequency expressions may also beplaced immediately before the verb with ddu andor a negator toindicate that for all the specified time or times something diddoeswillhappen or diddoeswill not happen

tamen mgi cigrave ddu dagravei haacuteizi laacuteiThey brought (their) children each time

duigravezhfng san chfng bhsagravei ddu meacutei jigraven qiuacute leThe team captain hasnrsquot scored in the last three matches

ta shiacute cigrave ddu meacutei zhogravengHe hasnrsquot won (a prize) in ten attempts (lit for ten times)

Exercise 141

Place the timedurationfrequency expression or expressions given inbrackets in the Chinese sentences below to provide a correct transla-tion of the English


146

1 I am going to Beijing tomorrowwi qugrave bgijcng ( miacutengtian lsquotomorrowrsquo)

2 I am going to Beijing for two dayswi qugrave bgijcng ( lifng tian lsquofor two daysrsquo)

3 I went to Beijing last yearwi qugrave le bgijcng ( qugraveniaacuten lsquolast yearrsquo)

4 I am going to Beijing in two daysrsquo timewi qugrave bgijcng ( lifng tian hograveu lsquotwo days laterrsquo)

5 I am going to Beijing before I get marriedwi qugrave bgijcng ( jieacutehen qiaacuten lsquobefore getting marriedrsquo)

6 I am going to Beijing twice next yearwi yagraveo qugrave bgijcng

( miacutengniaacuten lsquonext yearrsquo lifng cigrave lsquotwicersquo)7 I have not been to Beijing for six months

wi meacutei qugrave bgijcng le( bagraven niaacuten lsquohalf a year six monthsrsquo)

8 I go to Beijing for a fortnight every summerwi qugrave bgijcng

( bagraven gegrave yuegrave lsquohalf a month a fortnightrsquo mgi niaacutenxiagravetian lsquoevery summerrsquo (lit every year summer))

Exercise 142

Re-write the following sentences to include the time expressions givenin brackets

1 ta qugrave le shagravenghfiHe went to Shanghai (the year before last)

2 mama liacutekai ycngguoacuteMy mother left Britain (last month)

3 gbge qugrave yoacuteuying(My) elder brother went swimming (on Tuesday)

4 yeacuteye mgi tian ddu kagraven xifoshud

Grandpa reads novels every day (for 2 or 3 hours)5 wi zagravei xueacutexiacute hagravenyj

Irsquom learning Chinese (now)6 wimen quaacuten jia qugrave hfibcn

Our whole family are going to the seaside (next weekend)7 wimen qugrave tiagraveowj

We go to a dance (every Thursday evening)8 xifo zhang qugrave yiacutenhaacuteng

Xiao Zhang is going to the bank (next Monday)9 qhng zagravei zhegraver dgng wi

Please wait for me here (for five minutes)


147

10 wi qugraveniaacuten qugrave tagravenwagraveng wi fugravemj

I went to see my parents last year (twice)

Exercise 143

Decide which of these sentences are incorrect and make correctionsas required

1 tamen chaacutengchaacuteng qugrave kagraven diagravenyhngThey often go to see a film

2 ta zagravei hfi li yoacuteu le ying ychuigraverHe swam in the sea for a while

3 mfshagraveng wi shagravengbanI am going to work immediately

4 ycnyuegravehuigrave ganggang kaishh

The concert has just started5 wimen jigravede ta yingyufn ( yingyufn lsquofor everrsquo)

We will remember him for ever6 wi bagraveba zingshigrave hgn wfn shuigravejiagraveo

( ) zingshigrave lsquoalwaysrsquo)My father always goes to bed late

7 wi xig le xigraven yhjcng leI have already written the letter

8 duigravezhfng kagravenjiagraven ganggang xifo lhThe team captain saw Xiao Li just now

9zhegravei duigrave fefugrave zhgng niaacuten ddu zagravei wagraveidigrave lsyoacuteuThis couple were away travelling all the year long

10 ta lifng cigrave ddu laacutei leShe turned up both times

11 ta lifng cigrave laacutei le zhegraverShersquos been here twice

12yeacuteye heacute nfinai jcntian bagraven gegrave zhdngtoacuteu sagravenbugraveMy grandparents went for a walk for half an hour today

Exercise 144

Translate these sentences into English paying attention to the way in which Chinese time expressions affect the tenses of the English verb


148

1 ( )jcntian zfoshang wi yoacuteu le lifng gegrave xifoshiacute (de) ying

2wi de ycngguoacute peacutengyou zagravei zhdngguoacute zhugrave le lifng gegrave yuegrave

3tamen yhjcng xueacute le lifng niaacuten zhdngweacuten le

4huigraveyigrave kaishh le sigrave shiacute fbn zhdng le ( huigraveyigrave lsquomeetingrsquo)

5miacutengtian xiagravewj wi heacute toacutengxueacute qugrave tc zuacuteqiuacute( tc zuacuteqiuacute lsquoto play footballrsquo (lit to kick football))

6megraveimei zhgng wfn ddu zagravei nagraver xig xigraven( zhgng wfn lsquothe whole eveningrsquo)

7waacuteng xiansheng heacute ta de qczi miacutengniaacuten qugrave zhdngguoacute dugravejiagrave

8ta qugraveniaacuten liugraveyuegrave bigraveyegrave ( bigraveyegrave lsquoto graduatersquo)

9digravedi mfi le yc shuang hgn piagraveoliang de qiuacutexieacute ( qiuacutexieacute lsquosportsshoesrsquo)

10wi bagraveba chaacutengchaacuteng qiacute zigravexiacutengchb qugrave shagravengban

11wi san cigrave ddu zagravei ta jia dai le bagraven gegrave zhdngtoacuteu

12negravei tian wfnshang ta tiagraveo le san gegrave zhdngtoacuteu de wj

Exercise 145


1 Did you try steamed bread when you were in China2 Can you wait outside for a minute3 Letrsquos sit in the park for a while4 Can you look after my child for a while5 We went strawberry-picking for an hour6 She glanced briefly at that photograph ( zhagraveopiagraven

lsquophotographrsquo)7 Please have a look at todayrsquos paper first8 He hasnrsquot touched alcohol for the whole year9 I have known him for three years

10 Irsquove already had a bath ( xhzfo lsquoto have a bathrsquo)


149


Formulate sentences after the given model

person Itime guogravequgrave lsquoin the pastrsquovenue zagravei yc jia yiacutenhaacuteng lsquoin a bankrsquoaction work

wi guogravequgrave zagravei yc jia yiacutenhaacuteng shagravengbangdngzuograveI used to work in a bank

1 person my neighbourtime next monthvenue at homeaction qhngkegrave lit lsquoinvite guests to dinnerrsquo

2 person wi de yc gegrave zhdngxueacute toacutengxueacute a secondary schoolmate of minetime next weekvenue zagravei yc jian jiagraveotaacuteng in a churchaction jjxiacuteng henlh get married (lit hold a wedding ceremony)

3 person Itime next weekdestination dagraveo jiagraveotaacuteng qugrave go to the churchaction canjia henlh attend the wedding ceremony

4 person my (maternal) uncletime last yeardestination Chinaaction canjia agraveoliacutenphkegrave yugravendogravenghuigrave takepart in the Olympic Games

5 persons my elder sister and her boyfriendtime last monthdestination Europeaction spend their holidays

6 persons my grandpa and grandmatime next yeardestination Beijingaction visit their Chinese friends

7 person my Chinese teachertime six months agodestination dagraveo ycngguoacute laacutei come to Britainaction see me

8 person my paternal auntrsquos husbandtime tomorrow morning


150

destination hospitalaction have an injection

9 persons my two fellow studentstime next Saturdayvenue in Londonaction watch a football match

10 persons my younger brother and Itime last Sundayvenue in a park near the universityaction learn Trsquoai Chi



person Itime yesterday afternoonvenue in the university libraryaction readduration two hours and a half

wi zuoacutetian xiagravewj zagravei dagravexueacute tuacuteshegufn kagraven le lifng gegrave bagravenxifoshiacutezhdngtoacuteu de she

1 person yiu (yc) gegrave ycngguoacute yugravendogravengyuaacutena British athletegeneral time last summerspecific time zagravei xugravenliagraven zhdng during trainingaction dfpograve le zigravejh de jigravelugrave break hisher ownrecordfrequency three times

2 person a bank managertime last Marchvenue in Chinaaction stayduration two weeks

3 person a friend of minetime three years agovenue in Britainaction xueacute diagravennfo learn computingduration two months

4 person my younger brothertime next autumndestination China


151

action learn Chineseduration two months and a half

5 person Itime the day before yesterdayvenue in the streetaction ride a bicycleduration half an hour

6 person a Chinese cheftime a year and a half agovenue zagravei diagravenshigrave shang on televisionaction bifoyfn leyfnshigrave le demostrated (his skills)frequency many times

7 persons my parentstime yesterday eveningvenue at the railway stationaction wait for meduration 20 minutes

8 person my uncle (ie fatherrsquos younger brother)time this morningvenue on the beachaction sunbatheduration an hour and a half

9 persons we (the speaker and the listener)time tomorrow after schooldestination parkaction go for a walkduration an hour

10 person my elder brothertime every weekvenue in the post officeaction workduration two days


Translate the following sentences into Chinese making use of the rhetor-ical effect of placing a duration or frequency expression before the verband being aware of the need for the sentence particle le where appro-priate to highlight the changed or changing situation

1 The patient did not eat anything for the last three days2 I havenrsquot seen my doctor even once for the last two years3 I stayed at my parentsrsquo home the whole summer


152

4 For the whole month she looked after her children at home5 He has not smoked for a year now6 I havenrsquot touched beer for a whole week now7 He brought a bottle of wine with him every time he came8 I havenrsquot bumped into him for the last few years9 He goes to Beijing once a year

10 They see each other twice a week


153

154

UNIT FIFTEENVerbs and aspect markers

A Although as indicated in Unit 14 Chinese verbs do not express tense they are often linked with an aspect marker which may indicatethe completion experience continuation etc of an action With theexception of zagravei (see below) aspect markers are placed directly afterthe verb

The most common aspect markers are

le completed actionguo past experiencezagravei an action in progress

D zhe a continuous state resulting from an actionan accompanying action

qhlaacutei an actiona state which has just startedxiagravequgrave an action which is to be continuedxiagravelaacutei an actiona state which is gradually changing

into non-action or a quieter state

B le indicates that the action of the verb has been completed Ittherefore often occurs in narrative sentences where the marking of anaction as being completed becomes important However a verb with

le is naturally followed by a noun which is the subjectinitiatorrsquos premeditated goal that is something which the subjectinitiator setsout to do This means that all nouns that occur after le on their ownare bound to be of definite reference unless they are specified asindefinite For example

(i) nouns that occur after le on their own

wi xig le xigravenI wrote the letter

ta mfi le piacutenggui

He bought the apples

(ii) nouns that occur after le with some kind of extension

( ) wi xig le (yc) fbng xigravenI wrote a letter

ta mfi le hgn dud piacutenggui

He bought a lot of apples

As we can see from the sentences in (ii) xigraven is modified by ( )(yc)fbng and piacutenggui by hgn dud If le is followed by anunmodified noun as in (i) for example wi xig le xigraven or ta mfi le piacutenggui the sentence will sound incompleteand it cannot stand on its own

Grammatically there are two ways to make such a sentence sound com-plete one is to end the sentence with the particle le the other is toadd another clause to round it off

1 Add the sentence particle le

wi xig le xigraven le I have finished writing the letter(s)

wi mfi le piacutenggui le I have bought the apples (we need)

2 Add another verb or verb phrase

wi xig le xigraven jiugrave qugrave jigrave xigraven leAs soon as I had written the letter I went to post it

wi mfi le piacutenggui jiugrave huiacute jia leI went home as soon as I had bought the apples

Completed action of course in most cases refers to something completedin the past and an English translation would naturally use the presentperfect tense or the simple past (or even past perfect) tense A com-pleted action however may take place in the future as the followingexamples show

wi xiagrave le ban jiugrave qugrave zhfo nh

When I finish workhave come off work I will come (lit go) and see you

qhng nh kagraven le ycshbng jiugrave qugrave dfzhbnWhen you have seen the doctor please go and have the injection

15Verbs andaspectmarkers

155

Note 1 jiugrave is usually placed before the verb in the second partof the sentence and implies that the action of this verb follows fromthe action of the verb in the first part of the sentence

Note 2 le is also used after adjectives intransitive verbs orverbs indicating or incorporating complements of results to indicatea situation or state which has emerged or is emerging This use of

le particularly when it occurs at the end of a statement links withthe sentence particle le at the end of sentences to indicate a changeof state as the speaker sees it (For a full discussion of sentence le see Intermediate Chinese Unit 1)

yeacuteye de bigraveng hfo le (adjective)Grandpa is well again

wi de bifo tiacuteng le (intransitive verb)My watch has stopped

ta de kugravezi pograve le (verb indicating result)His trousers are torn

digravedi de ycfu quaacuten liacuten shc le (verb incor-porating result complement)(My) younger brother got soaked

C guo implies past experience It occurs often in expository sen-tences where statements are of a factual nature

wi chc guo jifoziI have had (tried) Chinese dumplings before

wi megraveimei qugrave guo chaacutengcheacutengMy younger sister has been to the Great Wall

zhegravei san gegrave yuegrave wi zhh jiagraven guo jcnglhyc cigraveI have seen the manager only once in the last three months

Note We can see that the experience indicated by guo does not necessarily refer to what has been experienced in onersquos lifetime Itmay also refer to a specified period ndash eg lsquothe last three monthsrsquo asin the last example Likewise the common enquiry or greeting

nh chc guo fagraven meacuteiyiu lsquoHave you eatenrsquo refers in thespeakerrsquos mind to the immediate past The distinction between


156

completed action le and experience guo can be seen from thefollowing

tamen qugrave le zhdngguoacute leThey have gone to China (and they are in China now)

tamen qugrave guo zhdngguoacuteThey have been to China before (and they are now back hereor somewhere else)

guo like le as we have seen in Unit 2 is often associated withyesno questions using meacuteiyiu

nh chc le jifozi meacuteiyiuHave you tried the Chinese dumplings

nh chc guo jifozi meacuteiyiuHave you ever tried Chinese dumplings before

D ( ) (zhegraveng)zagravei which precedes the verb indicates that anaction is in progress

( ) ( ) bagraveba (zhegraveng)zagravei Father is repairingxie(lh) qigravechb his car

( ) tamen (zhegraveng)zagravei They are having a kaihuigrave meeting

Note 1 If a location phrase with zagravei precedes the verb theaspect marker zagravei is not needed

( ) ta (zhegraveng)zagravei huayuaacuten li gb cfoHe iswas in the garden mowing the grass

One does not say

( ) ta (zhegraveng)zagravei zagravei huayuaacuten li gb cfo(lit He iswas mowing the grass in the garden)

Note 2 Like le ( ) (zhegraveng)zagravei itself carries no indication oftense since the action may be in progress at any time in the pastpresent or future (other particles indicating progress will be discussedin Intermediate Chinese)


157

( ) ta xiagravenzagravei (zhegraveng)zagravei xueacutexiacute zhdngweacutenShe is studying Chinese now

( ) ta negravei niaacuten (zhegraveng)zagravei xueacutexiacute zhdngweacutenShe was studying Chinese that year

miacutengtian zfoshang ta ycdigraveng zagraveixueacutexiacute zhdngweacutenShersquoll certainly be studying Chinese tomorrow morning

E D zhe conveys either

(i) a continuous state resulting from an action

D ta chuan zhe yc tiaacuteo hoacuteng quacutenziShe iswas wearing a red skirt

D ta dagravei zhe yc dhng baacutei magraveoziHe iswas wearing a white hat(The action of lsquoputting onrsquo the skirt or the hat results in thelsquowearingrsquo of them)

D qiaacuteng shang guagrave zhe yc fuacute shanshuh huagraveA Chinese landscape painting is hanging on the wall (lit Onthe wall is hanging a Chinese landscape painting)(The action of lsquohanging a picturersquo results in the picture lsquobeing hungrsquo)

or

(ii) an accompanying action (an action which takes place at the sametime as another action)

D tamen zuograve zhe liaacuteotianThey sitsat chattingThey arewere sitting there chatting

D ta xiagraveo zhe difn le difn toacuteuShe nodded smiling

D tamen hbng zhe gbr ziu le jigravenlaacuteiThey came in humming a tune

As we can see from the above illustrations if ( ) (zhegraveng)zagravei occursmore often in narrative sentences recounting an action in progress Dzhe occurs more often in descriptive sentences where it associates anaction with a manner of execution or a resultant state


158

F qhlaacutei implies that an action or state has just started

tamen chfo qhlaacutei leThey (have) started to quarrel

ta ke qhlaacutei leShe (has) started crying

tian lgng qhlaacutei leIt beganhas begun to get colder

When an object follows the verb it is placed between qh and laacutei

tamen df qh jiagrave laacutei leThey (have) started fighting

tamen chagraveng qh gb laacutei leThey (have) started to sing

wagraveimian xiagrave qh yj laacutei leIt beganhas begun to rain (outside)

One cannot say

dfjiagrave qhlaacutei df qhlaacutei jiagrave (lit starthave startedfighting) chagravenggb qhlaacutei (lit starthave started singing)

G xiagravequgrave indicates the continuation of an action

nh shud xiagravequgrave Go onCarry on(talking)

tamen huigrave dai xiagravequgrave ma Will they stay on

xiagravequgrave is not used where the verb has an object

One cannot say

nh shud xiagrave huagrave qugrave nh shudhuagrave xiagravequgrave(lit Go onCarry on (talking))

H xiagravelaacutei implies that an action has gradually ceased or subsidedor a situation has become more settled or quiet

chb tiacuteng xiagravelaacutei leThe car came to a stop(originally the car was moving)


159

wi xifng zagravei zhegraver zhugrave xiagravelaacuteiI would like to settle down here(originally I was always on the move)

dagravejia ddu jigraveng xiagravelaacutei leEverybody has become quiet(originally there was a lot of noise)

As with qhlaacutei if the verb has an object the object comes betweenxiagrave and laacutei

ta tiacuteng xiagrave chb laacuteiHe brought the car to a stop

ta an xiagrave xcn laacuteiShe feels at ease (now)She is no longer worried

Note In most of the examples for qhlaacutei and xiagravelaacutei leoccurs at the end of the sentence Here le is functioning as a sentence particle not an aspect marker and implies a change of circumstance (see Intermediate Chinese Unit 1) For further uses of

qhlaacutei xiagravequgrave and xiagravelaacutei as directional complementssee Unit 21

Exercise 151

Add D zhe le guo or zagravei to the sentences below to completethe translation of the English in each case In some cases there maybe more than one possibility

1 ta chagravenggb

He is singing2 yeacuteye dagravei yc fugrave yfnjigraveng

Grandpa is wearing a pair of glasses3 wi jiagraven dagrave xioacutengmao

I have seen a giant panda4 ta xiagraveo shudhuagrave

She spoke smiling5 ta bbi bbibao qugrave paacute shan

He went climbing with a rucksack on his back6 wi die yc bf yagraveoshi

I (have) lost a key


160

7 wi peacutengyou hb zhdngguoacute piacutejijMy friend has tried Chinese beer

8 lfoshc jifngjig kegraveweacutenThe teacher is explaining the text

9 jigjie mfi yc shuang piacutexieacute(My) elder sister bought a pair of leather shoes

10 tamen qugrave bgijcngThey have been to Beijing

11 shigravejiegrave biagravenhuagraveThe world is changing

12 sheacuteishuiacute bang nh de maacutengWho is helping you

13 ta jifnfeacuteiShe is slimmingtrying to lose weight

14 wi yhjcng chc wfnfagraven leIrsquove already had dinner

15xifo waacuteng gang shbng yc gegrave haacuteiziXiao Wang has just had a baby

Exercise 152

Translate the following sentences into Chinese paying particularattention to the use of appropriate aspect markers

1 He was wiping the window ( ( ) ca chuang(hu) lsquoto wipe thewindowrsquo)

2 They have been here3 I was watering the flowers ( jiao lsquoto waterrsquo)4 My friend is drinking beer5 The teacher was standing teaching the lesson

( zhagraven lsquoto standrsquo jifngkegrave lsquoto teach the lessonrsquo)6 He started dancing7 He is driving8 She bought a pair of shoes ( yc shuang lsquoa pair ofrsquo)9 Grandfather is watching television

( kagraven diagravenshigrave lsquoto watch televisionrsquo)10 Mother is wearing a beautiful hat

Exercise 153

Complete these sentences with either qhlaacutei xiagravequgrave or xiagravelaacutei according to the English translation


161

1 tamen chagraveng leThey began to sing

2 huichb tiacuteng leThe train came to a halt

3 nhmen zuograve baCarry on (with what you are doing)

4 tianqigrave regrave leThe weather got warmer

5 dagravejia jigraveng leEveryone quietened down

6 qhng nh shud

Please go on7 xifohaacutei ke le

The child began to cry8 lifng tiaacuteo yugravenheacute liaacuten le

The two canals were connected together9 zhegravei jiagraven shigrave wi xifng le

I recalled this matter10 jigravehuagrave digraveng le

The plan was decided upon

Exercise 154

Decide which of the following Chinese phrases are wrong and makecorrections as necessary

1 jifng xiagravelaacutei Carry on (with your story)2 xueacute qh xiacute laacutei begin to study3 xig qhlaacutei xigraven start to write letters4 xueacute xiagravelaacutei carry on learning5 yj tiacuteng xiagravelaacutei le the rain stopped6 chfo qhlaacutei jiagrave start quarrelling7 yoacuteuying qhlaacutei start swimming8 nufnhuo qhlaacutei get warmer9 cdngming xiagravelaacutei become more intelligent

10 magraven xiagravelaacutei gradually become slower


Form sentences with the 12 nouns and verbsadjectives below usingqhlaacutei to imply that the action or state specified by the verb has just

started Sentence particle le must be added in each case to indicate


162

that a new situation has emerged or begun Translate the resultant sen-tences into English

1 megraveimei ke

2 digravedi xiagraveo3 toacutengxueacutemen chagravenggb

4 bagraveba heacute mama tiagraveowj

5 tian lgng6 tian xiagrave yj

7 gbge xueacute zhdngweacuten8 jigjie chuan hoacuteng quacutenzi9 tianqigrave regrave

10 baacuteitian chaacuteng11 lfo lh heacute xifo lh chfo12 negravei gegrave haacuteizi chduyan


The following sentences feature the aspect markers D zhe and zagraveiIndicate in each case whether the sentence presents (a) a narrativerecounting an action or (b) a description If it is (b) say whether itdescribes a manner of execution or a resultant state

1 D jiugravejiu dagravei zhe yc fugrave hbiyfnjigravengtagraveiyaacutengjigraveng ( hbiyfnjigravengtagraveiyaacutengjigravenglsquosunglassesrsquo)

2 D megraveimei ke zhe ziu le jigravenlaacutei3 bagraveba heacute sheshu zhegravengzagravei taacutentian4 D digravedi zagravei shafa shang tfng zhe5 mama zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li zuogravefagraven6 D jiugravemj chuan zhe yc shuang hbi piacutexieacute7 wagraveimian zagravei xiagrave yj

8 D yeacuteye zagravei huayuaacuten li zuograve zhe9 jigjie zagravei faacutengjian li xig xigraven

10 D bagraveba shud zhe xiagraveo le qhlaacutei


Translate the following sentences into English and point out for eachsentence whether qhlaacutei xiagravelaacutei or xiagravequgrave are indicativeof time or of space


163

1 haacuteizimen doacuteu zhagraven le qhlaacutei2 nsshigravemen ddu zuograve le xiagravelaacutei3 D tamen zuograve zhe liaacuteo qh tian laacutei4 zhegrave shiacutehou wagraveimian xiagrave qh xug laacutei le5 zhegravei jiagraven shigrave wi jigrave bu qhlaacutei le ( jigrave lsquoto

recallrsquo)6 D megraveimei shud zhe ke le qhlaacutei |

ta shud bu xiagravequgrave le7 wimen zagravei nagraver zhugrave le xiagravelaacutei8 zhegrave shiacutehou lfoshc ziu

le jigravenlaacutei | toacutengxueacutemen ddu jigraveng xiagravelaacutei le9 chb dagraveo le

chbzhagraven jiugrave tiacuteng le xiagravelaacutei | gegravegegrave cheacutengkegrave ddu ziu xiagrave chb laacutei10 D gbge naacute

qh yc bgn she laacutei | ta kagraven zhe xiagraveo le qhlaacutei | zagravei yg kagraven bu xiagravequgrave le( naacute lsquoto hold in handrsquo zagravei yg lsquoever again any morersquo

kagraven bugrave xiagravequgrave lsquocould no longer carry on readingrsquo)


164

UNIT SIXTEENModal verbs

165

Modal verbs in Chinese are very much like those in English (eg canmust should etc) They are placed directly before other verbs to indi-cate particular moods or attitudes They are generally negated by bugrave

A yagraveo and xifng are used to express wishes or desires

wi yagraveoxifng hb bbi chaacuteI would like a cup of tea (lit I would like to drink a cup of tea)

wi yagraveoxifng hb kafbi | bugrave yagraveoxifng hb chaacuteIrsquod like coffee not tea (lit I would like to drink coffee not tea)

nh yagraveoxifng xueacute zhdngweacutenycngweacuten maDo you wantAre you going to learn ChineseEnglish

Note In an instruction or command yagraveo used with a second-person pronoun can only express obligation

nh yagraveo zfo difn huiacute laacuteiYou must come back early

nh yagraveo xifoxcnYou must take care

bugrave yagraveo duigrave wi sahufngYou mustnrsquot lie to meDonrsquot lie to me

B yuagravenyi and kgn both indicate lsquowillingnessrsquo

ta kgnyuagravenyi bangzhugrave nh maIs he willing to help you

ta bugrave kgnyuagravenyi regravencuograveShe is unwilling to admit her mistakes

C gfn lsquodarersquo

ta gfn tiacuteche zigravejh de kagravenffHe daresdared to put forward his own ideas

wi bugrave gfn qugrave jiagraven taI darenrsquot go and see her

nh gfnDare you (do it)

nh gfn df taDare you hit him

D ( ) (ycng)gai lsquoought torsquo and dgi lsquohave torsquo

( ) nh (ycng)gai shuigrave leqhchuaacuteng leYou ought to go to bedget up

wi dgi ziu leI must be off now

Negative sentences with ( ) (ycng)gai on the other hand implyreproach or blame for something that has already happened andthose with bugrave deacute indicate (official) prohibition

nh bugrave gai gagraveosu taYou shouldnrsquot have told him

nh bugrave gai magrave taYou shouldnrsquot have scolded her

xiaacutenreacuten bugrave deacute rugrave negraveiNo admittanceAdmittance to staff only (lit casual people shouldnrsquotenter)

Note Note that bugrave deacute is used only for official prohibition Thenegative equivalent for the colloquial dgi lsquomustrsquo is in fact bugrave yograveng lsquono needrsquo or bugrave bigrave lsquono needrsquo

E bigravexe lsquomust have torsquo is strictly speaking an adverb but is usedlike a modal verb

miacutengtian wi bigravexe dagraveodaacute nagraverI must get there by tomorrow

16Modalverbs

166

wimen jcntian bigravexe waacutencheacuteng zhegravei gegrave gdngzuograveWe must finish this work today

Note As bigravexe is an adverb it does not have a negative formand bugrave bigrave bugrave yograveng lsquoneed notrsquo are used instead

nh bugrave bigrave bugrave yograveng qugrave leYou neednrsquot go (lit There is no need for you to go)

F neacuteng lsquocan may be able to be capable ofrsquo and kgyh lsquocanmayrsquo to some extent overlap in function

nh xiagravenzagravei kgyh ziu leYou may leavecan go now

ta shiacute fbn zhdng neacuteng pfo yc ycnglhHe can run a mile in ten minutes

wi neacuteng jigraven laacutei maMay I come in

Note kgyh implies permission from an outside authoritywhereas neacuteng refers to the ability to do something in particularcircumstances

nh bugrave kgyh zagravei zhegraver xcyanchduyanYou canrsquot smoke here

wi zuoacute wfn bugrave neacuteng laacuteiI wasnrsquot able to come last night [because something cropped up I missed the train etc]

G huigrave indicates either probability lsquobe likely to be sure torsquo or inherent or acquired abilityskill lsquocan be able to be good at be skil-ful inrsquo

miacutengtian huigrave xiagrave yj xiagrave xug maWill it rainsnow tomorrow (probability)

nh huigrave shud zhdngweacuten maCan you speak Chinese (ability)

16Modalverbs

167

Note The difference between huigrave and neacuteng which both meanlsquocan be able torsquo can be illustrated by the following

wi huigrave kaichb | dagravenshigrave xiagravenzagravei hb le jij | wi bugrave neacuteng kaiI can drive but as I have been drinking I canrsquot

wi huigrave hb jij | dagravenshigrave xiagravenzagravei yagraveo kaichb wi bugrave neacuteng hb

I can drink but as I am going to drive I canrsquot have one

Exercise 161

Replace yagraveo with xifng in the following where it is appropriateto do so

1 wi yagraveo xiexi ychuigraverI would like to have a rest

2 nh yagraveo zfo difnr qhchuaacutengYou must get up early

3 ta yagraveo qugrave zhdngguoacute lsyoacuteuHe wants to go travelling in China

4 nh yagraveo hb difnr sheacutenmeWhat would you like to drink

5 nh yagraveo hfohaor xueacutexiacuteYou must study hard

6 mama yagraveo mfi yc jiagraven wagraveitagraveoMother would like to buy a coat

Exercise 162

Choose the appropriate modal verb for the Chinese sentences so thatthey match the English translations

1 nh bang wi de maacuteng maCan you help me

a huigrave b neacuteng c yagraveo

2 jcn wfn gua fbng maIs it going to be windy tonight


16Modalverbs

168

3 hgn wfn le | wi huiacute jia leItrsquos getting very late I must go home now

a yagraveo b gai c kgyh

4duigravebuqh | nh bugrave zagravei zhegraver chduyanIrsquom sorry You canrsquot smoke here

a yagraveo b neacuteng c huigrave

5wi zagravei zhegraver tiacuteng chb maMay I park my car here

a kgyh b bigravexe c ycnggai

6ta shud zhdngweacuten | kgshigrave ta xiagravenzagravei bugrave shud

He can speak Chinese but hersquos not willing to speak it at thismoment

a neacuteng yagraveo b huigrave kgn c huigrave neacuteng

7 wi gfnmagraveo le | wi jcntian daidai zagravei jia liI have a cold I should stay at home today

a bigravexe b ycnggai c yuagravenyi

8ta da gdnggograveng qigravechb laacutei | nh bugrave qugrave jib ta leShersquoll come by bus You donrsquot have to go and meet her

a dgi b bigrave c gai

Exercise 163

Add modal verbs with negatives where necessary to the Chinese sen-tences below so that they are a correct translation of the English

1 He is not willing to do this

ta zuograve zhegravei jiagraven shigrave

16Modalverbs

169

2 She doesnrsquot dare to go climbing at nightta zagravei yegrave li paacute shan

3 You may go home nownh xiagravenzagravei huiacute jia le

4 He is not willing to admit his mistakesta regravencuograve

5 I wouldnrsquot want to write a novelwi xig xifoshud

6 She wants to go and see her friend in hospitalta qugrave ycyuagraven kagraven peacutengyou

7 Donrsquot you dare ask hernh wegraven ta ma

8 I have to tell her the truth about the matterwi gagraveosu ta shigraveqing de

zhbnxiagraveng9 You donrsquot have to go to school

nh jcntian qugraveshagravengxueacute

10 I ought to phone her this eveningjcn wfn wi ggi ta df diagravenhuagrave

11 We must call the doctorwimen jiagraveo ycshbng

12 The prize shouldnrsquot have gone to himbeen hiszhegravei gegrave jifng shigrave

ta de13 Can I bring my cat

wi dagravei mao laacutei ma14 Do you know how to use chopsticks

nh yograveng kuagraveizi ma15 Can the patient go jogging

bigravengreacuten qugrave pfobugrave ma16 Please may I have a piece of cake

qhng wegraven | wi chc yc kuagravei dagravengao ma17 Mr Wang was ill and wasnrsquot able to come to class

waacuteng lfoshc bigraveng le | laacutei shagravengkegrave18 Will it snow tomorrow

miacutengtian xiagrave xug ma19 He can swim

ta yoacuteuying20 I can dance but the floor was too slippery so I couldnrsquot dance on it

wi tiagraveowj | dagravenshigrave digravebfn tagravei huaacute | wi zagraveishagravengmian tiagraveowj

16Modalverbs

170

21 You can speak both English and Chinese so you can be our interpreter

nh shud ycngyj heacute hagravenyj | nh zuograve wimen de fanyigrave22 You canrsquot cheat me

nh qcpiagraven wi

23 I shall be able to come tomorrowmiacutengtian wi laacutei

24 This girl is small but she can eat a lot

zhegravei gegrave ns haacuteizi hgn xifo | dagravenshigrave ta chc hgn dud

25 Do you know how to repair carsnh xielh qigravechb ma

26 Is Manager Li likely to turn up tomorrowlh jcnglh miacutengtian laacutei ma

27 Can you wait for me herenh zagravei zhegraver dgng wi ma

28 You shouldnrsquot quarrel (with each other)nhmen chfojiagrave

Exercise 164


1 Do you know how to drive2 Is it likely to rain at the weekend3 Do you want to go and visit your parents4 You must go and revise your lessons5 Can we go to the beach this week6 I must remember the time of the concert7 You shouldnrsquot have come to blows (with each other)8 May I take a holiday next March9 Are you willing to help him

10 She darenrsquot fly in a plane


Translate the following sentences into English to show that you under-stand the meanings of all the modal verbs in their particular contexts

1 ta kgn ma2 nh miacutengtian yagraveo jigraven cheacuteng ma3 nh yagraveo quagraven quagraven ta

16Modalverbs

171

4 nh huigrave df tagraveijiacutequaacuten ma5 bugrave yagraveo piagraven reacuten6 shuiacute neacuteng bang wi ycxiagrave maacuteng ma7 zhegraver yiu reacuten huigrave shud ycngweacuten ma8 nh neacuteng bang wi fanyigrave zhegravei jugrave huagrave ma9 wi gai ziu le

10 nh gai xiexi le11 shuiacute yuagravenyi liuacute xiagravelaacutei12 wimen miacutengtian bigravexe huiacute qugrave13 (Mother to a child) nh xiagrave cigrave haacutei gfn sahufng

ma14 miacutengtian zfoshang huigrave yiu wugrave ma15 nh dgi qugrave kagraven ycshbng


In the groups of sentences below translate each one into Chinese making use of the appropriate modal verb In some cases more thanone modal verb may be possible and in others a modal verb may notbe necessary Also note that there are no one-to-one equivalentsbetween English and Chinese modal verbs

1 (a) Are you going home tomorrow(b) Do you have to go home tomorrow(c) Do you want to go home tomorrow(d) Can you go home tomorrow (Do you have the means)(e) Can you go home tomorrow (Will you be allowed)

2 (a) I darenrsquot tell him(b) I mustnrsquot tell him(c) I wonrsquot tell him(d) I donrsquot want to tell him(e) I neednrsquot tell him(f) I shouldnrsquot have told him

3 (a) Do you want to get off at the next stop(b) Do you have to get off at the next stop(c) Are you going to get off at the next stop(d) Can you get off at the next stop(e) Are you willing to get off at the next stop

4 (a) Can you help me(b) You are going to help me arenrsquot you

16Modalverbs

172

(c) Are you willing to help me(d) You must help me(e) Shall I help you(f) I would like very much to help you but I canrsquot

5 (a) Do you speak Chinese(b) Is it possible for you to speak Chinese(c) May I speak Chinese(d) Shall I speak Chinese(e) Must I speak Chinese(f) I should speak Chinese shouldnrsquot I(g) I know English You neednrsquot speak Chinese(h) I would like very much to speak English but

16Modalverbs

173

174

UNIT SEVENTEENNegators bugrave and ( ) meacutei(you)

We have already discussed some uses of bugrave and ( ) meacutei(yiu) inprevious units (see Units 11 and 12) Here we shall review the func-tions of these two negators and draw attention to differences in theways they are employed

A bugrave generally refers to the present or the future It precedes theverb to indicate that something does not happen habitually or inten-tionally or that something will not happen in the future

wi bugrave qugrave kagraven diagravenyhngI donrsquot go and see filmsIrsquom not going to see the film

negravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten bugrave chuan yugravendogravengxieacuteThat athlete doesnrsquot wear sports shoes

tuacuteshegufn miacutengtian bugrave kaimeacutenThe library isnrsquotwonrsquot be open tomorrow

cheacuten xifojie bugrave chduyan | bugrave hb jij | bugrave df paacuteiMiss Chen doesnrsquot smoke or drink or play mah-jong

However bugrave may also be used to highlight intentional or wilful actioneven though the context is set in the past

negravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten yhqiaacuten bugrave chuan yugravendogravengxieacuteThat athlete didnrsquot wear sports shoes in the past

xifo shiacutehou wi chaacutengchaacuteng bugrave qugrave shagravengkegraveWhen I was a child I often missed classes

B In contrast with bugrave ( ) meacutei(yiu) which likewise goesbefore the verb refers to the past and indicates that something has not

taken place or did not take place on one particular occasion or if guo is suffixed to the verb as a past experience

( )ta shagraveng gegrave yuegrave meacutei(yiu) pegravengjiagraven lh xianshengShe didnrsquot bump into Mr Li last month

( ) digravedi negravei tian meacutei(yiu) qugrave yoacuteuying(My) younger brother didnrsquot go swimming that day

( ) wi meacutei(yiu) chc guo bgijcng kfoya

Irsquove never hadeaten Peking duck

Note meacuteiyiu may be abbreviated to meacutei

negravei gegrave haacuteizi zuoacutetian meacutei chcfagravenThat child didnrsquot eat (any food) yesterday

C The two negators are different in the way they are used withaspect markers

(i) bugrave and not ( ) meacutei(yiu) is normally used with the contin-uous action marker zagravei

mama bugrave zagravei xccheacutenMother is not vacuuming (at the moment)

negravei shiacutehou mama bugrave zagravei xccheacutenMother was not vacuuming at that moment

It is unusual to say

negravei shiacutehou mama meacutei zagravei xccheacuten

However bugrave does not usually occur with the aspect markers Dzhe xiagravequgrave and xiagravelaacutei except in the form of bugrave yagraveoor bieacute lsquodonrsquotrsquo in prohibitions

bugrave yagraveo chagraveng xiagravequgrave le Donrsquot sing any morebieacute tiacuteng xiagravelaacutei Donrsquot stop

D bieacute zhagraven zhe Donrsquot just stand there(Do something)

bugrave may not be used with le guo or qhlaacutei though itdoes occur with le as sentence particle (see IntermediateChinese Unit 8)

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

175

ta bugrave keacutesou le Hersquos not coughing any moreta bugrave chduyan Shersquos quit smoking (lit Shersquos le no longer smoking)

(ii) ( ) meacutei(yiu) may only be used with the aspect markers guoqhlaacutei xiagravequgrave and xiagravelaacutei

( ) wi meacutei(yiu) I have never jiagraven guo ta met him

( ) tamen meacutei(yiu) They did not df qhlaacutei fight with

each other( ) lfodagraveye meacutei(yiu) The old man

dai xiagravequgrave didnrsquot stay on( ) qiaacuten tagraveitai meacutei(yiu) Mrs Qian

an xiagrave xcn laacutei did not stop worrying

( ) meacutei(yiu) is not used with le and D zhe It must be empha-sized that as a negator of past actions ( ) meacutei(yiu) replaces

le and does not occur with it

Compare

shegraveyhngshc pai le hgn dud zhagraveopiagravenThe photographer took a lot of photographs

( )shegraveyhngshc meacutei(yiu) pai hgn dud zhagraveopiagravenThe photographer didnrsquot take many photographs

One does not say

ta meacutei pegravengjiagraven le lh xiansheng(lit She didnrsquot bump into Mr Li)

Compare also

D ta chuan zhe Hersquos wearing an dagraveyc overcoat

( ) ta meacutei(yiu) He did not wearwas not chuan dagraveyc wearing an overcoat


( ) D ta meacutei(yiu) chuan zhe dagraveyc

(lit He wasnrsquot wearing his overcoat)

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

176

D Time expressions like zuoacutetian yhjcng gangcaacutei etcusually come before bugrave or ( ) meacutei(yiu)

yubhagraven yhjcng bugrave xueacute zhdngweacuten leJohn doesnrsquot study Chinese any more

wimen gangcaacutei meacuteiyiu kagravenjiagraven taWe didnrsquot see her just now

mfligrave zuoacute wfn meacutei shuigravejiagraveoMary didnrsquot sleep last night

Note The time expression coacutenglaacutei lsquoall alongrsquo is always linkedwith a negator

zhegravei gegrave reacuten I have never met wi coacutenglaacutei meacutei this personjiagraven guo (before)ta coacutenglaacutei bugrave He has never djboacute gambled

E If there are location expressions in the sentence they usually comeafter bugrave or ( ) meacutei(yiu)

wi bagraveba bugrave zagravei dagraveshhgufn gdngzuograveMy father doesnrsquot work at the Embassy

wi jia meacutei zagravei mgiguoacute zhugrave guoOur family has never lived in America

F Monosyllabic adverbs like ddu lsquobothrsquo lsquoallrsquo yg lsquoalsorsquo yograveulsquoonce againrsquo haacutei lsquostill yetrsquo etc usually come before bugrave or ( )meacutei(yiu)

tamen ddu meacutei laacutei None of them camewi yg bugrave xhhuan I donrsquot like crows weya eitherta yograveu bugrave laacutei He did not turn upshagravengkegrave le for his class againwi digravedi haacutei meacutei My younger brother shagravengxueacute hasnrsquot started

school yet

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

177

Note 1 The only exception is ddu which may also come afterthe negator when it has a different meaning Compare the follow-ing sentences

tamen ddu meacutei qugrave None of them wenttamen meacutei ddu qugrave Not all of them wentThey

didnrsquot all go

Note 2 Remember that when used in a past context ( )meacutei(yiu) implies what is lsquofactualrsquo whereas bugrave indicates what islsquodeliberate or intentionalrsquo

G bugrave in keeping with its use in intentional contexts and not ( ) meacutei(yiu) is used with modal verbs or verbs that express attitude

(i) It is generally placed before the modalattitudinal verb

tamen bugrave yuagravenyi bangzhugrave wi

They arewere not willing to help me

negravei gegrave xifotdu bugrave gfn shud shiacutehuagraveThat thief doesnrsquotdidnrsquot dare to tell the truth

wi bugrave xhhuan chc rograveuI donrsquot like meat (lit I donrsquot like eating meat)

(ii) However it may also occur between the modal verb and the mainverb when the meaning requires or allows it

wi xifng bugrave hb jij | hb qigraveshuh

I would rather have a fizzy drink than alcohol(lit I would like not to drink alcohol (but) to drink a fizzy drink)

Compare

nh bugrave kgyh ziu You canrsquot leave (now)nh kgyh bugrave ziu You can stay (lit You can

NOT leave)

Note With the modal verb gai the different positioning of thenegator does not make much difference in meaning but with huigravethe alternative changes the meaning drastically

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

178

nh bugrave gai gagraveosu ta You shouldnrsquot have told himnh gai bugrave gagraveosu ta You shouldnrsquot have told him

(lit You should have not told him)

ta bugrave huigrave shud zhdngweacuten maCanrsquot he speak Chinese

ta huigrave bugrave shud zhdngweacuten ma Is it possible that he wonrsquot speak Chinese

With dgi the second alternative simply does not exist

nh dgi bugrave ziu You should not go

H Adjectival predicatives may only be negated by bugrave

negravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi bugrave That skirt isnrsquot piagraveoliang prettyzhegravei jian wezi bugrave This room isnrsquot ganjigraveng cleanwi de bagravengdngshigrave bugrave My office dagrave isnrsquot bigzhegraver de kdngqigrave bugrave The air here isnrsquot xcnxian freshnagraver de reacuten bugrave dud There arenrsquot many

people there

Note Only adjectival idioms beginning with yiu will have to benegated by meacutei

( ) zhegravei bgn xifoshud meacutei(yiu) yigravesiThis novel isnrsquot interesting

( ) wi jcn wfn meacutei(yiu) kogravengI am busy tonight (lit I tonight am not free)

I ( ) meacutei(yiu) however is generally used to negate adjectives thatare used as state verbs (as opposed to action verbs) with the sentenceparticle le (see Intermediate Chinese Unit 8) Compare the follow-ing pairs of sentences

ta de bigraveng hfo le Hersquos well again( ) ta de bigraveng haacutei He isnrsquot well yet

meacutei(yiu) hfo

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

179

tian qiacuteng le The sky has cleared up( ) tian haacutei meacutei(yiu) It is still raining (lit The sky

qiacuteng hasnrsquot cleared up yet)

Exercise 171

Complete the sentences below with either bugrave or meacutei to providea correct translation of the English

1 bagraveba hb jijFather doesnrsquot drink

2 ta qugrave kagraven jcngjugraveHe didnrsquot go to watch the Beijing Opera

3 zuoacutetian xiagrave xug

It didnrsquot snow yesterday4 yhqiaacuten wi xueacute guo hagravenyj

I have never studied Chinese before5 ta coacutenglaacutei chdu guo yan

She has never smoked6

guogravequgrave waacuteng xiansheng chaacutengchaacuteng dagravei magraveoziMr Wang didnrsquot often wear a hat before

7 wi qugrave yoacuteuyingI am not going swimming

8 ta yhjcng qiacute zigravexiacutengchb leHe has stopped riding a bike

9 jigjie negravei tian tiagraveowj

My elder sister didnrsquot dance that day10 megraveimei mfi quacutenzi

My younger sister didnrsquot buy a skirt11 wi duacute zuoacutetian de bagraveozhh

I didnrsquot read yesterdayrsquos newspaper12 gbge xhhuan chagravenggb

My older brother doesnrsquot like singing13 wi coacutenglaacutei chc niuacuterograveu

I have never eaten beef14 wi coacutenglaacutei hb guo lqchaacute

I have never drunk green tea before15 digravedi huigrave kaichb

My younger brother canrsquot drive

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

180

Exercise 172

Add the adverb in brackets to the Chinese sentences below and thenadjust the English translation to take account of this

1 haacuteizimen bugrave xhhuan chc shecagraveiThe children donrsquot like eating vegetables ( ddu)

2 tamen meacuteiyiu qugrave kagraven jcngjugraveThey didnrsquot go to watch the Beijing Opera ( yg)

3 ta chcfagraven qiaacuten bugrave xh shiuHe didnrsquot wash his hands before meals ( chaacutengchaacuteng)

4 wi bugrave chduyanI donrsquot smoke ( coacutenglaacutei)

5 ta meacutei hb chaacuteShe didnrsquot drink any tea ( gangcaacutei)

6 ta meacutei kagraven diagravenshigraveHe didnrsquot watch TV ( jcntian)

7 ta meacutei chc dagravengaoShe didnrsquot eat anytouch the cake ( negravei tian)

8 megraveimei meacutei zuograve guo fbijc(My) younger sister has not flown in a plane before ( coacutenglaacutei)

Exercise 173

Indicate which of the Chinese sentences below is the correct transla-tion of the English in each case

1 I donrsquot think the answer is correctwi regravenweacutei negravei gegrave daacutersquoagraven bugrave duigravewi bugrave regravenweacutei negravei gegrave daacutersquoagraven duigrave

2 I donrsquot think it is worth considering any morewi bugrave regravenweacutei zhegrave zhiacutede dud xifngwi regravenweacutei zhegrave bugrave zhiacutede dud xifng

3 I have never taken a liking to herwi coacutenglaacutei meacuteiyiu xhhuan guo ta

wi coacutenglaacutei bugrave xhhuan guo ta4 He was not wearing an overcoat

ta meacutei chuan dagraveyc

D ta meacutei chuan zhe dagraveyc

ta bugrave chuan dagraveyc

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

181

Exercise 174

Insert an appropriate negator or negators in the right position in eachof the following Chinese sentences to match the meaning of theEnglish sentences

1ta kgyh zagravei negravei zhuagraveng faacutengzi de qiaacuteng shang xig biaoyj

He is not supposed to write any slogans on the wall of that house2 nh huigrave bao jifozi ma

Canrsquot you make Chinese dumplings3 jcnglh yuagravenyi jia cheacuten xiansheng de

gdngzc

The manager was unwilling to give Mr Chen a pay rise4 wi zhegravei gegrave xcngqclhbagravei neacuteng laacutei ma

Can I not come this week5 ta laacutei ycngguoacute qiaacuten jiagraven guo sdngshj

She had never seen squirrels before she came to Britain6 megraveimei gfn qugrave liacutenje nagraver jiegrave yhzi

My younger sister dare not go and borrow chairs from our neighbour7 kugravezi tagravei dufn | digravedi kgnyuagravenyi chuan

The trousers were too short and my younger brother was not will-ing to wear them

8 shuhgui hgn xcnxian | dagravejia ddu xifng chc

The fruit was not fresh at all and nobody wanted to touch it9

zuoacutetian xiagrave dagrave yj | wimen qugrave caochfng tc zuacuteqiuacuteThere was heavy rain yesterday We didnrsquot go and play football onthe sports field

10 nh ycnggai gagraveosu tamen zhegravei jiagraven shigraveYou shouldnrsquot have told them about this

11 zhegravei xib huar xiang | migravefbng laacutei cfi migraveThese flowers arenrsquot fragrant and the bees donrsquot come to collecthoney from them

12 cfomeacutei bh taacuteozi hfochc

Strawberries are not as delicious as peaches


Translate the following pairs of sentences making clear how one sentence differs in meaning from the other in each pair owing to thedifferent positioning of the negator

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

182

ta bugrave gfn qugrave He dare not gota gfn bugrave qugrave Dare he not go

( ) meacutei(yiu) reacuten bugrave gfn qugraveThere is nobody who dare not go

( ) meacutei(yiu) reacuten gfn bugrave qugraveThere is nobody who dare stay behind (lit dares not to go)

1 nh bugrave yuagravenyi qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng manh yuagravenyi bugrave qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng ma

2 shuiacute bugrave xifng chc rograveushuiacute xifng bugrave chc rograveu

3 haacuteizimen bugrave kgn hb qigraveshuh mahaacuteizimen kgn bugrave hb qigraveshuh ma

4 geniangmen bugrave kgn chuan quacutenzi mageniangmen kgn bugrave chuan quacutenzi ma

5 nh bugrave xifng hb kafbi manh xifng bugrave hb kafbi ma

6 yiu reacuten bugrave xifng hgn zfo qhchuaacutengyiu reacuten xifng bugrave hgn zfo qhchuaacuteng

7 ta bugrave gfn huiacute jia mata gfn bugrave huiacute jia ma

8 sheacutei bugrave yuagravenyi xueacute zhdngweacutensheacutei yuagravenyi bugrave xueacute zhdngweacuten

9 meacutei(yiu) reacuten bugrave yuagravenyi xueacute zhdngweacutenmeacutei(yiu) reacuten yuagravenyi bugrave xueacute zhdngweacuten

10 sheacutei bugrave neacuteng hb jijsheacutei neacuteng bugrave hb jij


Make the following sentences more emphatic in two ways by adding(1) the word zagravei lsquoagainrsquo and (2) the phrase zagravei yg lsquonever everagainrsquo and translate the two emphatic versions into English

ta bugrave chduyan le He has quit smokingta bugrave zagravei chduyan le He is not smoking any more

ta zagravei yg bugrave chduyan le He will never smoke again

1 wi bagraveba bugrave zagravei cegravesui li chduyan le2 wi liacutenje bugrave yfng giu le3 ta de ns peacutengyou bugrave hb jij le

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

183

4 ta jiugravejiu bugrave djboacute le5 ta hb kafbi bugrave jia taacuteng le6 haacuteizimen bugrave zagravei jib shang tc zuacuteqiuacute le7 wi megraveimei bugrave sahufng le8 wi de yc gegrave toacutengxueacute bugrave df reacuten heacute

magrave reacuten le9 wi gbge bugrave kaichb le

10 wi mama bugrave chc rograveu le

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

184

UNIT EIGHTEENTypes of question (1)

185

A General questions in Chinese can be formed by adding the particlema to the end of a statement Answers to such questions often employ

the verb or adjective in the question with or without a negator as requiredby the meaning

nh shigrave ycngguoacute Are you Englishreacuten mashigrave de Yes (lit be)bugrave shigrave | wi shigrave No (lit not be) I am ffguoacute reacuten French

nh yiu liacutengqiacutean Have you got ma changeyiu Yes (lit have)duigravebuqh | wi Sorry I havenrsquotmeacutei yiu

nh maacuteng ma Are you busyhgn maacuteng Yes (lit busy)bugrave maacuteng No Irsquom not

(lit not busy)

nh qugrave xueacutexiagraveo Are you going to ma the schoolqugrave a Yes (lit go)jcntian bugrave qugrave Irsquom not going today

(lit today not go)

Note a as seen in the last example is a particle often placed atthe end of an affirmative response either to emphasize the answeror to query the true meaning of the question depending on the toneused by the speaker qugrave a in this case means either lsquoYes I am definitely goingrsquo or lsquoYes I am going so whatrsquo

In the answer to ma questions it is also possible to use words orphrases indicating confirmation or denial for example shigrave or shigrave de lsquoyesrsquo (lit it isdoes) duigrave lsquoyesrsquo (lit right correct) or bugrave or

bugrave shigrave lsquonorsquo (lit it isnrsquotdoesnrsquot)

nh de bagravengdngshigrave hgn zang maIs your office very dirty

shigrave de | quegraveshiacute hgn zangYes itrsquos really filthy

bugrave | ycdifnr yg bugrave zangNo itrsquos not at all dirty

miacutengtian kaihuigrave maIs the meeting tomorrow

duigrave | miacutengtian kaihuigraveYes the meetingrsquos tomorrow

bugrave | hograveutian caacutei kaiNo itrsquos not till the day after tomorrow( caacutei is an adverb indicating lsquonot until rsquo)

nh bugrave xhhuan chc Donrsquot you like fishyuacute mashigrave de | wi bugrave No I donrsquot xhhuan chc yuacute (like fish)bugrave | wi hgn xhhuan Yes I do (like fish)chc yuacute

nh shbn shang meacutei Donrsquot you have any yiu qiaacuten ma money with youbugrave | wi shbnshang Yes I doyiu qiaacutenduigrave | wi shbnshang No I donrsquotmeacutei yiu qiaacuten

Note From the last two examples you can observe that in answer-ing a question Chinese will first use lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo to signal agree-ment or disagreement with the proposition before a precise answeris given whereas English generally uses lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo depending onwhether the answer itself is in the affirmative or in the negative

B General questions may also be expressed in an lsquoaffirmative-negativersquo form by repeating the verb or adjective with the negator

bugrave or in the case of the verb yiu with the negator meacutei Answersto such lsquoaffirmative-negativersquo questions likewise use the verb or adject-ive in the question with or without a negator

18Types ofquestion(1)

186

nh shigrave bugrave shigrave waacuteng xiansheng Are you Mr Wang shigravebugrave shigrave YesNo (lit benot be)

nh mFi bugrave mFi shuhgui Are you going to buy any fruit mfibugrave mfi YesNo (lit buynot buy)

nh jcn wfn yIu meacutei yIu shigraverHave you got anything to do tonight

yiumeacutei yiu YesNo (lit havenot have)

zuoacutetian lGng bugrave lGng Was it cold yesterday lgng abugrave lgng YesNo (lit coldnot cold)

zhegravei gegrave haacuteizi guAi bugrave guAiIs this child disobedient

zhegravei gegrave haacuteizi zhbn guaizhegravei gegrave haacuteizi ycdifnr yg bugrave guaiThis child is really obedientThis child is not at all obedient

nh de xiacutengli zhograveng bugrave zhograveng Is your luggageheavy( ) (wi de xiacutengli) ycdifnr yg bugrave zhogravengMy luggage isnrsquot heavy at all

Note As we can see in the answers above it is not unusual to empha-size onersquos agreement or disagreement by modifying the adjectivalpredicative used in the questions with hgn lsquoveryrsquo zhbn lsquotrulyrsquo

a ycdifnr yg bugrave lsquonot at allrsquo etc

C It must be pointed out that meacuteiyiu when employed tonegate a completed action or past experience (see Unit 17) follows twopatterns in the formulation of affirmative-negative questions

(i) meacuteiyiu is placed at the end of a positive statement whichuses le or guo

nh chc le fagraven meacuteiyiu Have you eaten yet chc lemeacuteiyiu Yes (I have)No

(I havenrsquot)

xifo waacuteng laacutei le Has Xiao Wang meacuteiyiu arrived yet

laacutei lehaacutei meacuteiyiu Yes (he has)No not yet

nh qugrave guo zhdngguoacute Have you ever been meacuteiyiu to China


187

( ) qugrave guomeacutei(yiu) Yes (I have)Noqugrave guo (I havenrsquot)

(ii) yiu meacuteiyiu is inserted before the verb (retaining guobut omitting le) in the question

nh yiu meacuteiyiu mfi xiangjiaoDid you buy any bananas

mfi lemeacuteiyiuYes (I did)No (I didnrsquot)

zuoacute wfn nhmen yiu meacuteiyiu kagraven diagravenshigraveDid you watch television yesterday

kagraven lemeacuteiyiuYes (I did)No (I didnrsquot)

nh yiu meacuteiyiu taacuten guo zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacuteHave you talked about this question

taacuten guomeacuteiyiuYes (I have)No (I havenrsquot)

meacuteiyiu may also be added to an adjectival predicative withle which indicates a change of state (see Intermediate Chinese

Unit 8) to form the affirmative-negative question

ta de bigraveng hfo le meacuteiyiuHas she recovered from her illness(lit Her illness has got well or not)

( ) hfo lehaacutei meacutei(yiu) hfoYes (she has)No not yet

ta zuigrave le meacuteiyiuIs he drunk

( ) zuigrave lemeacutei(yiu) zuigraveYes (he is)No (he isnrsquot)

shugrave shang de piacutenggui shuacuteshoacuteu lemeacuteiyiuAre the apples on the tree ripe (lit Have the apples on thetree ripened)

( ) shuacuteshoacuteu lehaacutei meacutei(yiu) shuacuteshoacuteuYes (they are)No not yet

Note shuacute and shoacuteu are pronunciation variants of lsquoto ripenrsquo

D If modal verbs are present they (rather than the main verb) alter-nate in their positive and negative forms to formulate the affirmative-negative question


188

nh jcn wfn neacuteng bugrave Can you go dancingneacuteng qugrave tiagraveowj tonightmiacutengtian huigrave bugrave huigrave Will it snowxiagrave xug tomorrow

( ) nh kg(yh) bugrave kgyh Can you help mebangbang wi de maacuteng

( ) ta yuagraven(yi) bugrave Is she yuagravenyi bangzhugrave nh willing to help you

One does not say

nh jcn wfn neacuteng Can you go dancingqugrave bugrave qugrave tiagraveowj tonight

Note With a disyllabic modal verb the affirmative part of theaffirmative-negative sequence may often drop the second syllableas the last two examples show

E Questions can of course be formulated with question words InChinese the question word is located where the answer is to beexpected That is to say Chinese unlike English does not necessarilyhave to move the question word to the beginning of the sentence (seeUnits 4 and 9)

ta shigrave sheacutei Who is heta shigrave zhegraver de ycshbng He is the doctor

here

nh qugrave nfr Where are you going

wi qugrave huichbzhagraven Irsquom going to the railway station

sheacutei laacutei le Who has arrivedzhang xifojie laacutei le Miss Zhang has

arrived

zhegrave shigrave sheacutei de baogui Whose parcel is this

zhegrave shigrave negravei wegravei It is that xiansheng de baogui gentlemanrsquos parcel


189

nh xifng hb difnr What would you sheacutenme like to drinkwi xifng hb difnr kglegrave Irsquod like (to have)

some coke

nh zagravei nfr xueacutexiacute Where are you studying

wi zagravei bgijcng dagravexueacute I am studying at xueacutexiacute Peking University

nh yagraveo ngi yc gegrave Which one do you want

wi yagraveo zhegravei gegrave I want this one

nf liagraveng chb shigrave nh de Which car is yoursnegravei liagraveng hbi chb shigrave That black one wi de is mine

F The particle ne is also used to formulate a variety of questions

(i) It may be placed after a noun noun phrase or pronoun when thespeaker is expecting something (or someone) and queries this

yagraveoshi neWhere are the keys (Shouldnrsquot they be here you have not for-gotten them have you etc)

ta neWhere is he (Shouldnrsquot he be here tooby now)

jieacutegui neAnd what was the resultWhat happened then

(ii) It also occurs after a noun noun phrase or pronoun to ask aboutthe condition of somebody or something with reference to astatement that has just been made Here it is usually translated aslsquoAnd how about And what about rsquo

wi hgn hfo | nh neIrsquom very well And you

wi de zuograveyegrave jiao le | nh de neIrsquove handed in my course-work How about you (lit how aboutyours)(Compare wi jiao le zuograveyegrave le | nh ne)

chegravenshan xh le | kugravezi neThe shirt has been washed but what about the trousers


190

Note Observe the formulation of the last two examples Theyare very similar to English passive voice sentences

(iii) It can raise a question relating to a particular situation (couchedin terms of a general statement) and is often roughly equivalentto English lsquowhat if rsquo

ta bugrave toacutengyigrave ne What if he doesnrsquot agree (to it)

lfoshc meacutei kograveng ne What if the teacher hasnrsquot got time

miacutengtian xiagrave yj ne What if it rains tomorrow

(iv) It may be added to a question-word question or an affirmative-negative question to introduce a tone of surprise or impatience

ta shigrave sheacutei ne Who can she bexifo mao zagravei nfr ne Where can the kitten betamen maacuteng bugrave Are they really maacuteng ne busy

Exercise 181

Change the statements below into two forms of questions using maand the lsquoaffirmative-negativersquo structure providing answers in both theaffirmative and the negative

ta chduyanHe smokes

ta chduyan ma ( ) ta chdu(yan) bugravechduyanDoes he smoke

chduYes

bugrave chduNo

1 tamen shigrave noacutengmiacutenThey are farmers

2 ta xifng df pcngpangqiuacuteHe wants to play table-tennis


191

3 ta qugrave guo dogravengwugraveyuaacutenHe has been to the zoo

4 negravei tiaacuteo jib hgn ganjigravengThat street is very clean

5 ta miacutengtian huigrave laacuteiShe will come tomorrow

6 ta yiu tuacuteshezhegravengHersquos got a library card

7 ta dagravei le yagraveoshiShersquos brought her keys

8 hui hgn wagravengThe fire was burning brightly

9 nh de peacutengyou huigrave hbng negravei gegrave qjziYour friend can hum that tune

10 ta de digravedi xhhuan chuan niuacutezfikugraveHis younger brother likes wearing jeans

Exercise 182

Convert the questions below into the aspect marker le structure andtranslate the questions into English

nh yiu meacuteiyiu yoacuteuyingnh yoacuteu le ying meacuteiyiu

Did you swimDid you go swimming

1 nh yiu meacuteiyiu xh chegravenshan2 nh zuoacutetian yiu meacuteiyiu duacute bagraveo3

shagraveng gegrave yuegrave nh yiu meacuteiyiu kagraven diagravenyhng4 zuoacute wfn nh yiu meacuteiyiu xig xigraven5 nh yiu meacuteiyiu mfi piagraveo6

ta yiu meacuteiyiu pegravengjiagraven zhang xiansheng7

nhmen qiaacutentian yiu meacuteiyiu shagraveng jijbajian8

nhmen nagraver shagraveng xcngqc yiu meacuteiyiu xiagrave xug

9ta jia qugraveniaacuten xiagravetian yiu meacuteiyiu qugrave hfi bian dugravejiagrave

10zhegravei jiagraven shigrave xifo huaacuteng yiu meacuteiyiu gagraveosu nh


192

Exercise 183

Translate the following sentences into Chinese expressing the questionin two ways in each case

1 Have you ever been mountain-climbing2 Have you ever met your neighbour3 Have you ever blamed yourself4 Have you ever been to a soccer match5 Have you ever ridden a horse6 Have you ever been to the seaside7 Have you ever tried Chinese dumplings8 Have you ever seen a whale ( jcngyuacute lsquowhalersquo)9 Have you ever kept a dog

10 Have you ever been to a pub

Exercise 184


1 Is it quiet in the library ( anjigraveng lsquoquietrsquo)2 Is it hot in Beijing3 Are your friends happy ( gaoxigraveng lsquohappyrsquo)4 Are the dishes tasty5 Was that television programme interesting6 Was the soccer match exciting7 Is this chair comfortable ( shefu lsquocomfortablersquo)8 Do the flowers smell nice ( xiang lsquosweet-smellingrsquo)9 Was the cake sweet ( tiaacuten lsquosweet (to the taste)rsquo)

10 Is the table clean ( ganjigraveng lsquocleanrsquo)11 Is the room tidy ( zhgngqiacute lsquotidyrsquo)12 Was the manager generous ( kangkfi lsquogenerousrsquo)

Exercise 185

Translate these questions into Chinese using ne

1 What if he gets drunk2 The trousers have been washed but what about the skirt3 What if it rains tomorrow evening4 What if I havenrsquot got time5 The coffee is nice but what do you think of the cake6 Irsquom very busy How about you


193

7 Where can she have gone8 Whose computer is this then9 Where are my keys

10 Where can the kitten be


In a Chinese sentence where the human initiator of the action of theverb is unambiguous and the relationship of the verb with its inani-mate object is clear the order of the verb and object can be reversedto form what is called a notional passive Following the model shownchange the 12 sentences below into notional passives with or withoutthe human initiator

wi mfi le piagraveo leI have bought the ticket

piagraveo wi mfi lepiagraveo mfi le

1 wi xie hfo le chb le I have mended the car2 wi dagravei le yjsfn le I have had my umbrella with me3 nh dagravei le yagraveoshi le ma Have you brought your

key with you4 nh chc guo bgijcng kfoya ma Have you ever

tried Peking duck5 nh jiao le zuograveyegrave meacuteiyiu Have you handed in your

homework6 ta jigrave le xigraven meacuteiyiu Has she put the letter in the post7 nh hb guo lqchaacute meacuteiyiu Have you ever drunk

green tea8 wi xh le ycfu le I have washed the clothes9 nh qugrave guo bgijcng meacuteiyiu Have you ever been

to Beijing10 nh dagraveo guo chaacutengcheacuteng meacuteiyiu Have you been

to the Great Wall11 nh dagravei le qiacuten meacuteiyiu Have you got any money on

you12 ( ) nh kagraven le jcntian de bagraveozhh (le) ma

Have you read todayrsquos paper

Note All Chinese notional passives normally end with the sentenceparticle le


194


You will see below two general questions which each have differentalternative forms Following these patterns restructure each of the 15sentences into an appropriate alternative form

zhegrave jh tian nh qugrave pfobugrave maAre you going jogging in the coming few days

zhegrave jh tian nh qugrave bugrave qugrave pfobugrave

ta dang le jcnglh le maHas he been promoted to the managership

ta dang le jcnglh meacuteiyiu

1 zhegrave jh tian nh qugrave xueacute tagraveijiacutequaacuten maAre you going to take Trsquoai Chi lessons in the coming few days

2 zhegrave jh tian huigrave xiagrave yj maIs it going to rain in the next few days

3 nh neacuteng zagravei zhegraver dgng ycxiagrave maCan you wait a little here

4 nh mfi le chb le maHave you bought your car

5 nh xhhuan chuan niuacutezfikugrave maDo you like wearing jeans

6 nh dagravei le tuacuteshezhegraveng le maHave you brought your library card with you

7 nh toacutengyigrave wi de jiagravenyigrave maAre you agreeable to my suggestion

8 nh de peacutengyou huigrave df pcngpangqiuacute maDoes your friend know how to play ping-pong

9 nh miacutengtian zfoshang yiukograveng maAre you free tomorrow morning

10 nh xifng chc bgijcng kfoya maDo you want to try Peking duck

11 nh yuagravenyi bang ta de maacuteng maAre you willing to help him

12 nh jia li yiu diagravennfo maDo you have a computer at home

13 nh waacutencheacuteng le negravei jiagraven gdngzuograve le maHave you finished that work

14 nh dang guo lfoshc maHave you ever been a teacher

15 nh jiagraven le jcnglh le maHave you seen the manager yet


195

196

UNIT NINETEENTypes of question (2)

A Tag questions which are seeking agreement to or approval of asuggestion or proposal are formed by attaching hfomahfo bugrave hfo xiacuteng maxiacuteng bugrave xiacuteng (lit lsquois this OKrsquo)

( ) kgyh makg(yh) bugrave kgyh (lit lsquois that allrightrsquo) etc to the statement Answers to such questions repeat thetag words hfo xiacuteng or kgyh sometimes with a in theaffirmative and with bugrave in the negative

zaacutenmen qugrave sagravenbugrave | Shall we go for a hfo ma walkhfo a FineOK

wi xifng df gegrave Is it all right if I diagravenhuagrave make| xiacuteng ma a phone callxiacuteng YesAll right

wimen jcntian zfo Can we go homedifnr huiacute jia | kgyh ma earlier todaybugrave kgyh No you canrsquot

B ba may be added to the end of a positive or negative statementto form a question implying surmise or supposition Answers to thesequestions naturally invite the use of ( ) shigrave (de) or duigrave lsquoyesrsquo or

( ) bugrave (shigrave) or bugrave duigrave lsquonorsquo (see Unit 18) as a direct responseto the surmise or supposition itself

zhegravei gegrave hagravenzigrave bugrave duigrave baThis Chinese character is wrong isnrsquot itIsnrsquot this Chinese characterwrong

shigrave | zhegravei gegrave hagravenzigrave bugrave duigraveYes it is wrong

negravei fuacute huagraver shigrave ta huagrave de baThat picture was painted by him wasnrsquot it

bugrave | negravei fuacute huagraver bugrave shigrave ta huagrave deNo it wasnrsquot painted by him

ta huigrave qiacute moacutetudchb baHe can ride a motorbike canrsquot he

shigrave de | ta huigraveYes he can

miacutengtian bugrave huigrave xiagrave yj baIt wonrsquot rain tomorrow will it

kingpagrave huigrave xiagrave yj

Irsquom afraid it will

Note ba at the end of a statement can also express a suggestionor exhortation

zaacutenmen ziu ba Letrsquos go (See Unit 20)

C An alternative question where the speaker presents two possibili-ties eg lsquoAre you English or Frenchrsquo is formed by placing haacuteishilsquoorrsquo between the two possibilities

nh shigrave zhdngguoacute reacuten haacuteishi rigravebgn reacutenAre you Chinese or Japanese

wi shigrave zhdngguoacute reacutenI am Chinese

nh xhhuan kagraven diagravenyhng haacuteishi tcng ycnyuegraveDo you like watching films or listening to music

wi xhhuan kagraven diagravenyhngI like watching films

nh huiacute jia haacuteishi qugrave yiacutenhaacutengAre you going home or going to the bank

wi qugrave yiacutenhaacutengI am going to the bank

Note 1 The two posed alternatives must be of similar structure iezhdngguoacute reacuten or rigravebgn reacuten (nouns) kagraven

diagravenyhng or tcng ycnyuegrave (verb + object) etc

Note 2 The conjunction lsquoorrsquo in English is rendered in Chinese byhaacuteishi in questions and huogravezhg in statements


197

nh xifng hb chaacute haacuteishi hb kaifbi Would you like tea or coffee

chaacute huogravezhg kaifbi ddu kgyh Either will do(lit tea or coffee will do)

D In Unit 11 it was explained that to emphasize the initiator targettime place means purpose etc of a past action the shigrave deconstruction is used

kegraveren shigrave zuoacutetian dagraveo de (time)The guests arrived yesterday

tamen shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave de (means)They went by plane

ta shigrave laacutei zhfo de jcnglh (target)She came to see the manager

For present and future action shigrave is employed without de

kegraveren shigrave miacutengtian dagraveo The guests are arriving tomorrow

tamen shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave They are going by plane

wi shigrave qugrave tagravenwagraveng I am going to visitfugravemj my parents

However with the verb laacutei lsquoto comersquo de often occurs at the endof the sentence even if it still indicates future As the following exam-ple shows the reason is perhaps that though the woman has yet lsquoto seethe managerrsquo the speaker wants to highlight the fact that she has alreadyarrived on the scene

ta shigrave laacutei zhfo jcnglh de She is coming to see the manager

These sentences of emphasis with shigrave or shigrave de can be formulated into various forms of question question-word questions general questions or affirmative-negative questions

(i) past actions

kegraveren shigrave sheacutenme shiacutehou dagraveo deWhen did the guests arrive


198

kegraveren shigrave zuoacutetian dagraveo de makegraveren shigrave bugrave shigrave zuoacutetian dagraveo de

Did the guests arrive yesterday

kegraveren shigrave zuoacutetian dagraveo de | haacuteishi qiaacutentian dagraveo deDid the guests arrive yesterday or the day before yesterday

tamen shigrave zgnme qugrave deHow did they travel

tamen shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave de matamen shigrave bugrave shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave de

Did they go by plane

tamen shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave de | haacuteishi zuograve chuaacuten qugrave deDid they go by plane or by boat

ta shigrave laacutei zhfo de sheacuteishuiacuteWho(m) did she come to see

ta shigrave laacutei zhfo de jcnglh mata shigrave bugrave shigrave laacutei zhfo de jcnglh

Did she come to see the manager

ta shigrave laacutei zhfo de jcnglh | haacuteishi laacutei zhfo de kuagraveijigraveDid she come to see the manager or the accountant

(ii) present or future actions

kegraveren shigrave sheacutenme shiacutehou dagraveoWhen are the guests arriving

kegraveren shigrave miacutengtian dagraveo makegraveren shigrave bugrave shigrave miacutengtian dagraveo

Are the guests arriving tomorrow

kegraveren shigrave miacutengtian dagraveo | haacuteishi hograveutian dagraveoAre the guests arriving tomorrow or the day after tomorrow

tamen shigrave zgnme qugraveHow are they travelling

tamen shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave matamen shigrave bugrave shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave

Are they going by plane


199

tamen shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave | haacuteishi zuograve chuaacuten qugraveAre they going by plane or by boat

ta shigrave laacutei zhfo sheacuteishuiacuteWho(m) is she coming to see

ta shigrave laacutei zhfo jcnglh de mata shigrave bugrave shigrave laacutei zhfo jcnglh de

Is she coming to see the manager (The speaker must have knownthat the visitor has arrived as was explained above regardingsentences like this with laacutei)

ta shigrave lagravei zhfo jcnglh | haacuteishi laacutei zhfo kuagraveijigraveIs she coming to see the manager or the accountant

The answer to all general affirmative-negative questions is either ( ) shigrave (de) lsquoyesrsquo or bugrave shigrave lsquonorsquo

shigrave nh qugrave zhfo de ta mashigrave bugrave shigrave nh qugrave zhfo de ta

Was it you who went to see herDid you go to see hershigrave de | shigrave wi Yes it was me

nh shigrave qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng manh shigrave bugrave shigrave qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng

Are you going to see a film

bugrave | wi bugrave shigrave qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng | wi shigrave qugrave tiagraveowj

No Irsquom not going to see a film Irsquom going dancing

Exercise 191

Translate the following questions into Chinese using the tags hfoma xiacuteng ma or kgyh ma

Could you shut the door pleaseqhng nh guan shagraveng meacuten | hfo ma

1 Could you close the window please2 Could you please speak Chinese3 May I use the phone4 Shall we go to the cinema5 May I borrow a pen ( jiegrave lsquoto borrowrsquo)6 Can I sleep in tomorrow ( shuigrave lfn jiagraveo lsquoto sleep inrsquo)


200

7 May I sit here8 May I make a suggestion ( tiacute lsquoto put forwardrsquo)9 Could you tell us a story please

10 Could we go dancing tonight

Exercise 192

Formulate questions using shigrave bugrave shigrave and where necessary de on the basis of the statements below to elicit the required information

zhdu xiansheng zuograve fbijc qugrave ycngguoacuteMr Zhou went to England by plane

(i) Did Mr Zhou go to EnglandWas it Mr Zhou who went toEngland

shigrave bugrave shigrave zhdu xiansheng qugrave de ycngguoacute

(ii) Did Mr Zhou travel by plane

zhdu xiansheng shigrave bugrave shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave de

(iii) Did Mr Zhou go to EnglandWas it England Mr Zhou went to

zhdu xiansheng shigrave bugrave shigrave qugrave de ycngguoacute

1 xifo lh qiacute zigravexiacutengchb qugrave yugravendogravengchfngXiao Li went to the sports field on his bike

(i) Is Xiao Li going to the sports fieldIs it Xiao Li who is goingto the sports field

(ii) Is Xiao Li going to the sports fieldIs it the sports field that XiaoLi is going to

(iii) Is Xiao Li going on his bike to the sports field

2 waacuteng xifojie gangcaacutei qugrave yoacuteujuacuteMiss Wang went to the post office just now

(i) Did Miss Wang go to the post officeWas it Miss Wang who wentto the post office

(ii) Did Miss Wang go just nowWas it just now that Miss Wang went(iii) Did Miss Wang go to the post officeWas it the post office Miss

Wang went to


201

Exercise 193

Make questions using haacuteishi which might be answered by the statements below (Note that in some cases the pronoun may have tobe changed)

1 wi shigrave lfoshc | bugrave shigrave xueacuteshengIrsquom a teacher not a student

2ta xhhuan kagraven xifoshud | bugrave xhhuan kagraven diagravenshigraveHe likes reading fiction but he doesnrsquot like watching television

3ta bugrave shigrave zuoacutetian qugrave de zhdngguoacute | shigrave qiaacutentian qugrave deHe didnrsquot go to China yesterday he went the day before

4wi shigrave zuograve huichb qugrave shagravengban | bugrave shigrave zuograve qigravechb

I go to work by train not by bus5 wi shigrave qugrave diagravenyhngyuagraven | bugrave shigrave qugrave

fagravengufnIrsquom going to the cinema not to the restaurant

6 zhegrave shigrave ycyuagraven | bugrave shigrave dagravexueacuteThis is a hospital not a university

7ta negravei tian shigrave chuan de quacutenzi | bugrave shigrave kugraveziWhat she wore that day was a skirt not a pair of trousers

8wi qiaacutentian shigrave pegravengjiagraven de lfo waacuteng | bugrave shigrave xifo zhangI bumped into Lao Wang not Xiao Zhang the day before yesterday

Exercise 194

Change the following Chinese sentences into questions using ba and then (1) provide English translations of the questions and (2) give positive and negative answers to the questions in Chinese andEnglish (Note again that in some cases the pronoun may need to bechanged)

xiagravetian tagraveiyaacuteng wj difn bagraven jiugrave che laacutei leThe sun rises at five thirty in the summer

xiagravetian tagraveiyaacuteng wj difn bagraven jiugrave che laacutei le baThe sun rises at half past five in the summer doesnrsquot it


202

( ) duigrave | shigrave (de)Yes

( ) bugrave duigrave | bugrave shigrave (de)No

1 zhegravei bgn she shigrave wi xig deThis book was written by me

2 luacutenden liacute bgijcng hgn yufnLondon is a long way from Beijing

3 huichb yhjcng kai ziu leThe train has already gone

4 nagravenegravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi tagravei chaacuteng leThat skirt is too long

5 wi mgi tian ddu tigrave gua huacuteziI shave every day

6 wi bagraveba | mama xiagrave gegrave yuegrave qugrave dugravejiagraveMy parents will go away on holiday next month

7 wi bugrave xhhuan hb zhdngguoacute chaacuteI donrsquot like Chinese tea

8 wi qczi bugrave chc niuacuterograveuMy wife does not eat beef

Exercise 195

Translate the following sentences into Chinese giving emphasis to theexpressions in italics and paying particular attention to whether or not

de must be included to indicate past or future events

1 Are you going to China next month2 Did you go to China last year3 Are you going by plane or by boat4 Did you go by car or on a bike5 Where did you learn your Chinese6 Where are you going to learn your Chinese7 Who washed the bowls last night8 Who is going to wash the bowls tonight


Following the pattern below answer the 12 questions positively or negatively


203

nh xhhuan chc yuacute maDo you like eating fish

wi hgn xhhuan chc yuacuteVery much

wi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave xhhuan chc yuacuteNot at all

1 nh xhhuan df pcngpangqiuacute maDo you like playing ping-pongtable-tennis

2 nh xhhuan kagraven diagravenyhng maDo you like watching films

3 dagravengao hfochc maIs the cake delicious

4 negravei bgn xifoshud yiu yigravesc maIs that novel interesting

5 negravei tiaacuteo kugravezi chaacuteng bugrave chaacutengIs that pair of trousers long

6 nh sheshu de haacuteizi kgrsquoagravei ma ( kgrsquoagraveilsquolovelyrsquo)Are your unclersquos children lovely

7 nh jia de xifo mao kgrsquoagravei bugrave kgrsquoagraveiIs your kitten lovely

8zuograve huichb qugrave bh zuograve qigravechb qugrave kuagravei maIs it faster going there by train than by car

9 nh xifng qugrave zhdngguoacute waacutenr maDo you want to go travelling in China

10 nagraver de xiagravetian regrave bugrave regraveIs the summer there hot


Translate the following questions into Chinese using shigrave bugrave shigraveto give emphasis to the enquiry

Are you going out for a walknh shigrave bugrave shigrave che qugrave sagravenbugrave

1 Do you really want to learn Chinese2 Are there a lot of athletes on the sports field3 Is the street full of people4 Are your parents coming to see you in a few days5 Do you often go swimming


204

6 Is your friend waiting for you outside7 Have they been to Beijing many times8 Is she writing letters the whole evening9 Have you had a lot of beer tonight

10 Does this dish not taste as nice as that one


205

206

UNIT TWENTYImperatives and exclamations

A Imperatives as commands or requests directed at the listener ingiven contexts do not usually need a subject (unless the speaker wantsto single out a particular person from a group)

jigraven laacutei Come inche qugrave Get outzhagraven qhlaacutei Stand upzuograve xiagrave Sit downanjigraveng difnr Quieten down (lit a bit quieter)yaacutensugrave difnr Be serious (lit a bit serious)

nh qugrave jiao shuh | nh qugrave gb cfo | nh qugrave jifn shugraveliacuteYou water the plants You mow the grass And you clip the hedge

B To soften the tone of an imperative to the level of a request qhng lsquopleasersquo is placed at the beginning of the imperative

qhng jigraven laacutei Come in pleaseqhng zuograve xiagrave Please take a seatqhng dagravejia anjigraveng Would everybody be difnr quiet please

To soften the tone still further the sentence particle ba can be used

qhng jigraven laacutei ba Wonrsquot you please come inqhng zuograve ba Wonrsquot you please sit down

ba occurs without qhng and carries a casual tone

zuograve ba Sit down thenOkay take a seatWhy donrsquot you take a seat

jigraven laacutei ba Come in thenOkay you can come in now

C Commands and requests usually call for actions on the part of thelistener If they involve a third party verbs like ragraveng lsquoto let to allowto permitrsquo jiagraveo lsquoto orderrsquo etc are usually placed before the third-person pronoun

ragraveng ta ziu ba Let him gojiagraveo ta laacutei jiagraven wi Tell him to come and see meragraveng ta qugrave Leave him alone (lit let him go)

Note Observe the idiomatic use of the verb qugrave lsquoto gorsquo in the thirdexample

ragraveng is of course also used by the speaker in relation to him- orherself

ragraveng wi bang nh de maacuteng Let me give you a hand

ragraveng wi kagraven yc kagraven Let me have a lookragraveng wi xifng ycxiagrave Let me think about it

D In the case of an imperative involving the action of the speakerand the listener the pronoun zaacutenmen lsquoweusrsquo is used together withthe particle ba

zaacutenmen ziu ba Letrsquos gozaacutenmen hb yc bbi ba Letrsquos have a drink

E Commands or requests may also be concerned with the manner inwhich actions are carried out Under such circumstances the relevantadverbials are placed before the imperative verb

kuagravei ziu Hurry upmagravenmagraven laacutei Take it easyTake your timedui chc difnr Have some more (food)

F Negative imperatives (or prohibitions) are expressed by bugrave yagraveolsquodonrsquotrsquo or its short form bieacute

dgng yc dgng | bieacute ziu Wait a minuteHang on Donrsquot go (yet)

bieacute shudhuagrave Keep quiet (lit donrsquot speak)

20Imper-atives andexclama-tions

207

bieacute kegraveqi Make yourself at home (lit donrsquot be polite)

bugrave yagraveo chduyan Donrsquot smokebugrave yagraveo kai waacutenxiagraveo Donrsquot (treat it as a) joke

G Sentence particle le (sometimes in combination with a andpronounced la) is added to introduce a note of urgency

bieacute shudhuagrave le Silence pleaseStop talkingqhchuaacuteng la Itrsquos time to get upUp you get

H More formal prohibitions which appear on public notices areexpressed by bugrave zhjn lsquonot allowedrsquo bugrave xj lsquonot permittedrsquoand bugrave deacute lsquomust notrsquo

bugrave zhjn chduyan No smokingbugrave deacute rugrave negravei No entrybugrave xj zagravei ch luagraven die lajc No litter on the

premises

I Exclamations are formed by placing a degree adverb like ( )dud(me) lsquohowrsquo zhbn lsquoreallytrulyrsquo before the adjective which is oftenfollowed by a

luacutenden de jibdagraveo dudme faacutenmaacuteng aHow busy the streets in London are

qiaacuteo | ta pfo de zhbn kuagravei aLook he can run really fast

nh zhbn dograveuYou are really funnywitty

J There is a tendency for the particle a to be affected by the vowelor consonant ending of the word that precedes it This leads to possi-ble variants including the following

Endings Variant-i ya-u -ao wa-n na

le and a (see G above) fuse to become la

Examples

tian na Heavens


208

zhegravei dagraveo tiacutemugrave zhbn naacuten naThis question is really difficult

zhegravei zhing yagraveo dudme kj waThis medicine is so bitterreally awfulnasty

bugrave shigrave zhegravei huiacute shigrave yaIt is certainly not the case

qigravechb xie hfo laThe car has been repaired at last

yc zhc dudme mgiligrave de xifo nifo waWhat a beautiful little bird

zhegravei toacuteu xioacutengmao dud kgrsquoagravei yaIsnrsquot this panda sweet

zhegravei chfng qiuacutesagravei dudme jcngcfi yaThis football match is so exciting

Note The above are not rigid rules and it is possible for individualspeakers simply to use a or ya in many cases

Exercise 201

Translate the following imperatives into Chinese

1 Come in2 Stand up3 Get out4 Sit down5 Get up

Exercise 202

Translate the following imperatives into Chinese using qhng andorba ragraveng jiagraveo where appropriate

1 Do have some more (food)2 Letrsquos get off (the bus) here3 Leave him alone4 Hurry up5 Please queue up here ( paacuteiduigrave lsquoto queuersquo)


209

6 Be quick7 Come back early8 Close the door9 Be serious

10 Donrsquot switch off the light

6 Switch on the light please7 Come in please8 Letrsquos have a little rest9 Listen Who is it

10 Please open the door

Exercise 203

Rephrase the imperative sentences below as negatives

1 guan chuang Close the window2 guan dbng Turn off the light3 liagraveng ycfu Hang the clothes out to dry4 shagraveng chb Get on the busGet into the

car5 guograve laacutei Come here6 chuan zhegravei Wear this pair of shoes

shuang xieacute7 kaichb (in a car) Letrsquos go8 ragraveng ta ziu Let him go9 jiagraveo ta huiacute laacutei Tell her to come back

10 qhng dagravejia dagravei Would everyone please bring sfn umbrellas

Exercise 204

Translate into Chinese the two imperative sentences (i) and (ii) in eachof the following cases building on the basic imperative provided

1 jigraven qugrave Go in

(i) Letrsquos go in(ii) Okay you may go in now

2 qugrave gb cfo Go and cut the grass

(i) Would you please go and mow the grass(ii) Go and mow the grass now please (Itrsquos time for you to go and

mow the grass now)


210

3 xiagrave chb Get off the bus

(i) Letrsquos get off the bus(ii) Come on wersquore getting off here

4 hb yc bbi Have a drink

(i) Letrsquos have a drink(ii) Itrsquos okay you may have a drink

Exercise 205

Complete the following sentences with a likely exclamatory particle ineach case such as a ya wa na or la remembering thatwith la an element must be replaced

1 zhegravei kuagravei shiacutetou dud zhogravengThis stone is so heavy

2 negravei zhuagraveng dagraveloacuteu zhbn gaoThat building is really tall

3 wagraveimian dud lgngHow cold it is outside

4 wi egrave sh leI am so hungry

5 ta laacutei de zhbn zfoHersquos here really early

6 nh kagraven digravebfn ddu shc leLook the floor is all wet

7 jcntian de tianqigrave dudme hfoWhat a nice day it is today

8 zhegravei dagraveo tiacute zhbn naacutenThis question is really difficult

9zhegrave shigrave yc tiaacuteo dudme piagraveoliang de quacutenziWhat a pretty skirt this is

10 tuacuteshegufn li zhbn anjigravengHow quiet it is in the library

11 zhegravei gegrave haacuteizi dud kgrsquoagraveiHow lovely this child is

12 dudme kgrsquoagravei de yc zhc xifo mao

What a lovely kitten


211


Translate the 15 negative commands below using bieacute lsquoDonrsquotrsquo withthe verb indicated in each case

Donrsquot bother about me ( gufn)bieacute gufn wi

1 Never mind him ( gufn)2 Donrsquot come in ( jigraven laacutei)3 Donrsquot go out ( che qugrave)4 Donrsquot go yet ( ziu)5 Donrsquot touch it ( pegraveng)6 Donrsquot go on ( shud)7 Donrsquot swear at people ( magrave)8 Donrsquot sleep on the sofa ( shuigrave)9 Donrsquot look for excuses ( zhfo)

10 Donrsquot borrow money from others ( jiegrave)11 Donrsquot wait for me ( dgng)12 Donrsquot smoke here ( chduyan)13 Donrsquot tease him ( dograveu)14 Donrsquot stand up ( zhagraven)15 Donrsquot laugh at me ( xiagraveo)

Reformulate the same 15 imperatives making use of the words in brackets and then translate them into English

Donrsquot bother about me ( bugrave yograveng)( ) (nh) bugrave yograveng gufn wi lsquoNo need (for you) to botherabout mersquo

1 Never mind him ( bugrave bigrave )2 Donrsquot come in ( bugrave yagraveo)3 Donrsquot go out ( bugrave xj lsquonot allowedrsquo)4 Donrsquot go yet ( haacutei bugrave neacuteng)5 Donrsquot touch it ( bugrave zhjn)6 Donrsquot go on ( bugrave yagraveo)7 Donrsquot swear at people ( bugrave xj)8 Donrsquot sleep on the sofa ( bugrave kgyh)9 Donrsquot look for excuses ( bugrave yagraveo)

10 Donrsquot borrow money from others ( bugrave yagraveo)11 Donrsquot wait for me ( bugrave bigrave)12 Donrsquot smoke here ( bugrave zhjn)13 Donrsquot tease him ( bugrave yagraveo)


212

14 Donrsquot stand up ( bugrave yograveng)15 Donrsquot laugh at me ( bugrave neacuteng)


If sentence particle le is added to the 12 sentences below it indi-cates that the speaker is getting increasingly impatient He not only wantsto bring the situation to a close but does not want it to continue oroccur again With le he sounds as if he were saying lsquoEnough isenoughrsquo Translate each of the following sentences first without leand then with le to bring out their subtle differences in meaning

bieacute ke Donrsquot crybieacute ke le Donrsquot cry any more or Stop crying

1 qhng bugrave yagraveo xiagraveo wi

2 qhng bieacute kai waacutenxiagraveo3 bugrave yagraveo dfjiagrave4 bieacute chfojiagrave5 bieacute chfo6 bieacute chfo wi

7 bieacute magrave ta8 bugrave yagraveo dgng ta9 bieacute chduyan

10 bieacute hb jij11 bieacute kegraveqigrave12 zagravei jiagraven


213

214

UNIT TWENTY-ONEComplements of direction and location(or destination)

Complements are those elements in a sentence which follow the verb(or adjective) apart from the object They usually signify such meaningcategories as direction location duration result manner possibilitydegree etc In this unit we are concerned with complements of directionand location

A The verbs laacutei lsquoto comersquo and qugrave lsquoto gorsquo form the two basiccomplements of direction which are used after verbs of movement oraction to indicate a direction lsquotowardsrsquo or lsquoaway fromrsquo the speaker

(a) after verbs of movement

pfo laacutei run over (here)pfo qugrave run over (there)fbi laacutei fly over (towards the speaker)fbi qugrave fly away (from the speaker)

(b) after verbs of action

naacute laacutei bringnaacute qugrave takedagravei laacutei bring with onedagravei qugrave take with one

gufngchfng shang fbi laacutei le bugrave shfo gbziQuite a number of pigeons flew overcame flying to the square

qiaacuten yhjcng huigrave qugrave leThe money was already remitted [to someone]

sheshu jigrave laacutei le hgn dud shegravengdagraven lhwugraveUncle sent [us] (by post) a lot of Christmas presents

zuoacutetian chuaacuten laacutei le jiugravejiu che guoacute dexiaoxiThe news of unclersquos going abroad came yesterday

B laacutei or qugrave may be linked in particular to the following groupof verbs to form a set of common disyllabic verbs of movement Thesedisyllabic verbs also function themselves as directional complementswith either verbs of movement or verbs of action

laacutei lsquocomersquo qugrave lsquogorsquo(towards the speaker) (away from the speaker)

jigraven lsquoenterrsquo jigraven laacutei come in jigraven qugrave go inche lsquoexitrsquo che laacutei come out che qugrave go outshagraveng lsquoascendrsquo shagraveng come up shagraveng go up

laacutei qugravexiagrave lsquodescendrsquo xiagrave laacutei come xiagrave qugrave go

down downhuiacute lsquoreturnrsquo huiacute laiacute come back huiacute qugrave go

backguograve lsquocrossrsquo guograve laacutei come over guograve qugrave go

across overacross

qh lsquorisersquo qh laacutei rise (from qh qugrave is noa lower longerposition to useda higherposition)

Examples

(a) as independent verbs of movement

ta jigraven laacutei le He came in (to the room)qhng shagraveng laacutei Please come upta che qugrave le Hersquos outtamen huiacute qugrave le They have gone backtagraveiyaacuteng che laacutei le The sun came outwi bugrave gfn xiagrave qugrave I dare not go downta qh laacutei le Hersquos got up

(b) as complements of direction following verbs of movement

tamen gfn They hurried back (to huiacutequgrave le where they had come

from)ta bugrave gfn She did not dare to tiagraveo xiagravequgrave jump down

21Comple-ments ofdirectionand loca-tion (ordestina-tion)

215

huagraver diagraveo xiagravelaacutei le The picture fell downchb kai guogravequgrave le The car went pasttagraveiyaacuteng shbng qhlaacutei le The sun rose

(c) as complements of direction following verbs of action

she fagraveng huiacutequgrave le The books have been put back (where they were)

cagravei duan jigravenlaacutei le The dishes were brought in

shegravengdagravenkf jigrave The Christmas cardschequgrave le have been sent (by

post)huagraver guagrave qhlaacutei le The pictures were

hung upzuograveyegrave jiao The coursework has shagravengqugrave le been handed injiegrave chequgrave de qiaacuten The money whichhuaacuten huiacutelaacutei le had been lent was

returned

Note qhlaacutei xiagravequgrave and xiagravelaacutei as we have seen mayalso be used as aspect markers (see Unit 15)

ta chagraveng qhlaacutei le He started singingnh kgyh zagravei zhegraver zhugrave You can stay on xiagravequgrave herechb tiacuteng xiagravelaacutei le The car came to a

stop

C When the verb has an object that indicates a location it is placedbetween the verb and its directional complement laacutei or qugrave orbetween the two elements of a disyllabic complement of direction

(a) between the verb and laacutei or qugrave

ta jigraven bagravengdngshigrave She came into the laacutei le officegbge chemeacuten qugrave le My elder brother

is away (lit Elder brother went out of the door)


216

xifo lh shagraveng taacutei Xiao Li went on qugrave le to the stagemama xiagrave loacuteu laacutei le Mum came

downstairs

Note chemeacuten lsquobe awayrsquo is a verb with an inbuilt object

(b) between the two elements of a disyllabic directional complement

(i) following a verb of movement

mama pfo xiagrave Mum came loacuteu laacutei running

downstairsgdnggograveng qigravechb The bus kai guograve qiaacuteo qugrave went across

the bridgesheshu pfo huiacute jia (My) uncle has qugrave le gone homegegu ziu jigraven wezi (My) aunt walkedlaacutei le into the roomsdngshj paacute shagraveng The squirrel shugrave qugrave le climbed up the

treejiugraveshbngyuaacuten tiagraveo The life-guard jigraven shuh li qugrave le jumped into

the water

(ii) following a verb of action

yagraveoshi fagraveng huiacute chduti li qugrave leThe keys have been put back into the drawer

qiaacuten cuacuten jigraven yiacutenhaacuteng qugrave leThe money has been deposited in the bank

One cannot for instance say

ta jigraven laacutei bagravengdngshigrave le (lit She came into the office)

sdngshj paacute shagravengqugrave (lit The squirrel shugrave le climbed up

the tree)


217

If the object is not a location it may precede or follow the mono-syllabic directional complement laacutei or qugrave

jiugravejiu dagravei le yc piacuteng jij laacuteijiugravejiu dagravei laacutei le yc piacuteng jij

(My) uncle brought a bottle of wine

sfosao jiegrave le lifng bf yhzi qugravesfosao jiegrave qugrave le lifng bf yhzi

(My) Elder brotherrsquos wife has borrowed two chairs from us

If the directional complement is a disyllabic one a non-location objectmay precede it or follow it as in the case of a monosyllabic directionalcomplement In addition a non-location object may go between the twosyllables of the disyllabic directional complement as is shown in thethird example

bagraveba ze le yc liagraveng xifo miagravenbaochb huiacutelaacuteibagraveba ze huiacutelaacutei le yc liagraveng xifo miagravenbaochb

bagraveba ze huiacute yc liagraveng xifo miagravenbaochb laacutei

Father has hired a mini-van

Note In the last instance the aspect marker le has to bedropped as it does not usually go between huiacute and laacutei

D Location (or destination) complements are usually formed by the verbzagravei lsquoto be inatrsquo or dagraveo lsquoto arrive inatrsquo followed by a location phrase

(a) location

yeacuteye zhugrave zagravei Grandpa lives in cheacuteng li townyiu hgn dud reacuten There are a lot zuograve zagravei cfodigrave of people sitting

shang on the grassycfu guagrave zagravei ycjiagrave The clothes were shang hung on the

coat-hangers

(b) destination

gdnggograveng qigravechb The bus went as kai dagraveo qiaacuteo bian far as the bridge


218

wimen gfn dagraveo We hurried to thehuichbzhagraven stationwi jia ban dagraveo We moved (home) gdngyuaacuten fugravejigraven to a place by the

parkqcngwa tiagraveo dagraveo The frog jumpedshuh li qugrave le into the waterhfibagraveo yoacuteu dagraveo The seal swamagraven shang laacutei le on to the shore

Note In the last two examples above we can see that qugraveand laacutei may also be integrated into a destination comple-ment begun with dagraveo when a location object is present

Exercise 211

Translate the following phrases into Chinese using directional complements

1 go back 13 come back home2 come over here 14 drive over the bridge (to the other side)3 go up 15 climb up the tree4 come down 16 come down the hill5 bring here 17 bring to the classroom6 go out 18 go out of the house7 come back 19 run back to the office8 take to 20 take back to the hospital9 get up 21 jump into the swimming-pool

10 go in 22 go into the post office11 go across 23 go across the street12 come out 24 come out of the room

Exercise 212

Complete the Chinese translations with disyllabic directional complements

1 The children have gone outhaacuteizimen pfo le

2 The clothes have fallen off the clothes-line

liagravengycsheacuteng shang de ycfu diagraveo le


219

3 He lay down on the grassta zagravei cfodigrave shang tfng

4 The doctor has come inycshbng ziu le

5 She just went pastta ganggang ziu

6 Donrsquot throw it out of the windowbugrave yagraveo rbng chuang wagravei

7 The cups have been put back in the cupboardbbizi fagraveng wfnguigrave li

le8 The teacher has gone back to the school

lfoshc pfo xueacutexiagraveo le

9 The kitten has jumped on to the bedxifo mao tiagraveo chuaacuteng

le10 The dog jumped over the wall

giu tiagraveo qiaacuteng le11 The letter has been dropped into the pillar-box

xigraven yhjcng rbng yoacuteuting le12 The ball did not go into the goal

qiuacute meacuteiyiu tc qiuacutemeacuten

Exercise 213

Rephrase the following Chinese sentences adding the location wordsshown in the brackets (note in some cases a postposition may beneeded) and then translate the rephrased sentences into English

xifo lh huiacute laacutei le ( jia)xifo lh huiacute jia laacutei le

Xiao Li came home

1 lfoshc ziu jigravenqugrave le ( tuacuteshegufnthe library)

2 fbijc fbi guogravequgrave le ( shan the hill)3 wi paacute shagravengqugrave ( shanpd the

hillside)4 haacuteizimen pfo guogravequgrave le ( mflugrave the road)


220

5 tamen ziu chequgrave le ( jiagraveotaacuteng the church)

6 ycshbng huiacute qugrave le ( ycyuagraven the hospital)

7 qcngwa tiagraveo xiagravequgrave le ( shuh the water)8 chb kai guogravelaacutei le ( qiaacuteo the bridge)9 xifo jc zuan chelaacutei le ( dagravenkeacute the

shell)10 xifo mao paacute shagravengqugrave le ( shugrave the tree)11 nifor fbi chequgrave le ( loacutengzi the

cage)12 xueacutesheng ziu jigravenlaacutei le ( jiagraveoshigrave the

classroom)13 lfoshj zuan huiacutequgrave le ( dograveng hole)14 dugravechuaacuten kai guogravequgrave le ( heacute river)

Exercise 214

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate location or destination phrase in accordance with the English version provided making use of the wordsgiven in the following list

yiacutenhaacuteng banklajcting garbage binliagravengycsheacuteng clothes-linexiangzi boxtrunkbcngxiang refrigeratorbfoxifnguigrave strongboxsafexiacutenglijiagrave luggage rackhfi bian the seasidetian shang the skycheacuteng wagravei out-of-town areashuacute shang surface of the lakewedhng shang top of the roof

1ycfu ddu zhuang qugrave leAll the clothes have been packed into the box

2 qiaacuten ddu cuacuten leAll the money has been deposited in the bank

3lajc ddu dagraveo qugrave leAll the rubbish has been tipped into the garbage bin


221

4nh de xiacutengli ddu fagraveng leAll your luggage was put on the luggage rack

5 ( )

xh hfo de ycfu ddu liagraveng leAll the washing has been hung on the clothes-line [to dry]

6zhj hfo de cagravei ddu gb leAll the cooked dishes were left in the fridge

7 shiushi ddu fagraveng All the jewels are in the safe

8 tamen ban laacutei leThey have moved into the town

9 qigravechb yczhiacute kai The car went straight to the seaside

10 qigraveqiuacute yczhiacute shbng qugrave leThe balloon rose straight into the sky

11 weya fbi qugrave leThe crow flew to the top of the roof

12wi de magraveozi ragraveng fbng ggi chuc qugrave leMy hat was blown into the lake by the wind


Translate into Chinese the English sentences below making sure youuse either monosyllabic or disyllabic directional complements with orwithout a location object An example is given

The children went in haacuteizimen jigraven qugrave leThe children went into the classroom

( ) haacuteizimen (ziu) jigraven jiagraveoshigrave qugrave le

1 The engineers went in2 The adults went out3 The boys went out4 The girls came back5 The Chinese friends came in6 The guests went back7 The Chinese guests came back8 The neighbours came out


222

9 The patient came into the ward10 Grandma took younger sister and brother to the zoo11 The athletes climbed up the mountain (mountain shan)12 Father came home after work13 The kitten hid itself behind the sofa (hide dui)14 A dog came running over the bridge15 A crowd of people came walking into the shop16 Elder brother came running upstairs17 The little girl swam across the river (swim yoacuteu river heacute)18 The pigeon flew up into the tree19 The moon came out (moon yuegraveliang)20 The boy jumped into the water21 The squirrel climbed down the tree22 Mother hurried to the railway station23 A group of boys came running on to the street24 There rose many a balloon25 The pen fell into the river26 They moved into the village27 The manager came walking out of his office28 The students stood up29 Everybody sat down30 The life-guard came swimming back to the shore (shore agraven bian)


Following the model form two sentences in Chinese using each of theten sets of words given below For the first introduce the location expres-sion for the second add the action verb so that the original action verbbecomes a direction complement

ta jigraven laacutei le He came inoffice ta jigraven bagravengdngshigrave laacutei le

He came into the officewalk hurriedly ta pfo jigraven bagravengdngshigrave laacutei le

He walked hurriedly into the office

1 ta jigraven qugrave le He went inroom walk hurriedly

2 ta che qugrave le He went outclassroom walk

3 ta huiacute qugrave le He went backhome hurry

4 ta xiagrave laacutei le He came downstairs run


223

5 ta guograve qugrave le He went over (to the other side)bridge drive (a car)

6 ta shagraveng qugrave le He went uptree climb

7 ta guograve laacutei le He came over (to this side)river swim

8 ta che laacutei le He came outhouse rushdash ( chdng)

9 ta guograve qugrave le He went over (to the other side)fence ( zhagravelaacuten) jump

10 ta shagraveng laacutei le He went upstageplatform walk hurriedly


224

UNIT TWENTY-TWOComplements of result and manner

225

This unit deals with complements of result and what are generally calledcomplements of manner These complements like those of directionand location or destination are invariably positioned after verbs

A Complements of result can be either adjectives or verbs and theyimply that a result of the action of the verb has been achieved

(a) Adjectives

dagravejia ddu zuograve hFo le Everybody has satsettled down

nh cai cuograve le You have guessed wrongly

nhmen tcng qCngchu Did you hear that le ma clearly

(b) Verbs

tamen ddu zhagraven zhugrave They all stood stilllenh kagraven jiagraven ta le ma Did you see herwi xueacute huigrave kaichb le I have learnt to drivenh tcng dIng le ma Did you understand

(what was said)

B The objects of verbs with complements are regularly shifted to apreverbal position where they become the topic of the sentence andnaturally have definite reference

weacutenzhang wi xig waacuten le I have finished writing the essay

zhudzi ca gAnjigraveng le The table has been wiped (clean)

gdngzuograve zuograve waacuten le The work was done

negravei gegrave wegraventiacute nh xifng qCngchu le meacuteiyiuHave you thought out that question thoroughly

ta de huagrave wi ddu tcng miacutengbai leI understood every word he said

Note The seemingly more logical verb-object order is certainly not ungrammatical but is in fact far less usual in everyday speechor writing

wi xig waacuten le weacutenzhang leI have finished writing the essay

C Complements of result by definition imply completed actionandor change of circumstances and therefore naturally occur with

le (For discussion of le as completed action see Unit 15 for adetailed analysis of le as a lsquochange-of-statersquo sentence particle seeIntermediate Chinese Unit 8) For example

ta hb zuigrave le Hersquos drunkycfu shagravei gAn le The clothes are dryxigraven jigrave zIu le The letter has been sent

It follows that the negation of these statements will involve the use of( ) meacutei(yiu) without le since the action has never been com-

pleted or the state achieved

ta meacutei hb zuigrave He isnrsquot drunkycfu meacutei shagravei gAn The clothes are not dryxigraven haacutei meacutei jigrave zIu The letter has not been

sent yet

D The complement of manner in its simple form consists of defollowed by an adjective usually with a degree adverb or negator

ta xueacute de hgn hfo He studies very wellta pfo de fbichaacuteng She runsran kuagravei extremely fastnh shud de hgn duigrave You arewere quite

right (in what you said)ta shuigrave de tagravei wfn He goeswent to bed

too late

22Comple-ments ofresult andmanner

226

sheacuteishuiacute laacutei de zuigrave Who arrived zfo earliestta xig de bugrave hfo He writeswrote badlyta jifng de bugrave tagravei She doesdid not qcngchu put it too clearly

Note In these cases a degree adverb is almost indispensable andthat as a state or situation is being described with no reference toa previous situation sentence le is not generally used

Phrases with reduplicated words which have phonetic resonance(phonaesthemes) make natural complements of manner

ta jifng de She hemmed and hawed jibjiebaba de (as she spoke)ta hb de He (drank till he) zuigravexenxen de was tipsy

E More complex forms of the complement of result or manner entailthe placing of a verb phrase or a clause after the de These comple-ments in fact normally convey a sense of resultant state with the difference between result and manner being conveyed by the presenceof the sentence particle le for result and by its absence for mannerThe verb phrase usually follows an adjectival predicate but the clausecan come after an adjectival or verb predicate

(a) Verb phrases

ta gaoxigraveng de tiagraveo qhlaacutei (manner)He jumped for joy(lit he was [so] pleased that he jumped up)

ta teacuteng de dfo xiagravequgrave le (result)She collapsed with the painShe was in such great pain she collapsed

mama jiacute de ke qhlaacutei le (result)Mother was so anxious she started to cry

(b) Clauses

tagraveiyaacuteng zhagraveo de wi yfn yg hua le (verb)The sun was so bright it dazzled my eyes(lit the sun shone [so that] my eyes were dazzled)


227

ta gao de shiu neacuteng pegraveng dagraveo tianhuabfn le (adjective)He is so tall he can touch the ceiling with his hands

ta zhagraven de tuh ddu suan le (verb)She stood there for so long her legs began to ache

tamen chagraveng de sfngzi ddu yf le (verb)They sang until they were hoarse

ta gfn lugrave gfn de hagraven zhiacute wfng xiagrave liuacute (verb)He hurried ahead till sweat was pouring downtill he was sweat-ing all over

Note As can be seen from the above sentences that have clausecomplements more often imply result rather than manner and

le is therefore regularly present

F If the verb in a sentence with a complement of manner is of a lsquoverb + objectrsquo form (eg yoacuteuying lsquoswimrsquo chagravenggb lsquosingrsquo

liaacuteotianr lsquochatrsquo) the verb is repeated before the complement isadded

ta chagravenggb chagraveng de sfngzi ddu yf leShe sang until she was hoarse

ta yoacuteuying yoacuteu de hgn magravenHe swims very slowlyHe is a slow swimmer

One cannot say

ta chagravenggb de sfngzi ddu yf le

Note You may have noticed that most of the sentences containinglsquoverb + complementrsquo expressions end with le This is because the primary function of the sentence particle le is to indicatelsquochangersquo and the notion of a newly emerged result is naturally con-sistent with the notion of a changed situation Examples withoutle are statements of a present fact and therefore focus on mannerrather than result Notice the change in meaning if le is used inthe following


228

Compare


And

ta yoacuteuying yoacuteu de hgn magraven leHe no longer swims as fast as beforeHe is a much slower swimmer now than he used to be

Exercise 221

Complete each of the following Chinese sentences with an appropri-ate complement of result or manner to match the English sentence

1 The dog ran very fastxifo giu pfo

2 The clothes have been washed (clean)ycfu xh le

3 I have understood this articlezhegravei pian weacutenzhang wi kagraven le

4 Who writes Chinese the best

sheacuteishuiacute hagravenzigrave xig5 The rice is cooked

fagraven zhj le6 Xiao Wang can speak English very fluently

xifo waacuteng ycngyj shud

7 All the children have sat downhaacuteizimen ddu zuograve le

8 My daughter has learned how to play the pianowi nsrsquoeacuter xueacute taacuten gangqiacuten le

9 I managed to buy a good bookwi mfi le yc bgn hfo she

10 The grass dried (in the sun)cfo shagravei le

11 Mother went to bed very latemama shuigrave

12 Did you see himnh kagraven ta le ma


229

13 The kitten jumped really highxifo mao tiagraveo

14 The teacher has explained this problem extremely clearly

zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacute lfoshc shud

15 You are perfectly correctnh shud

16 The car stoppedchbzi tiacuteng le

Exercise 222

Form sentences by matching an appropriate clause complement of man-ner (or resultant state) from the list on the right with a main clausefrom the list on the left Naturally de will be needed at the begin-ning of the complement Remember that with lsquoverb + objectrsquo con-structions the verb needs to be repeated before it can be followed bya complement When you have constructed the sentences translate theminto English

1 wi sfngzi teacuteng tuh ddu suan le2 ta yoacuteuying sfngzi ddu yf le3 ta pfo lugrave fagraven yg chc bu

xiagrave le4 lfoshc sheacuteishuiacute yg bugrave

shudhuagrave regravenshi le5 wi yfnjing dagravejia ddu xiagraveo

hua qhlaacutei le6 wi gaoxigraveng huagrave yg shud bu

chelaacutei le7 gbge zuigrave qigrave yg chufn bu

guogravelaacutei le8 xueacutesheng sheacutenme yg kagraven

xig zigrave bu qcngchu le9 megraveimei ke shiu yg suan le

10 ta kai waacutenxiagraveo yfnjing ddu hoacuteng le

Exercise 223

Complete the following Chinese sentences by choosing the appropri-ate verb or adjective from the list given (note in some cases some formof modification is needed) to complete the translations of the Englishsentences


230

piagraveoliang bfo hfozuigrave dfo ganjigravengdagraveo pograve zfoduigrave miacutengbai wfn

1 nh meacutei cai You didnrsquot guess it right

2 negravei bgn she wi meacutei mfi I did not manage to obtain that book

3 negravei tian dagravejia ddu hb leEverybody got drunk that day

4negravei tian dagravejia ddu chuan That day everyone was dressed up beautifully

5 ta haacutei meacutei chc

He has not eaten his fill yet6 diagravenshigravejc yg xie le

The television set has also been repaired7

ta pegraveng le chuangtaacutei shang de huapiacutengShe knocked over the vase on the window sill

8geacutebigrave de haacuteizi nograveng le wi haacuteizi de waacutenjugraveNext doorrsquos child broke my childrsquos toy

9 chuanghu wi ddu ca leI have wiped all the windows (clean)

10zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacute nh nograveng le meacuteiyiuHave you thrashed out this problem

11mama jcn zfo qh laacuteiMother got up very early this morning

12bagraveba zuoacute wfn shuigraveFather went to bed very late last night

Exercise 224


1 They danced beautifully2 The life-guard swam extremely fast3 The student read slowly4 The child ate a lot


231

5 Everybody slept soundly6 The actor sang very badly7 We ran till we were too tiredWe ran so much we were really tired8 The athlete jumped really high9 (My) Elder brother didnrsquot drink much

10 My fellow student didnrsquot speak fluently


You will have perhaps noticed that when a complement of result is inthe form of a clause ddu or yg is always present to refer backto the subject or topic of the clause for emphasis It is not ungram-matical to leave them out but the sentence as a result sounds lessidiomatic Formulate idiomatic sentences from the 12 sets of words belowon the basis of the following

subject jigjie lsquoelder sisterrsquoaction verb dfzigrave lsquoto typersquoresult shiu lsquohandrsquo suan lsquosour to achersquo

jigjie dfzigrave df de shiu ddu suan leElder sister typed till her hands ached

1 subject megraveimei lsquoyounger sisterrsquo action verb tiagraveosheacutenglsquoto skip with a rope play with a skipping ropersquo result jifo lsquofootfeetrsquo teacuteng lsquoto ache to hurtrsquo

2 subject digravedi lsquoyounger brotherrsquo action verb pfobugrave lsquotojogrsquo result tuh lsquolegrsquo rufn lsquosoft (muscles) to lack strengthrsquo

3 subject lfoshc lsquoteacherrsquo action verb jifngkegrave lsquoto teachlessonsrsquo result hoacuteuloacuteng lsquothroatrsquo teacuteng lsquoto ache to hurtrsquo

4 subject peacutengyoumen lsquothe friendsrsquo action verb liaacuteotianlsquoto chatrsquo result sfngzi lsquothroat voicersquo yf lsquoto be hoarse tolose onersquos voicersquo

5 subject negravei gegrave haacuteizi lsquothat childrsquo action verb ke lsquoto cryto weeprsquo result yfnjing lsquoeyesrsquo hoacuteng lsquored (eyes) bloodshotrsquo

6 subject wimen lsquowersquo action verb bbi xiacutengli lsquoto carryluggage on onersquos backrsquo result begravei lsquothe backrsquo teacuteng lsquoto acheto hurtrsquo

7 subject mama lsquomotherrsquo action verb xig xigraven lsquoto write let-tersrsquo result shiu lsquohandrsquo rufn lsquoweak lose strengthrsquo

8 subject jigjie lsquoelder sisterrsquo action verb la xifotiacuteqiacutenlsquoto play the violinrsquo result shiuzhh lsquofingersrsquo chexuegrave lsquoto bleedrsquo

9 subject gbge lsquoelder brotherrsquo action verb taacuten gangqiacutenlsquoto play the pianorsquo result shiuzhh lsquofingersrsquo suanteacuteng lsquoto achersquo


232

10 subject bagraveba lsquofatherrsquo action verb shudhuagrave lsquoto talkrsquo resultkiu lsquomouthrsquo gan lsquodryrsquo

11 subject ygye lsquograndfatherrsquo action verb kagraven bagraveozhh

lsquoto read the newspaperrsquo result yfnjing lsquoeyesrsquo hua lsquo(eyes) toblurrsquo

12 subject nfinai lsquograndmotherrsquo action verb chc piacutenggui

lsquoto eat applesrsquo result yaacutechh lsquoteethrsquo teacuteng lsquoto ache to hurtrsquo


Using the model construct versions lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo and lsquodrsquo in Chinese for eachof the twelve lsquoarsquo sentences given below

a ycfu shagravei gan le The clothes are now dryb ycfu meacutei shagravei gan The clothes are not yet dryc ycfu shagravei de bugravegograveu gan The clothes are not

dry enoughd ycfu shagravei de bugrave tagravei gan The clothes are not too

dry

1 a ycfu xh ganjigraveng le The clothes have been washedclean

2 a weacutenzhang xig hfo le The essay is completed (andpresumably well written)

3 a wegraventiacute shud qcngchu le The question has beenthoroughly explained

4 a fagraven zhj shuacuteshoacuteu le The rice is well cooked5 a chb xie hfo le The car has been repaired (and pre-

sumably is now drivable)6 a wegraventiacute yaacutenjie qcngchu le The problem has

been thoroughly studied7 a toacuteufa jifn dufn le The hair has been cut short8 a gbciacute begravei shuacuteshoacuteu le The lines (of a song) have been

well committed to memory9 a zhudzi ma ganjigraveng le The table has been wiped

clean10 a qiacutengkuagraveng lifojig qcngchu le The situation has

been thoroughly investigated11 a ddngxi fagraveng zhgngqiacute le The things are arranged

in good order12 a faacutengjian shdushi ganjigraveng le The room has been

tidied up


233

234

UNIT TWENTY-THREEPotential complements

A Simple complements of direction and result may in fact beextended with the help of de and bugrave to indicate whether the saiddirection or result is likely or unlikely to take place or be attained Thesecomplements may be called potential complements

(a) potential complements of result

hbibfn shang de zigrave nh kagraven de qcngchu maCan you see the words on the blackboard clearly

ta shud de huagrave nh tcng de ding maCan you understand what he said

D wi zuoacutetian wfnshang shuigrave bu zhaacuteoI could not sleep last night

Note In the last example the pronunciation of D is zhaacuteo whichis here used as a verb meaning lsquoto achieve a desirable resultrsquo

Virtually all complements of result whether verbal or adjectivalcan be used in the potential form

kagraven de jiagraven can seekagraven bu jiagraven cannot seezuograve de waacuten can finish (the job)zuograve bu waacuten cannot finish (the job)bagraven de dagraveo can be managedbagraven bu dagraveo cannot be managedxie de hfo can be repairedxie bu hfo cannot be repairedshud de miacutengbai can be explained clearlyshud bu miacutengbai cannot be explained clearlyxh de ganjigraveng can be washed (clean)xh bu ganjigraveng cannot be washed (clean)

(b) potential complements of direction (in terms of space or time)

nh haacutei chc de xiagrave maCan you eat any more

wi zhbn de chc bu xiagrave leHonestly I canrsquot eat any more

wi zhagraven bu qhlaacuteiI could not stand up

lhmiagraven reacuten tagravei dud | wimen jigraven bu qugraveThere were so many people inside We [simply] could not get in

zhegraver yiu tiaacuteo gdu | nh tiagraveo de guogravelaacutei maTherersquos a ditch here Can you jump over (here)

xiangzi guan bu shagraveng leThe box cannot be closed (eg too full the lock is broken etc)

( ) ta dai bu xiagravelaacuteiHe cannot stay on (eg He has been called away on businessalways wants to be on the move etc)

When directional complements are used in a potential form with de and bugrave they often acquire a metaphorical meaningbeyond their original sense of physical direction

ta shud bu xiagravequgrave leShe could not carry on (speaking)(eg She was choked by emotion forgot what to say etc)

tagravei guigrave le | wi mfi bu qh

[Itrsquos] too expensive I [ just] canrsquot afford [it]

B Some complements of result or direction exist only in the poten-tial form (as can be seen from the last example cited immediately above)Other examples are

positiveziu de dograveng can walk onlaacutei de jiacute be in time forqugrave de cheacuteng can (ultimately) goxiacuteng de tdng will doworktaacuten de shagraveng can be regarded as

23Potentialcomple-ments

235

kagraven de qh think highly ofheacute de laacutei can get along withshud de guogravequgrave be justifiablezuograve de xiagrave can seathave room forjigjueacute de lifo can be resolved

negativeziu bu dograveng cannot walk (any more)laacutei bu jiacute be too late forqugrave bu cheacuteng cannot (ultimately) goxiacuteng bu tdng wonrsquot doworktaacuten bu shagraveng canrsquot be regarded askagraven bu qh look down uponheacute bu laacutei cannot get along withshud bu guogravequgrave cannot be justifiedzuograve bu xiagrave does not have room forjigjueacute bu lifo cannot be resolved

Note In the last two examples xiagrave does not mean the same asin the non-potential form zuograve xiagrave lsquosit downrsquo and that pro-nounced as lifo which is widely used as a complement only existsas a potential complement meaning lsquoto do something successfullyrsquo

Sentence examples

ta zhegravei gegrave huagravei xiacuteguagraven gfi de lifo maCan this bad habit of his be changedcorrected

tamen lifng gegrave reacuten heacute bu laacuteiThey too do not get on with each other

nh bieacute kagraven bu qh taDonrsquot you look down upon him

wi gfn bu shagraveng taI canrsquot catch up with her

In some cases there are only negative potentials

ba bu de be more than willingbe only too anxious toguagravei bu de no wonderjcn bu zhugrave cannot help butmifn bu lifo can do nothing butcannot avoiddagrave bu lifo if the worst comes to the worst (lit it canrsquot

be worse than)


236

These negative potentials are usually followed by verbal or clausalobjects

dagravejia jcn bu zhugrave xiagraveo qhlaacutei leEverybody could not help laughing

ta ba bu de dagravejia ddu xufn taHe longed for everybody to vote for him

dagrave bu lifo ta bugrave toacutengyigraveAt the worst she will disagree [Thatrsquos all]

C Potential complements as can be seen from above may take objects

nh tcng de ding eacuteyj maDo you understand Russian (when you listen to it being spoken)

wi xifng bu qh negravei jiagraven shigraver laacuteiI could notcannot recall that (matter)

wimen gfn de shagraveng negravei ban huichb maCan we catch that train

zhegraver zhugrave de xiagrave wj gegrave reacuten maCan five people be housed here

D The distinction between the potential complements and the modalverbs neacuteng and kgyh is that the modal verbs imply somedegree of subjective influence while the potential complements indi-cate that external circumstances are the deciding factor

Compare

wi bugrave neacuteng qugraveI canrsquot go [because I donrsquot want toI donrsquot think it would be appropriate]

wi qugrave bu lifoI canrsquot go [because I am illthe last train has gone etc]

wi xiagravenzagravei haacutei bugrave kgyh chc ddngxiI donrsquot think I should eat anything now (eg after the workout)

wi xiagravenzagravei haacutei chc bu lifo ddngxiI donrsquot think I am able to eat anything now (eg after the operation)

E Potential complements may assume two different forms in anaffirmative-negative question Either


237

nh miacutengtian laacutei de lifo laacutei bu lifo

or

nh miacutengtian laacutei bu laacutei de lifoCan you come tomorrow or not

To add emphasis the adverb jiejigraveng lsquoafter allrsquo can be used

nh miacutengtian jiejigraveng laacutei bu laacutei de lifoCan you come tomorrow after all

Exercise 231

Complete the following sentences with the appropriate potential complements

1 nh haacutei ziu de maCan you walk on

2zhegravei tiaacuteo gdu zhegraveme kuan | wi tiagraveo bu This ditch is too wide for me to jump over

3zhegravei jiagraven shigraver nh haacutei xifng de maDo you still remember that

4 zuoacute wfn wi shuigrave buI couldnrsquot sleep last night

5 nh haacutei chc de maCan you eat any more

6zhegravei gegrave huagravei xiacuteguagraven nh gfi de maCan you do something about (change) this bad habit of yours

7 zhegraveme guigrave | wi mfi bu Itrsquos so expensive I canrsquot afford it

8 wi zhfo bu wi de yagraveoshi leI canrsquot find my keys

9xiagravenzagravei haacutei laacutei de gfn negravei ban huichb maHave we got enough time to catch the train

10zhegravei gegrave gdngzuograve wimen jcntian zuograve de maWill we be able to finish this job today


238

Exercise 232

Translate the phrases below into Chinese using potential complements

1 can eat onersquos fill2 canrsquot stand up3 canrsquot drink any more4 canrsquot be washed (clean)5 can sit comfortably6 be too high to reach7 canrsquot see clearly8 can memorize (it)9 can get on with (someone)

10 can get by (survive)

Exercise 233

Provide appropriate potential complements in each of the following sentences

1 meacuten leThe door canrsquot be closed

2jcntian tian ycn | ycfu maItrsquos cloudy today Will the washing get dry

3wimen reacuten zhegraveme dud | wezi li maThere are so many of us Can the room seat us all

4wi hgn legravei | zhbn de leIrsquom very tired Honestly I canrsquot go on

5wimen haacutei negravei ban qigravechb maAre we still in time to catch that coach

6wi regravenweacutei zhegravezhegravei zhing zuograveffI donrsquot think this method will work

7tamen lifng gegrave reacutenCan the two of them get along with each other

8nh negravei jiagraven shigraver maCan you recall that incident


239

9wi kagraven le ta yc yfnI could not help casting him a glance

10wi de huagrave nh maCan you understand what Irsquom saying

Exercise 234

Translate the following sentences into Chinese using a potential comple-ment or a modal verb as appropriate Do not translate the phrases inbrackets

1 I canrsquot go to bed yet (as Irsquove got some more work to do)2 I couldnrsquot sleep (because I was worried)3 I canrsquot buy it today (because I canrsquot carry it)4 I canrsquot afford it5 I canrsquot tell you (because itrsquos confidential)6 I canrsquot tell you (because Irsquove forgotten)7 I canrsquot do it (because I havenrsquot the ability to)8 I canrsquot do it (because I donrsquot think itrsquos right)9 I couldnrsquot go on (talking ndash because I was choked by emotion)

10 I couldnrsquot go on (talking ndash because I was disturbing other people)


Translate the following short dialogues into Chinese using eithermodal verbs or potential complements

1 Can you see those words ( zigrave lsquowordsrsquo)I am sorry I canrsquot see a few of the words on the left

2 Can you help meOf course I can ( dangraacuten lsquoof coursersquo)

3 Can he afford those two pairs of jeansOf course he can His father is rich

4 Can you finish your essay tonight ( lugravenweacuten lsquoessayrsquo)I am sorry I canrsquot I have a meeting to attend

5 Can the patient stand upI am afraid he canrsquot ( kingpagrave lsquo(Irsquom) afraidrsquo)

6 Can you finish this piece of cakeHonestly I canrsquot eat any more


240

7 Can your car be repairedI am afraid it is beyond repair

8 Can we get inI am afraid we canrsquot There are so many people inside

9 Can you understand what I say ( tcng de ding lsquoto listen withunderstandingrsquo)I am sorry I canrsquot I can only understand English

10 Can you catch that busOf course I can I can run very fast indeed


Reword the following questions using the two affirmative-negativeforms with potential complements

nh miacutengtian qugrave de lifo maCan you go tomorrow

nh miacutengtian qugrave de lifo qugrave bu lifonh miacutengtian qugrave bugrave qugrave de lifo

1 nh miacutengtian ziu de lifo maCan you goleave tomorrow

2 hbibfn shang de zigrave nh kagraven de qcngchu maCan you see the words on the blackboard clearly

3 ta shud de huagrave nh tcng de ding maCan you understand what she says

4 zhegraveme guigrave de ycfu nh mfi de qh maCan you afford clothes as expensive as these

5 zhegraveme dud reacuten zuograve de xiagrave maCan so many people be seated here

6 nh haacutei chc de xiagrave maCan you eat any more

7 zhegrave gegrave diagravennfo haacutei xie de hfo maCan this computer still be repaired

8 nh shud negravei zhang xigravenyogravengkf haacuteizhfo de dagraveo maDo you think that credit card can still be found

9 nh shud nh miacutengtian gfn de huiacutelaacutei maDo you think you can get back in time tomorrow

10 nh shud zhdngweacuten wi xueacute de huigrave maDo you think I will master Chinese in the end


241

242

UNIT TWENTY-FOURCoverbal phrases

A A coverb (or preposition) with its attendant noun precedes the mainverb or adjective of the sentence setting the scene for the action orsituation That is to say it indicates to whom for whom the means bywhich the purpose for which the direction in which etc something isto be done or happens The term coverb is perhaps preferable to preposi-tion as the words in this category have a verb basis and can be usedseparately as verbs The zagravei location phrases discussed in Unit 13are in fact coverbal phrases as are the comparison phrases with bh in Unit 12

ta zagravei tuacuteshegufn kagraven she ( zagravei tuacuteshegufn coverbal phrase)He is reading in the library

ta bh ta peacutengyou dagrave san suigrave ( bh ta peacutengyou coverbal phrase)She is three years older than her friend

Adverbs of time negators etc are generally placed before the coverb

ta ycguagraven duigrave wi hgn hfo ( duigrave wi coverbal phrase)He has all along been very good (kindrespectful) to meHe alwaystreats me very well

ta meacutei ggi wi laacutei xigraven ( ggi wi coverbal phrase)She didnrsquot write to me

The main coverbs are

B heacute gbn yj toacuteng lsquowithrsquo

wi gbn nh taacutentaacuten zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacuteIrsquoll discuss this matter with you

ta toacuteng nh hgn hfoShe gets on very well with you

These four coverbs are often used with ycqh to emphasize the notionof lsquotogether withrsquo

nh gbn wi ycqh qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng maAre you going to the cinema with me

lfo zhang heacute xifo lh ycqh zuograve shiacuteyagravenOld Zhang and Little Li did the experiment together

As we have seen (Unit 12) these coverbs may also be used with ycyagraveng to express similarity

zhegravei gegrave shiubifo toacuteng negravei gegrave shiubifo ycyagraveng zhjnThis watch is as accurate as that one

gbge yj digravedi ycyagraveng cdngmingThe elder brother is as clever as the younger brother

C ggi wegravei tigrave lsquofortorsquo all in the sense of lsquorendering a service torsquo

(i) ggi lsquofortorsquo

wi jcn wfn ggi nh df diagravenhuagraveIrsquoll ring you this evening

ta meacuteiyiu ggi wi xig xigravenShe didnrsquot write to me

wi ggi nsrsquoeacuter mfi le yc taacutei diagravennfoI bought a computer for my daughter

(ii) wegravei lsquoforrsquo implying lsquofor someonersquos benefit in someonersquos interestrsquo

ta wegravei wi kai le yc gegrave chaacutehuigravejijhuigraveHe held a party for me

mama wegravei eacuterzi caoxcnThe mother is worried about her son

(iii) tigrave lsquoforon behalf ofrsquo

ta tigrave ta huiacute le hgn dud xigravenHe replied to a lot of letters on her behalf

24Coverbalphrases

243

wi tigrave liacutenje gb cfoI mowed the lawn for my neighbour

D (i) duigrave lsquotoatrsquo implying the idea lsquoface to facersquo is often used inconjunction with verbs such as shud lsquosayrsquo xiagraveo lsquosmilersquo

ta duigrave wi shud lsquo rsquo she said (to me)

( ) ta duigrave wi xiagraveo le (yc) xiagraveoHe gave me a smileHe smiled at me

(ii) duigrave meaning lsquoto(wards)rsquo is also often linked with adject-ives expressing lsquoattitude or frame of mind towards somethingor someonersquo such as yiuhfo lsquofriendlyrsquo regraveqiacutenglsquowarmhearted kindrsquo fugravezeacute lsquoresponsiblersquo

ta duigrave gdngzuograve hgn fugravezeacuteHe is very responsible about his work

waacuteng xiansheng duigrave xueacutesheng hgn regraveqiacutengMr Wang is very kind to his students

jigjie duigrave reacuten hgn yiuhfoMy elder sister is very friendly towards people

E (i) wagraveng or wfng xiagraveng chaacuteo lsquotowardsin the direction ofrsquo

chbzi xiagraveng jcchfng kai qugraveThe car headed for the airport

xifo lh wagravengwfng jiagraveoshigrave pfo qugraveXiao Li hurried towards the classroom

tamen chaacuteo jiagraveotaacuteng ziu laacuteiThey came towards the church

(ii) chaacuteo xiagraveng can also mean lsquoattorsquo in the sense of lsquofacingsomebody or somethingrsquo chaacuteo is used with either static ordynamic action whereas xiagraveng is usually employed only whenthe action is dynamic

D xifohaacutei chaacuteo tiankdng wagraveng zheThe child gazed at the sky

ta chaacuteo wi difndifn toacuteuHe nodded to me

24Coverbalphrases

244

ta xiagraveng wi zhao shiuShe beckoned to me

One does not say

D ta xiagraveng naacuten zhagraven zhe(lit He is standing facing south)

wagravengwfng on the other hand must involve movement

ta wagravengwfng ycyuagraven ziu laacuteiShe came towards the hospital

One cannot say

D ta wagravengwfng ycyuagraven wagraveng zhe(lit She is looking in the direction of the hospital)

F dagraveo lsquotorsquo is used with objects indicating destination (see Unit 21)

lfo zhang dagraveo ycyuagraven qugrave kagravenbigravengLao Zhang went to the hospital to see the doctor

wimen dagraveo zhdngguoacute qugrave ffngwegravenWe went on a visit to China

tamen dagraveo boacutewugravegufn laacutei canguanThey came to the museum for a visit

Note As can be seen in the above examples the coverb dagraveo lsquotorsquooften occurs with the directional verbs laacutei or qugrave followed byanother verb indicating purpose

dagraveo may also be used with time expressions to mean lsquoup to untilrsquo

ta dagraveo xiagravenzagravei haacutei meacutei laacuteiUp till now he has not turned upHe has not turned up yet

jcnglh dagraveo zuoacutetian caacutei huiacute laacuteiThe manager did not come back till yesterday

wimen dagraveo xiagrave gegrave yuegrave jiugrave kgyh waacutencheacuteng zhegravei gegrave regravenwu leWe shall be able to accomplish this task by next month

24Coverbalphrases

245

G coacuteng lsquofrom (place) since (time)rsquo

(i) coacuteng lsquofrom (place)rsquo is used either with verbs of movement (egqugrave lsquogorsquo laacutei lsquocomersquo chefa lsquoset offset outrsquo qhcheacuteng

lsquodepartrsquo) or with verbs which incorporate a directional complement

ta coacuteng zhdngguoacute laacuteiHe came from China

wi coacuteng luacutenden chefaI set out from London

wi coacuteng ycguigrave li naacute che yc jiagraven dagraveyc laacuteiI took a coat out of the wardrobe

ta coacuteng kiudagravei li tao che yc bagraveng qiaacutenShe took a pound from her pocket

(ii) coacuteng lsquosince (time)rsquo often occurs together with qh or kaishh

lsquostartrsquo and also in conjunction with dagraveo lsquotilltorsquo

wi coacuteng qugraveniaacuten qh jiugrave zagravei zhegravei gegrave xueacutexiagraveo jiaoshe leI have been teaching at this school since last year

ta coacuteng shagraveng gegrave xcngqc kaishh chcsugrave leShe became a vegetarian last week(lit Beginning from last week she started eating vegetarian food)

wi coacuteng shagravengwj dagraveo xiagravenzagravei meacutei chc guo ddngxiI havenrsquot eaten anything since this morning(lit from morning tillto now)

H liacute expresses the idea of lsquodistance from (a place)rsquo (Note that coacuteng cannot mean lsquodistance fromrsquo)

wi jia liacute dagravexueacute bugrave yufnMy house is not far from the university

magravencheacuteng liacute ligravezc hgn jigravenManchester is close to Leeds

( ) luacutenden liacute zhegraver yiu egraver bfi dud ycnglh (lugrave)London is over two hundred miles from here

24Coverbalphrases

246

I yoacuteu lsquoup tobyrsquo conveys the idea of lsquoresponsibilityrsquo

zhegravei jiagraven shigrave yoacuteu wi fugravezeacuteIrsquoll be responsible for this

negravei xiagraveng gdngzuograve yoacuteu ta qugrave bagravenThat piece of work is up to him to handledeal with

yoacuteu like coacuteng may also be used to mean lsquofrom (a placetime)rsquo

wimen yoacuteu luacutenden chefaWe set off from London

ycngguoacute xiagraveligraveng shiacutejian yoacuteu shagraveng gegrave xcngqc jieacuteshugraveBritish Summer Time ended last week

Note yoacuteu however cannot be used with postpositional phrasesFor example

One cannot say

sdngshj yoacuteu dagrave shugrave xiagrave zuan chelaacutei(lit The squirrel came burrowing out from under a big tree)

yoacuteu like coacuteng lsquofromrsquo can be used in conjunction with dagraveo tospecify a period of time

shangdiagraven yoacuteu shagravengwj jij difn dagraveo xiagravewj wj difn yiacutengyegraveThe shop is open from 9 am to 5 pm

yoacuteu can also mean lsquoby out ofrsquo to identify members of a group orcomponents of a unit

zuacuteqiuacuteduigrave yoacuteu shiacute yc gegrave duigraveyuaacuten zjcheacutengThe football team consists of 11 players

shuh yoacuteu qcng heacute yfng heacutecheacutengWater is composed of hydrogen and oxygen

J yuacute lsquoin on atrsquo is generally used with years or dates

ta yuacute yc jij jij wj niaacuten bigraveyegraveHe graduated in 1995

24Coverbalphrases

247

tdngzhc yh yuacute jcntian shagravengwj fache

The circular was issued this morning

huichb yuacute shiacute san difn liacuteng wj fbn dagraveodaacuteThe train arrives at 105 (five past one)

K yaacuten lsquoalong(side)rsquo is used with monosyllabic nouns to describea location

yaacuten agraven ddu shigrave shugravemugraveThere are trees all along the river

yaacuten jib ddu shigrave shangdiagravenThere are shops all along the street

D yaacuten zhe lsquoalongrsquo is employed when movement is involved

D ta yaacuten zhe heacute She went for a walk bian sagravenbugrave along the river

D qigravechb yaacuten zhe The car was going along dagravelugrave xiacutengshh the main road

L Some of the coverbs above (as well as zigrave lsquofromrsquo) may sometimesbe used immediately after the main verb (see Unit 21 D)

zhegravei ban chb kai wfng bgijcngThis traincoach goes to Beijing

zhegravei ban fbijc fbi wfng shagravenghfiThis is the flight for Shanghai (lit this plane flies to Shanghai)

negravei sdu chuaacuten tiacutengboacute zagravei gfngkiuThat ship is (lying) at anchor in the harbour

ta yczhiacute shuigrave dagraveo zhdngwj

She slept right through till noon

ta yckiuqigrave gfn dagraveo huichbzhagravenHe got to the railway station in one breath

zhegravei wegravei xiansheng laacutei zigrave jianaacutedagraveThis gentleman is from Canada

Exercise 241

Complete the following Chinese sentences with heacute gbn xiagravengchaacuteo wagraveng or duigrave to match the English

24Coverbalphrases

248

1 dagravejia ta de jiagravenyigrave bifoshigravezagraventoacutengEverybody agreed to his suggestion

2 ta yhqiaacuten ycyagraveng cdngmingShe is as clever as she always was

3 nh mgi tian sheacutei ycqh xueacutexiacuteWho do you study with every day

4 qigravechb diagravenyhngyuagraven kai qugraveThe car headed in the direction of the cinema

5 xifo lh bgijcng hgn shuacutexcshoacuteuxc

Xiao Li knows Beijing very well6 xueacutesheng tuacuteshegufn ziu qugrave

The students walked towards the library7 ta chuang wagravei kagraven le ycxiagrave

He glanced out of the window8 ta bagraveba ycqh zhugrave

She lived with her father

Exercise 242

Complete the Chinese sentences below with wegravei tigrave or ggi asappropriate

1 wimen ddu nh de xhshigravegaoxigravengWe congratulate you on this happy occasion

2nh wi xifo lh df gegrave diagravenhuagrave | hfo maCould you phone Xiao Li for me please

3ta mgi lifng gegrave xcngqc eacuterzi xig yc fbng xigravenHe writes a letter to his son every two weeks

4 bfomj ta kan haacuteiziThe nanny looked after her children

5ta ns peacutengyou mfi le yc taacutei ycnxifngHe bought a hi-fi for his girlfriend

6 D

ta zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacute shuigrave bu zhaacuteo jiagraveoShe could not sleep because of this problem

7 ta peacutengyou xh ycfuShe did the washing for her friend

8 xifo lh ta fugraveqin danxcnXiao Li was worried about her father

24Coverbalphrases

249

Exercise 243

Identify in the examples below which of the sentences in Chinese isthe correct translation of the English

1 In which direction shall we gowimen duigrave ngi gegrave fangxiagraveng ziuwimen chaacuteo ngi gegrave fangxiagraveng ziu

2 She is very responsible about her workta tigrave gdngzuograve hgn fugravezeacuteta duigrave gdngzuograve hgn fugravezeacute

3 This book is very useful for my studies

zhegravei bgn she duigrave wi xueacutexiacute hgn yiuyograveng

zhegravei bgn she gbn wi xueacutexiacute hgn yiuyograveng

4 Xiao Li is talking to Miss Shi (the teacher)xifo lh zhegravengzagravei duigrave shiacute lfoshc taacutenhuagravexifo lh zhegravengzagravei gbn shiacute lfoshc taacutenhuagrave

5 He nodded to meta wagraveng wi difndifn toacuteuta chaacuteo wi difndifn toacuteu

6 We should learn from himwimen ycnggai xiagraveng ta xueacutexiacutewimen ycnggai coacuteng ta xueacutexiacute

7 Irsquoll write the letter for youwi tigrave nh xig xigravenwi ggi nh xig xigraven

8 Irsquoll ring you tonightwi jcn wfn tigrave nh df diagravenhuagravewi jcn wfn ggi nh df diagravenhuagrave

9 Irsquoll write to youwi wegravei nh xig xigravenwi ggi nh xig xigraven

10 This town is as old as that town

zhegravei gegrave xifo zhegraven yj negravei gegrave xifo zhegraven ycyagraveng gjlfo

24Coverbalphrases

250

zhegravei gegrave xifo zhegraven xiagraveng negravei gegrave xifo zhegraven ycyagraveng gjlfo

Exercise 244

Complete the Chinese sentences below with coacuteng liacute or dagraveoas appropriate

1 nh jia shigravezhdngxcn yiu dud yufnHow far is it from your house to the city centre

2 wi ycguigrave li naacute che yc tiaacuteoweacuteijcnI took a scarf out of the wardrobe

3 ta sugraveshegrave chefaHe set out from the dormitory

4zhegraver luacutenden yiu egraver bfi ycnglh lugrave

Itrsquos two hundred miles from here to London5 tuacuteshegufn zhegraver yiu san

ycnglhThe library is three miles from here

6diagravenyhngyuagraven cangufn de lugrave hgn jigraven

Itrsquos not far from the cinema to the restaurant7 yoacuteujuacute yiacutenhaacuteng bugrave yufn

The post office is not far from the bank8 cheacuten xifojie zhdngguoacute laacutei

Miss Chen comes from China

Exercise 245

Complete the following Chinese sentences with yoacuteu or coacuteng Pointout cases where both are possible

1 zhegravei jiagraven shigraver ta fugravezeacuteHersquos responsible for this

2 wi qugraveniaacuten qh kaishh xueacute hagravenyj

I started learning Chinese last year3 jiagraveoshigrave xueacutesheng dfsfo

The classroom was cleaned by students4 huichb shagravenghfi chefa

The train set off from Shanghai

24Coverbalphrases

251

5 ta zuoacutetian xiagravewj qh kaishh

fashaoShe started to have a fever from yesterday afternoon

6 wi qiaacutenbao li naacute che yc bagravengqiaacutenI took a pound out of my purse

7 hfirsquodu hfimiagraven shang fbi guogravelaacuteiThe gulls came flying across the surface of the sea

8shegravengshcban shiacute gegrave naacutenhaacutei heacute shiacute gegrave nshaacutei zjcheacutengThe choir was made up of ten boys and ten girls

Exercise 246

Complete the Chinese sentences below choosing the appropriatecoverb from those in the brackets

1qigravechb heacute bian kai qugrave ( xiagravengyaacuten)The car went towards the river bank

2 lugrave ddu shigrave chb ( D yaacutenyaacuten zhe)There are cars (parked) all along the road

3 tdngzhc zuoacutetian fache ( coacutengyuacute)The circular was issued yesterday

4 1949 yeacuteye 1949 niaacuten shigraveshigrave ( yuacuteyoacuteu)Grandfather died in 1949

5negravei gegrave geniang ddng ziu qugrave ( coacutengwagraveng)The young woman walked towards the east

6tuacuteshegufn shigravezhdngxcn bugrave yufn ( coacutengliacute)The library is not far from the city centre

7yoacuteudigraveyuaacuten zfo dagraveo wfn zagravei sograveng xigraven ( coacutengyoacuteu)The postmen are delivering letters from morning till night

8qhng dagravejia jij shiacute zhegraveng zagravei ch jiacuteheacute ( yoacuteuyuacute)Would everyone please assemble here at 9 orsquoclock sharp

9qigravechb chbkugrave li kai chelaacutei ( yoacuteucoacuteng)The car emerged from the garage

24Coverbalphrases

252

10 qhng digrave yc yegrave kaishh duacute ( yuacutecoacuteng)Please start reading from the first page

Exercise 247


1 Please come with me2 Irsquoll ring you tomorrow3 They were very friendly to us4 It is not too far from here to the station5 I work from 900 to 500 every day6 There are cars all along the street7 Is this business all up to me8 Why donrsquot you write to them


Using the coacuteng dagraveo lsquofrom torsquo structure which canrefer to time distance range etc translate the following phrases intoChinese

from morning till night( ) ( ) coacuteng zfo(shang) dagraveo wfn(shang)

1 from January to December2 from children to adults3 from here to the university4 from top to bottom5 from 900 am till 600 pm6 from food (ie what can be eaten) to clothing (ie what can be worn)7 from primary school to secondary school8 from one to one hundred9 from A to Z (ie from beginning to end)

10 from 1995 to 2005


Translate the following Chinese sentences into English using thevocabulary list if you need to

24Coverbalphrases

253

1 wi xifng gbn nh taacuten ycxiagrave zhegravei jiagraven shigrave2 qhng nh bieacute wegravei wi caoxcn3 negravei gegrave scjc duigrave cheacutengkegrave hgn yiuhfo4 wi dagraveo xiagravenzagravei haacutei meacuteiyiu chc guo ligravechc

5 chaacuteo qiaacuten ziu yc bfi gdngchh jiugrave dagraveo le6 kagraven | yiu chb

xiagraveng wimen zhegraver kai laacutei | shigrave jh hagraveo chb | nh kagraven de jiagraven ma7 zhegravei bgn she nh shigrave coacuteng sheacutei nagraver jiegrave

laacutei de8 wi jia liacute fbijcchfng hgn

yufn | yagraveo zuograve yc gegrave xifoshiacute de chb

9 D

(shopping mall)(laundry)

(pharmacy)nh yaacuten zhe zhegravei tiaacuteo dagravelugrave xiagraveng qiaacuten ziu tagraveyub lifng bfi mh | dagraveo digraveegraver gegrave lugravekiu xiagraveng zui gufi | zagravei ziu wj shiacute mh zuiyograveu | nh jiugrave neacutengkagravenjiagraven yc gegrave dagrave shangchfng | shangchfng de duigravemiagraven shigrave yc gegrave xhycdiagraven | xhycdiagraven de begraveihograveu jiugrave shigrave nh yagraveo zhfo de negravei jian yagraveofaacuteng

10(square)

qiaacutenmian negravei gegrave lugravekiu | nh neacuteng kagravenjiagraven yc gegrave jiagraveotaacuteng | yaacutenjiagraveotaacuteng yograveubian de jibdagraveo wfng naacuten ziu | dagraveyub wj fbn zhdng nh

jiugrave jiagraven dagraveo le yc gegrave gufngchfng | gufngchfng de zuibian yiu yc

tiaacuteo xifo lugrave | nh yagraveo zhfo de negravei jia shediagraven jiugrave zagravei negravei tiaacuteo xifo lugraveshang

24Coverbalphrases

254

UNIT TWENTY-FIVEDisyllabic prepositions

255

A Chinese disyllabic prepositions are distinct from their monosyllabiccoverb cousins in two ways First these disyllabic prepositions may be used not only before nouns but also before verbs or clausesSecond they are often placed at the beginning of the sentence ratherthan directly after the subject These two distinctive features will beclearly illustrated by the examples below of the most common disyl-labic prepositions

B wegraveile lsquoin order to so thatrsquo expresses purpose and is usuallyfollowed by a verb phrase

wegraveile bugrave chiacutedagraveo | ta hgn zfo jiugrave qh laacutei qhchuaacuteng leIn order not to get there late she got up very early

( )wegraveile mfi dagraveo piaacutenyi de xigravepiagraveo | ta paacutei le yc (gegrave) xifoshiacute de duigraveIn order to buy cheap theatre tickets he queued for an hour

wegraveile also occurs in official statements to express formal objectives

wegraveile jifnshfo shcyegrave reacutenshugrave | zhegravengfj njligrave bagraven hfo jiagraveoyugraveIn order to reduce the number of unemployed the governmentstrives to improve education

It is not normally used in casual everyday situations and one does notusually say

wegraveile mfi ddngxi wi jigraven cheacuteng qugrave(lit In order to buy thingsgo shopping I went into town)

wegraveile zhfo wi ta laacutei sugraveshegrave(lit In order to look for me he came into the dormitory)

Everyday purpose or intention is usually expressed by a second verb(phrase) following the first

wi jigraven cheacuteng qugrave mfi ddngxiI went shopping in town (lit I went into town to shop)

ta laacutei sugraveshegrave zhfo wi

He came to the dormitory to look for me

C duigraveyuacute lsquoas to aboutrsquo guanyuacute lsquoregarding as regardsrsquo andzhigraveyuacute lsquoas for as far as is concernedrsquo yoacuteuyuacute lsquobecause ofrsquo

all refer to a matter or person brought up for discussion

duigraveyuacute zhegravei jiagraven shigrave | wi ycdifnr yg bugrave zhcdaoAs to this matter I know nothingI know nothing about thismatter

guanyuacute zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacute | wimen zagravei yaacutenjie ycxiagraveRegarding this matter we will have more discussionsWe will con-sider this matter further

zhigraveyuacute jieacutegui ruacuteheacute | wimen miacutengtian jiugrave zhcdao leAs to how the results will come out we will know tomorrowWewill know the results by tomorrow

yoacuteuyuacute tianqigrave bugrave hfo | wimen jueacutedigraveng dai zagravei jia liWe decided to stay at home because of the bad weather

Note 1 duigrave (see Unit 24) can in fact be used interchangeably withduigraveyuacute but in sentences where the verb specifically indicates

lsquoattitudersquo duigrave is preferred

wimen duigrave ta de shegravengqiacuteng kufndagravei bifoshigrave gfnxiegraveWe expressed thanks for her generosityhospitality

25Disyllabicpreposi-tions

256

Note 2 zhigraveyuacute unlike guanyuacute and duigraveyuacute which aregenerally followed by a noun may also be used with a clause

guanyuacute tianweacuten knowledge about de zhcshi astronomyguanyuacute shegravehuigrave problems about societyde wegraventiacuteduigraveyuacute yiacutemiacuten regulations on de tiaacuteoligrave immigrationemigration

Butzhigraveyuacute zhegravei as far as this is jiagraven shigraver concernedzhigraveyuacute tamen yuagravenyi as to whether they wish bugrave yuagravenyi laacutei to come or not (clause)

D ( ) chuacutele (zhc wagraveiyh wagravei) lsquoapart from as wellas rsquo

( )ta chuacutele jiaoshe (yh wagravei) haacutei zuograve xib yaacutenjie gdngzuograveAs well as teaching he also does a bit of research

chuacutele nh | dagravejia ddu toacutengyigraveEveryone agrees except you

chuacutele ycngweacuten zhc wagravei | wi haacutei huigrave shud ffweacuten heacute deacuteweacutenAs well as English I can also speak French and German

E agravenzhagraveo lsquoaccording toin accordance withrsquo and gbnjugravelsquoaccording toon the basis of rsquo

agravenzhagraveo xueacutexiagraveo gucdigraveng | xueacutesheng bugrave deacute wuacutegugrave qubxiacuteAccording to school regulations students must not be absentfrom school without good reason

gbnjugrave qigravexiagraveng yugravebagraveo | miacutengtian xiagrave xug

According to the weather forecast there will be snow tomorrow


257

Note The coverb (D) piacuteng (zhe) also means lsquoon the basis of rsquo It is often used in the following collocations

piacutengpiagraveo rugravechfngAdmittance by ticket only

nh piacuteng sheacutenme deacuteche zhegravei gegrave jieacutelugravenOn what basis did you arrive atcome to this conclusion

D

ta piacuteng zhe yigraveligrave kegravefuacute le zhingzhing kugravennanThrough his perseverance he overcame all kinds of difficulties

Exercise 251

Rephrase the Chinese sentences below using wegraveile to express themeaning of the English

1ta bugrave xifng wugrave le huichb | jueacutedigraveng ziu jigraven lugraveHe didnrsquot want to miss the train so he took a short cut

2xifo lh kai le lifng xifoshiacute de chb dagraveo luacutenden qugrave kagraven negravei chfng zuacuteqiuacutesagraveiXiao Li drove for two hours to London to see the football match

3ta jjxiacuteng le yc gegrave wjhuigrave | qigravengzhugrave nsrsquoeacuter dagravexueacute bigraveyegraveShe held a party to celebrate her daughterrsquos graduation

4ta tegraveyigrave coacuteng ffguoacute laacutei kagraven zhegravei gegrave diagravenyhngHe came from France specially to see this film

5hugraveshi yc yegrave meacutei shuigrave | zhagraveogugrave negravei gegrave bigravengreacutenThe nurse was up all night looking after the patient

6jcnglh dagraveo bgijcng qugrave canjia yc gegrave zhogravengyagraveo huigraveyigraveThe manager went to Beijing to attend an important meeting

Exercise 252

Complete the following sentences using ( ) duigrave(yuacute) guanyuacuteor zhigraveyuacute


258

1 ( ) zaacutenmen ( ) bieacuteren de yigravejian ycnggai bifoshigrave huanyiacutengWe ought to welcome other peoplersquos opinions

2waacuteng xiansheng taacutendagraveo zhdngguoacute xiagravendagravei weacutenxueacute de wegraventiacuteMr Wang talked about questions on Modern Chinese Literature

3wi qhng xifo lh laacutei wi jia canjia wfnhuigrave | ta neacuteng bugrave neacutenglaacutei wi haacutei bugrave zhcdaoI have invited Xiao Li to come to my party but I donrsquot know if hecan come

4haacuteizi de yaoqiuacute bugrave yagraveo tagravei yaacutengeacute

Donrsquot be too hard on the children5

jcnniaacuten xiagravetian wimen qugrave yigravedagraveligrave dugravejiagrave | ngi tian chefa |xiagravenzagravei haacutei bugrave neacuteng jueacutedigravengThis summer we are going to Italy on holiday but we havenrsquotdecided which day we are leaving

6xifo lh ding de hgn dud diagravennfo de zhcshiXiao Li knows a great deal about computers

7ta lifojig bugrave shfo zhdngguoacute shegravehuigrave de qiacutengkuagravengHe understands a lot about conditions in Chinese society

8 ( ) ( ) negravei chfng bhsagravei jiagraveoliagraven meacuteiyiu tiacuteche sheacutenme

gegravereacuten de yigravejianAs far as that match is concerned the coach did not express his personal views

Exercise 253

Rewrite the following Chinese sentences using lsquo chuacutele ( ) (zhc wagraveiyh wagravei)rsquo to reflect the meaning of the English

1dogravengwugraveyuaacuten li yiu lfohj | shczi | haacutei yiu xioacutengmaoThere are tigers and lions as well as pandas at the zoo

2ban li yiu zhdngguoacute reacuten | haacutei yiu ycngguoacute reacuten heacute ffguoacute reacutenIn addition to Chinese students there are also English and Frenchstudents in the class


259

3wi sheacutenme ddu chc | zhhshigrave bugrave chc yaacutengrograveuI eat everything apart from lamb

4cheacuten xifojie huigrave taacuten jiacuteta | haacutei huigrave taacuten gangqiacutenMiss Chen can play the guitar as well as the piano

Exercise 254

Fill in the blanks in the sentences below choosing the appropriate prepo-sition from the two in the brackets in each case

1zhegrave shigrave zhbnshiacute gugraveshi pai de diagravenyhngThis is a film based on a true story ( agravenzhagraveogbnjugrave)

2 piagraveo rugravechfngAdmittance is by ticket only ( agravenzhagraveopiacuteng)

3zhegravei xib yaacutenjie | kgyh deacuteche zhegravengquegrave jieacutelugraven

Based on this research we can reach an accurate conclusion ( gbnjugravepiacuteng)

4nh sheacutenme gbn wi zhegraveyagraveng shudhuagraveOn what grounds are you speaking to me like this ( gbnjugravepiacuteng)

5 tamen lfo bagravenff qugrave zuograveThey do it according to the old method ( gbnjugraveagravenzhagraveo)

6ta yigraveligrave zhagravenshegraveng le bigravengtograveng de zheacutemoShe overcame the pain of her illness through strength of will ( D agravenzhagraveopiacuteng zhe)

Exercise 255

Indicate whether the Chinese translations below are correct or not andif not make appropriate corrections

1 The teacher is concerned about my worklfoshc guanyuacute wi de xueacutexiacute hgn guanxcn

2 I went to town to do some shoppingwegraveile mfi ddngxi wi jigraven cheacuteng qugrave


260

3 He got up very early so that he wouldnrsquot be latewegraveile bugrave chiacutedagraveo | ta hgn zfo jiugrave

qhchuaacuteng le4 According to the weather forecast there will be heavy rain

tomorrowpiacuteng qigravexiagraveng yugravebagraveo | miacutengtian xiagrave dagrave yj

5 As well as swimming I like playing footballchuacutele yoacuteuying | wi haacutei xhhuan tc

zuacuteqiuacute6 Regarding the problem of childrenrsquos bad behaviour school teachers

as well as parents should also be concerned

duigrave haacuteizi tiaacuteopiacute de wegraventiacute | chuacutele jiazhfng zhc wagravei | xueacutexiagraveo lfoshc yg

ycnggai gufn

Exercise 256


1 As regards this question I have no opinion2 I am very worried about this problem3 I can come every day apart from Wednesday4 As to whether we can come please ask my wife5 Apart from her they all like Chinese food6 I am going into town to see a friend7 In order to come to a conclusion they discussed this matter for five

hours8 On what grounds does the government pursue this policy


Reformulate the 8 sentences or pairs of sentences below using the disyl-labic prepositions given in brackets

( yoacuteuyuacute lsquobecause ofrsquo)xiagrave dagrave yj | qiuacutesagravei gfi qc

There was a heavy rain The match was postponed

( )yoacuteuyuacute (xiagrave) dagrave yj | qiuacutesagravei gfi qc

The match was postponed because of the heavy rain


261

1 ( yoacuteuyuacute lsquobecause ofrsquo)tianqigrave bugrave hfo | wimen ddu dai zagravei jia liThe weather was bad We all stayed at home

2 ( chuacutele lsquoapart fromrsquo)ta xueacute ffyj | ta haacutei xueacute zhdngweacutenShe is learning French She is also learning Chinese

3 ( ) ( wegraveile lsquoinorder torsquo)ta xifng ragraveng haacuteizi deacutedagraveo hgn hfo de jiagraveoyugrave | ta njligrave (de) gdngzuograveShe would like her children to have a good education She workedhard

4 ( agravenzhagraveo lsquoaccording torsquo)ta tcng le fugravemj de jiagravenyigrave | ta bugrave zagravei chc rograveu leHe listened to his parentsrsquo suggestion and never touched meatagain

5 ( gbnjugrave lsquoon the basis ofrsquo)nh piacuteng sheacutenme shud wi cuograve leOn what basis did you say I was wrong

6 ( zhigraveyuacute lsquoas far as is concernedrsquo)ta shud ta bugrave yuagravenyi gufn zhegravei jiagraven shigraveqingAs far as this is concerned he says he doesnrsquot want to have any-thing to do with it

7 ( guanyuacute lsquoas regardsrsquo)ta duigrave nagraver de qiacutengkuagraveng shiacutefbn lifojigHe knows a lot about the situation there

8 ( duigraveyuacute lsquoas torsquo)ta gdngzuograve hgn njligrave | wi duigrave ta de gdngzuograve meacutei yiu sheacutenme yigravejianHe works very hard I have no qualms about his work


Translate into Chinese the following conversation between Wang andhis young friend Li

A Hello Li (use the familiar form of address here and belowbetween people of different ages)

B Hello WangA Where are you off toB I am going to the post office (to post a letter)A Who is the letter toB Itrsquos to my parents They are very good to meA Where do they liveB They live in Beijing very far from here


262

A Do you go home to visit your parents very oftenB No I donrsquot have the timeA You can ask for leaveB I have got so much to do Honestly I canrsquot get awayA Please send them my regards Wish them good healthB Thank you I am flying to London tomorrow Irsquoll ring them from

thereA ByeB Bye


263

264

KEY TO EXERCISES

Unit 1

Exercise 11

1 yc gegrave haacuteizi 2 yc gegrave haacuteizi 3 lifng gegravehaacuteizi 4 san gegrave cheacutengzi 5 yc daacute jcdagraven 6

sigrave gegrave miagravenbao 7 wj piagraven miagravenbao 8 yc

gegrave cheacutengshigrave 9 lifng gegrave jiagravenyigrave 10 liugrave gegrave guoacutejia11 ba gegravejia shangdiagraven ( jia another measure word for lsquoshoprsquo) 12 jij gegrave xueacutesheng 13 qc gegravegdngcheacutengshc 14 yc gegrave peacutengyou 15 yc gegrave reacuten 16

yc gegrave bbizi 17 lifng zhc bh 18 shiacute gegrave bbizi 19 lifng bbi chaacute 20 san bgn she 21sigrave gegrave dagraveren 22 liugrave zhang zhh 23 yc gegrave dagravengao 24

yc kuagravei dagravengao 25 yc gegrave jiegravekiu 26wj gegrave naacuten haacuteizi 27 liugrave gegrave ns haacuteizi 28 lifng kuagraveibugrave 29 jh kb shugrave 30 lifng gegrave zhdngguoacute reacuten

Exercise 12

yc may be omitted in sentences 1 2 3 4 5 7 yc cannot be omitted in sentences 6 8

Exercise 13

1 wi pegravengjiagraven lifng gegrave peacutengyou 2ta xifng zhfo yc gegrave jiegravekiu 3 haacuteizimen yagraveo

chc piacutenggui 4 taacutemen xifng qugrave san gegrave guoacutejia5 correct 6 ta yiu zhdngguoacute peacutengyou 7

nh yagraveo chc jh piagraven miagravenbao 8 correct

Exercise 14

1 I would like to buy a few bread rolls 2 She would like to eat twopieces of cake 3 I bumped into three Chinese people 4 I would

like to have a cup of coffee 5 I would like to go tovisit five coun-tries 6 She is an engineer 7 I have two children 8 I only wantto go to one city 9 Who would like to buy books 10 I have a sug-gestion (to make)

Exercise 15

1 piacutenggui heacute cheacutengzi 2 dagraveren heacutehaacuteizixifohaacutei ( xifohaacutei little child) 3

san piagraven miagravenbao | yc bbi kafbi heacute yc kuagravei dagravengao 4sigrave bgn she heacute liugrave zhc bh 5 wi xifng qugrave san gegrave

guoacutejia 6 ( ) wi xifng hb (yc) bbi chaacute 7 ta zhh xifng qugrave lifng gegravejia shangdiagraven 8

ta xifng mfi yc gegrave miagravenbao | lifnggegrave dagravengao | wj gegrave piacutenggui heacute yc daacute jcdagraven 9 haacuteizizhh yiu yc gegrave lhxifng 10 wi pegravengjiagraven sigrave gegrave zhdngguoacute peacutengyou 11 wi yagraveo jh zhang zhh 12

wi xifng lifojig zhdngguoacute de jcngjigrave heacute weacutenhuagrave

Drill 11

1 a jh gegrave jcdagraven b jh gegrave miagravenbao cyc bgn she heacute yc zhc bh d jh gegrave cheacutengzi 2 a yc

bbi chaacute b yc bbi kafbi c yc bbi piacutejij d yc bbi kglegrave 3 a yc gegrave piacutenggui b jh gegrave cheacutengzi c

yc kuagravei gao d yc gegrave sanmiacutengzhigrave 4 a zhdngguoacuteb ycngguoacute c bgijcng d luacutenden 5 a jhgegrave zhdngguoacute peacutengyou b jh gegrave ycngguoacute peacutengyou

Drill 12

1 a sheacutei yagraveo mfi jh gegrave jcdagraven bsheacutei yagraveo mfi jh gegrave miagravenbao c sheacutei yagraveo mfiyc bgn she heacute yc zhc bh d sheacutei yagraveo mfi jh gegrave cheacutengzi2 a sheacutei xifng hb yc bbi chaacute bsheacutei xifng hb yc bbi kafbi c sheacutei xifng hb yc bbi piacutejijd sheacutei xifng hb yc bbi kglegrave 3 asheacutei xifng chc yc gegrave piacutenggui b sheacutei xifng chc jh gegravecheacutengzi c sheacutei xifng chc yc kuagravei gao d

sheacutei xifng chc yc gegrave sanmiacutengzhigrave 4 a sheacutei yagraveoqugrave zhdngguoacute b sheacutei yagraveo qugrave ycngguoacute csheacutei yagraveo qugrave bgijcng d sheacutei yagraveo qugrave luacutenden 5 a

sheacutei xifng jiao jh gegrave zhdngguoacute peacutengyou bsheacutei xifng jiao jh gegrave ycngguoacute peacutengyou

Key toexercises

265

Unit 2

Exercise 21

1 zhegravei zhc 2 zhegravei xib 3 negravei gegrave 4 negravei xib 5nagrave jh gegrave 6 zhegrave jh zhang 7 negravei gegrave 8 zhegravei

bgn 9 negravei xib 10 nagrave jh gegrave 11 zhegravei gegrave 12zhegrave jh gegrave 13 negravei gegrave 14 zhegravei xib 15 negravei xib 16

negravei kuagravei 17 negravei gegrave 18 zhegravei bf 19 negravei piagraven 20zhegravei xib 21 negravei xib 22 negravei gegravejia 23 nagrave

jh bf 24 zhegrave jh fuacutezhang ( zhang another measure wordfor lsquopicturersquo) 25 zhegrave lifng gegrave ycshbng 26 nagravejh gegrave bigravengreacuten

Exercise 22

1 She likes dogs 2 Irsquoll buy this hat 3 Either is correct dependingon the context 4 Where are the keys 5 Either is correct depend-ing on the context 6 Has she got any children 7 There is a bowlon the table 8 There is a jumper in the wardrobe 9 The chopsticksare on the table 10 I know how to use chopsticks

Exercise 23

1 Where isare there asome book(s) 2 Where isare the book(s)3 There is a cake in the kitchen 4 The cat is in the room 5 Areyou looking for the key(s) 6 Are you going to buy an umbrella7 Would you like asome banana(s) 8 We would like to buy some flowers 9 The children are at school 10 I like (eating)apples 11 All the four jumpers and three hats are in the wardrobe12 All the ten students want to go to China 13 Do you have any chopsticks 14 All the apples oranges cake and bread are in thekitchen

Exercise 24

1 nfr yiu shangdiagraven 2 cheacutengzi hgnhfochc 3 zhudzi shang yiu jh gegrave bbizi 4

( ) shejiagrave shang yiu (yc)xib she 5 ( ) nh (shbn shang) yiu bh manh dagravei le bh meacuteiyiu 6

wfn zagravei guigraveziwfnguigrave li ( wfnguigrave a more specificterm for lsquocupboardrsquo lit bowl cabinet) 7 yagraveoshi zagravei nfr8 ( ) ( ) huapiacuteng li yiu

Key toexercises

266

(yc)xib huaryiu (yc)xib huar zagravei huapiacuteng li 9 naacutenhaacuteizimen zagravei nfr 10 nh yiu maoyc ma 11

zhegravei xib zhagraveopiagraven nh xhhuan manh

xhhuan zhegravei xib zhagraveopiagraven ma 12 nh zhfo she ma 13zhegrave lifng bgn she hgn yiu yigravesi 14

wi xhhuan nagrave san fuacute huagraver 15 nagrave wj gegravexueacutesheng zagravei nfr

Drill 21

1 a nfr yiu bh b nfr yiu yhzi 2 a cegravesui zagravei nfr b chbzhagraven zagravei nfr 3 a

yiu yc gegrave naacuten ycshbng heacute yc gegrave ns

ycshbng zagravei bigravengfaacuteng li b yiu jij gegrave bigravengreacuten zagraveibigravengfaacuteng li 4 a wfn heacute kuagraveizi ddu zagraveichuacutefaacuteng li b dao heacute cha ddu zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li 5 a

guigravezi li yiu chaacute heacute kafbi b guigravezi li yiu jh zhc bbizi

Drill 22

1 nh xhhuan chc dagravengao ma 2 nh

xhhuan hb piacutejij ma 3 nh xhhuan chc shecagravei ma4 nh xhhuan jiao peacutengyou ma 5nh xifng hb bbi kafbi ma 6 nh xifng mfi zhc bh ma7 nh yagraveo mfi jh bgn she ma 8 nh

xifng mfi xib huar ma 9 nh de mao huigrave zhua

lfoshj ma 10 nh huigrave huagrave huagraver ma

Unit 3

Exercise 31

1 wi xhhuan ta | ta yg xhhuan wi 2wimen xifng qugrave jiagraven tamen |

dagravenshigrave tamen bugrave xifng jiagraven wimen 3nh bugrave regravenshi ta | dagravenshigrave ta regravenshi nh 4bagraveba | mama | nhmen yagraveo hb kafbi ma 5ta zagravei nfr | wi xifng gbn ta taacutentaacuten 6 ( )

wimen yiu lifng tiaacuteo giu | (tamen) ddu zhugrave zagravei ta defaacutengjian li 7 wi bugrave xhhuan negravei xibhuar | nh xhhuan ma 8 nh xifngkagraven negravei gegrave diagravenyhng ma | zaacutenmen qugrave kagraven ba

Key toexercises

267

Exercise 32

1 wi de 2 ( ) nh (de) 3 wi 4 wi gbge de5 ta de 6 wimen liacutenje de 7 ( ) tamen (de)8 ( ) ta (de) ( ) wi (de) 9 bagravebafugraveqin de 10

wimen de 11 zigravejh 12 zigravejh de

Exercise 33

1 wi gbge de ( ) wi (zigravejh) de 2 ta de wi de 3 ta jia de 4 wi de nh de 5 wi 6ta 7 nh de wi de 8 nh de ta de 9

bagravebafugraveqin de ( ) (ta) zigravejh de 10 nh jia de 11wimen liacutenje de negravei xib 12 ( ) (ta) zigravejh de

negravei jiagraven

Exercise 34

1 niacuten 2 niacuten jh wegravei 3 niacuten jh wegravei 4 niacuten 5niacuten jh wegravei 6 niacuten

Exercise 35

1 wimen 2 zaacutenmen 3 wimen 4 zaacutenmen5 zaacutenmen 6 wimen

Drill 31

1 Happy Birthday 2 Happy New Year 3 A Merry Christmas 4 Wish you good health 5 A safe journey home 6 Wish you success

Drill 32

1 nh de negravei xib she hgn yiuqugrave 2ta de fugravemj hgn yiumiacuteng 3 nagrave san gegrave zhdngguacuteo reacuten hgn yiuqiaacuten 4 nh bagraveba de she

hgn yiuyograveng 5 zhegravei gegrave fangff hgn yiuxiagraveo 6nh de negravei gegrave dagravengao hgn hfochc

| zhegravei bbi kafbi hgn hfohb 7 wi megraveimei de negravei jiagraven maacuteoyc hgn hfokagraven 8 negravei shiu gb

hgn hfotcng 9 ta de negravei gegrave jiagravenyigrave hgn hfoxiagraveo10 wimen liacutenje de negravei zhc xifo mao hgnhfowaacutenr

Key toexercises

268

Drill 33

1 yagraveoshi nh dagravei le meacuteiyiu 2yjsfn nh dagravei le meacuteiyiu 3 maacuteoyc nh dagravei le meacuteiyiu4 zhagraveopiagraven nh dagravei le meacuteiyiu 5she nh kagraven le meacuteiyiu 6 wfn heacute kuagraveizi nh mfile meacuteiyiu 7 chaacute nh hb le meacuteiyiu 8dagravengao nh chc le meacuteiyiu 9 mao nh zhfo dagraveo lemeacuteiyiu 10 diagravenyhng nh kagraven le meacuteiyiu

1 Have you brought the key(s) 2 Have you brought the umbrella 3 Have you brought your sweater 4 Have you brought the pic-ture(s)photograph(s) 5 Have you read the book(s) 6 Have youbought the bowl(s) and the chopsticks 7 Have you drunk the tea8 Have you eaten the cake(s) 9 Have you found the cat 10Have you seen the film

Unit 4

Exercise 41

1 a sheacutei qugrave shigravechfng mfi jcdagraven bmama qugrave nfr mfi jcdagraven c mama qugrave

shigravechfng mfi sheacutenme d mama qugrave shigravechfng zuogravesheacutenme 2 a bagraveba zagravei nfr xig tucjiagravenxigraven b

bagraveba zagravei bagravengdngshigrave zuograve sheacutenme cbagraveba zagravei bagravengdngshigrave xig sheacutenme d

sheacutei zagravei bagravengdngshigrave xig tucjiagravenxigraven 3 a jigjiezagravei nfr wegravei mao b jigjie zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li zuogravesheacutenme c sheacutei zagravei chuacutefaacuteng li wegravei mao 4 a

gbge zagravei wagraveimian zuograve sheacutenme bgbge zagravei wagraveimian xie sheacutenme c gbge zagravei nfr

xie chb d sheacutei zagravei wagraveimian xie chb 5 adigravedi qugrave yoacuteuyingchiacute zuograve sheacutenme b

sheacutei qugrave yoacuteuyingchiacute xueacute yoacuteuying c digravedi qugravenfr xueacute yoacuteuying 6 a digravedi xifng qhng sheacuteibang ta de maacuteng b digravedi xifng qhng jigjie zuogravesheacutenme c sheacutei xifng qhng jigjie bangmaacuteng 7 a

sheacutei de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchb

b sheacutei zagravei jib shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchb cliacutenje de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang zuograve sheacutenme d

liacutenje de haacuteizi zagravei jib shang qiacute sheacutenme eliacutenje de haacuteizi zagravei nfr qiacute zigravexiacutengchb 8 a

sheacutei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave zhdngguoacute

Key toexercises

269

lsxiacuteng b megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng zuograve sheacutenme cmegraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn sheacutei qugrave

zhdngguoacute lsxiacuteng d megraveimeimiacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave nfr lsxiacuteng e

megraveimei miacutengniaacuten xifng gbn yeacuteye qugrave zhdngguoacute zuograve sheacutenme

Exercise 42

1 nfr yiu zigravexiacutengchb ze 2 nfryiu kafbi hb 3 nfr yiu huar mfimagravei 4

nfr yiu piacutejij hb 5 nfr yiu ddngxi chc

6 nfr yiu diagravenyhng kagraven 7 nfr yiubagraveozhh mfimagravei 8 nfr yiu she jiegrave 9

nfr yiu xcnxian shecagravei mfimagravei 10 ( ) nfryiu hfo (qigrave)chb ze

Exercise 43

1 sheacutei xifng hb chaacute 2 sheacutei xifng chc

dagravengao 3 zhegravei gegrave bbizi shigrave sheacuteidezhegrave shigrave sheacutei de bbizi 4 nh xifng chc sheacutenme 5

nh xhhuan ngi fuacute huagraver 6 sheacutei huigrave shud

zhdngweacuten 7 ngi gegrave haacuteizi shigrave nh de 8zhang xiansheng shigrave sheacutei de lfoshc 9 nh

yagraveo mfi ngi xib cheacutengzi 10 nh xhhuan sheacutenmeshecagravei 11 sheacutei huigrave xie chb 12

sheacutei neacuteng bang wi de maacutengsheacutei neacuteng bangzhugrave wi 13nh xifng jiagraven sheacutei 14 nh dagravei le nf lifng bgn

she 15 nh qugrave le sheacutenme digravefangnh

qugrave le nfr 16 nh qugrave ngi xib guoacutejia 17wi de qiaacutenbao zagravei nfr 18 nh qugrave nfr

hb kafbi 19 nh heacutegbn sheacutei qugrave zhdngguoacutenh shigrave heacutegbn sheacutei qugrave zhdngguoacute 20

nh zagravei nfr regravenshi tanh shigrave zagravei nfr regravenshi ta de

Drill 41

1 a wi xifng chc difnr dagravengao b wi xifng chc difnr bcngjiliacuteng 2 a wi xifng

mfi difnr baacuteicagravei b wi xifng mfi difnr yuacute 3 awi zhegravei gegrave lhbagravei tian xifng qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng

b wi zhegravei gegrave lhbagravei tian xifng qugrave yoacuteuying

Key toexercises

270

4 a wi zhfo yagraveoshi b wi zhfo yjsfn 5 a wi zhfo lh xiansheng b wi zhfo wi

fugraveqinbagraveba 6 a wi dagraveoshagraveng yiacutenhaacuteng qugrave b wi dagraveoshagraveng dagravexueacute qugrave

Drill 42

1 Do you like keeping a cat nh xhhuan yfng mao ba You like keeping a cat donrsquot you 2 Do you like keeping a dog

nh xhhuan yfng giu ba You like keeping a dog donrsquotyou 3 Do you like keeping goldfish nh xhhuan yfng jcnyuacute ba You like keeping goldfish donrsquot you 4 Do you likecyclingriding a bike nh xhhuan qiacute zigravexiacutengchb ba Youlike riding a bike donrsquot you 5 Do you like horse riding

nh xhhuan qiacute mf ba You like horse riding donrsquot you 6 Do youlike living in London nh xhhuan zhugrave zagravei luacutenden baYou like living in London donrsquot you 7 Do you like living in Paris

nh xhhuan zhugrave zagravei baliacute ba You like living in Parisdonrsquot you 8 Do you like buying things cheap

nh xhhuan mfi piaacutenyi de ddngxi ba You like buying things cheapdonrsquot you 9 Do you like fresh flowers nh xhhuan xianhua ba You like fresh flowers donrsquot you 10 Do you like yourneighbour(s) nh xhhuan nh de liacutenje ba You like yourneighbour(s) donrsquot you 11 Do you like your work

nh xhhuan nh de gdngzuograve ba You like your work donrsquot you 12Do you likefancy this sweater nh xhhuan zhegravei jiagravenmaacuteoyc ba You like this sweater donrsquot you

Unit 5

Exercise 51

1 89 2 16 3 10000 4 600000000 5 7000000 6 13526 7180000 8 6934 9 3652 10 780000469 11 64504 12 4004005

Exercise 52

1 ba wagraven liacuteng egraver bfi liacuteng wj 2liugrave bfi san shiacute egraver wagraven jij qian ba bfi yc shiacute sigrave ( yc shiacute

sigrave for fourteen is only used in counting when following a figure in thehundreds) 3 liugrave yigrave 4 yc qian liacuteng ba shiacute 5

san shiacute liugrave fbn zhc qc 6 sigrave fbn zhc yc 7bfi fbn zhc san 8 bfi fbn zhc jij shiacute qc 9

Key toexercises

271

sigrave difn yc san yc liugrave 10 wj bfi ba shiacute liugrave difn egraversan 11 qc qian liacuteng wj 12 liugrave bfi liacutengyc difn liacuteng liacuteng qc

Exercise 53

1 bagraven tian 2 ( ) lifng (gegrave) xcngqc lifnggegrave lhbagraveilifng zhdu ( zhdu is also used to mean lsquoweekrsquo) 3san niaacuten bagraven 4 liugrave gegrave yuegrave 5 egraver loacuteu 6 bagravengegrave cheacutengzi 7 bagraven piacuteng jij 8 wj gegrave bagraven liacute 9

digrave wj zhdu 10 digrave sigrave gegrave haacuteizi 11 digrave shiacuteegraver chfng bhsagravei 12 san niaacutenjiacute 13 digrave egraver tian 14

qc gegrave bagraven xifoshiacutezhdngtoacuteu

Exercise 54

1 lifng 2 lifng 3 egraver 4 egraver 5 egraver 6 lifng7 egraver 8 lifng 9 egraver 10 lifng

Exercise 55

1 yc | lifng zhduyc | lifng gegravexcngqcyc | lifng gegrave lhbagravei 2 lifng bfi niaacuten 3

liugrave shiacute laacutei suigravedagraveyub liugrave shiacute suigraveliugrave shiacute suigravezuiyograveushagravengxiagrave 4 san | sigrave shiacute liagraveng zigravexiacutengchb

5 shiacute dud tian 6 lifng bfi laacutei gegrave shangdiagraven7 bfi fbn zhc shiacute 8 egraver shiacutezuiyograveushagravengxiagravedagraveyub egraver shiacute 9 shiacute wj

mh zuiyograveushagravengxiagravedagraveyub shiacute wj mh 10 yc gegrave yuegrave zuiyograveushagravengxiagravedagraveyub yc gegrave yuegrave 11 yc wagravendud gegrave xueacutesheng 12 lifng | san gegrave haacuteizi 13

dagraveyub wj shiacute gegrave peacutengyou heacute liacutenje 14 dagraveyub qc shiacute ycnglh qc shiacute ycnglh zuiyograveushagravengxiagrave

15 ba gdngjcn dud 16 shiacute dud gegrave cheacutengshigrave

Exercise 56

1 wfnguigraveguigravezili yiu san gegrave cheacutengzi | lifng gegrave liacute | yc gegrave miagravenbao heacute yc piacuteng jij 2

zhudzi shang yiu yc gegrave wfn | yc

gegrave bbizi heacute yc shuang kuagraveizi 3bcngxiang li yiu bagraven daacute jcdagraven | yc gdngjcn baacuteicagravei heacute ycxib

bcngjiliacuteng 4 ycguigraveguigravezi li

Key toexercises

272

yiu lifng jiagraven maacuteoyc heacute shiacute egraver tiaacuteo quacutenzi ( ycguigrave is a more specificterm for lsquowardrobersquo lit clothes cabinet) 5

lh miacuteng qhng le san | sigrave shiacute gegrave peacutengyou heacute toacutengxueacute 6wi naacuten peacutengyou dagravei laacutei le yc shugrave huar

heacute jh piacuteng piacutejij 7 wi xig le dagraveyub wj fbngtucjiagravenxigraven 8 wi ns peacutengyou qugrave guo shiacutedud gegrave guoacutejia 9 wi peacutengjiagraven le egraver shiacute dud

gegrave toacutengxueacute 10 wi eacuterzi jcnniaacuten kagraven le shiacute laacutei gegrave diagravenyhng 11 negravei jiagraven maacuteoyc dudshaoqiaacuten 12 ta yiu jh gegrave megraveimei 13bgijcng yiu dudshao reacuten 14 nh

bagravebafugraveqin regravenshi dudshao zhdngguoacute reacuten 15 nh yagraveoxifng mfi jh gdngjcn baacuteicagravei

Drill 51

1 Would the next person please come in 2 When does the nexttraincoach leave 3 The first half was brilliant 4 We are going nextThursday 5 He worked very hard in the lastprevious academicyear 6 Are you getting off at the next stop 7 The lastprevious issueis sold out 8 See you next time

Drill 52

1 nh jiagraven guo zhegrave jh gegrave gdngcheacutengshc

meacuteiyiu 2 nh qugrave guo ycngguoacute meacuteiyiu 3nh yfng guo giu meacuteiyiu 4 nh qiacute guo luogravetuo

meacuteiyiu 5 nh yograveng guo kuagraveizi meacuteiyiu 6nh jiao guo zhdngguoacute peacutengyou meacuteiyiu 7

nh hb guo ycngguoacute piacutejij meacuteiyiu 8 nh hb

guo zhdngguoacute chaacute meacuteiyiu 9 nh kagraven guo zhdngguoacute diagravenyhng meacuteiyiu 10 nh kai guo chb meacuteiyiu11 nh ze guo chb meacuteiyiu 12 nh

qugrave guo nh peacutengyou jia meacuteiyiu 13 nh jiagraven guo tafugravemj meacuteiyiu 14 ( ) nh bang guo nh peacutengyou(de maacuteng) meacuteiyiu 15 nh xueacute guo yoacuteuying meacuteiyiu

Unit 6

Exercise 61

1 yc ph mf aone horse 2 lifng jiagrave fbijc two planes3 san gegrave guoacutejia three countries 4 sigrave | wj bf

Key toexercises

273

yhzi four or five chairs 5 jh zhang zhudzi a fewhow manytables 6 liugrave jia shangdiagraven six shops 7 qc sui

xueacutexiagraveo seven schools 8 ba zuograve shan eight mountains 9jij bgn she nine books 10 shiacute kuagravei dagravengao ten pieces

of cake

Exercise 62

1 zhang 2 chuaacuteng 3 sui 4 fugrave 5 bugrave 6 gegrave 7zuograve 8 duigrave

Exercise 63

1 yc tian 2 yc wfn fagraven 3 yc niaacuten 4zhegravei fugrave yfnjigraveng 5 ( ) yc shuang xieacute(zi) 6 ( )

yc (gegrave) xcngqc yc gegrave lhbagraveiyc zhdu 7 yc gegrave grhuaacuten 8yc zhc wagravezi 9 yc kuagraveipiagraven miagravenbao 10

ngi bf jifndao 11 yc kuagraveitiaacuteo feacuteizagraveo 12yc tiaacuteo kugravezi 13 yc gegrave yuegrave 14 lifng bagraveng

piacutenggui 15 ( ) san ycnglh (lugrave) 16 qc shbng qigraveyoacuteu17 ngi zhc maacuteobh 18 yh tiaacuteozhc sdu chuaacuten( sdu is another measure word for lsquoshiprsquo) 19 lifng shiu gb

20 yc zhangfuacute digravetuacute

Exercise 64

1 yc quacuten yaacuteng 2 yc bbi piacutejij 3 yc quacuten reacuten4 ( ) yc bf (yj)sfn 5 yc bf dao 6 negravei zhc

nifo 7 ( ) nagrave lifng shugrave hua(r) 8 yc zhc yuegraveqj

9 zhegravei zhang bagraveozhh 10 nf san zhc qianbh 11yc gegrave jchuigrave 12 yc dc shuc 13 yc bbi chaacute

14 ( ) ngi dui hua(r) 15 yc tiaacuteo sheacutengzi 16yc zhang chuaacuteng 17 yc tiaacuteo kugravezi 18 yc bf

jifndao 19 zhegravei tiaacuteo giu 20 ( ) zhegrave san zhc

(xiang)yan

Exercise 65

1 zhegravei jiangegrave sigrave zhang wj bf 2 lifng tiaacuteosan zhc 3 sigrave liagraveng 4 yc dhng 5 sigrave bbi 6

negravei gegrave jh gegravetiaacuteo 7 ycxib 8 yc jia yc wfn 9yc zhang 10 nagrave lifng zhc

Key toexercises

274

Exercise 661 wi yiu lifng gegrave haacuteizi | nh yiu jh gegravehaacuteizi 2 nh hb le san bbi piacutejij | wi

zhh hb le yc bbi 3 wi xhhuan zhegraveizhc giu | wi bugrave xhhuan negravei zhc giu 4 ( )

wi mama yiu shiacute egraver shuang xieacute(zi) | wi jigjie yiu egraver shiacutedud shuang 5 ( ) wimen (zhh) yiu yc

liagraveng chb | nhmen yiu lifng liagraveng ba 6ta chc le yc wfn fagraven | ta chc le san | sigrave wfn 7 zhegravei

gegrave shigrave shuiacute de 8 ngi gegrave shigrave ta de

Drill 611 shejiagrave shang yiu shiacute jhshiacute dud bgn she 2

huapiacuteng li yiu yc shugrave xianhua 3zhudzi shang yiu lifng zhc wfn heacute lifng shuang kuagraveizi 4

ycguigrave li yiu lifng jiagravenchegravenshan | lifng tiaacuteo quacutenzi heacute lifng tiaacuteo kugravezi 5

wi fugravemj jia yiu lifng zhc mao heacute yc zhctiaacuteo giu 6bcngxiang li yiu yc kuagravei rograveu heacute ycxib shecagravei 7

(zuogravewegravei lsquoseatrsquo) diagravenyhngyuagraven yiu san bf dud

gegrave zuogravewegravei 8 shangdiagraven li yiu yc dagrave quacuten reacuten 9ta yiacutenghaacuteng li yiu yc xifo bh qiaacuten 10

shigravechfng shang yiu piacutenggui | cheacutengzi |liacute heacute xiangjiao magravei 11 chuacutefaacuteng li yiuyc zhang dagrave zhudzi heacute liugrave bf yhzi 12(xiacutengreacuten lsquopedestriansrsquo) jib shang yiu laacuteilaacutei wfngwfng de chbliagraveng heacutexiacutengreacuten 13 bagravengdngshigrave li yiu sigrave gegrave shejiagrave 14

ta shbn shang meacutei yiu qiaacuten 15 chiacuteli yiu shiacute yc tiaacuteo yuacute 16 wfn li yiu ycxib fagraven 17

chuaacuteng shang yiu lifng zhang begraveizi 18wfnguigrave li yiu shiacute dud zhc wfn 19 shugrave

shang yiu jh zhc nifor 20 shan shang yiu yc quacuten laacuteng21 (cheacutengkegrave lsquopassengerrsquo) chb shang yiu egraver shiacutedud gegrave cheacutengkegrave 22 chuaacuten shang yiu sanbfi wj shiacute liugrave gegrave cheacutengkegrave

Drill 62

1 ( ) yc zhang zhang (de) zhudzi 2 ( ) yc

chuagraven chuagraven (de) xiangjiao 3 ( ) yc zuograve zuograve (de) dagrave shan4 ( ) yc quacuten quacuten (de) yaacuteng 5 ( ) yc

shuang shuang (de) xieacutezi 6 ( ) yc shuang shuang (de) wagravezi 7 ( ) yc dui dui (de) yuacuten 8 ( ) yc jiagrave

Key toexercises

275

jiagrave (de) fbijc 9 ( ) yc fbng fbng (de) xigraven 10 ( )yc zhc zhc (de) xifo nifo

Unit 7

Exercise 71

1 correct 2 bugrave shfo haacuteizi 3 bugrave shfo peacutengyou 4correct 5 hgn dud miagravenbao 6 correct 7 correct 8 cor-rect 9 hgn dud reacuten 10 ycxib gdngcheacutengshc 11 cor-rect 12 correct 13 correct 14 correct 15jia li liaacuten yc ligrave mh yg meacutei yiu 16 correct

Exercise 72

1 hgn dud bugrave shfo 2 ( ) ycdifnr 3 hgn dudbugrave shfo 4 yc gegrave 5 hgn dud bugrave shfo 6

hgn dud bugrave shfo 7 ( ) ycdifnr ycxib 8 ( )ycdifnr 9 hgn dud bugrave shfo 10 bugrave shfo

Exercise 73

1 ( ) wi shbn shang (liaacuten) yc fbn qiaacuten yg meacuteiyiu 2 ( ) wi jia li (liaacuten) yc bgn ciacutedifn yg meacuteiyiu 3 bcngxiang li ycdifnr shuhgui yg

meacutei yiu 4 ( ) ta sheacutenme yg meacutei(yiu) shud 5( ) ( ) ta sheacutenme (ddngxi) yg meacutei(yiu) chc 6

( ) mama sheacutenme rograveu yg meacutei(yiu) mfi 7( ) wimen nfr yg meacutei(yiu) qugrave 8 ( )

wi zuoacutetian sheacutei shuiacute yg meacutei(yiu) pegravengjiagraven

Exercise 74

1 ( ) ycdifn(r) 2 ( ) ycdifn(r) 3 ( ) ycdifn(r) 4 ( ) ycxibycdifnr 5 ( ) ycdifn(r) 6 ( ) ycdifn(r)

7 ( ) ycdifn(r) 8 ( ) ycdifn(r)

Drill 71

1 (very) many books nh yiu hgn dud she ma 2manyquite a few children nh yiu bugrave shfo haacuteizi ma3 a little petrol nh yiu ycdifnr qigraveyoacuteu ma 4 somerice nh yiu ycxib mh ma 5 many dishes

Key toexercises

276

nh yiu xjdud cagravei ma 6 a few chairs nh yiu jhbf yhzi ma 7 a few yuaacuten nh yiu jh kuagravei qiaacuten ma 8some paper nh yiu ycxib zhh ma 9 a little salt

nh yiu ycdifnr yaacuten ma 10 a little time nh yiu ycdifnr shiacutejian ma

Drill 72

1 chb shang yc gegrave cheacutengkegrave yg meacutei yiu 2 ( )wi (de) qiaacutenbao li yc fbn qiaacuten yg meacutei yiu 3

piacutengzi li ycdifn jij yg meacutei yiu 4shejiagrave shang yc bgn she yg meacutei yiu 5

heacute shang yc tiaacuteo chuaacuten yg meacutei yiu 6 tade huagrave ycdifn dagraveoli yg meacutei yiu 7 ycguigrave li yc tiaacuteo quacutenzi yg meacutei yiu 8 wfnguigrave li yc zhc

wfn yg meacutei yiu 9 negravei gegrave reacuten yc gegrave peacutengyouyg meacutei yiu 10 zhegravei jiagraven shigrave ycdifnrxcwagraveng yg meacutei yiu

Unit 8

Exercise 81

1 three orsquoclock 2 twelve orsquoclock 3 twenty past two 4 five toeightseven fifty-five 5 ten to eight 6 a quarter past eleven 7 halfpast nine 8 one minute past ten 9 five past twelve 10 a quarterto sevensix forty-five

Exercise 82

1 wi shagravengwj ba difn bagraven qugrave xueacutexiagraveo 2 wi shagravengwj ba difn wj shiacute wj

fbnjij difn chagrave wj fbn qugrave yoacuteuying 3 wi peacutengyou xiagravewj wj difn san kegravewj difn sigrave shiacute wj fbn

xiagraveban 4 ( ) wimen dagraveyub jij difn (zhdng)chc wfnfagraven 5 wi liugrave hagraveo pegravengjiagraven nh sheshu 6

wi bagraveba shiacute yc hagraveo qugrave zhdngguoacute 7wi megraveimei wfnshang shiacute egraver difn zuiyograveu shuigravejiagraveo

8 wi xiagrave gegrave yuegrave eacuter shiacute yc hagraveo ggi ta xigxigraven 9 wi xiagrave xcngqc sigrave laacutei zhegraver kaizuogravetaacutenhuigrave 10 wi yc jij jij jij niaacuten bigraveyegrave 11

wi miacutengniaacutenjcnniaacuten jijyuegrave dagraveo duzhdu qugrave12 wi toacutengxueacute miacutengniaacuten shiacutersquoegraveryuegrave huiacute guoacute

Key toexercises

277

Note dagraveyub zuiyograveu and shagravengxiagrave may be used inter-changeably in this exercise

Exercise 83

1 ( ) ta jh difn (zhing) chc wfnfagraven 2( ) nh lhbagravei wj wfnshang jh difn (zhdng) laacutei wi jia 3

nhmen bayuegrave jh hagraveo qugrave dugravejiagrave 4nh ngi niaacuten digrave yc cigrave jiagraven dagraveo ta 5 ( ) nh

mama jh difn (zhdng) huiacute jia 6 xcnjcnglh xiagrave xcngqc jh laacutei zhegraver shagravengban 7 nhmensheacutenme shiacutehou laacutei zhfo wi 8 tamensheacutenme shiacutehoungi niaacuten bigraveyegrave 9 nh

jigjie shagraveng xcngqc jh xiagravewj zagravei xueacute kagraveichb 10 nh qugraveniaacuten jh yuegravesheacutenme shiacutehou mfi zhegravei fuacute huagrave 11

( ) zudtaacutenhuigrave shagravengwj jh difn (zhdng) kaishh 12nh miacutengtian sheacutenme shiacutehou zagravei jia li

xiexi

Exercise 84

1 ( ) nh miacutengtian sheacutenme shiacutehou qugravexueacutexiagraveo (shagravengkegrave) 2 wi xiagrave gegrave yuegrave laacutei zhegraverkai zuogravetaacutenhuigrave 3 nh sheacutenme shiacutehou qugraveduzhdu lsxiacuteng 4 ( ) nh miacutengtian jh difn (zhdng)shagravengban 5 ( ) nh xiagravewj jh difn (zhdng)qugrave yoacuteuyingchiacute yoacuteuying 6 nh ngi tian dagraveonagraver qugrave tc zuacuteqiuacute 7 nh jh yuegravengi gegrave yuegrave qugrave hfi bian dugravejiagrave 8 nh sheacutenme shiacutehou qugravehuichbzhagraven mfi piagraveo 9 ( ) ( ) nh

shagravengwj jh difn (zhdng) qugrave shigravechfng (mfi ddngxi) 10 nh jh shiacute sheacutenme shiacutehou qugrave tuacuteshegufn jiegrave she

Drill 81

1 nh zhegravei gegrave xcngqc tian qugrave kagraven qiuacutesagravei ma2 ( ) nh xiagrave (gegrave) lhbagravei qugrave jiagraven nh (de)dfoshc ma 3 nh miacutengtian shagravengwj qugrave kagravenycshbng ma 4 nh xiagrave xcngqcrsquoegraver xueacute tagraveijiacutequaacutenma 5 nh jcntian xiagravewj wegravei mao ma 6

nh jcntian wfnshang shagraveng wfng ma 7nh miacutengtian fagravengxueacute hograveu qugrave diagraveoyuacute ma 8nh miacutengtian xiagraveban hograveu qugrave xueacute kai chb ma 9

Key toexercises

278

nh jcnwfn kagraven diagravenshigrave ma 10 nh miacutengniaacuten bigraveyegravehograveu qugrave lsxiacuteng ma 11 nh xiagrave gegrave yuegrave qugravetagravenwagraveng nh fugravemj ma 12 ( ) nh jcnniaacuten liugraveyuegrave(fegraven) qugrave dugravejiagrave ma

Drill 82

1 ( ) nh wfnshang jh difn zhdng (shagravengchuaacuteng) shuigravejiagraveo 2 nh zfoshang jh difn zhdngshagravengban 3 nh jh hagraveo dogravengshbn dagraveo zhdngguoacutequgrave 4 nh dagraveyub jh difn zhdng xiagraveban 5

niacute ngi yc tian ziunh xcngqc jh ziu 6nh sheacutenme shiacutehou laacutei zhfo wi 7 nh ngi yc

tian qhng wi laacutei nh jia 8 nh ngi yc tiansheacutenme shiacutehou zagravei jia 9 nh ngi yc niaacuten zhugrave zagravei bgijcng 10 nh ngi yc niaacuten regravenshi ta

Unit 9

Exercise 91

1 nh zagravei lugrave shang hua le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian2 nh zagravei jiagraveoshigrave li kagraven le dud

jij dud chaacuteng shiacutejian de she 3 zuacuteqiuacute bhsagravei kaishh dud jijdud chaacuteng shiacutejian le 4

nh heacute jigjie zagravei huayuaacuten li zuograve le dud jijdud chaacutengshiacutejian 5 mama zagravei chuacutefaacuteng limaacuteng le dud jijdud chaacuteng shiacutejian 6

megraveimei bang le nh jh tiandudshao tiandud chaacuteng shiacutejian demaacuteng 7 nh kai le jhniaacutendudshao niaacuten chb | qiacute le jh niaacutendudshao niaacuten zigravexiacutengchb 8

zuacuteqiuacutechfng yiu dud chaacutengdudshao mh chaacuteng9 nh gbge yiu dud gao 10 baliacuteliacute luacutenden yiu dud yufn

Exercise 92

1 Shall we go to his place to visit him next Monday 2 How do youget to the bus station 3 What is the traffic like in London 4 Howcan I get to the cinema (from here) 5 How about going to the pubfor a beer tomorrow evening 6 What is the weather like in Beijing7 What are the goods like in that shop 8 Letrsquos go on holiday nextmonthWhy donrsquot we go on holiday next month

Key toexercises

279

Exercise 931 nh chc le dudshao 2 ( ) nh

zgn(me) yagravengzgnme qugrave luacutenden 3 ta wegravei sheacutenme liacutekai4 ( ) nh zhjnbegravei dai dud jij dud chaacutengshiacutejian 5 nh zgnme zuograve zhegravei gegrave dagravengao6 ( ) ( ) nh de xcn faacutengzi (shigrave) zgnme yagraveng (de)7 nh yiu dudshao qiaacuten 8 ( ) (negravei gegrave) diagravenyhng zgnme yagraveng 9 ( ) ( ) zaacutenmen(qugrave) hb (yc) bbi jij | zgnme yagraveng 10 nh wegraveisheacutenme xueacute zhdngweacuten 11 wi zgnme regravenshi xifolh 12 nh regravenweacutei negravei wegravei zhdngweacutenlfoshc zgnme yagraveng 13 nh zgnme yagraveng qugraveshagravengban 14 nh dgng le ta dud jij dud

chaacuteng shiacutejian le 15 ( ) ta shuigrave le jh (gegrave)xifoshiacutejh gegrave zhdngtoacuteu 16 ( ) nhmen kai lejh tiandudshao tian (de) chb nhmenkaichb kai le jh tiandudshao tian 17 ( ) nh

dgng le dud jijdud chaacuteng shiacutejian (de) chb nh dgng chb dgng le dud jijdud chaacuteng shiacutejian 18( )( ) nh ziu le dud yufn (de) (lugrave)dudshao lugrave

Exercise 94

1 dud yufn 2 dud gao 3 dudshao 4 dud

yufn 5 dud zhograveng 6 dud dagrave 7 dudshao 8dud dagrave 9 dudshao 10 dud jijdud chaacutengshiacutejian 11 dud jijdud chaacuteng shiacutejian 12 dudshaodud chaacuteng 13 dud jij dud chaacuteng shiacutejian14 dudshao

Drill 91

1 ( ) ( ) ( ) wimen jcn(tian)wfn(shang) qugrave hb (yc) bbi piacutejij | zgnme yagraveng 2

wimen miacutengtian qugrave tiagraveowj | zgnme yang 3wimen miacutengniaacuten qugrave dugravejiagrave | zgnme yagraveng 4wimen xiagravenzagravei jifng zhdngweacuten | zgnme yagraveng 5

( ) wimen xiagravewj qugrave mfi (yc)xib xiangjao |zgnme yagraveng 6 ( ) wimen chaacute li jia(yc)difnr taacuteng | zgnme yagraveng 7 wimenjcntian qugrave yoacuteuying | zgnme yang 8 ( )

( ) wimen xcngqc liugrave lhbagravei liugrave qugrave kagraven (yc) chfngzuacuteqiuacute (bh)sagravei | zgnme yagraveng 9wimen xiagrave gegrave yuegrave qugrave xueacute tagraveijiacutequaacuten | zgnme yang 10

Key toexercises

280

wimen san difn zhdng waacutencheacuteng zhegravei jiagravengdngzuograve | zgnme yagraveng 11 wimen xcngqc egraverlhbagravei egraver qugrave zhfo jcnglh | zgnme yagraveng 12

wimen yhhograveu qugrave tagravenwagraveng ta | zgnme yagraveng 13wimen jcntian xiagravewj zagravei jia li xiexi

| zgnme yagraveng 14 wimen xiagravexcngqc wjlhbagravei wj qugrave df qiuacute | zgnme yang 15

wimen miacutengtian xiagravewj qugrave tc qiuacute | zgnme yang

Drill 92

1 nh zagravei nagraver daidai le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian2 nh zagravei nagraver zhugrave le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian3 nh zagravei nagraver dgng le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian4 nh zagravei nagraver gdngzuograve le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian5 nh zagravei nagraver xueacutexiacute le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian6 nh zagravei jijbajian daidai le dud chaacutengshiacutejian 7 nh zagravei jia li xiexi le dud chaacutengshiacutejian 8 ( ) nh kai le dud chaacuteng shiacutejian (de) chb

9 nh zagravei duzhdu lsyoacuteulsxiacuteng le dud

chaacuteng shiacutejian 10 nh regravenshi ta dud chaacuteng shiacutejian

1 kai chb qugrave luacutendendagraveo luacutenden qugraveyagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 2 zuogravefbijc qugrave bgijcngdagraveo bgijcng qugrave yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 3

zuograve diacuteshigrave qugrave huichbzhagravendagraveo huichb

zhagraven yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 4 ziulugrave qugrave dagravexueacutedagraveo dagravexueacute qugrave yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 5 zuograve bashigrave jigraven cheacuteng qugravedagraveo cheacuteng li qugrave yagraveo dud

chaacuteng shiacutejian 6 qiacute zigravexiacutengchb qugravenh jiadagraveo nh jia qugrave yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 7

ziulugrave qugrave yiacutenhaacutengdagraveo yiacutenhaacuteng qugrave yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 8( ) ( ) zuograve diacuteshigrave qugrave

(chaacutengtuacute) qigravechbzhagravendagraveo (chaacutengtuacute) qigravechbzhagraven yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 9 qiacute zigravexiacutengchb qugrave zuacuteqiuacute

chfngdagraveo zuacuteqiuacutechfng qugrave yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian 10 ziulugrave qugrave yoacuteujuacutedagraveo yoacuteujuacute qugrave yagraveo dud chaacuteng shiacutejian

Unit 10

Exercise 101

1 yc gegrave hgn dagrave de yoacuteuyingchiacute 2 xcnloacuteufaacuteng 3 baacutei mao 4 yc zhcgegrave dagrave wfn 5

Key toexercises

281

yc gegrave mgiligrave de huayuaacuten 6 ( ) yc gegrave xifo haacutei(zi) 7yc gegrave yiuqugrave de diagravenyhng 8 yc chfng

jcngcfi de bhsagravei 9 ( ) xcnxian (de) shecagravei 10 hgndud qiaacuten 11 yc liagraveng jiugrave chb 12 shiacutefbnzhograveng de xiacutengli 13 ganjigraveng de ycfu 14 yc jian zhgngqiacute de wugravezi faacutengjian 15 hgn xiaacutezhfide jibdagraveo 16 gjlfo de cheacutengshigrave 17

yc gegrave fbichaacuteng hfo de ycnyuegravehuigrave 18 zang xieacutezi

Exercise 102

1 jcntian tianqigrave hgn hfo 2 ta hgn yiu qiaacuten3 zhegravei gegrave shafa bugrave hgn shefu 4

negravei gegrave jiagraveoshigrave fbichaacuteng ganjigraveng 5 wi digravedi bugrave tagraveigao 6 zhegravei chfng bhsagravei bugrave shiacutefbn jcngcfi 7

digrave shang ddu shigrave hoacutenghonglqlq de waacutenjugrave8 waacuteng xiansheng shigrave gegrave fbichaacuteng yiuqugravede reacuten

Exercise 103

1 ( ) bgijcng shigrave (yc) gegraveshiacutefbnfbichaacuteng gjlfo de cheacutengshigrave 2 negravei bgn jiugrave she

bugrave tagravei guigrave 3 ( ) (zhegravei gegrave) tuacuteshegufn fbichaacuteng dagrave4 ( ) wi meacutei yiu xcn ycfuwi

(liaacuten) yc jiagraven xcn ycfu yg meacutei yiu 5 negravei xib xianhua hgn mgiligrave piagraveoliang ( xianhua has become a set expression forlsquofresh flowersrsquo not xcnxian de huar) 6 ( )

negravei shuang xieacute(zi) tagravei dagrave 7 zhegraver de tianqigrave zhbnhfo 8 ( ) negravei tiaacuteo jib(dagraveo) bugrave gograveu ganjigraveng 9

wi bugrave xhhuan bugrave xcnxian de niuacutenfi 10negravei bbi kafbi tagravei tiaacuten

Exercise 104

1 D lugrave paacuteng zuograve zhe yc gegrave gao-gaodagravedagrave de xifohuizi 2

D xifo waacuteng zhfngzhe wanwan de meacuteimao | gaogao de biacutezi | xifoxifo de zuhba heacute yc shuangdagravedagrave de yfnjing | liuacute zhe yc toacuteu zhgngzhengqiacuteqiacute de dufn fagrave 3

zhegrave shigrave yc jian ganganjigravengjigraveng de faacutengjian | baacuteibaacuteide chuaacutengdan | laacutenlaacuten de chuangliaacuten | hoacutenghoacuteng de luacutehui | ggi nh yc

zhing sheshushigraveshigrave de gfnjueacute 4 D

Key toexercises

282

ta negravei pjpusugravesugrave deyczhuoacute | dagravedafangfang de jjzhh | tiaacutentianmgimgi de shbngycn geacutei reacuten liuacutexiagrave le hgn shbnkegrave de yigravenxiagraveng

Exercise 105

1 negravei xib shigrave sheacutei de 2 zhegravei xib shigrave wi de3 baacutei quacutenzi shigrave nh de | hoacuteng de shigrave wi de4 ( ) wimen meacutei yiu (regravenheacute) xcn de 5

dagrave de negravei xib hgn guigrave | xifo de negravei xib yg

bugrave piaacutenyi 6 ( ) zhegravei xib gugraveshi tagraveichaacuteng | nagrave lifng gegrave (gugraveshi) bugrave chaacuteng 7

zhegravei gegrave bbizi hgn zang | wi yagraveo yc gegrave ganjigraveng de 8zhegravei san gegrave xueacutesheng qugrave rigravebgn | nf lifng

gegrave qugrave zhdngguoacute 9 wi xhhuan zhegravelifng bgn she | nh xhhuan nf lifng bgn 10 ngi xib shigrave nh de

Drill 101

1 a zhegravei piacuteng jij guigrave shigrave guigrave |kgshigravebugraveguograve hgn hfohb b zhegraveipiacuteng jij guigrave shigrave bugrave guigrave | kgshigravebugraveguograve bugrave hfohb 2 a

negravei gegrave piacutenggui xifo shigrave xifo | kgshigrave bugraveguograve hgnhfochc b negravei gegrave piacutenggui xifoshigrave bugrave xifo | kgshigravebugraveguograve bugrave hfochc 3 a

negravei bf yhzi fi shigrave fi | kgshigravebugraveguograve hgn hfozuograve b negravei bf yhzi fi shigrave bugrave fi | kgshigrave bugraveguograve bugrave

hfozuograve 4 a zhegravei shiu gb naacutenchagraveng shigrave naacuten chagraveng | kgshigrave bugraveguograve hgn hfotcng b ( )

zhegravei shiu gb naacuten (chagraveng) shigrave bugrave naacuten chagraveng |kgshigravebugraveguograve bugrave hfotcng 5 a

negravei gegrave huapiacuteng piaacutenyi shigrave piaacutenyi | kgshigrave bugraveguograve bugrave hfokagraven b negravei gegrave huapiacuteng piaacutenyi shigrave bugrave

piaacutenyi | kgshigrave bugraveguograve hgn hfokagraven 6 a negravei zhc bh jiugrave shigrave jiugrave | kgshigrave bugraveguograve hgn hfoxig b

negravei zhc bh jiugrave shigrave bugrave jiugrave | kgshigrave bugraveguograve bugrave hfoxig7 a zhegravei bbi niuacutenfi lgng shigrave lgng| kgshigrave bugraveguograve hgn xcnxian b zhegravei bbi niuacutenfi lgng shigrave bugrave lgng | kgshigravebugraveguograve bugrave xcnxian 8 a

zhegravei tiaacuteo jibdagraveo ganjigraveng shigrave ganjigraveng| kgshigrave bugraveguograve bugrave zhgngqiacute b

zhegravei tiaacuteo jibdagraveo ganjigraveng shigrave bugrave ganjigraveng | kgshigrave bugraveguograve hgn zhgngqiacute9 a negravei gegrave reacuten cdngming shigrave

Key toexercises

283

cdngming | kgshigravebugraveguograve bugrave lfoshi b negravei gegrave reacuten cdngming shigrave bugrave cdngming | kgshigravebugraveguograve hgn

lfoshi 10 a negravei zuograveloacuteufaacuteng gjlfo shigrave gjlfo | kgshigravebugraveguograve bugrave piagraveoliang b

negravei zuograve loacuteufaacuteng gjlfo shigrave bugrave gjlfo |kgshigrave bugraveguograve hgn piagraveoliang

Drill 102

1 zhegravei piacuteng jijycdifnr ygddu bugrave guigrave | zhegravei piacuteng jij ycdifnr ygddu bugrave hfohb 2

negravei gegrave piacutenggui

ycdifnr ygddu bugrave xifo | negravei gegrave piacutenggui yidifnr ygddu bugrave hfochc 3 negravei bf yhzi

ycdifnr ygddu bugrave fi | negravei bf yhzi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave hfozuograve 4 zhegravei shiu gb

ycdifnr ygddu bugrave naacuten chagraveng | zhegravei shiu gb ycdifnr ygddu bugrave hfotcng5 negravei gegravehuapiacuteng ycdifnr ygddu bugrave piaacutenyi | negravei gegrave huapiacuteng ycdifnr ygddu bugravehfokagraven 6 negraveizhc bh ycdifnr ygddu bugrave jiugrave | negravei zhc bh ycdifnr ygddu bugrave hfoxig 7

zhegravei bbiniuacutenfi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave lgng | zhegravei bbi niuacutenfi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave xcnxian 8

zhegravei tiaacuteo jibdagraveo ycdifnr ygddu bugrave ganjigraveng | zhegravei tiaacuteo jibdagraveo ycdifnr ygddu bugrave zhgngqiacute 9

negravei gegrave reacuten ycdifnr ygddu bugrave cdngming | negravei gegrave reacutenycdifnr ygddu bugrave lfoshi 10

negravei zuograve loacuteufaacuteng ycdifnr ygddu bugrave gjlfo | negravei zuograveloacuteufaacuteng ycdifnr ygddu bugrave piagraveoliang

Unit 11

Exercise 111

1 ta shigrave wi de liacutenje 2 wi demegraveimei hgn piagraveoliang 3 ( ) zuoacutetian (shigrave) xcngqc egraver 4

wi de chb shigrave hoacuteng de 5 zhegravei tiaacuteo yuacute shigrave huoacute de 6 wimen de faacutengjian hgnganjigraveng 7 negravei gegrave gugraveshi hgn yiuqugrave 8

zhegravei xib shecagravei hgn xcnxian 9 zhegravei tiaacuteoquacutenzi bugrave tagravei zang 10 ycnyuegravehuigrave fbichaacuteng jcngcfi 11

zhegravei xib ycfu ddu shigrave jiugrave de 12negravei fugrave yfnjigraveng shigrave sheacutei shuiacute de

Key toexercises

284

Exercise 112

1 xifo waacuteng meacutei yiu giu 2huayuaacuten li meacutei yiu hgn dud huar 3 tamen ddubugrave shigrave ycngguoacute reacuten 4 zhegravei zhuagraveng faacutengzi bugrave shigrave ta de 5 negravei bbi kafbi bugrave shigrave wi peacutengyoude 6 loacuteuxiagrave meacutei yiu reacuten 7 ta bugrave shigrave jcnglh8 ta meacutei yiu lifng jiagraven xiacutengli 9

wi de toacutengxueacute bugrave ddu shigrave zhdngguoacute reacuten 10tuacuteshegufn hograveumian bugrave shigrave diagravenyhngyuagraven

Exercise 113

1 chduti li yiu xigravenzhh 2 negravei fuacute huagraverhgn mgi 3 zhegravei tiaacuteo sheacute shigrave huoacute de 4

wi meacutei yiu shiutagraveo 5 ta bugrave shigrave jcnglh 6shugrave xiagrave meacutei yiu tugravezi 7 negravei tiaacuteo kugravezi

bugrave shigrave wi de 8 shejiagrave shang ddu shigrave she

Exercise 114

1 guigravezi ycguigrave li yiu lifng jiagraven hoacuteng maacuteoyc

2 chuacutefaacuteng li yiu yc gegrave dagrave luacutezi 3shejiagrave shang yiu hgn dud she 4 jiagraveoshigrave li

yiu hgn dud xueacutesheng 5 yoacuteuyingchiacute li ddu shigrave reacuten6 faacutengjianwugravezi li yc bf yhzi yg meacutei yiu7 chduti li sheacutenme yg meacutei yiu 8

huayuaacuten li meacutei yiu huar 9 bagravengdngshigrave limeacutei yiu diagravenhuagrave 10 shanjifo xiagrave yiu yc quacuten yaacuteng11 fagravendiagraven duigravemiagraven shigrave diagravenyhngyuagraven 12

gud li yiu hgn dud fagraven 13 piacutengzili zhh yiu ycdifnr niuacutenfi 14 digravebfn shang ddu shigravewaacutenjugrave 15 ( ) (negravei dograveng) faacutengzi li meacutei yiu reacuten

Exercise 115

1 ( ) ( ) zhegrave shigrave (yc zhang) chbpiagraveo | bugraveshigrave (yc zhang) diagravenyhngpiagraveo 2

nagrave shigrave yc duigrave yuanyang | bugrave shigrave yc duigrave pjtdng de yazi 3 negravei xib shigrave tjdograveumfliacutengshj | bugrave shigrave fanshj

4 zhegravei xib shigrave migravefbng | bugrave shigrave cangying 5zhegrave shigrave qigraveyoacuteu | bugrave shigrave cagraveiyoacuteu 6

nagrave shigrave zhang jcnglh | bugrave shigrave lh gdngcheacutengshc 7wagraveimian zhh yiu yc liagraveng zigravexiacutengchb | meacutei

Key toexercises

285

yiu qigravechb 8 heacutezi li yiu zhezi |dagravenshigrave meacutei yiu grhuaacuten 9 qiaacutengshang zhh yiu yc fuacute digravetuacute | meacutei yiu huagraver 10 ( )

wi yiu yc bao (xiang)yan | dagravenshigrave meacutei yiu huichaacutei 11chuacutefaacuteng li yiu yc gegrave luacutezi | meacutei yiu

bcngxiang 12 wi zhh yiu yc bf dao | meacuteiyiu jifndao 13 zhegravei xib ddu bugrave shigrave ta de 14

negravei xib bugrave ddu hfo 15 negravei xib ddu bugrave hfo

Drill 111

1 wi shigrave miacutengniaacuten qietian qugrave zhdngguoacutedagraveo zhdngguoacute qugrave 2 ( ) wi shigrave hograveuniaacuten huiacute(laacutei) ycngguoacute 3 wi bugrave shigrave zuograve chuaacuten qugrave 4

wi shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave 5 nh

shigrave sheacutenme shiacutehou qugrave zhdngguoacutedagraveo zhdngguoacute qugrave 6 nh miacutengniaacuten shigrave qugrave nfrsheacutenme digravefang 7 shigrave nh miacutengtian qugrave zhdngguoacutedagraveo zhdngguoacute qugrave ma 8

( ) ( ) shigravewi peacutengyou (miacutengtian qugrave zhdngguoacutedagraveo zhdngguoacute qugrave) | bugrave shigrave wi

(miacutengtian qugrave zhdngguoacutedagraveo zhdngguoacute qugrave) 9nh peacutengyou shigrave zuoacutetian ziu de ma 10 ( ) bugrave (shigrave)| ta shigrave qiaacutentian ziu de 11 ta shigrave zuograve fbijc ziu de12 ( ) ta shigrave xcngqc liugrave lhbagravei liugrave huiacute (laacutei)ycngguoacute 13 ( ) (zhegrave) shigrave sheacutei zuograve de 14 ( )(zhegrave) shigrave ta zuograve de ma 15 ( ) (zhegrave) bugrave shigraveta zuograve de | shigrave ta zuograve de

Drill 112

1 nh mfi de negravei piacutengniuacutenfi hgn xcnxian | wi mfi de negravei piacuteng bugrave xcnxian 2

zhegravei zhang zhudzi shigrave fang de | negravei zhang shigrave yuaacutende 3 ta de she hgn yiuyigravesi | wi de ycdifn yigravesi ddu meacutei yiu 4

bagraveba de chb shigrave laacuten de | mama de shigrave hoacuteng de 5( ) zhegravei jiagraven chegravenshan shigrave wi de | negravei jiagraven shigrave sheacutei

de (ne) 6 negravei tiaacuteo kugravezi gograveu chaacuteng | zhegraveitiaacuteo bugrave gograveu chaacuteng 7 tade peacutengyou ddu hgn yiu qiaacuten | wi de peacutengyou ddu meacutei qiaacutenhgn qioacuteng8 nh de faacutengjian hgn ganjigraveng | ta debugrave gograveu ganjigraveng 9 zhangxiansheng de mf shigrave hbi de | lh tagraveitai de shigrave baacutei de 10

zhegravei xib piacutenggui hgn guigrave | negravei xib hgn piaacutenyi

Key toexercises

286

Unit 12

Exercise 121

1 fbijc bh huichb kuagravei Planes are faster than trains 2ffguoacute gbn mgiguoacute bugrave ycyagraveng dagrave France and

America are not the same size 3 chentian bh

ddngtian nufnhuo Spring is warmer than winter 4mao bh lfohj xifo de dud Cats are much smaller than tigers 5

arsquogrbbisc shan meacuteiyiu xcmflayf

shan nagraveme gao The Alps arenrsquot as high as the Himalayas 6zhdngguoacute de reacutenkiu bh eacuteguoacute de reacutenkiu dud

Chinarsquos population is bigger than Russiarsquos 7jcnzigravetf heacute chaacutengcheacuteng ycyagraveng yiumiacuteng The Pyramids and the Great Wallare equally famous 8 xifo lh meacuteiyiu lfozhang nagraveme qiacutenfegraven Xiao Li is not as diligent as Lao Zhang 9

chfofagraven bh chfomiagraven hfochc de dud Fried rice is muchnicer than fried noodles 10 nh dexiacutengli bh wi de xiacutengli zhograveng lifng gdngjcn Your luggage is 2 kilos heavierthan mine

Exercise 122

1 jcngyuacute bh shayuacute dagrave Whales are bigger than sharks2 shegravexiagravengjc bh zhagraveoxiagravengjc guigrave Video cameras aremore expensive than cameras 3 piacutenggui bh taacuteozi yigravengApples are harder than peaches 4 negravei gegravecheacutengshigrave bh zhegravei gegrave cheacutengshigrave mgiligrave That city is more beautiful than thisone 5 ycngguoacute de xiagravetian bh chentian regraveSummer in Britain is hotter than spring 6 deacuteyj

bh ffyj naacuten German is more difficult than French 7 wi

bh nh zhograveng I am heavier than you 8 chaacutengjiang bh

huaacutengheacute chaacuteng The Yangtze River is longer than the Yellow River9 nh de jianbfng bh ta de kuan Your shouldersare broader than his 10 negravei shiu gb bh zhegraveishiu gb hfotcng That song is nicer than this one

Exercise 123

1 pagraveng de dud 2 chaacuteng de dud 3 piaacutenyi ycdifnrycxib 4 shograveu ycdifnrycxib 5xifo lifng suigrave 6 guigrave lifng bagraveng 7 yiuqugrave de dud 8

piagraveoliang ycdifnrycxib 9 xcnxian de dud

10 ganjigraveng ycdifnrycxib

Key toexercises

287

Exercise 124

1 zuigrave 2 gegraveng 3 haacutei (yagraveo) 4 zuigrave 5 zuigrave 6 zuigrave7 gegraveng 8 gegraveng 9 haacutei (yagraveo) 10 haacutei (yagraveo)

Exercise 125

1 ta bh qiacuteta reacuten laacutei de zfo talaacutei de bh qiacuteta reacuten zfo 2 ta ziu de bh ta magraven

ta bh ta ziu de magraven 3 zuoacutetian ta shuigravede bh wi wfn zuoacutetian ta bh wi shuigrave de wfn 4

wi qczi kaichb kai de bh wi hfo wi qczi kaichb bh wi kai de hfo 5wi de yc gegrave toacutengxueacute chagravenggb chagraveng de bh wi hfo

wi de yc gegrave toacutengxueacute chagravenggb bh wi chagraveng de hfo 6 wi zhagravengfu df wfngqiuacute df

de bh wi hfo wi zhagravengfu df wfngqiuacute bh

wi df de hfo 7 wi gbge bh wi gao yc

ycngcugraven 8 megraveimei bh jigjie qcng bagraven gdngjcn9 sdngshj yiu lfoshj nagraveme dagrave ma 10

zhegravei zhuagraveng faacutengzi meacuteiyiu negravei zhuagraveng nagraveme piagraveoliang

Exercise 126

1 wi yuegrave laacutei yuegrave egrave 2 chuacuteshc yuegrave laacutei yuegravepagraveng 3 negravei ph mf zagravei bhsagraveizhdng yuegrave pfo yuegrave magravenpfo de yuegrave laacutei yuegrave magraven 4

zuacuteqiuacute bhsagravei yuegrave laacutei yuegrave jcngcfi 5 lugrave yuegrave laacutei yuegravekuan 6 zjfugrave de bigraveng yuegrave laacutei yuegrave yaacutenzhograveng 7

ta yuegrave hb yuegrave zuigrave 8 yuegrave kuagravei yuegrave hfo 9ta yuegrave chagraveng wi yuegrave bugrave gaoxigraveng 10 ( )

(cagravei) yuegrave lagrave wi yuegrave xhhuan

Drill 121

1 a ( ) zhegravei zhang zhudzi bugrave bh negravei zhang(zhudzi) ganjigraveng b ( ) negravei zhang zhudzimeacuteiyiu zhegravei zhang (zhudzi) ganjigraveng 2 a ( )

zhegravei gegrave faacutengjian bugrave bh negravei gegrave (faacutengjian) zhgngqiacute b( ) negravei gegrave faacutengjian meacuteiyiu zhegravei gegrave (faacutengjian) zhgngqiacute

3 a zhegravei gegrave reacuten bugrave bh negravei gegrave reacuten lfoshi b negravei gegrave reacuten meacuteiyiu zhegravei gegrave reacuten lfoshi 4 a

( ) zhegravei gegrave gugraveshi bugrave bh negravei gegrave (gugraveshi) yiuqugrave

Key toexercises

288

b ( ) negravei gegrave gugraveshi meacuteiyiu zhegravei gegrave (gugraveshi)yiuqugrave 5 a ( ) zhegravei chfng bhsagravei bugrave bh negraveichfng (bhsagravei) jcngcfi b ( ) negravei chfngbhsagravei meacuteiyiu zhegravei chfng (bhsagravei) jcngcfi 6 a ( )

zhegravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi bugrave bh negravei tiaacuteo (quacutenzi) chaacuteng b ( ) negravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi meacuteiyiu zhegravei tiaacuteo (quacutenzi) chaacuteng 7 a

( ) zhegravei shuang xieacutezi bugrave bh negravei shuang (xieacutezi) xifob ( ) negravei shuang xieacutezi meacuteiyiu zhegravei shuang(xieacutezi) xifo 8 a ( ) zhegravei jiagraven ycfu bugrave bh negraveijiagraven (ycfu) zang b ( ) negravei jiagraven ycfu meacuteiyiuzhegravei jiagraven (ycfu) zang 9 a ( ) zhegravei liagraveng chb bugravebh negravei liagraveng (chb) piagraveoliang b ( ) negravei liagraveng chb

meacuteiyiu zhegravei liagraveng (chb) piagraveoliang 10 a ( )zhegravei zuograve loacuteufaacuteng bugrave bh negravei zuograve (loacuteufaacuteng) gjlfo b( ) zhegravei zuograve loacuteufaacuteng meacuteiyiu zhegravei zuograve (loacuteufaacuteng) gjlfo 11 a

( ) zhegravei xib shecagravei bugrave bh negravei xib (shecagravei) xcnx-ian b ( ) negravei xib shecagravei meacuteiyiu zhegravei xib(shecagravei) xcnxian 12 a ( ) zhegravei jiashangdiagraven bugrave bh negravei jia (shangdiagraven) dagrave b ( )negravei jia shangdiagraven meacuteiyiu zhegravei jia (shangdiagraven) dagrave 13 a

( ) zhegravei bbi kafbi bugrave bh negravei bbi (kafbi) tiaacuten b ( ) negravei bbi kafbi meacuteiyiu zhegravei bbi (kafbi) tiaacuten 14 a

zhegravei gegrave haacuteizi bugrave bh negravei gegrave (haacuteizi) cdngmingb negravei gegrave haacuteizi meacuteiyiu zhegravei gegrave (haacuteizi)cdngming 15 a ( ) zhegravei jiagraven xiacutengli bugrave bh

negravei jiagraven (xiacutengli) zhograveng b ( ) negravei jiagraven xiacutenglimeacuteiyiu zhegravei jiagraven (xiacutengli) zhograveng 16 a ( )zhegraver de tianqigrave bugrave bh nagraver de (tianqigrave) hfo b (

) nagraver de tianqigrave meacuteiyiu zhegraver de (tianqigrave) hfo 17 a ( ) zhegravei kuagravei jiang bugrave bh negravei kuagravei (jiang) lagrave b

( ) negravei kuagravei jiang meacuteiyiu zhegravei kuagravei (jiang) lagrave 18 a zhegravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten bugrave bh negravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten

gao b negravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten meacuteiyiuzhegravei gegrave yugravendogravengyuaacuten gao 19 a ( ) zhegraveizhing huar bugrave bh negravei zhing (huar) xiang b ( )

negravei zhing huar meacuteiyiu zhegravei zhing (huar) xiang 20 a qugraveniaacuten ddngtian bugrave bh jcnniaacuten ddngtian lgng b

jcnniaacuten ddngtian meacuteiyiu qugraveniaacuten ddngtian lgng

Drill 122

1 wi bh digravedi zhograveng wj gdngjcn 2wi de peacutengyou bh wi fi san cugraven 3

nh de xiacutengli bh wi de zhograveng sigrave gdngjcn 4 jcntian

Key toexercises

289

bh zuoacutetian nufn lifng dugrave 5 qugraveniaacutenddngtian bh jcnniaacuten lgng lifng | san dugrave 6 zhegraveitiaacuteo lugrave bh negravei tiaacuteo kuan lifng gdngchh 7

ta de kugravezi bh nh de chaacuteng yc | lifng cugraven 8nh de zhagraveoxiagravengjc bh wi de guigrave yc bfi kuagravei qiaacuten 9

nh de bifo bh wi de kuagravei shiacute fbn zhdng 10 zhegravei gegrave lugravecheacuteng bh negravei gegrave yufn egraver shiacute gdnglh

zuiyograveu 11 wi bh ta zfo yc gegrave zhdngtoacuteuqhchuaacuteng 12 ta bh wi wfn yc niaacuten bigraveyegrave 13

tamen bh wimen zfo lifng tian dogravengshbn 14( ) ta bh wi wfn laacutei bagraven (gegrave) xifoshiacute 15

huichb bh qigravechb zfo dagraveo wj fbn zhdng

Unit 13

Exercise 131

1 shang 2 li 3 ( ) paacuteng(bian) 4 wagravei 5 ( )(dh)xia 6 fugravejigraven 7 nagraver 8 sigravezhdu 9ddngmiagraven ddngbian 10 zuibianmiagraven yograveubianmiagraven 11 paacutengbian 12 zhdngjian 13( )( ) lh(mian)(bian)(tou) 14 zuimiagravenbian 15zhdngjian 16 yograveumiagravenbian 17 hograveumianbiantou 18 zhduweacutei

Exercise 132

1 ( ) zagravei dagravexueacute (li) 2 zagravei chbzhagraven 3( )( )( ) zagravei guigravezi lh(mian)(bian)(tou) 4 zagravei cheacutengshigrave bgimiagravenbgibianbgibugrave 5 zagravei heacutezixiangzili 6 ( )( ) zagravei chuaacuteng shagraveng(mian)(bian) 7 zagraveiwezi zhdngjian 8 zagravei shanjifo xiagrave 9 zagravei chb shang10 ( ) zagravei shugrave (dh)xia 11 zagravei mama paacutengbian12 zagravei yoacuteuyingchiacute shagravengbianmiantou 13

zagravei tuacuteshegufn qiaacutenmianbiantou 14 zagraveifaacutengzi hograveumianbiantou 15 zagravei heacute bianpaacutengpaacutengbian 16 ( ) ( )( ) zagravei zhud(zi) shagraveng(mian)(bian)17 zagravei gdngyuaacuten fugravejigraven 18 zagravei haacuteizi zhduweacutei19 zagravei zjfugrave jia linagraver 20 zagravei xcmiagravenbian

Exercise 133

1 ( )( ) bagraveozhh zagravei zhudzi shagraveng(mian)(bian) 2tamen zagravei wezi li kaihuigrave 3

Key toexercises

290

tagraveiwugraveshigrave heacute shigrave ycngguoacute yiumiacuteng de heacute 4 ycshbng zagravei bigravengreacuten de chuaacuteng bian

paacutengbian zhagraven le ychuigraver | meacuteiyiu shud huagrave 5 correct 6 correct 7nh de yagraveoshi zagravei meacuten shang 8

sheshu zagravei luacutenden gdngzuograve 9 D ta zagravei meacuten qiaacuten zhagravenzhe 10 correct 11 D jcnyuacute zagravei shuhchiacute li yoacuteu zhe12 diagravenyhngyuagraven zagravei xieacutediagraven zuimiagravenzuibian 13 bagraveozhh shang yiu bugrave shfogufnggagraveo 14 tian shang meacutei yiu yuacuten

Exercise 134

1 loacuteushagraveng zhdngjian 2 ddngmiagraven zuibian 3loacuteuxiagrave xiagravemian

Exercise 135

1 D niuacuterograveu zagravei gud li zhj zhe 2wi de yc gegrave peacutengyou zagravei yc jia ycyuagraven gdngzuograve

wi de yc gegrave peacutengyou zagravei yc jia ycyuagraven ligdngzuograve 3 wimen zhugrave zagravei baliacutewimen zagravei baliacute zhugrave (not D wimen zagravei baliacute zhugrave zhe)4 ta zagravei boacutewugravegufn dgng nh tazagravei boacutewugravegufn li dgng nh 5 yiu yc quacuten yaacutengzagravei shanjifo xiagrave chc cfo 6 wi sheshu zagravei hfibian shagravei tagraveiyang

Drill 131

1 a digravedi zagravei shafa shang shuigravejiagraveo Younger brotheris sleeping on the sofa b digravedi dagraveo shafashang qugrave shuigravejiagraveo Younger brother went to have a sleep on the sofa2 a yeacuteye zagravei gdngyuaacuten li df tagraveijiacuteqiaacutenGrandpa is practising Trsquoai Chi in the park b

yeacuteye dagraveo gdngyuaacuten li qugrave df tagraveijiacuteqiaacuten Grandpa went to practise TrsquoaiChi in the park 3 a bagraveba zagravei heacute bian diagraveoyuacuteFather is fishing by the river b bagraveba dagraveo heacute bianqugrave diagraveoyuacute Father has gone fishing by the river 4 a mama zagravei cheacuteng li mfi cagravei Mother is buying food in town b

mama dagraveo cheacuteng li qugrave mfi cagravei Mother has gone to buy foodin town 5 a nfinai zagravei peacutengyou jia df

maacutejiagraveng Grandma is playing mah-jong at a friendrsquos place b nfinai dagraveo peacutengyou jia qugrave df maacutejiagraveng Grandma has gone

to play mah-jong at a friendrsquos place 6 a

Key toexercises

291

megraveimei zagravei xueacutexiagraveo li xueacute chagravenggb Younger sister is taking singing lessonsat school b megraveimei dagraveo xueacutexiagraveo li qugrave xueacutechagravenggb Younger sister has gone to take singing lessons at school 7a gbge zagravei tuacuteshegufn kagraven she Elder brother is doing some reading in the library b gbge dagraveotuacuteshegufn qugrave kagraven she Elder brother has gone to the library to do somereading 8 a boacutebo zagravei boacutewugravegufn gdngzuograve Uncle(fatherrsquos elder brother) works in the museum b boacutebo dagraveo boacutewugravegufn qugrave gdngzuograve Uncle (fatherrsquos elder brother) has goneto work at the museum 9 a sheshu zagravei cagraveiyuaacutenli zhograveng cagravei Uncle (fatherrsquos younger brother) is planting vegetables inthe vegetable garden b sheshu dagraveo cagraveiyuaacuten liqugrave zhograveng cagravei Uncle (fatherrsquos younger brother) has gone to the vegetablegarden to plant vegetables 10 a gemj zagraveihuayuaacuten li zhograveng hua Aunt (fatherrsquos elder sister) is planting flowers inthe garden b gemj dagraveo huayuaacuten li qugrave zhograveng hua

Aunt (fatherrsquos elder sister) has gone to plant flowers in the garden 11a ( ) yiacutemj zagravei ycyuagraven (li) kagravenbigraveng Aunt (motherrsquossister) is seeing a doctor in the hospital b ( ) yiacutemj

dagraveo ycyuagraven (li) qugrave kagravenbigraveng Aunt (motherrsquos sister) has gone to see adoctor in the hospital 12 a jiugravejiu zagravei caochfngshang pfobugrave Uncle (motherrsquos brother) is jogging on the sports groundb jiugravejiu dagraveo caochfng shang qugrave pfobugrave Uncle(motherrsquos brother) has gone jogging on the sports ground 13 a

boacutebo heacute boacutemj zagravei baliacute dugravejiagrave Uncle and Aunt(fatherrsquos elder brother and his wife) are spending their holidays in Parisb boacutebo heacute boacutemj dagraveo baliacute qugrave dugravejiagrave Uncleand Aunt (fatherrsquos elder brother and his wife) have gone to spend theirholidays in Paris 14 a gemj heacute gezhagravengzagravei bgijcng lsxiacuteng Uncle and Aunt (fatherrsquos elder sister and her hus-band) are on a tour in Beijing b gemj heacutegezhagraveng dagraveo bgijcng qugrave lsxiacuteng Uncle and Aunt (fatherrsquos elder sisterand her husband) have gone to Beijing on a tour 15 a

yiacutemj heacute yiacutezhagraveng zagravei luacutenden kagraven qiuacutesagravei Aunt andUncle (motherrsquos sister and her husband) are watching a match inLondon b yiacutemj heacute yiacutezhagraveng dagraveo luacutendenqugrave kagraven qiuacutesagravei Aunt and Uncle (motherrsquos sister and her husband) havegone to London to watch a match 16 a gbge heacute wi zagravei diagravenyhngyuagraven kagraven diagravenyhng My elder brother and I areseeing a film at the cinema b gbge heacute wi

dagraveo diagravenyhngyuagraven qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng My elder brother and I are goingto the cinema to see a film 17 a ( ) wi heacute digravedi zagravei jia (li) kagraven diagravenshigrave My younger brother and I are watching

Key toexercises

292

television at home b wi heacute digravedi huiacute jia qugrave kagravendiagravenshigrave My younger brother and I are going home to watch television18 a gbge heacute ta de ns peacutengyou zagraveikafbigufn hb kafbi Elder brother and his girlfriend are drinking coffeein a coffee bar b gbge heacute tade ns peacutengyou dagraveo kafbigufn qugrave hb kafbi Elder brother and his girl-friend are going to a coffee bar to have a coffee 19 a

jigjie heacute ta de naacuten peacutengyou zagravei yc jiashangdiagraven li mfi ycfu Elder sister and her boyfriend are buying clothesin a shop b ( ) jigjie heacute ta denaacuten peacutengyou dagraveo yc jia shangdiagraven li qugrave mfi ycfu Elder sister and herboyfriend have gone to a shop to buy clothes 20 a (D)

jiugravemu dagravei (zhe) wi zagravei wagraveimagraveidiagraven mfi wagraveimagravei Aunt(maternal brotherrsquos wife) is taking me with her to buy take-away foodat a Chinese take-away b (D) jiugravemu dagravei(zhe) wi dagraveo wagraveimagraveidiagraven qugrave mfi wagraveimagravei Aunt (maternal brotherrsquos wife)is taking me with her to a Chinese take-away to buy take-away food21 a ( ) jiugravejiu dagravei (zhe) wi digravedi zagraveishatan shang qiacute mf Uncle (motherrsquos brother) is taking my youngerbrother with him to go horse riding on the beach b (D)

jiugravejiu dagravei (zhe) wi digravedi dagraveo shatan shang qugrave qiacute mf

Uncle (motherrsquos brother) is taking my younger brother with him to thebeach to go horse riding 22 a (D)sheshu dagravei (zhe) gbge zagravei jib shang qiacute zigravexiacutengchb Uncle (fatherrsquosyounger brother) is taking my elder brother cycling with him on thestreet b (D) sheshu dagravei (zhe) gbgedagraveo jib shang qugrave qiacute zigravexiacutengchb Uncle (fatherrsquos younger brother) is tak-ing my elder brother with him to go cycling on the street

Drill 132

1 lhmian bh wagraveimian hfo 2wi zagravei diagravenyhngyuagraven lhmian dgng nh 3 loacuteushagraveng meacuteiyiu reacuten 4 nh hograveumian yiu yc gegrave reacuten 5

zhegraver lhmian yiu gdngcegrave ma 6 ( )(zagravei) zagraveopiagraven li | wi bagraveba zuograve zagravei

zuibian | wi mama zuograve zagravei yograveubian | wi zhagraven zagravei tamen zhdngjian 7 nh zhugrave zagravei zhdngguoacute sheacutenme digravefangnfr

8 nh de chb qhng tiacuteng zagraveituacuteshegufn qiaacutenmian de mflugrave shang 9 bigzuograve zagravei negravei bfzhang yhzi shang 10

ta de qiaacuten fagraveng zagravei chuaacuteng dhxiagrave de yc gegrave xiangziheacutezi li

Key toexercises

293

Unit 14

Exercise 141

1 wi miacutengtian qugrave bgijcng miacutengtian wi

qugrave bgijcng 2 wi qugrave bgijcng lifng tian 3wi qugraveniaacuten qugrave le bgijcng qugraveniaacuten wi qugrave le

bgijcng 4 wi lifng tian hograveu qugrave bgijcng lifng tian hograveu wi qugrave bgijcng 5 wi

jieacutehen qiaacuten qugrave bgijcng jieacutehen qiaacuten wi qugrave bgijcng 6miacutengniaacuten wi yagraveo qugrave bgijcng lifng cigrave

wi miacutengniaacuten yagraveo qugrave bgijcng lifng cigrave miacutengniaacuten wi yagraveo qugrave lifng cigrave bgijcng wi

miacutengniaacuten yagraveo qugrave lifng cigrave bgijcng 7 wi bagraven niaacutenmeacutei qugrave bgijcng le wi meacutei qugrave bgijcng bagraven niaacuten le8 wi mgi niaacuten xiagravetian qugrave bgijcng bagraven gegraveyuegrave mgi niaacuten xiagravetian wi qugrave bgijcng bagraven gegraveyuegrave

Exercise 142

1 ta qiaacutenniaacuten qugrave le shagravenghfi qiaacutenniaacuten ta qugrave le shagravenghfi 2 ( ) mamashagraveng gegrave yuegrave liacutekai (le) ycngguoacute ( ) shagraveng gegrave yuegravemama liacutekai (le) ycngguoacute 3 gbge xcngqc egraver qugraveyoacuteuying le xcngqc egraver gbge qugrave yoacuteuying le 4

( ) ( ) yeacuteye mgi tian (ddu) kagraven lifng |san gegrave xifoshiacute (de) xifoshud ( ) ( )mgi tian yeacuteye (ddu) kagraven lifng | san gegrave xifoshiacute (de) xifoshud 5

wi xiagravenzagravei zagravei xueacutexiacute hagravenyj

xiagravenzagravei wi zagravei xueacutexiacute hagravenyj 6 wimenquaacuten jia xiagrave gegrave zhdumograve qugrave hfibcn xiagrave gegravezhdumograve wimen quaacuten jia qugrave hfibcn 7 ( )

wimen mgi gegrave xcngqc sigrave wfnshang (ddu) qugrave tiagraveowj

( ) mgi gegrave xcngqc sigrave wfnshang wimen (ddu) qugravetiagraveowj 8 ( ) xifo zhang xiagrave (gegrave) xcngqc yc qugraveyiacutenhaacuteng ( ) xiagrave (gegrave) xcngqc yc xifo zhang qugraveyiacutenhaacuteng 9 qhng zagravei zhegraver dgng wi wj fbnzhdng 10 wi qugraveniaacuten qugrave tagravenwagraveng wi

fugravemj lifng cigrave qugraveniaacuten wi qugrave tagravenwagraveng wi

fugravemj lifng cigrave ( ) ( ) wi qugraveniaacuten qugravetagravenwagraveng (le) lifng cigrave wi (de) fugravemj ( ) ( )

qugraveniaacuten wi qugrave tagravenwagraveng (le) lifng cigrave wi (de) fugravemj

Key toexercises

294

Exercise 143

1 correct 2 ta zagravei hfi li yoacuteu le ychuigraver ying3 wi mfshagraveng shagravengban 4 correct 5

wimen yingyufn jigravede ta 6 correct 7 wi

yhjcng xig le xigraven le 8 duigravezhfng ganggangkagravenjiagraven xifo lh 9 correct 10 correct 11 ta laacutei lezhegraver lifng cigrave 12 yeacuteye heacute nfinaijcntian sagraven le bagraven gegrave zhdngtoacuteu bugrave

yeacuteye heacute nfinai jcntian sagravenbugrave sagraven le bagraven gegrave zhdngtoacuteu

Exercise 144

1 I swam for two hours this morning 2 My English friend stayed inChina for two months 3 They have been learning Chinese for twoyears now 4 The meeting has been going on for 40 minutesThe meet-ing started 40 minutes ago 5 My coursemates and I are going to playfootball tomorrow afternoon 6 (My) younger sister was writing let-ters the whole evening 7 Mr Wang and his wife are going to Chinaon holiday next year 8 He graduated last June 9 My youngerbrother bought a pair of beautiful sports shoes 10 My father oftengoes to work by bicycle 11 I stayed at his place for half an hour onthree occasions 12 She danced for three hours that evening

Exercise 145

1 nh zagravei zhdngguoacute de shiacutehouchaacutengchc guo maacutentou meacuteiyiu 2 nh neacuteng zagraveiwagraveimian dgng ychuigraver ma 3 zaacutenmen zagraveigdngyuaacuten li zuograve ychuigraver ba 4 ( ) nh

neacuteng bangtigrave wi kan(gufn) ychuigraver haacuteizi ma 5 ( )wimen qugrave cfi le yc (gegrave) xifoshiacute cfomeacutei 6

ta kagraven le ycxiagrave negravei zhang zhagraveopiagraven ta kagraven lekagraven negravei zhang zhagraveopiagraven 7 ( ) qhng (nh)xian kagraven ycxiagrave jcntian de bagraveozhh ( ) qhng (nh)xian kagraven yc kagraven jcntian de bagraveozhh 8 tazhgngzhgng yc niaacuten meacutei hb guo jij le 9 wi regravenshita san niaacuten le 10 wi yhjcng xh guo le zfo le

Drill 141

1 wi de liacutenje xiagrave gegrave yuegrave zagravei jia qhngkegrave2 wi de yc gegrave zhdngxueacute toacutengxueacute xiagrave xcngqc zagravei yc jian jiagraveotaacuteng jjxiacuteng henlh 3

Key toexercises

295

wi xiagrave xcngqc dagraveo jiagraveotaacuteng qugrave canjia henlh 4jiugravejiu qugraveniaacuten zagravei zhdngguoacute canjia

agraveoliacutenphkegrave yugravendogravenghuigrave 5jigjie heacute ta de naacuten peacutengyou shagraveng gegrave yuegrave dagraveo duzhdu qugrave dugravejiagrave 6

yeacuteye heacute nfinaimiacutengniaacuten dagraveo bgijcng qugrave tagravenwagraveng tamen de zhdngguoacute peacutengyou 7

wi de zhdngweacuten lfoshc liugrave gegraveyuegrave qiaacuten dagraveo ycngguoacute laacutei kagraven wi 8gezhagraveng miacutengtian shagravengwj dagraveo ycyuagraven qugrave dfzhbn 9

wi de lifng gegrave toacutengxueacute xiagrave xcngqc liugrave zagraveiluacutenden kagraven zuacuteqiuacutesagravei 10

( ) wi heacute digravedi shagraveng xcngqc tianrigrave zagravei dagravexueacute fugravejigraven de yc

gegrave gdngyuaacuten li xueacute (df) tagraveijiacutequaacuten

Drill 142

1 yiuyc gegrave ycngguoacute yugravendogravengyuaacuten qugraveniaacuten xiagravetian zagravei xugravenliagraven zhdng san cigrave dfpogravele zigravejh de jigravelugrave 2 ( ) ( )

yiu (yc) gegrave yiacutenhaacuteng jcnglh qugraveniaacuten sanyuegrave (fegraven) zagravei zhdngguoacutedaidai le lifng gegrave xcngqclhbagravei 3

wi de yc gegrave peacutengyou san niaacuten qiaacuten zagravei ycngguoacute xueacute le lifnggegrave yuegrave de diagravennfo 4 ( )digravedi miacutengniaacuten qietian dagraveo zhdngguoacute qugrave xueacute lifng gegrave bagraven yuegrave (de) zhd-

ngweacuten 5 ( ) ( ) wi

qiaacutentian zagravei jib shang qiacute le bagraven (gegrave) xifoshiacutebagraven gegrave zhdngtoacuteu (de)zigravexiacutengchb 6 ( )

yiu (yc) gegrave zhdngguoacute chuacuteshc yc niaacuten bagraven qiaacuten zagravei diagravenshigrave shangbifoyfn leyfnshigrave le hgn dud cigrave 7 ( ) ( )

wi fugravemj zuoacute(tian) wfn(shang) zagravei huichbzhagraven dgng lewi egraver shiacute fbn zhdng 8 ( )( ) (wi) sheshu jcntian shagravengwj zagravei hfitan shang shagravei le yc gegravebagraven xifoshiacute (de) tagraveiyang 9

( ) zaacutenmen miacutengtian fagravengxueacute hograveuxiagravekegrave hograveu dagraveo gdngyuaacutenqugrave sagraven yc gegrave xifoshiacute (de) bugrave 10 ( )

(wi) gbge mgi gegrave xcngqclhbagravei ddu zagravei yoacuteujuacute gdngzuograve lifng tian

Drill 143

1 ( ) bigravengreacuten san tian laacutei ddu meacutei(yiu)chc sheacutenme ddngxi 2 ( ) lifng niaacutenlaacutei wi meacutei(yiu) kagraven guo yc cigrave ycshbngbigraveng 3

zhgnggegrave xiagravetian wi ddu daidai zagravei fugravemj jia 4zhgnggegrave yuegrave ta ddu zagravei jia li zhagraveogu haacuteizi 5

Key toexercises

296

( ) ta yc niaacuten laacutei meacutei(yiu) chdu guo yan le 6 wi zhgnggegrave lhbagraveixcngqc meacutei hb guo piacutejij le

7 ( ) ta mgi cigrave (laacutei) ddu dagravei yc piacuteng jij laacutei 8( ) ( ) (jigraven) jh niaacuten laacutei wi (ddu) meacuteipegravengjiagraven guo ta le 9 ta yc niaacutenmgi niaacuten qugrave bgijcng yc cigraveyc cigrave bgijcng 10 ( )

tamen mgi (gegrave) xcngqcyc xcngqc jiagraven lifng cigrave miagraven

Unit 15

Exercise 151

1 zagravei 2 D zhe 3 guo 4 D zhe 5 D zhe 6 le 7 guo8 zagravei 9 le 10 guo 11 zagravei 12 zagravei 13 zagravei 14

leguo 15 le

Exercise 152

1 ( ) ( ) ta (zhegraveng)zagravei ca chuang(hu) 2 tamen dagraveolaacutei guo zhegraver 3 ( ) wi (zhegraveng)zagravei jiao hua

4 ( ) wi de peacutengyou (zhegraveng)zagravei hb piacutejij 5 () D (negravei wegravei) jiagraveoshc zhagraven zhe jifngkegrave 6

ta tiagraveo qh wj laacutei 7 ( ) ta (zhegraveng)zagravei kaichb 8ta mfi le yc shuang xieacute 9 ( ) yeacuteye

(zhegraveng)zagravei kagraven diagravenshigrave 10 D mama dagravei zheyc dhng piagraveoliang de magraveozi

Exercise 153

1 qhlaacutei 2 xiagravelaacutei 3 xiagravequgrave 4 qhlaacutei 5xiagravelaacutei 6 xiagravequgrave 7 qhlaacutei 8 qhlaacutei 9 qhlaacutei 10

xiagravelaacutei

Exercise 154

1 jifng xiagravequgrave 2 xueacutexiacute qhlaacutei 3 xig qh xigraven laacutei4 xueacute xiagravequgrave 5 correct 6 chfo qh jiagrave laacutei 7

yoacuteu qh ying laacutei 8 correct 9 coacutengming qhlaacutei 10 correct

Drill 151

1 megraveimei ke qhlaacutei le Younger sister began to cry 2digravedi xiagraveo qhlaacutei le Younger brother began to laugh 3

toacutengxueacutemen chagraveng qh gb laacutei le The classmates

Key toexercises

297

began to sing 4 bagraveba heacute mama tiagraveo qh wj

laacutei le Mum and Dad began to dance 5 tian lgng qh laacuteile It began to get cold 6 tian xiagrave qh yj laacutei le It beganto rain 7 gbge xueacute qh zhdngweacuten laacutei le Elderbrother began to study Chinese 8 jigjiechuan qh hoacuteng quacutenzi laacutei le Elder sister began wearing a red skirt9 tianqigrave regrave qhlaacutei le The weather began to get hotter10 baacuteitian chaacuteng qhlaacutei le The days began to lengthen11 lfo lh heacute xifo lh chfo qhlaacutei le Old Li and LittleLi began to quarrel 12 negravei gegrave haacuteizi chdu qh yanlaacutei le That child began to smoke

Drill 152

1 Uncle (motherrsquos brother) is wearing (a pair of) sunglasses [descrip-tion] [resultant state] 2 Younger sister walked in crying [description][manner of execution] 3 Father and uncle (his younger brother) arejust having a chat [narrative] 4 Younger brother iswas lying on thesofa [description] [resultant state] 5 Mother is cooking in the kitchen[narrative] 6 Aunt (motherrsquos brotherrsquos wife) is wearing (a pair of) blackshoes [description] [resultant state] 7 It is raining outside [narrative]8 Grandpa iswas sitting in the garden [description] [resultant state]9 Elder sister is in the room writing a letter [narrative] 10 Father ashe spoke began to laughsmile [description] [manner of execution]

Drill 153

1 The children all stood up [space] 2 The ladies all sat down[space] 3 As they sat they began to chat [time] 4 At this momentit began to snow outside [time] 5 I canrsquot recall this matter [time]6 Younger sister as she spoke began to cry and she could not go onsay any more [time] 7 We settled down there [time] 8 At thismoment the teacher walked in and the studentsclassmates went quiet[time] 9 When the bustrain arrived at the stopstation it came to a halt [time] and the passengers all got off [space] 10 Elder brotherpicked up a book [space] and as he read it he began to laughsmile[time] and he could not go on reading any more [time]

Unit 16

Exercise 161

1 wi xifng xiexi ychuigraver 2 nh yagraveozfo difnr qhchuaacuteng 3 ta xifng qugrave zhdngguoacute lsyoacuteu4 nh xifng hb difnr sheacutenme 5

Key toexercises

298

nh yagraveo hfohaor xueacutexiacute 6 mama xifng mfi yc jiagravenwagraveitagraveo

Exercise 162

1 neacuteng 2 huigrave 3 gai 4 neacuteng 5 kgyh 6 huigravekgn 7 bigravexe 8 bigrave

Exercise 163

1 bugrave yuagravenyi 2 bugrave gfn 3 kgyh 4 bugrave kgn5 bugrave xifng 6 yagraveo xifng 7 gfn 8 dgi 9 bugravebigrave 10 gai 11 bigravexe 12 bugrave gai 13 kgyh 14 huigrave 15 neacuteng 16 kgyh 17 bugrave neacuteng 18 huigrave19 huigrave 20 huigrave bugrave neacuteng 21 huigrave neacuteng 22 bugraveneacuteng 23 neacuteng 24 neacuteng 25 huigrave 26 huigrave 27 neacuteng28 bugrave ycnggai

Exercise 164

1 nh huigrave kaichb ma 2 zhdumograve huigrave xiagraveyj ma 3 nh xifng qugrave tagravenwagraveng kagravenwagravengnh fugravemj ma 4 nh bigravexe gai qugrave fugravexiacute gdngkegravele 5 zhegravei gegrave xcngqc wimen neacuteng qugrave hfitan ma 6 wi bigravexe dgi jigravezhuycnyuegravehuigrave de shiacutejian 7 nhmen bugrave ycnggai dfjiagrave 8

wi sanyuegrave(fegraven)miacutengniaacuten sanyuegraveneacutengkgyh xiejiagrave ma 9 nh yuagravenyi bangzhugrave ta ma 10

ta bugrave gfn cheacutengzuograve fbijc

Drill 161

1 Is he willing 2 Do you want to go to town tomorrow 3 Youmust persuade him 4 Can you do shadow-boxingTrsquoai Chi 5Donrsquot cheat 6 Who can give me a hand 7 Is there anyone herewho can speak English 8 Can you help me translate this sentence9 I must be off 10 You ought to rest (Itrsquos time for you to have a rest) 11 Who is willing to stay behind 12 We must go back tomorrow 13 Donrsquot you dare tell lies again 14 Is it likely to befoggy tomorrow 15 You must go and see a doctor

Drill 162

1 a nh miacutengtian huiacute jia ma b nh

miacutengtian bigravexe huiacute jia ma c nh miacutengtian xifngyagraveo

Key toexercises

299

huiacute jia ma d nh miacutengtian neacuteng huiacute jia ma e nh miacutengtian kgyh huiacute jia ma 2 a wi bugrave

gfn gagraveosu ta b wi bugrave neacuteng gagraveosu ta c wi bugrave huigrave gagraveosu ta de d wi bugrave yuagravenyi gagraveosu ta

e wi bugrave yogravengbugravebigrave gagraveosu ta f wi

bugrave gai gagraveosu ta 3 a nh yagraveo xiagrave yc zhagraven xiagrave chb mab nh dgi xiagrave yc zhagraven xiagrave chb ma c nh xiagrave yc zhagraven xiagrave chb ma d nh neacutengkgyh xiagraveyc zhagraven xiagrave chb ma e nh yuagravenyi xiagrave yc zhagraven xiagravechb ma 4 a nh neacutengkgyh bang wi yc gegravemaacuteng ma b nh huigrave bang wi de maacuteng ba c

nh yuagravenyi bang wi yc gegrave maacuteng ma d nh

dgi bang wi yc gegrave maacuteng e yagraveo wi bang nh de maacutengma f wi hgn xifng bang nh de maacuteng |kgshigrave wi bugrave neacuteng 5 a nh huigrave shud zhdngweacuten ma b

nh neacuteng shud zhdngweacuten ma c wi kgyh

shud zhdngweacuten ma d yagraveo wi shud zhdngweacuten ma e wi bigravexedgi shud zhdngweacuten ma f

wi gai shud zhdngweacuten | duigraveshigrave ma g wi huigrave shud ycngweacuten | nh bugrave bigravebugrave yograveng shud zhdngweacuten h

wi hgn xifng shud ycngweacuten | kgshigrave

Unit 17

Exercise 171

1 bugrave 2 ( ) meacutei(yiu) 3 ( ) meacutei(yiu) 4 ( ) meacutei(yiu)5 ( ) meacutei(yiu) 6 bugrave 7 bugrave 8 bugrave 9 ( ) meacutei(yiu)10 ( ) meacutei(yiu) 11 ( ) meacutei(yiu) 12 bugrave 13 bugrave 14( ) meacutei(yiu) 15 bugrave

Exercise 172

1 haacuteizimen ddu bugrave xhhuan chc shecagravei Noneof the children like eating vegetables 2tamen yg meacuteiyiu qugrave kagraven jcngjugrave They didnrsquot go to watch the BeijingOpera either 3 tf chcfagraven qiaacuten chaacutengchaacutengbugrave xh shiu He doesnrsquot often wash his hands before meals 4

wi coacutenglaacutei bugrave chduyan I have never smoked 5ta gangcaacutei meacutei hb chaacute She didnrsquot drink any tea just now 6

ta jcntian meacutei kagraven diagravenshigrave He didnrsquot watch TV today7 ta negravei tian meacutei chc dagravengao She didnrsquot touch thecake that day 8 megraveimei coacutenglaacutei meacutei zuograve guofbijc (My) younger sister has never flown in a plane before

Key toexercises

300

Exercise 173

1 wi regravenweacutei negravei gegrave daacutersquoagraven bugrave duigrave 2wi regravenweacutei zhegrave bugrave zhiacutede dud xhang 3

wi coacutenglaacutei meacuteiyiu xhhuan guo ta 4 ta meacuteichuan dagraveyc

Exercise 174

1 ta bugrave kgyh zagravei negravei zhuagravengfaacutengzi de qiaacuteng shang xig biaoyj 2 nh bugrave huigrave baojifozi ma 3 jcnglh bugrave yuagravenyi jia cheacutenxiansheng de gdngzc 4 wi zhegravei gegravexcngqc lhbagravei neacuteng bugrave laacutei ma 5 ( ) ta laacuteiycngguoacute qiaacuten (coacutenglaacutei) meacutei jiagraven guo sdngshj 6

megraveimei bugrave gfn qugrave liacutenje nagraver jiegrave yhzi 7 kugravezi tagravei dufn | digravedi bugrave kgnyuagravenyi chuan 8

shuhgui ycdifnr yg bugrave xcnxian |shuiacutesheacutei yg dagravejia ddu bugrave xifng chc 9 ( )

zuoacutetian xiagrave dagrave yj | wimen meacutei(yiu) qugrave caochfng tc zuacuteqiuacute10 nh bugrave gai gagraveosu tamen zhegravei jiagraven shigrave 11

zhegravei xib huar bugrave xiang | migravefbng bugrave laacutei cfimigrave 12 cfomeacutei meacuteiyiu taacuteozi hfochc

Drill 171

1 Donrsquot you want to go to see a film You donrsquot want to go and see afilm 2 Who doesnrsquot want to have meat Who would like not to havemeat (ie to have something other than meat) 3 Are the childrenunwilling to have soft drinks Are the children willing to go withoutsoft drinks 4 Are the girls unwilling to wear skirts Are the girls will-ing not to wear skirts (ie to wear something else) 5 Donrsquot you wantto have coffee Would you like not to have coffee (ie have somethingelse) 6 Some people donrsquot want to get up very early Some peoplewant not to get up very early (ie stay in bed) 7 Doesnrsquot she dare togo home Does she dare not to go home (ie go somewhere else) 8Who is unwilling to learn Chinese Who is willing to forgo learningChinese 9 There isnrsquot anyone who is unwilling to learn Chinese Thereisnrsquot anyone willing not to learn Chinese (ie to learn somethingany-thing else) 10 Who cannot drink wine Who can give up drinkingwine

Drill 172

1 a wi bagraveba bugrave zagravei zagravei cegravesui li chduyanle My father is not smoking in the lavatory anymore b

Key toexercises

301

wi bagraveba zagravei yg bugrave zagravei cegravesui li chduyan le My fatherwill never smoke in the lavatory again 2 wi

liacutenje bugrave zagravei yfng giu le My neighbour doesnrsquot keep a dog anymorewi liacutenje zagravei yg bugrave yfng giu le My neighbour will

never keep a dog again 3 ta de ns

peacutengyou bugrave zagravei hb jij le His girlfriend is not drinking (wine) anymoreta de ns peacutengyou zagravei yg bugrave hb jij le His girl-

friend will never drink (wine) again 4 ta jiugravejiubugrave zagravei djboacute le Her uncle (motherrsquos brother) is not gambling anymore

ta jiugravejiu zagravei yg bugrave djboacute le Her uncle (motherrsquosbrother) will never gamble again 5 ta hb

kafbi bugrave zagravei jia taacuteng le She isnrsquot having sugar in her coffee anymoreta hb kafbi zagravei yg bugrave jia taacuteng le She will never

have sugar in her coffee again 6haacuteizimen bugrave zagravei zagravei jib shang tc zuacuteqiuacute le The children are not playingfootball on the street anymore haacuteizimen zagravei yg bugrave zagravei jib shang tc zuacuteqiuacute le The children will never playfootball on the street again 7 wi megraveimei bugrave zagraveisahufng le My younger sister is not telling lies anymore

wi megraveimei zagravei yg bugrave sahufng le My younger sister will nevertell lies again 8 wi de yc gegravetoacutengxueacute bugrave zagravei df reacuten heacute magrave reacuten le A classmate of mine is not fightingand cursing people anymorewi de yc gegrave toacutengxueacute zagravei yg bugrave df reacuten heacute magrave reacuten le A classmate of minewill never fight and curse people again 9 wi gbgebugrave zagravei kaichb le My elder brother is not driving anymore

wi gbge zagravei yg bugrave kaichb le My elder brother will neverdrive again 10 wi mama bugrave zagravei chc rograveu le Mymother is not eating meat anymore wi

mama zagravei yg bugrave chc rograveu le My mother will never eat meat again

Unit 18

Exercise 181

1 tamen shigrave noacutengmiacuten ma tamen shigravebugrave shigrave noacutengmiacuten shigrave bugrave shigrave 2 ta xifngdf pcngpangqiuacute ma ta xifng bugrave xifng df pcng-pangqiuacute xifng bugrave xifng 3 ta qugrave guodogravengwugraveyuaacuten ma ta qugrave guo dogravengwugraveyuaacuten meacuteiyiu

qugrave guo ( ) meacuteiyiumeacutei(yiu) qugrave guo 4negravei tiaacuteo jib ganjigraveng ma ( ) negravei tiaacuteo

jib gan(jigraveng) bugrave ganjigraveng ganjigraveng bugrave ganjigraveng 5

Key toexercises

302

ta miacutengtian huigrave laacutei ma ta miacutengtian huigravebugrave huigrave laacutei huigrave bugrave huigrave 6 ta yiutuacuteshezhegraveng ma ta yiu meacutei yiu tuacuteshezhegraveng yiu

meacuteiyiu 7 ta dagravei le yagraveoshi ma ta dagravei le yagraveoshi meacuteiyiu ta dagravei meacutei dagravei yagraveoshi

ta yiu meacuteiyiu dagravei yagraveoshi dagravei le ( )meacuteiyiumeacutei(yiu) dagravei 8 hui wagraveng ma

hui wagraveng bugrave wagraveng hgn wagraveng bugrave wagraveng 9nh de peacutengyou huigrave hbng negravei gegrave qjzi ma

nh de peacutengyou huigrave bugrave huigrave hbng negravei gegrave qjzihuigrave bugrave huigrave 10 ta de digravedi xhhuanchuan niuacutezfikugrave ma ( ) ta de digravedixh(huan) bugrave xhhuan chuan niuacutezfikugrave xhhuan bugrave xhhuan

Exercise 182

1 nh xh le chegravenshan meacuteiyiu Did you wash the shirt2 nh zuoacutetian duacute le bagraveo meacuteiyiu Did you read thenewspaper yesterday 3 shagraveng gegrave yuegrave nh kagravenle diagravenyhng meacuteiyiu Did you watch a film last month 4

zuoacute wfn nh xig le xigraven meacuteiyiu Did you write letters last night5 nh mfi le piagraveo meacuteiyiu Have you bought the ticket6 ta pegravengjiagraven le zhang xiansheng meacuteiyiu Didshe bump into Mr Zhang 7 nhmenqiaacutentian shagraveng le jijbajian meacuteiyiu Did you go to the pub the day beforeyesterday 8 nhmen nagraver shagraveng xcngqc

xiagrave le xug meacuteiyiu Did you have any snow in your area last week 9ta jia qugraveniaacuten xiagravetian qugrave le hfi bian

dugravejiagrave meacuteiyiu Did his family go to the seaside on holiday last summer10 zhegravei jiagraven shigrave xifo huaacuteng gagraveosu le nh

meacuteiyiu Did Xiao Huang tell you about thisHas Xiao Huang told youabout this

Exercise 183

1 nh paacute guo shan mameacuteiyiu 2 nh pegravengjiagraven guo nh de liacutenje mameacuteiyiu 3 nh zeacutebegravei guo nh zigravejh mameacuteiyiu 4 nh kagraven guo zuacuteqiuacute bhsagravei mameacuteiyiu 5 nh qiacute

guo mf mameacuteiyiu 6 nh qugrave guo hfi bianmameacuteiyiu 7 nh chaacutengchc guo jifozimameacuteiyiu 8 nh jiagraven guo jcngyuacute mameacuteiyiu 9

nh yfng guo giu mameacuteiyiu 10 nh qugravejigraven guo jijbajian mameacuteiyiu

Key toexercises

303

All the sentences may also be translated as 1 nh

yiu meacuteiyiu paacute guo shan 2 nh yiumeacuteiyiu pegravengjiagraven guo nh de liacutenje etc

Exercise 184

1 ( ) tuacuteshegufn anjigraveng maan(jigraveng) bugraveanjigraveng 2 bgijcng regrave maregrave bugrave regrave 3

( ) nh de peacutengyou gaoxigraveng magao(xigraveng) bugrave gaoxigraveng 4 ( ) cagravei hfochc mahfo(chc) bugrave hfochc 5

nagrave gegrave diagravenshigrave jieacutemugrave yiuqugrave mayiu meacuteiyiuqugrave 6 ( ) zuacuteqiuacute bhsagravei jcngcfimajcng(cfi) bugrave jcngcfi 7 ( ) zhegravei bf

yhzi shefu mashe(fu) bugrave shefu 8 huar xiangmaxiang bugrave xiang 9 dagravengao tiaacuten matiaacuten bugrave tiaacuten10 ( ) zhudzi ganjigraveng magan(jigraveng) bugraveganjigraveng 11 ( ) faacutengjian zhgngqiacutemazhgng(qiacute) bugrave zhgngqiacute 12 jcnglhkangkfi makangkfi bugrave kangkfi

Exercise 185

1 ta hb zuigrave le ne 2 kugravezi xh le |chegravenshan ne 3 miacutengtian wfnshang xiagrave yj ne 4

( ) wi meacutei(yiu) shiacutejian ne 5 kafbi hgn hfohbbugrave cuograve | dagravengao ne 6 wi hgn

maacuteng | nh ne 7 ta qugrave le nfr ne 8zhegrave shigrave shuiacutesheacutei de diagravennfo ne 9 wi de yagraveoshi ne 10

( ) xifo mao (zagravei nfr) ne

Drill 181

1 chb wi xie hfo le chb xie hfo le 2yjsfn wi dagravei le yjsfn dagravei le 3

yagraveoshi nh dagravei le ma yagraveoshi dagravei le ma 4bgijcng kfoya nh chc guo ma bgijcng

kfoya chc guo ma 5 zuograveyegrave nh jiao le meacuteiyiu zuograveyegrave jiao le meacuteiyiu 6 xigraven ta jigrave le

meacuteiyiu xigraven jigrave le meacuteiyiu 7 lqchaacute nh

hb guo meacuteiyiu lqchaacute hb guo meacuteiyiu 8ycfu wi xh le ycfu xh le 9 bgijcng nh qugraveguo meacuteiyiu bgijcng qugrave guo meacuteiyiu 10

chaacutengcheacuteng nh dagraveo guo meacuteiyiu chaacutengcheacuteng dagraveoguo meacuteiyiu 11 qiacuten nh dagravei le meacuteiyiu

Key toexercises

304

qiacuten dagravei le meacuteiyiu 12 jcntian de bagraveozhh nh kagravenle ma jcntian de bagraveozhh kagraven le ma

Drill 182

1 zhegrave jh tian nh qugrave bugrave qugrave xueacute tagraveijiacutequaacuten2 zhegrave jh tian huigrave bugrave huigrave xiagrave yj 3

nh neacuteng bugrave neacuteng zagravei zhegraver dgng ycxiagrave 4 nh

mfi le chb meacuteiyiu 5 ( ) nh xh(huan) bugravexhhuan chuan niuacutezfikugrave 6 nh dagravei le tuacuteshezhegravengmeacuteiyiu 7 ( ) nh toacuteng(yigrave) bugrave toacutengyigrave wi dejiagravenyigrave 8 nh de peacutengyou huigrave bugrave huigrave df

pcngpangqiuacute 9 nh miacutengtian zfoshang yiu meacuteiyiu kograveng 10 nh xifng bugrave xifng chc bgijcngkfoya 11 ( ) nh yuagraven(yi) bugrave yuagravenyi bang ta demaacuteng 12 nh jia li yiu meacutei yiu diagravennfo 13

nh waacutencheacuteng le negravei jiagraven gdngzuograve meacuteiyiu 14nh dang guo lfoshc meacuteiyiu 15 nh jiagraven

le jcnglh meacuteiyiu

Unit 19

Exercise 191

1 ( ) qhng nh guan shagraveng chuang(hugrave) | hfo ma2 qhng nhmen shud zhdngweacuten | xiacutengkgyh

ma 3 wi yograveng ycxiagrave diagravenhuagrave | xiacutengkgyh

ma 4 zaacutenmen qugrave kagraven diagravenyhng | hfo ma 5 wi jiegrave yc zhc bh | kgyh xiacuteng ma 6

wi miacutengtian shuigrave lfn jiagraveo | kgyh xiacuteng ma 7 wi zuograve zagravei zhegraver | xiacutengkgyh ma 8

wi tiacute gegrave jiagravenyigrave | hfoxiacutengkgyh ma 9nh ggi wimen jifng gegrave gugraveshi | hfo ma 10

wimen jcn wfn qugrave tiagraveowj | hfoxiacuteng ma

Exercise 192

1(i) shigrave bugrave shigrave xifo lh qiacute zigravexiacutengchb qugraveyugravendogravengchfng (ii) xifo lh shigrave bugrave shigrave qugraveyugravendogravengchfng (iii) xifo lh shigrave bugrave shigraveqiacute zigravexiacutengchb qugrave yugravendogravengchfng 2(i) shigrave bugraveshigrave waacuteng xifojie qugrave de yoacuteujuacute (ii) waacutengxifojie shigrave bugrave shigrave gangcaacutei qugrave de yoacuteujuacute (iii) waacuteng xifojie shigrave bugrave shigrave qugrave de yoacuteujuacute

Key toexercises

305

Exercise 193

1 nh shigrave lfoshc haacuteishi xueacutesheng 2( ) ta xhhuan kagraven xifoshud haacuteishi (xhhuan) kagraven

diagravenshigrave 3 ta shigrave zuoacutetian haacuteishiqiaacutentian qugrave de zhdngguoacute 4 nh shigravezuograve huichb haacuteishi zuograve qigravechb qugrave shagravengban 5

nh shigrave qugrave diagravenyhngyuagraven haacuteishi qugrave fagravengufn 6zhegrave shigrave ycyuagraven haacuteishi dagravexueacute 7 ( )ta negravei tian shigrave chuan de quacutenzi haacuteishi (chuan de) kugravezi 8

nh qiaacutentian shigrave pegravengjiagraven de lfo waacuteng haacuteishixifo zhang

Exercise 194

1 zhegravei bgn she shigrave nh xig de ba This book was written by you wasnrsquot itYou wrote this book didnrsquot you shigravede bugrave shigrave de 2 luacutenden liacute bgijcng hgnyufn ba London is a long way from Beijing isnrsquot it shigrave de 3

huichb yhjcng kai ziu le ba The train has alreadygone hasnrsquot it shigrave de haacutei meacuteiyiu Not yet 4

negravei tiaacuteo quacutenzi tagravei chaacuteng le ba That skirt is too longisnrsquot it duigraveshigrave de bugrave duigravebugrave shigrave de 5

nh mgi tian ddu tigravegua huacutezi ba You shave every daydonrsquot you shigrave de bugrave shigrave de 6

nh bagraveba | mama xiagrave gegrave yuegrave qugrave dugravejiagrave ba Your parents aregoing away on holiday next month arenrsquot they duigraveshigrave de

bugrave duigravebugrave shigrave de 7 nh bugravexhhuan hb zhdngguoacute chaacute ba You donrsquot like Chinese tea do you

duigraveshigrave de bugrave duigravebugrave shigrave de 8nh qczi bugrave chc niuacuterograveu ba Your wife doesnrsquot eat beef does she

duigraveshigrave de bugrave duigravebugrave shigrave de

Note shigrave de is interchangeable with shigrave or duigrave and bugrave shigrave de with bugrave shigrave or bugrave duigrave in all answers

Exercise 195

1 nh shigrave bugrave shigrave xiagrave gegrave yuegrave qugrave zhdngguoacute 2nh shigrave bugrave shigrave qugraveniaacuten qugrave de zhdngguoacute 3nh shigrave zuograve fbijc qugrave haacuteishi zuograve chuaacuten qugrave 4

nh shigrave kaichb qugrave de haacuteishi qiacute zigravexiacutengchb

qugrave de 5 nh shigrave zagravei nfr xueacute de zhdngweacuten 6nh shigrave zagravei nfr xueacute zhdngweacuten 7

Key toexercises

306

zuoacute wfn shigrave sheacuteishuiacute xh de wfn 8 jcn wfn shigravesheacuteishuiacute xh wfn

Drill 191

1 wi hgn xhhuan df pcngpangqiuacute wi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave xhhuan df pcngpangqiuacute 2

wi hgn xhhuan kagraven diagravenyhng wi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave xhhuan kagraven diagravenyhng 3

dagravengao hgn hfochc dagravengao ycdifnr ygddu bugravehfochc 4 negravei bgn xifoshud hgn yiu yigravesi

negravei bgn xifoshud ycdifnr yigravesi ygddu meacutei yiu5 negravei tiaacuteo kugravezi hgn chaacuteng

negravei tiaacuteo kugravezi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave chaacuteng 6wi sheshu de haacuteizi hgn kgrsquoagravei wi

sheshu de haacuteizi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave kgrsquoagravei 7 wi jiade xifo mao hgn kgrsquoagravei wi jia dexifo mao ycdifnr ygddu bugrave kgrsquoagravei 8zuograve huichb qugrave bh zuograve qigravechb qugrave kuagravei de dud

zuograve huichb qugrave ycdifnr ygddu bugrave bh zuograve qigravechb qugrave kuagravei9 wi hgn xifng qugrave zhdngguoacute waacutenr

wi ycdifnr ygddu bugrave xifng qugrave zhdngguoacute waacutenr 10nagraver de xiagravetian hgn regrave

nagraver de xiagravetian ycdifnr ygddu bugrave regrave

Drill 192

1 nh shigrave bugrave shigrave xifng xueacute zhdngweacuten 2yugravendogravengchfng shang shigrave bugrave shigrave yiu hgn dud

yugravendogravengyuaacuten 3 jib shang shigrave bugrave shigrave ddu shigrave reacuten4 nh fugravemj shigrave bugrave shigrave guograve jh tian laacuteikagraventagravenwagraveng nh 5 nh shigrave bugrave shigrave chaacutengchaacutengqugrave yoacuteuying 6 nh de peacutengyou shigrave bugrave shigravezagravei wagraveimian dgng nh 7 nh shigrave bugrave shigrave qugraveguograve bgijcng hgn dud cigravetagraveng 8 ta shigrave bugrave shigrave zhgngwfn zagravei xig xigraven 9 nh jcnwfn shigrave bugrave shigravehb le hgn dud piacutejij 10 zhegravei gegrave cagravei shigravebugrave shigrave meacuteiyiu negravei gegrave cagravei hfochc

Unit 20

Exercise 201

1 jigraven laacutei 2 zhagraven qhlaacutei 3 che qugrave 4zuograve xiagrave 5 qh laacutei 6 kuagravei 7 zfo difn huiacute laacutei

Key toexercises

307

8 guan meacuten 9 ( ) yaacutensugrave (yc)difnr 10 bugrave yagraveobieacute guan dbng

Exercise 202

1 ( ) dud chc (yc)difnr ba 2zaacutenmen zhegraver xiagrave chb ba 3 ragraveng ta qugrave ba 4 ( )

kuagravei (yc)difnr ba 5 qhng zagravei zhegraver paacuteiduigrave 6qhng kai dbng 7 ( ) qhng jigraven (laacutei) 8

zaacutenmen xiexi ychuigraver ba 9 qhng tcng | shigrave sheacuteishuiacute10 qhng kai meacuten

Exercise 203

1 bugrave yagraveobieacute guan chuang 2 bugraveyagraveobieacute guan dbng 3 bugrave yagraveobieacute liagraveng ycfu 4 bugrave yagraveobieacute shagraveng chb 5 bugrave yagraveobieacute guograve laacutei6 bugrave yagraveobieacute chuan zhegravei shuang xieacute 7

bugrave yagraveobieacute kaichb 8 bugrave yagraveo bieacute ragraveng ta ziu 9 bugrave yagraveobieacute jiagraveo ta huiacute laacutei 10 qhng dagravejia bugrave yagraveobieacute dagravei sfn

Exercise 204

1(i) zaacutenmen jigraven qugrave ba (ii) hfo ba | nh jigraven qugrave ba 2(i) nh qugrave gb cfo | hfo ma(ii) qhng xiagravenzagravei jiugrave qugrave gb cfo 3(i)zaacutenmen xiagrave chb ba (ii) kuagravei | zaacutenmen zagravei zhegraverxiagrave chb 4(i) ( ) zaacutenmen (qugrave) hb yc bbi ba (ii)

( ) hfo ba | nh (qugrave) hb yc bbi ba

Exercise 205

1 a 2 wa 3 a 4 la 5 wa 6 yaa 7 wa8 na 9 ya 10 a 11 ya 12 waa

Drill 201

1 bieacute gufn ta 2 bieacute jigraven laacutei 3 bieacute che qugrave4 ( ) (xian) bieacute ziuliacutekai 5 ( ) bieacute pegraveng (ta)6 bieacute shud xiagravequgrave le 7 bieacute magrave reacuten 8

bieacute zagravei shafa shang shuigrave 9 bieacute zhfo jiegravekiu 10 bieacute gbn reacuten jiegrave qiaacutenbieacute jiegrave bieacuteren de qiaacuten

11 bieacute dgng wi 12 bieacute zagravei zhegraver chduyan

Key toexercises

308

13 bieacute dograveu ta 14 bieacute zhagraven qhlaacutei 15 bieacutexiagraveo wi

1 bugrave bigrave gufn ta 2 bugrave yagraveo jigraven laacutei 3bugrave xj che qugrave 4 haacutei bugrave neacuteng ziu 5 ( ) bugrave

zhjn pegraveng (ta) 6 ( ) bugrave yagraveo shud xiagravequgrave (le) 7bugrave xj magrave reacuten 8 ( ) bugrave kgyh zagravei shafa shang

shuigrave(jiagraveo) 9 bugrave yagraveo zhfo jiegravekiu 10bugrave yagraveo gbn reacuten jiegrave qiaacuten 11 bugrave bigrave dgng wi 12

bugrave zhjn zagravei zhegraver chduyan 13 bugrave yagraveo dograveu ta14 bugrave yograveng zhagraven qhlaacutei 15 bugrave neacuteng xiagraveo wi

Drill 202

1 qhng bugrave yagraveo xiagraveo wi Please donrsquot laugh at meqhng bugrave yagraveo xiagraveo wi le Please stop laughing at me 2qhng bieacute kai waacutenxiagraveo Please donrsquot joke

qhng bieacute kai waacutenxiagraveo le Please stop making jokes 3 bugraveyagraveo dfjiagrave Donrsquot fight bugrave yagraveo dfjiagrave le Stop fighting 4

bieacute chfojiagrave Donrsquot quarrel bieacute chfojiagrave le Stopquarrelling 5 bieacute chfo Donrsquot make such a terrible noise

bieacute chfo le Stop making such a racketdin 6 bieacutechfo wi Donrsquot disturb me bieacute chfo wi le Stop disturbingme 7 bieacute magrave ta Donrsquot scold him bieacute magrave ta leStop scolding him 8 bugrave yagraveo dgng ta Donrsquot wait for him

bugrave yagraveo dgng ta le Donrsquot wait for him any longer 9bieacute chduyan Donrsquot smoke bieacute chduyan le Stop

smoking 10 bieacute hb jij Donrsquot drink bieacute hb jij leStop drinking 11 bieacute kegraveqi Donrsquot stand on ceremony

bieacute kegraveqi le Donrsquot stand on ceremony anymore 12 zagraveijiagraven Goodbye zagravei jiagraven le Itrsquos time to say goodbye

Unit 21

Exercise 211

1 huiacute qugrave 2 guograve laacutei 3 shagraveng qugrave 4 xiagrave laacutei 5naacute laacutei 6 che qugrave 7 huiacute laacutei 8 naacute qugrave 9 qh

laacutei 10 jigraven qugrave 11 guograve qugrave 12 che laacutei 13 huiacutejia laacutei 14 kai guograve qiaacuteo qugrave 15 paacute shagraveng shugrave qugrave16 xiagrave shan laacutei 17 dagravei dagraveo jiagraveoshigrave laacutei 18

ziu che faacutengzi qugrave 19 pfo huiacute bagravengdngshigrave qugrave 20dagravei huiacute ycyuagraven qugrave 21 tiagraveo jigraven yoacuteuyingchiacute

Key toexercises

309

qugrave 22 ziu jigraven yoacuteujuacute qugrave 23 chuan guograve mflugravequgrave 24 ziu che faacutengjianwezi laacutei

Exercise 212

1 chequgrave 2 xiagravelaacutei 3 xiagravelaacutei 4 jigravenlaacutei 5guogravequgrave 6 che qugrave 7 huiacute qugrave 8 huiacute qugrave 9 shagraveng laacutei 10 guograve qugrave 11 jigraven qugrave 12 jigraven qugrave

Exercise 213

1 lfoshc ziu jigraven tuacuteshegufn qugrave le The teacherhas gone into the library 2 fbijc fbi guograve shan qugravele The plane has flown over the hill 3 wi paacute shagravengshanpd qugrave I climbed up the hillside 4haacuteizimen pfo guograve mflugrave qugrave le The children went across the road 5

tamen ziu che jiagraveotaacuteng qugrave le They went out ofthe church 6 ycshbng huiacute ycyuagraven qugrave le The doc-tor has gone back to the hospital 7 qcngwa tiagraveoxiagrave shuh qugrave le The frog jumped into the water 8 chb

kac guograve qiaacuteo laacutei le The car came over the bridge 9xifo jc zuan che dagravenkeacute laacutei le The chicken broke out of the shell

10 xifo mao paacute shagraveng shugrave qugrave le The kitten climbedup the tree 11 nifor fbi che loacutengzi qugrave le Thebird flew out of the cage 12 xueacutesheng ziu jigravenjiagraveoshigrave laacutei le The students came into the classroom 13

lfoshj zuan huiacute dograveng qugrave le The rat scurried back to its hole14 dugravechuaacuten kai guograve heacute qugrave le The ferry went acrossthe river (to the other side)

Exercise 214

1 ycfu ddu zhuang jigraven xiangzi li qugrave le 2qiaacuten ddu cuacuten zagravei yiacutenhaacuteng li le 3

lajc ddu dagraveo jigraven lajcting li qugrave le 4nh de xiacutengli ddu fagraveng zagravei xiacutenglijiagrave shang le 5

( ) xh hfo de ycfu ddu liagraveng zagravei liagravengycsheacutengshang(bian) le 6 zhj hfo de cagravei ddu gb

zagravei bcngxiang li le 7 shiushi ddu fagraveng zagraveibfoxifnxiang li 8 ( ) tamen ban jigraven cheacuteng (li) laacuteile 9 qigravechb yczhiacute kai dagraveo hfi bian 10

qigraveqiuacute yczhiacute shbng dagraveo tian shang qugrave le 11weya fbi dagraveo wedhng shang qugrave le 12

wi de magraveozi ragraveng fbng ggi chuc dagraveo huacute li qugrave le

Key toexercises

310

Drill 211

1 ( ) gdngcheacutengshcmen (ddu) jigraven qugrave le 2( ) dagraverenmen (ddu) che qugrave le 3 ( ) naacutenhaacuteizimen (ddu) che qugrave le 4 ( ) ns haacuteizimen(ddu) huiacute laacutei le 5 ( ) zhdngguoacute peacutengyoumen(ddu) jigraven laacutei le 6 ( ) kegraverenmen (ddu) huiacute qugrave le 7

( ) zhdngguoacute kegraverenmen (ddu) huiacute laacutei le 8( ) liacutenjemen (ddu) che laacutei le 9 ( )

bigravengreacuten ziu jigraven bigravengfaacuteng li laacutei (le) 10 ( ) nfinai dagravei digravedi megraveimei dagraveo dogravengwugraveyuaacuten qugrave (le) 11

yugravendogravengyuaacutenmen paacute shagraveng shan qugrave 12bagraveba xiagraveban hograveu huiacute jia laacutei le 13 xifo mao

dui zagravei shafa xiagravemian 14 ( ) ( ) yiu (yc) zhc giupfo guograve qiaacuteo laacutei (le) 15 ( ) ( ) yiu (yc) quacuten reacutenziu jigraven shangdiagraven laacutei (le) 16 ( ) gbge pfo dagraveoloacuteushagraveng laacutei le 17 ( ) xifo nshaacutei yoacuteu guograve heacute qugrave (le)18 gbzi fbi shagraveng shugrave qugravegbzi fbidagraveo shugrave shang qugrave le 19 yuegraveliang che laacutei le 20

( ) negravei gegrave naacuten haacuteizi tiagraveo jigraven shuh li qugrave (le) 21( ) sdngshj paacute xiagrave shugrave laacutei (le) 22

mama gfn dagraveo hjochbzhagraven qugrave le 23yiu yc quacuten naacuten haacuteizi pfo dagraveo jib shang laacutei le 24 ( )

yc gegrave gegrave (de) qigraveqiuacute shbng qhlaacutei le 25 bh

diagraveo jigraven heacute li qugrave le 26 tamen ban dagraveo cenzi liqugrave le 27 jcnglh ziu che bagravengdngshigrave laacutei le 28

xueacuteshengmen zhagraven leqhlaacuteixueacuteshengmen zhagraven qhlaacutei le 29

dagravejia ddu zuograve le xiagravelaacuteidagravejia ddu zuograve xiagravelaacutei le 30 jiugraveshbngyuaacuten yoacuteu huiacute agraven bian laacutei le

Note The inclusion or exclusion or le depends first on whetherthe emphasis is on the result achieved or on the action itself andsecond on the regularity of a disyllabic rhythm

Drill 212

1 ta jigraven wugravezi li qugrave le ta pfo jigravenwugravezi li qugrave le 2 ta che jiagraveoshigrave qugrave leta ziu che jiagraveoshigrave qugrave le 3 ta huiacute jia qugrave le

ta gfn huiacute jia qugrave le 4 ta xiagrave loacuteu laacutei le ta pfo xiagrave loacuteu laacutei le 5 ta guograve qiaacuteo qugrave le

ta kai guograve qiaacuteo qugrave le 6 ta shagraveng shugrave qugrave le

Key toexercises

311

ta paacute shagraveng shugrave qugrave le 7 ta guograve heacute laacutei leta yoacuteu guograve heacute laacutei le 8 ta che faacutengzi laacutei

le ta chdng che faacutengzi laacutei le 9 taguograve zhagravelan qugrave le ta tiagraveo guograve zhagravelan qugrave le 10

ta shagraveng taacutei laacutei le ta pfo shagraveng taacutei laacutei le

Unit 22

Exercise 221

1 de hgn kuagravei 2 ganjigraveng 3 ding 4 de zuigravehfo 5 shuacuteshoacuteu 6 de hgn liuacuteligrave 7 hfo 8 huigrave 9

dagraveo 10 gan 11 de hgn wfn 12 dagraveojiagraven 13de zhbn gao 14 de hgn qcngchj 15 de hgn

duigrave 16 zhugrave

Exercise 222

1 wi sfngzi teacuteng de fagraven yg chc bu xiagrave leMy throat was so sore I could not eat 2ta yoacuteuying yoacuteu de qigrave yg chufn bu guogravelaacutei le He swam so much he couldnot get his breath 3 ta pfo lugrave pfo de tuh ddusuan le She ran so muchfast that her legs ached 4

lfoshc shudhuagrave shud de sfngzi ddu yf le The teacherspoke so much hisher throat became sorehoarse 5

wi yfnjing hua de sheacutenme yg kagraven bu qcngchu le Myeyes were so blurred I could not see anything 6

wi gaoxigraveng de huagrave yg shud bu chelaacutei le I was so happy I wasspeechless 7 gbge zuigrave de shuiacute yg bugrave regravenshile (My) elder brother was so drunk he couldnrsquot recognize anyone 8

xueacutesheng xig zigrave xig de shiu yg suan le Thestudents wrote so much their hands ached 9megraveimei ke de yfnjing ddu hoacuteng le (My) younger sister cried so muchher eyes were red 10 ta kaiwaacutenxiagraveo kai de dagravejia ddu xiagraveo qhlaacutei le Her jokes made everyone beginto laugh (lit She joked so that everyone began to laugh)

Exercise 223

1 duigrave 2 dagraveo 3 zuigrave le 4 de hgn piagraveoliang 5bfo 6 hfo 7 dfo 8 pograve 9 ganjigraveng 10

miacutengbai 11 de hgn zfo 12 de hgn wfn

Key toexercises

312

Exercise 224

1 tamen tiagraveo de hgn mgi hgn hfo 2jiugraveshbngyuaacuten yoacuteu de fbichaacuteng kuagravei 3

xueacutesheng niagravenduacute de hgn magraven 4 haacuteizi chc le hgn dud

5 dagravejia ddu shuigrave de hgn shuacuteshoacuteu 6yfnyuaacuten chagraveng de hgn zaogao 7 wimen pfo

de tagravei legravei le 8 yugravendogravengyuaacuten tiagraveo de zhbn gao 9gbge hb de bugrave dud 10 wi de

toacutengxueacute shud de bugrave liuacuteligrave

Drill 221

1 megraveimei tiagraveo sheacuteng tiagraveo de jifo ddu teacuteng le2 digravedi pfobugrave pfo de tuh ddu rufn le 3

lfoshc jifngkegrave jifng de hoacuteuloacuteng ddu teacuteng le 4peacutengyoumen liaacuteotian liaacuteo de sfngzi ddu

yf le 5 negravei gegrave haacuteizi ke de yfnjing ddu hoacutengle 6 wimen bbi xiacutengli bbi de begravei dduteacuteng le 7 mama xig xigraven xig de shiu dduruaacuten le 8 jigjie la xifotiacuteqiacuten la deshoacuteuzhh ddu chexuegrave le 9 gbge taacutengangqiacuten taacuten de shiuzhh ddu suanteacuteng le 10 bagraveba shudhuagrave shud de kiu ddu gan le 11

yeacuteye kagraven bagraveozhh kagraven de yfnjing ddu hua le 12nfinai chc piacutenggui chc de yaacutechh ddu teacuteng le

Drill 222

1 b ycfu meacutei xh ganjigraveng c ycfu xh

de bugrave gograveu ganjigraveng d ycfu xh de bugrave tagravei ganjigraveng 2b weacutenzhang meacutei xig hfo c weacutenzhang xig de bugrave gograveu hfo d weacutenzhang xig de bugravetagravei hfo 3 b wegraventiacute meacutei shud qcngchu c

wegraventiacute shud de bugrave gograveu qcngchu d wegraventiacuteshud de bugrave tagravei qcngchu 4 b fagraven meacutei zhj shoacuteu c

fagraven zhj de bugrave gograveu shoacuteu d fagraven zhj de bugrave tagraveishoacuteu 5 b chb meacutei xie hfo c chb xie debugrave gograveu hfo d chb xie de bugrave tagravei hfo 6 b

wegraventiacute meacutei yaacutenjie qcngchu c wegraventiacuteyaacutenjie de bugrave gograveu qcngchu d wegraventiacute yaacutenjie de bugravetagravei qcngchu 7 b toacuteufa meacutei jifn dufn c

toacuteufa jifn de bugrave gograveu dufn d toacuteufa jifn de bugravetagravei dufn 8 b gbciacute meacutei begravei shoacuteu c gbciacute

Key toexercises

313

begravei de bugrave gograveu shoacuteu d gbciacute begravei de bugrave tagravei shoacuteu 9 bzhudzi meacutei ma ganjigraveng c zhudzi

ma de bugrave gograveu ganjigraveng d zhudzi ma de bugrave tagraveiganjigraveng 10 b qiacutengkuagraveng meacutei lifojig qcngchu c

qiacutengkuagraveng lifojig de bugrave gograveu qcngchu d qiacutengkuagraveng lifojig de bugrave tagravei qcngchu 11 b

ddngxi meacutei fagraveng zhgngqiacute c ddngxi fagraveng de bugrave gograveuzhgngqiacute d ddngxi fagraveng de bugrave tagravei zhgngqiacute 12 b

faacutengjian meacutei shdushi ganjigraveng c faacutengjian shdushi de bugrave gograveu ganjigraveng d

faacutengjian shdushi de bugrave tagravei ganjigraveng

Unit 23

Exercise 231

1 dograveng 2 guogravequgrave 3 qhlaacutei 4 D zhaacuteo 5 xiagrave 6 lifodiagraveo 7 qh 8 D dagraveozhaacuteo 9 jiacute 10 waacutenlifo

Exercise 232

1 chc de bfo 2 zhagraven bu qhlaacutei 3 hb buxiagravelifo 4 xh bu ganjigraveng 5 zuograve de shefu 6

D gograveu bu zhaacuteo 7 kagraven bu qcngchu 8 jigrave de zhugrave9 heacute de laacutei 10 huoacute de xiagravequgrave

Exercise 233

1 guan bu shagraveng 2 shagravei de gan 3 zuograve de xiagrave4 ziu bu dograveng 5 gfn de shagraveng 6 xiacuteng bu tdng7 heacute de laacutei heacute bu laacutei 8 jigrave de qh 9 jcnbu zhugrave 10 tcng de ding

Exercise 234

1 wi haacutei shuigrave bu lifo 2 D wi shuigrave bu zhaacuteo3 wi jcntian mfi bu lifo le 4 wi mfibu qh 5 wi bugrave neacuteng gagraveosu nh 6 wi

gagraveosu bu lifo nh 7 zhegravei jiagraven shigraver wi zuograve bu dagraveo 8 zhegravei jiagraven shigraver wi bugrave neacuteng zuograve 9

wi shud bu xiagravequgrave le 10 wi bugrave neacuteng shud

xiagravequgrave le

Key toexercises

314

Drill 231

1 nh kagraven dejiagraven negravei xib zigrave ma | duigravebuqh | wi kagraven bu jiagraven zuibian nagrave jh gegrave zigrave 2

nh neacutengkgyh bang wi

ycxiagraveyc gegrave maacuteng ma | dangraacuten neacutengkgyh 3ta mfi de qh nagrave lifng tiaacuteo niuacutezfikugrave ma |

dangraacuten mfi de qh | ta bagraveba hgn yiu qiaacuten 4 ( ) ( ) ( )

nh jcn(tian) wfn(shang) neacuteng xigwaacutenxig de waacuten negravei pian lugravenweacuten ma | duigravebuqh | xig bu waacuten | wi dgi can-jia yc gegrave huigraveyigravewi yiu (yc) gegrave huigrave yagraveo kaiwi yiu yc gegrave huigraveyigrave yagraveo can-jia 5

bigravengreacuten neacuteng zhagraven qhlaacutei mabigravengreacuten zhagraven de qhlaacutei ma | kingpagravezhagraven bu qhlaacuteita kingpagrave zhagraven bu qhlaacutei 6

nh chc de waacutenxiagrave zhegraveikuagravei dagravengao ma | wi zhbn de chc bu xiagrave lewi zhbn de ycdifnr yg chc

bu xiagrave le 7 nh de chb xie de hfo ma| kingpagrave xie bu hfo le 8

wimen jigraven de qugrave mawimen jh de jigravenqugrave ma | kingpagrave jigraven bu qugrave

lekingpagrave jh bu jigravenqugrave le | lhmiagraven tagravei dud reacuten lelhmiagraven yiu nagraveme dud

reacuten 9 nh tcngde ding wi de huagrave ma | duigravebuqh | tcng bu ding | wi zhh tcng de dingycngweacuten 10 ( )

nh gfn de shagraveng negravei liagraveng gdnggograveng qigravechbbashigrave ma | dangraacutengfn de shagraveng | wi (neacuteng) pfo de hgn kuagravei

Drill 232

1 nh miacutengtian ziu de lifo ziu bu lifo nh miacutengtian ziu bu ziu de lifo 2hbibfn shang de zigrave nh kagraven de qcngchu kagraven bu qcngchu

hbibfn shang de zigrave nh kagraven bu kagraven deqcngchu 3 ta shud de huagrave nh tcng de dingtcng bu ding ta shud de huagrave nh tcng bu tcngde ding 4 zhegraveme guigrave de ycfu nh mfide qh mfi bu qh zhegraveme guigrave de ycfu nh mfibu mfi de qh 5 zhegraveme dud reacuten zuograve de xiagravezuograve bu xiagrave zhegraveme dud reacuten zuograve bu zuograve de xiagrave6 nh haacutei chc de xiagrave chc bu xiagrave nh

haacutei chc bu chc de xiagrave 7 zhegrave gegrave diagravennfo haacuteixie de hfo xie bu hfo zhegrave gegrave diagravennfo haacutei xiebu xie de hfo 8 nh shud negravei zhang

Key toexercises

315

xigravenyogravengkf haacutei zhfo de dagraveo zhfo bu dagraveo nh shud negravei zhang xigravenyogravengkf haacutei zhfo bu zhfo de dagraveo 9

nh shud nh miacutengtian gfn de huiacutelaacutei gfn bu huiacutelaacuteinh shud nh miacutengtian gfn bu gfn de huiacutelaacutei 10nh shud zhdngweacuten wi xueacute de huigrave xueacute bu huigrave

nh shud zhdngweacuten wi xueacute bu xueacute de huigrave

Unit 24

Exercise 241

1 duigrave 2 heacutegbn 3 heacutegbn 4 xiagravengchaacuteowagraveng 5 duigrave 6 xiagravengchaacuteowagraveng 7 xiagravengchaacuteo8 heacutegbn

Exercise 242

1 wegravei 2 tigrave ggi 3 ggi 4 tigrave 5 wegravei 6 wegravei7 tigrave 8 wegravei

Exercise 243

1 wimen chaacuteo ngi gegrave fangxiagraveng ziu 2ta duigrave gdngzuograve hgn fugravezeacute 3

zhegravei bgn she duigrave wi xueacutexiacute hgn yiu yograveng 4xhao lh zhegravengzagravei gbn shiacute lfoshc taacutenhuagrave 5 ta chaacuteo wi

difn difn toacuteu 6 wimen ycnggai xiagraveng ta xueacutexiacute7 wi tigrave nh xig xigraven 8 wi jcn wfnggi nh df diagravenhuagrave 9 wi ggi nh xig xigraven 10


Exercise 244

1 liacute 2 coacuteng 3 coacuteng 4 coacuteng dagraveo 5 liacute 6 coacutengdagraveo 7 liacute 8 coacuteng

Exercise 245

1 yoacuteu 2 coacuteng 3 yoacuteu 4 yoacuteu coacuteng 5 coacuteng 6coacuteng 7 coacuteng 8 yoacuteu

Key toexercises

316

Exercise 246

1 xiagraveng 2 yaacuten 3 yuacute 4 yuacute 5 wagraveng 6 liacute 7coacuteng 8 yuacute 9 coacuteng 10 coacuteng

Exercise 247

1 qhng gbn wi laacutei 2 wi miacutengtian gginh df diagravenhuagrave 3 tamen duigrave wimen hgn yiuhfo4 zhegraver liacute chbzhagraven bugrave hgn yufn 5

wi mgi tian coacuteng jij difn gdngzuograve dagraveo wj difn 6yaacuten jib ddu shigrave qigravechb 7 zhegravei

jiagraven shigraver quaacuten yoacuteu wi fugravezeacute ma 8 nh wegraveisheacutenme bugrave ggi tamen xig xigraven

Drill 241

1 coacuteng ycyuegrave dagraveo shiacutersquoegraveryuegrave 2 coacuteng xifohaacuteihaacuteizi dagraveo dagraveren 3 coacuteng zhegraver dagraveo dagravexueacute4 coacuteng toacuteu dagraveo jifo 5 coacutengshagravengwj jij difn dagraveo xiagravewj liugrave difn 6 coacuteng chc de dagraveochuan de 7 coacuteng xifoxueacute dagraveo zhdngxueacute 8

coacuteng yc dagraveo yc bfi 9 A Z coacuteng toacuteu dagraveo wgicoacutengA dagraveo Z 10 coacuteng yc jij jij wj niaacuten dagraveoegraver liacuteng liacuteng wj niaacuten

Drill 242

1 I want to have a talk with you about this 2 Please donrsquot worry about me 3 That driver is very friendly to the passengers 4 Up tonow I have never eaten lychees 5 If you go ahead for a hundred metresyou will get there 6 Look Therersquos a bus coming (towards us) Whatnumber is it Can you see 7 Who did you borrow this book from8 My home is a long way from the airport and it takes an hour on thebustrain (to get there) 9 Go ahead along this road for about twohundred metres and at the second crossing turn left Go aboutanother five hundred metres and you will be able to see a shoppingmall Opposite the shopping mall there is a laundry and behind thelaundry is the pharmacy you are looking for 10 At the crossingahead you will be able to see a church Go south down the road onthe right of the church and in about five minutes you will see a squareTo the left of the square is a small road and the bookshop you arelooking for is on that small road

Key toexercises

317

Unit 25

Exercise 251

1 wegraveile bugrave wugrave huichb | ta jueacutedigraveng ziujigraven lugrave 2 wegraveilekagraven negravei chfng zuacuteqiuacutesagravei | xifo lh kai le lifng xifoshiacute de chb dagraveo luacutendenqugrave 3 wegraveile qigravengzhugravensrsquoeacuter dagravexueacute bigraveyegrave ta jjxiacuteng le yc gegrave wjhuigrave 4

wegraveile kagraven zhegravei gegrave diagravenyhng ta tegraveyigrave coacuteng ffguoacute laacutei 5wegraveile zhagraveogu negravei gegrave bcngreacuten | hugraveshi yc yegrave

meacutei shuigrave 6 wegraveile canjia yc gegravezhogravengyagraveo huigraveyigrave jcnglh dagraveo bgijcng qugrave

Exercise 252

1 duigrave 2 guanyuacute 3 zhigraveyuacute 4 duigrave 5 zhigraveyuacute 6guanyuacute 7 guanyuacute 8 ( ) duigrave(yuacute)

Exercise 253

1 dogravengwugraveyuaacuten lichuacutele lfohj | shczi zhc wagraveiyh wagravei | haacutei yiu xioacutengmao 2

ban li chuacutele zhdngguoacute reacuten zhc

wagraveiyh wagravei | haacutei yiu ycngguoacute reacuten heacute ffguoacute reacuten 3 wi chuacutele yaacutengrograveu zhc wagraveiyh wagravei | sheacutenme ddu chc 4

cheacuten xifojie chuacutele huigravetaacuten jiacuteta zhc wagraveiyh wagravei | haacutei huigrave taacuten gangqiacuten

Exercise 254

1 gbnjugrave 2 piacuteng 3 gbnjugrave 4 piacuteng 5 agravenzhagraveo6 D piacuteng zhe

Exercise 255

1 ( ) lfoshc duigrave(yuacute) wi de xueacutexiacute hgnguanxcn 2 wi jigraven cheacuteng qugrave mfi ddngxi 3 correct4 gbnjugrave qigravexiagraveng yugravebagraveo | miacutengtian xiagrave dagraveyj 5 correct 6 ( )

duigrave(yuacute) haacuteizi tiaacuteopiacute de wegraventiacute | chuacutele jiazhfng zhc

wagraveiyh wagravei | xueacutexiagraveo lfoshc yg ycnggai gufn

Key toexercises

318

Exercise 256

1 zhigraveyuacute zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacute | wi meacutei yiuyigravejian 2 duigraveyuacute zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacute | wi

shiacutefbn danxcn 3 chuacutele xcngqc

san zhc wagraveiyh wagravei | wi mgi tian ddu neacuteng laacutei 4 zhigraveyuacute wimen neacuteng bugrave neacuteng laacutei | qhng nh wegraven wi

tagraveitaiferen 5 chuacutele ta zhc

wagraveiyh wagravei | dagravejia ddu xhhuan chc zhdngguoacute cagravei 6wi jigraven cheacuteng qugrave kagraven yc gegrave peacutengyou 7

wegraveile xiagrave jieacutelugraven | zhegravei gegrave wegraventiacute tamen tfolugravenle wj gegrave xifoshiacutezhdngtoacuteu 8 zhegravengfjgbnjugrave sheacutenme zhiacutexiacuteng zhegravei zhing zhegravengcegrave

Drill 251

1 yoacuteuyuacute tianqigrave bugrave hfo | wimen ddudai zagravei jia li 2 ( ) ta chuacutele xueacute ffyj (zhc

wagravei) | haacutei xueacute zhdngweacuten 3wegraveile ragraveng haacuteizi deacutedagraveo hgn hfo de jiagraveoyugrave | ta njligrave de gdngzuograve 4

ta agravenzhagraveo fugravemj de jiagravenyigrave | bugrave zagravei chc

rograveu le 5 nh gbnjugrave sheacutenme shud wi cuograve le 6zhigraveyuacute zhegravei jiagraven shigraveqing | ta shud ta

bugrave yuagravenyi gufn 7 guanyuacute nagraver deqiacutengkuagraveng | ta shiacutefbn lifojig 8duigraveyuacute ta de gdngzuograve | wi meacuteiyiu sheacutenme yigravejian

Drill 252

A xifo lh | nh hfo B lfo waacuteng | nh hfoA nh qugrave nfrnh dagraveoshagraveng nfr qugrave B

( ) wi dagraveo yoacuteujuacute qugrave jigrave (yc) fbng xigraven A ggi sheacutei de xigraven ana B ggi

wi bagraveba mama de | tamen duigrave wi hgn hfo A tamenzhugrave zagravei nfr B tamen zhugrave zagravei bgijcng |liacute zhegraver hgn yuaacuten A ( ) nh chaacuteng(chaacuteng)huiacute jia qugrave tagravenwagraveng nh fugravemj ma B meacuteiyiu| wi meacuteiyiu shiacutejian ana A nh kgyh qhngjiagrave yaa B

wi yiu hgn dudzhegravemedud shigraver yagraveo zuogravebagraven | zhbn de ziu bu kai A

qhng nh tigrave dagravei wi wegravenhograveu tamen | zhugrave tamen shbnthjiagravenkang B

xiegravexie nh | wi miacutengtian zuograve fbijc dagraveo luacutenden qugravequgrave luacutenden |wi zagravei nagraver ggi tamen df diagravenhuagrave A zagraveijiagraven B zagraveijiagraven

Key toexercises

319

ban move (home) tobagraven to handledeal withbagravendagraveo to manage accomplishbagravenff methodbagravengdngshigrave officebagraven halfbagravenyegrave midnightbang(zhugrave) ( ) to helpbagraveng mw pound (weight)bagraveng mw pound (currency)bao mw packetbao to make (dumplings)baogui parcelbfo full (of food)bfomj nannybfoxifnguigrave strongboxsafebagraveo(zhh) ( ) newspaperbbi mw cup mug glassbbi(zi) ( ) n cup glassbbi to carry (on back)bbibao rucksackbgibian north (side)bgijcng Beijingbgijcng dagravexueacute Peking

Universitybgijcng kfoya Peking duckbgimiagraven north (side)begravei to learn by heartbegravei shuacuteshoacuteu to learn by heart

commit to memorybegraveihograveu behind someonersquos backbegraveizi quilt320

VOCABULARY LIST

Chinese to English

Note mw = measure word cv = coverb

Aa ah (exclamation)arsquogrbbisc shan The Alpsfi low short (opposite of tall)anjigraveng quiet to quieten downanxcn to feel at easeagraven shoreagravenzhagraveo according toin

accordance withagraveoliacutenphkegrave yugravendogravenghuigrave

the Olympic Games

Bba (imperative or question

particle)ba eightbayuegrave Augustbabudeacute to long tobaliacute Parisbashigrave busbf mw handful (rice etc) mw

(knife umbrella etc) cvbagraveba fatherbaacutei whitebaacuteicagravei cabbagebaacuteitian day daytimebfi hundredbfi fbn zhc percentagebfiwagraven millionban classban mw (for scheduled trains

buses etc)

bgn mw (for books magazinesetc)

bgn(zi) ( ) notebook bookletbiacutezi nosebh cv (compared with)bhsagravei matchbh pen mw sum of (money)bigravexe must have tobigraveyegrave to graduatebian side by besidebiagravenhuagrave change to changebiagraven mw (frequency)biaoyj sloganbifo (wrist)watchbifoshigrave to show expressbifoyfn to perform

performancebieacute donrsquotbieacuteren others another person

other peoplebcngjiliacuteng ice creambcngxiang fridgebigraveng illness diseasebigravengfaacuteng (hospital) wardbigravengjiagrave sick leavebigravengtograveng illnessboacutebo uncle (fatherrsquos elder

brother)boacutemj aunt (wife of fatherrsquos

elder brother)boacutewugravegufn museumbugrave not nobugrave bh not ndasher than no(t) more

than [necessarily better talleretc than]

bugrave bigrave no needbugrave deacute must notbugrave gai ought not tobugrave guai disobedient naughtybugrave shfo many quite a fewbugrave shigrave nobugrave xj not permit(ted)bugrave yagraveo donrsquotbugrave yograveng no needbugrave zhjn not allow(ed)bugrave zagravei never again no

morelongerbugraveguograve but only

bugrave clothbugravelageacute Praguebugrave mw (for film computer etc)bugraveduigrave army

Cca to wipecai to guesscaacutei only then not until cfi migrave to collect honeycagravei vegetable dish (of food)cagraveiyoacuteu vegetable oilcagraveiyuaacuten vegetable gardencanguan to visit look roundcanjia to attend take part incangufn restaurantcangying (insect) flycaochfng sports groundcaoxcn to be worried aboutcfo grasscfodigrave grass lawn meadowcfomeacutei strawberrycegravesui toiletchaacute teachaacutehuigrave tea partychaacuteyegrave tea leaveschagrave to lackchagravebudud almostchaacuteng longchaacutengcheacuteng the Great Wallchaacutengjiang the Yangtze Riverchaacuteng mw a fall of (snow) a

shower of (rain)chaacutengchaacuteng frequently oftenchfng mw (for games)chagraveng to singchagravenggb to sing (a song)chaacuteo cv towards at tochfo( jiagrave) ( ) to quarrel to make

a noisechfofagraven fried ricechfomiagraven fried noodleschb(zi) ( ) carchbkugrave garagechbliagraveng vehiclechbzhagraven (train bus) stationcheacuten (surname) Chenchegravenshan shirt

Vocabu-lary listChineseto English

321

cheacutenggdng to succeedcheacuteng town citycheacuteng wagravei out-of-town (areas)

outside the citycheacutengshigrave citycheacutengkegrave passengercheacutengzi orangechc to eatchc bu xiagrave to be unable to

eat (anythingany more)chcfagraven to eat have a mealchcsugrave to be a vegetarianchiacute pond poolchiacute latechiacutedagraveo to arrive late be latechdng to dashchduti drawerchduyan to smoke (cigarettes)che out mw (for films etc)che laacutei to come out rise (of

the sun)che qugrave to go out get outchefa to set offoutcheguoacute to go abroadchelaacutei (to come) out (of)chemeacuten to be away (from

home)chequgrave (to go) out (of)chexuegrave to bleedchuacute(le) (zhc wagraveiyh wagravei) ( )

( ) apart from as well aschuacutefaacuteng kitchenchuacuteshc cook chefchuan to wear (clothes)chuaacuten laacutei to come from a

distance (of sound)chuaacuten shipchuaacutenzhc shippingchufnqigrave to breathechuagraven mw a bunch ofchuang(hu) ( ) windowchuangliaacuten curtain (for

window)chuangtaacutei window sillchuaacuteng bedchuaacutengdan (bed) sheetchuc to blowchentian spring

ciacutedifn dictionarycigrave mw (of frequency occurrence)cdngming intelligentcoacuteng from sincecoacuteng bugrave nevercoacuteng qh since beginning

fromcoacutenglaacutei all alongcuacuten to deposit (money)cugraven inchcud a pinch of (salt)cuograve wrong

Dda to travel bydaacute mw dozendaacutersquoagraven answer solutiondf to fight to hit to play to

practice to make (a phone call)dfjiagrave to fightdfpaacutei to play mah-jongdfpograve to breakdf reacuten to hit out at peopledfsfo to clean sweepdfzhbn to have an injectiondfzigrave to typedagrave big large (age) old (wind)

strongdagrave shangchfng shopping malldagrave xug heavy snowdagrave yj heavy raindagravebulifo at the worstdagravefang generousdagrave hograveutian in three daysrsquo

timedagravejia everybodydagraveloacuteu multi-storied buildingdagravelugrave main roaddagrave qiaacutenniaacuten three years agodagrave qiaacutentian three days agodagraveren adultdagraveshhgufn embassydagravexueacute universitydagraveyc overcoatdagraveyub about around

approximatelydai to staydagravei to bring take


322

dagravei to weardanxcn to worry (about)dagravenshigrave butdagravengao cakedagravenkeacute eggshelldang when to work as serve as

bedangraacuten of coursedao knifedfoshc supervisor tutordfo to collapsedagraveo to arrive go to untildagraveo xiagravenzagravei up till nowdagraveodaacute to get to reach arrivedagraveo to pour out (tea) to tip

(rubbish)dagraveo mw (for examination

questions)dagraveoli reasondeacute dud much more

(complement)deacuteche to arrive at come to

(a conclusion)deacutedagraveo to get obtainde de (complement marker)de de (attributive marker)deacuteweacutenyj German

(language)dgi have todbng light lampdgng to wait (for)dc mw a drop of (waterrain)dhxia under belowdigrave grounddigravebfn floordigravetuacute mapdigravexiagrave underground on the

grounddigravedi younger brotherdigraveshigrave taxidigrave (ordinal number marker)difn mw (for small amounts)

(decimal) pointdifn zhdng orsquoclockdifnr mw (for small amounts)difntoacuteu to nod (the head)diagravenhuagrave telephonediagravennfo computer

diagravenshigrave televisiondiagravenshigravejc television setdiagraventc liftdiagravenyhng film moviediagravenyhngyuagraven cinemadiagraven shopdiagraveoyuacute to go fishinganglingdiagraveo to drop fall to throw away

finished (complement)dhng mw (for hats)digraveng to decide (upon)die to lose misplaceddngbian eastddngmiagraven eastddngxi thingddngtian winterding to understanddograveng to touch to movedogravengshbn to set out (for)dogravengwugraveyuaacuten zoodograveng holeddu alldograveu funny witty to teaseduacute to readdj to gambledjboacute to gambledugrave degree (of temperature)dugravejiagrave to go on holidaydugravechuaacuten ferryboatduan to carry with both handsdufn shortdufn fagrave short hairduigrave teamduigraveyuaacuten team memberduigravezhfng team captainduigrave mw a pair couple cv

towards to at yes right correctduigravebuqh (Irsquom) sorryduigravemiagraven oppositeduigraveyuacute cv as to aboutdud many much moredud chaacuteng (shiacutejian) ( ) how

long (of time)dud dagrave how big what size

(shoes etc)dud jij how long (of time)dud yufn how fardud(me) ( ) how


323

dudshao how many how muchdui mw (for flowers)dui to hide

Eeacuteguoacute Russiaeacuteyj Russian (language)egrave to be hungryegrave sh le to be

starvingfamishedeacuterzi songrduo eargrhuaacuten earringsegraver twoegraver loacuteu the first flooregraveryuegrave February

Ffache to issue (forth)fashao to have a feverffguoacute Franceffguoacute reacuten French (person)ffweacutenyj French (language)fanshj sweet potatofanyigrave to translate translationfaacutenmaacuteng busyfagraven (cooked) ricefagravengufn restaurantfang squarefangff methodfangxiagraveng directionfaacutengjian roomfaacutengzi housebuildingffngwegraven to visitfagraveng to put keepfagraveng huiacute put backfagravengxueacute to finish schoolclassfbi to flyfbcjb planefbijcchfng airportfbichaacuteng extremely

exceptionallyfeacuteizagraveo soapfbn mw minutefbn zhc (numerator)fgnbh chalkfegraven mw (for newspapers etc)fbng windfbngjhng scenery

fbng mw (for letters)fefugrave husband and wifefuacutezhuang dress clothesferen wifefuacute mw (for paintings etc)fugravemo parentsfugraveqin fatherfugravezeacute to be responsible forfugravejigraven near(by) vicinityfugravexiacute to revise (lessons)fugrave deputy vice-fugrave mw a pair of (spectacles etc)

Ggai ought to shouldgfi to change to correctgfiqc to postpone change the

time forgagravei to build put up (a house)gan dryganjigraveng cleanganganjigravengjigraveng spotlessly

cleangfn to run after rush forgfnlugrave to hurry aheadalonggfnshagraveng to catch up withgfn to daregfnjueacute to feel be aware ofgfnmagraveo to catch a coldgfnxiegrave to thankgang (only) justgangcaacutei just nowganggang just only just nowgangqiacuten pianogfngkiu harbourgao high tallgao cakegaoxigraveng to be happy pleasedgagraveosu to tell informgbge elder brothergbzi pigeongb cfo to mow the grassgb to place putgb(r) ( ) songgbciacute lyrics words (of a song)geacutebigrave next doorgegrave mw (for animate and

inanimate nouns in general)gegravegegrave each and every one all


324

gegravereacuten individual -selfggi cv forto sbgbn cv a blade of (grass) a piece

of (thread)gbnjugrave cv on the basis ofgbn and cv with sb to sbgegraveng even moregdngcheacutengshc engineergdngchh metregdngfbn centimetregdng(gograveng qigrave)chb ( ) busgdngjcn kilogramgdnglh kilometregdngyuaacuten parkgdngzc wagesgdngzuograve work to workgdu ditchgiu doggograveu enoughgegu aunt (fatherrsquos sister)gemo aunt (fatherrsquos married

sister)geniang girlgezhagraveng uncle (husband of

fatherrsquos sister)gjlfo ancientgugraveshi storygua fbng to be windygua huacutezi to shaveguagrave to hang upguai obedientgufi to turnguagraveibude no wonderguan(shang) ( ) to close to turn

offguanxcn to be concerned

aboutguanyuacute cv as regards regardinggufn to bother about to look

afterguagraven mw a bottle ofguagraventou can tin (of food)gufngchfng a (public) squaregufnggagraveo advertisementgucdigraveng to stipulate regulationsguigravezi cupboard cabinetguigrave expensiveguigrave xigraveng what is your name

(polite form)

gud wokguoacutejia countryguograve to cross to pass (time)

(marker of experiential aspect)guograve laacutei to come hereoverguograve qugrave to go over in the past

Hhaacutei still yethaacuteishi or (in questions)haacutei yiu there isare still (some

left)haacutei (yagraveo) ( ) still ndasher even

(more) haacuteizi childchildrenhfi seahfi bian beach seasidehfibagraveo sealhfibcn seasidehfimiagraven surface of the seahfirsquodu seagullhagraven sweathagravenyj Chinese (language)hagravenzigrave Chinese characterhfo good to recover (from

illness) (indicating successfulcompletion)

hfochc delicioushfohfor earnestly on onersquos

best behaviourhfohb to be tasty nicegood to

drinkhfokagraven pretty good-lookinghfotcng nicepleasant to the

earhfowaacutenr amusing enjoyablehfoxiagraveo laughable ridiculoushagraveo mw number (in sequence)

date of monthhb to drinkheacutebulaacutei cannot get along

withheacutecheacuteng to be composed ofheacutedelaacutei can get along withheacute riverheacute bian riversideheacute and withheacutezi boxhbi black


325

hbibfn blackboardhbi yfnjigraveng sunglasseshbiyegrave night (opposite of

daytime)hln veryhbng to hum (a tune)hoacuteng red (of eyes) bloodshothoacutengchaacute black teahoacutenghoacuteng lqlq brightly

coloured multi-colouredhoacuteuloacuteng throathoacuteu(zi) ( ) monkeyhograveu after behindhograveubian behind rearhograveumian behind rearhograveuniaacuten the year after nexthograveutian the day after tomorrowhograveutou behind rearhuacute lakehj tiger (sign of the zodiac)hugraveshi nursehua to spend blurred (of vision)hua dui flowershua(r) ( ) flowerhuapiacuteng (flower)vasehuayuaacuten gardenhuaacute slipperyhuagrave words talkhuagrave v to painthuagravejia artist painterhuagraver picture paintinghuagravei badhuanyiacuteng to welcomehuaacuten to return give backhuaacuteng (surname) Huang yellowhuaacutengdograveu soya beanhuaacutengheacute the Yellow Riverhuiacute to return to reply mw (for

matter affair)huiacute guoacute to return to onersquos

countryhuiacute jia to go homehuiacute laacutei to come backhuiacute qugrave to go backhuigrave to remithuigrave to be likely to be sure to

can to be able to be good at beskilful in

huigrave(yigrave) ( ) meetinghenlh wedding ceremonyhuoacute alive livinghui firehuichaacutei matchhuichb trainhunchbzhagraven railway stationhuogravezhg or

Jjcchfng airportjchuigrave opportunityjc chickenjcdagraven eggjiacuteta guitarjiacute to be anxiousjiacute mw (of writing) volume

collection etcjiacuteheacute to assemble gatherjh how many a few about a few

(in approximations)jh difn zhdng ( ) what timejhshiacute whenjigravehuagrave planjigrave to recall rememberjigravede to rememberjigravelugrave recordjigrave to sendjia to add to increasejianaacutedagrave Canadajia home family mw (for shops

restaurants etc)jiagrave mw (for planes)jian mw (for rooms)jianbfng shoulderjifn to cut clipjifndao scissorsjifnfeacutei to lose weightjifnshfo to reducejiagraven to see to have an

appointment withjiagravenmiagraven to meetjiagraven mw piece of (luggage)jiagravenyigrave to suggest suggestionjiagravenkang healthyjianglaacutei the future in the

futurejiang ginger


326

jifng to speak sayjifngjig to explainjifngkegrave to teachjifng dagraveoli to stand to reasonjifng prize prize moneyjiao to hand in to make (friends)jiaotdng traffic

communicationsjiao to waterjiao shuh to water (plants)jiao to teachjiaoshe to teachjifozi Chinese dumplingsjifo footjiagraveo to order tell to call (the

doctor a taxi) to make sb do sthjiagraveoliagraven coach to coachjiagraveoshigrave classroomjiagraveotaacuteng churchjiagraveoyugrave educationjibba to stammerjibjiebaba stammeringjib to meet (sb) (at an airport

etc)jib streetjibdagraveo streetjieacutemugrave programmejieacutegui result outcomejieacutehen to marryjieacutelugraven conclusionjieacuteshugrave to end concludejigjie elder sisterjigjueacute to solve resolvejiegrave to borrow to lendjiegravekiu excusejcntian todayjcn wfn this eveningjcn zfo this morningjcnyuacute goldfishjcnzigravetf The Pyramidsjcnbuzhugrave cannot helpjhnzhang tension nervousjigraven enterjigraven qiuacute to score (a goal)jigraven cheacuteng to go into townjigraven laacutei to come injigraven qugrave to go injigraven near close to

jigraven lugrave short cutjcngjugrave Beijing operajcngjigrave economy economicjcnglh managerjcngcfi brilliantjcngyuacute whalejigraveng quiet calmjiejigraveng after alljij ninejijyuegrave Septemberjij winejijbajian bar pubjiugravehuigrave (drinks) partyjiugrave old out-of-datejiugraveshbngyuaacuten life-guardjiugrave then at once adv used for

emphasisjiugravejiu uncle (motherrsquos brother)jiugravemj aunt (motherrsquos sister

motherrsquos brotherrsquos wife)juacute mw a game of (chess table-

tennis etc)jjxiacuteng to hold (a meeting etc)jjzhh bearing mannerjugrave mw (for sentence)jugravechfng theatrejueacutedigraveng to decide

Kkafbi coffeekafbigufn coffee barkai to open to drive to hold

attend (a meeting)kaichb to drive (a car)kai waacutenxiagraveo to jokekaidao to have an operationkaimeacuten to open (athe door)kaishh to startkaiwfng to leave forkan to look after to attend tokangufn to look afterkagraven to see watch look at to

read to visitkagravenbuqh to look down uponkagravendeqh to think highly ofkagravenff a view opinion ideaskagravenjian to seekangkfi generous


327

kfo to test take a testkfo to roast bakekfoxiang ovenkb mw (for plants)kb mw (for pearls beans etc)keacutesou to coughkg(yh) ( ) can maykgrsquoagravei lovely likeablekglegrave colakgshigrave butkegravefuacute to overcomekegrave quarter of an hourkegraveqi politekegraveren guest visitorkegrave mw a lessonkegraveweacuten textkgn be willing (to)knngpagrave (Irsquom) afraidknu mouthkiu mw (for mouthful)kiudagravei pocketke to crykj bitter awfulkugrave(zi) ( ) trouserskuagraveijigrave accountantkuagravei quickkuagraveilegrave happykuagravei mw piece of mw (for

Chinese currency ndash a yuan)kuagraveizi chopstickskuan broad widekufndagravei to entertain be

hospitablekugravennan difficulty

Lla to pull to play (the violin)lajc litter garbagelajcting littergarbage binlfba horn (of a car)lagrave hot pepperyla (particle for exclamation)laacutei to come about around (in

approximate numbers) to helponeself to manage by oneself

laacutei zigrave to become fromlaacuteibujiacute be too late forlaacuteidejiacute be in time for

laacuteilaacutei wfngwfng coming toand fro

laacuteireacuten bearer messengerlaacuteixigraven a letter (received)laacuten bluelaacuteng wolflfo oldlfohu tigerlfoshi honestlfolaoshiacuteshiacute very

honestearnestlfoshj mouse ratle (marker of completed action)

(sentence particle)leacutei thunderlegravei tiredlgng coldliacute cv distant from (a place)liacutekai to leaveliacute pearlhbagravei weeklhbagravei egraver Tuesdaylhbagravei liugrave Saturdaylhbagravei rigravetian Sundaylhbagravei san Wednesdaylhbagravei sigrave Thursdaylhbagravei wj Fridaylhbagravei yc Mondaylhwugrave presentlh (surname) Lilh in insidelhbian insidelhmiagraven insidelhtou insidelhlugraven theorylhxifng idealligraveshh historyligravezhc litchilycheeligravezc Leedsligrave mw a grain ofligraveji dysenteryliaacuten evenlifng twoliagraveng mw (for vehicles)liagraveng to (hang out to) dryliagravengycsheacuteng clothes-lineliaacuteotian(r) ( ) to chatlifo (used in potential


328

complements to indicatelsquoachievabilityrsquo)

lifojil to understandliacutenje neighbourliacuten shc to beget soakedliacuteng zeroliacutengqiaacuten (small) change

(in money)liuacute to flow (of tears sweat) to

fallliuacute xiagrave to leavestay behindliugrave sixliugraveyuegrave Juneloacuteng dragonloacutengzi cageloacuteu floor storey (of a building)loacuteufaacuteng buildingloacuteushagraveng upstairsloacuteuxiagrave downstairsluacutehui stove fireluacutezi cookerlugrave road streetlugrave bian by the side of the roadlugrave paacuteng roadsidelugravecheacuteng journeylugraveknu crossing intersectionlsxiacutengyoacuteu to go travelling

to tourlqchaacute green tealuagraven in disorderchaosluacutenden Londonlugravenweacuten essay dissertationluoacutemf Romeluogravetuo camel

Mmama mother mumma to wipemaacutejiagraveng mah-jongmf horsemfliacutengshj potatoesmflugrave roadmfph horsesmfshagraveng immediately at oncemfligrave Marymagrave to swear (at)magrave reacuten to swear (at people)ma (question particle)

mfi to buymagravei to sellmaacutentou steamed bunmagravencheacuteng Manchestermagraven slow slowlymagravenmagraven laacutei take your timemaacuteng busymao catmaacuteobh writing brushmaacuteojcn towelmaacuteoyc sweatermagraveozi hatmeacutei notmeacutei(yiu) ( ) there is not not

havemeacuteigui (hua) ( ) rosemeacuteimao eyebrowmgi everymgi beautifulmgiguoacute America USAmgiligrave beautifulmegraveimei younger sistermeacuten door gatemeacuten qiaacuten in front of the doormen (plural suffix)mh rice mw metremigravefbng beemifnbulifo can do nothing

but cannot avoidmiagravenbao breadmiagravenbaochb minibus vanmiacuteng wfn tomorrow eveningmiacutengbai to understand clearmiacutengniaacuten next yearmiacutengtian tomorrowmoacutetudchb motorbikemugravedigravedigrave destination

Nnaacute to hold in hand to takenfngi which hownfr wherenfxib which (plural)nagravenegravei thatnagrave shiacutehou at that momentnagraveme so like thatnagraver therenagravexibnegraveixib those


329

nfinai (paternal) grandmothernaacuten haacuteizi boynaacuten peacutengyou boyfriendnaacuten southnaacutenbian the southnaacutenmiagraven the southnaacuten difficultnaacutentcng unpleasant to hearneacuteng can may be able to

be capable ofnh younh bieacute gufn none of your

businessnh de your yoursnh gfn Dare you (do it) How

dare younh hfo hellonhmen you (plural)nhmen de your yours

(plural)niaacuten yearniaacutenjiacute grade year (at school)nifo birdniacuten you (polite form)niuacute cow oxniuacutenfi milkniuacuterograveu beefniuacutezfikugrave jeansnoacutengmiacuten farmer peasantnograveng to do make (mis)handlenjligrave trywork hard strive

industrioushard-workingns haacuteizi girlns peacutengyou girlfriendnsrsquoeacuter daughternsshigrave Miss Msnufn warmnufnhuo warm

Oduzhdu Europe

Ppaacute to climbpaacute shan to climb a mountainpai to take (a photograph) shoot

(a film)paacuteiduigrave to queue

paacuteng sidepaacutengbian atby the side of

next topagraveng fatpfo to runpfobugrave to go joggingpeacutengyou friendpegraveng to touch knockpegravengjiagraven to bumprun into

(someone)piacutexieacute leather shoespiacutejij beerph mw (for horses rolls of cloth)pian mw (for essays articles etc)piaacutenyi cheappiagraven mw a slice of (bread cake

etc)piagraven to deceivepiagraveo ticketpiagraveoliang pretty beautiful

handsomepcngpangqiuacute table-tennispiacutengrsquoan safe and soundpiacutenggui applepiacuteng on the basis of according topiacutengpiagraveo by ticket onlypiacuteng mw bottle ofpiacutengzi bottlepograve brokenpuacutetao grapepjsugrave simple plainpjtdng ordinary

Qqc sevenqczi wifeqc mw issue (of a journal etc)qcpiagraven to cheatqiacuteta others the restqiacute to rideqiacute chessqh upqhcheacuteng to set out departqhchuaacuteng to get up (out of bed)qhlaacutei to rise get up upqigrave to be angryqigraveqiuacute balloonqigravexiagraveng meteorological


330

qigravexiagraveng yugravebagraveo weatherforecast

qigravechb carqigravechbzhagraven bus stopqigraveshuh fizzy drinkqigraveyoacuteu petrolqian thousandqianbh pencilqiaacuten before in front of former

previous in the pastqiaacutenbian front in frontqiaacutenmian front in frontqiacuteanniaacuten the year before lastqiaacutentian the day before

yesterdayqiaacutentou front in frontqiaacuten moneyqiaacuten (surname) Qiaacutenqiaacutenbao purseqiang gun rifleqiaacuteng wallqiao to strike knockqiaacuteo bridgeqiaacuteo to look (at)qiacutenfegraven industriousqcngniaacuten young manqcngwa frogqcng light (opposite of heavy)qcng hydrogenqcngchu clear clearlyqiacutengkuagraveng conditionsqhng please to inviteqhngkegrave to invite (guests)

to hostqigravengzhugrave to celebrateqietian autumnqiuacute ballqiuacutemeacuten (football) goalqiuacutesagravei match gameqiuacutexieacute sports shoesqjzi tunequgrave to goqugraveniaacuten last yearquaacuten complete wholequaacuten jia whole familyquagraven to urge persuadequbxiacute to be absent (from a

meeting etc)

quegraveshiacute really definitelyquacutenzi skirtquacuten mw crowd of flock of pack of

Rragraveng to let to allow to permitregrave hotregraveqiacuteng warmhearted kindreacuten person people anybody

somebodyreacuten shugrave number of peoplereacutenjia someone elsereacutenkiu populationreacutenquacuten crowd (of people)reacutenreacuten everyoneregravencuograve to admit a mistakeregravenshi to know recogniseregravenweacutei to think thatregravenwu taskrbng to throwrigrave sun date (of the month)rigravebgn Japanrigravebgn reacuten Japanese (people)rigraveyj Japanese (language)rograveu meatruacuteheacute how how aboutrugravechfng to enter a gathering

to be admitted to (a theatre etc)rufn soft weak

Ssahufng to lie tell a liesan threesanyuegrave Marchsanmiacutengzhigrave sandwichsfn umbrellasfngzi throat voicesagravenbugrave to go for a walksfosao sister-in-law (elder

brotherrsquos wife)sha sandshafa sofashatan beachshayuacute sharkshagravei to expose to the sun to dry

in the sunshagravei gan to leave sth in the sun

till it is dry


331

shagravei tagraveiyang to sunbatheshan hill mountainshanjifo foot of the mountainshanpd hillsideshanshuhhuagrave (Chinese)

landscape paintingshangchfng shopping mall

marketshangdiagraven shopshagraveng last previousshagraveng to get on board (a bus

car train etc) to go up ascendto go to

shagraveng chb get on a bus getinto a car

shagravengban go to workshagravengbian aboveshagravengchuaacuteng go to bedshagravenghfi Shanghaishagravengkegrave go to classshagravenglai (to come) upwardshagravengmian aboveshagravengqu (to go) upwardshagravengtaacutei to go on the stageshagravengtou aboveshagravengwfng to go on the

internetshagravengwj morningshagravengxiagrave approximatelyshagravengxueacute to go to schoolshang on above over upsheacute snakeshegravehuigrave societyshegravexiagravengjc video camera

camcordershegraveyhngshc photographersheacuteishuiacute whowhomsheacutei de whoseshbn shang on onersquos personshbnth bodyshbnkegrave profound deepsheacutenme shiacutehou whensheacutenme what everythingshbng mw litreshbng to rise ascendshbng to give birth toshbngbigraveng to fall illshbnghuoacute life to live

shbngqigrave to get angryshbngri birthdayshbng soundshbngycn soundsheacutengzi rope piece of stringshegravengdagraven Christmasshegravengdagravenkf Christmas

card(s)shegravengshcban choirshegravengqiacuteng great kindnessshcwagraveng to be disappointed

lose hopeshcyegrave to be unemployed

out of workshczi lionshc wet dampshiacute tenshiacutersquoegraveryuegrave Decembershiacutefbn extremelyshiacuteycyuegrave Novembershiacute (surname) Shishiacutetou stoneshiacutehou timeshiacutejian timeshiacutehuagrave truthshiacuteyagraven experimentshigravezhdngxcn city centreshigravechfng marketshigravejigrave centuryshigravejiegrave worldshigrave(r) ( ) incident mattershigraveqing affair business mattershigrave to beshigrave de yesshigraveshigrave to die to pass awayshdushi to tidy upshoacuteushuacute to ripenshnu handshiubifo watchshiutagraveo glovesshnuzhh fingershnu mwshiushi jewelleryshograveushang to be injuredshograveu thinshe bookshebao school bagshebgn book


332

shediagraven bookshopshejiagrave bookshelfsheshu uncle (fatherrsquos younger

brother)shefu comfortablesheshigrave comfortableshe to lose (a bet)shecagravei vegetablesshuacuteshoacuteu ripe ripenshuacuteshoacuteuxc to know very wellsho to have (a particular sign of

the zodiac)shugrave mw bouquet ofshugrave treeshugraveliacute hedgeshugravemugrave treeshuang mw pair ofshuiacute whoshuiacute de whoseshuh watershuhchiacute pool pondshuhgui fruitshuigrave to sleepshuigrave lfn jiagraveo to sleep in to

get up lateshuigravejiagraveo to go to bed to sleepshud to say speak tellshud bu guogravequgrave cannot be

justifiedshud de guogravequgrave be

justifiableshudhuagrave to talk speakscjc driversigrave foursigravezhdu on all sides aroundsdngshj squirrelsograveng to deliver (letters)sdu mw (for ships)sugraveshegrave dormitorysuan sour to achesuanteacuteng to ache achingsuigrave years of agesui mw (for houses)

Tta itta hehimta sheher

ta de hista de her herstamen theythem (neuter)tamen theythem (masculine)tamen theythem (feminine)tamen de their theirs

(masculine)tamen de their theirs

(feminine)taacutei mw (for engines machines)tagravei too extremelytagraveijiacutequaacuten trsquoai chi chrsquouan

shadow boxingtagraveitai Mrs wifetagraveiyaacuteng the suntagraveiyaacutengjigraveng sunglassestagraveiwugraveshigrave heacute the Thamestaacuten to talk chattaacutenbushagraveng out of the

questiontaacutendagraveo to talk abouttaacutendeshagraveng can go so far as

to saytaacutenhuagravetian to talk chattaacuten to play (piano organ harp

etc)tagravenwagraveng to visittaacuteng sugar sweetstfng to lie reclinetagraveng mw (for times occurrence)tao(che) ( ) to take outtaacuteozi peachteacuteng to ache to hurt paintegraveyigrave speciallytc to kicktiacute to put forwardtiacute che to put forward raisetiacutemugrave topic questiontigrave huacutezi to shavetigrave cv for on behalf oftian daytian na Heavenstianhuabfn ceilingtiankdng sky heaventianqigrave weathertianshagraveng the skytianweacuten astronomytiaacuten sweet (to the taste)


333

tiaacutenmgi sweet (voice etc)tiaacuteo mw piece oftiaacuteoligrave regulations rulestiaacuteopiacute naughtytiagraveo to jumptiagraveosheacuteng to skip with a rope

play with a skipping ropetiagraveowj to dancetcng to listentcng dnng to (listen and)

understandtiacuteng to stop to parktiacutengboacute to anchortiacutengchb to park (a car)tdng to lead totdngzhc to notify notice

circulartoacuteng and cv withtoacutengxueacute classmatetoacutengyigrave to agreetnng mw a pailbucket oftoacuteu mw (for cattle)toacuteufa hairtuacuteshegufn librarytuacuteshezhegraveng library cardtugrave(zi) ( ) hare rabbittucjiagravenxigraven letter of

recommendationtuh leg

Wwagravezi sockwa wa (particle for exclamation)wagravei outsidewagraveibian outsidewagraveidigrave other placeswagraveimagravei take-away foodwagraveimagraveidiagraven take-away

(shop) carry-outwagraveimian outsidewagraveitagraveo jacketwagraveitou outsidewan curvedwaacuten to the finish (complement)waacutencheacuteng to finish accomplishwaacutenjugrave toywaacutenr to play amuse oneselfwfn evening late

wfnfagraven dinner supperwfnhuigrave (evening) partywfnshang eveningwfn bowlwfnguigrave cupboardwagraven ten thousandwaacuteng (surname) Wangwfngqiuacute tenniswfngwagraveng towardswagraveng prosperous vigorouswagraveng to gaze atweacuteijcn scarfwgiba tailwegravei cv forwegraveile cv in order to so thatwegraveisheacutenme whywegravei mw (polite for persons)wegravei to feed hello heyweacutenhuagrave cultureweacutenxueacute literatureweacutenzhang essay article

compositionwegraven to askwegraventiacute problem questionwi I mewi de my minewimen we uswimen de our oursweya crowwedhng roofwezi roomwuacutegugrave without reasonwuacute (surname) Wuwj fivewjyuegrave Maywocanrograveu (canned) luncheon

meatwo to dancewjhuigrave dance (party)wugrave to miss (because late)wugrave mist fog

Xxcbian west west sidexcgua watermelonxcmian west west sidexccheacuten to vacuum-cleanxcyan to smoke (cigarettes)


334

xcwagraveng hope to hopexiacuteguagraven habit to be

accustomed toxh to washxhycdiagraven laundryxhycjc washing-machinexhzfo to have a bathxhhuan to likexhmflayfshan The

Himalayasxhshigrave happy occasionxigrave play dramaxigravepiagraveo theatre ticketxiaacutezhfi narrowxiagrave comego down descend to

fall (rain snow) next underbelow beneath

xiagrave chb to get offout of avehicle

xiagrave loacuteu to gocome downstairsxiagraveban to finish workxiagravebian below under beneathxiagravemian below under beneathxiagravetou below underxiagravewj afternoonxiagrave xug to snowxiagrave yj to rainxiagraveligraveng summer timexiagravetian summerxian first beforexiansheng Mr gentlemanxianhua fresh flowersxiaacutenreacuten idler unconcerned

personxiagravendagravei modernxiagravenzagravei nowxiagraven threadxiangcen village countrysidexiang fragrant sweet-smellingxiangjiao bananaxiangzi box trunkxifng to think want would like

toxifngff ideaxiagraveng cv at to towards in the

direction ofxiagraveng xueacutexiacute to learn

from

xiagraveng mw piece of (work)xiaoxi newsxifo little smallxifo shiacutehou in onersquos

childhoodxifoba minibusxifohaacutei babyxifohuizi youngster ladxifojc chickxifojie Miss young ladyxifolugrave pathxifomao kittenxifoshiacute hourxifoshud novelxifotiacuteqiacuten violinxifotdu petty thiefxifoxcn take carexiagraveo to smile to laughxib a little a fewxieacute(zi) ( ) shoexig to writexiegravexie thank youxcnzhdng in onersquos heartxcn newxcnniaacuten New Yearxcnweacuten newsxcnxian freshxigraven letterxigravenfbng envelopexigravenjiagraven correspondencexigravenxc informationxigravenyogravengkf credit cardxigravenzhh writing paperxcngqc weekxcngqc egraver Tuesdayxcngqc liugrave Saturdayxcngqc rigravetian Sundayxcngqc san Wednesdayxcngqc sigrave Thursdayxcngqc wj Fridayxcngqc yc Mondayxiacuteng to be all rightxiacutengbutdng wonrsquot doworkxiacutengdetdng will doworkxiacutengli luggagexiacutenglijiagrave luggage rackxiacutengreacuten pedestrianxigraveng surname


335

xioacutengmao pandaxiexi to restxie to repairxie(lh) ( ) to repairxjdud many a lot of muchxufn to choose to electxueacute(xiacute) ( ) to study learnxueacuteniaacuten academicschool yearxueacutesheng studentxueacutexiagraveo schoolxul snowxugravenliagraven to train drill training

session

Yya (exclamation)yazi duckyaacutechh teethyaacuteshua toothbrushyf to be hoarse to lose onersquos

voiceya (particle for exclamation)yan cigaretteyaacutengeacute strictyaacutensugrave (of composure) to be

seriousyaacutenzhograveng serious grave

(matter)yaacuten cv alongyaacutenrsquoagraven along the bankcoastyaacuten jib along the streetyaacutenjie to consider research

study look intoyaacuten saltyfn eyeyfnjigraveng glasses spectaclesyfnjing eyeyfnche to perform

performance showyfnshigrave to demonstrateyaacuteng sheepgoatyaacutengrograveu lambyaacuteng the sunyfng to keeprearyfng oxygenyao 7 oneyaoqiuacute to request demand

demand

yagraveo medicineyagraveofaacuteng pharmacyyagraveo to want must need to

to be about toyagraveoshi keyyeacuteye (paternal) grandfatheryg also tooyegrave pageyegrave night eveningyc oneyc yfn at a glanceyc yegrave all nightycdifnr a littleycdigraveng certainlyycguagraven all along consistentychuigraver (for) a whileycknuqigrave in one breathyclugrave all the wayycqh togetherycxiagrave one time once briefly

a whileycxib a little someycyagraveng the sameycyuegrave Januaryyczhiacute straightycfu clothesycguigrave wardrobeycjiagrave coat-hanger clothes standyczhuoacute D clothingycshbng doctorycyuagraven hospitalyiacutemo (maternal) auntyiacutezhagraveng uncle (husband of

motherrsquos sister)yiacutemiacuten immigrantemigrant

to emigrateyh alreadyyhjcng alreadyyhhograveu later after afterwardsyhqiaacuten ago before previouslyyhzi chairyigrave one hundred millionyigravedagraveligrave Italyyigravejiagraven view opinionyigraveligrave willpower perseveranceycn cloudy overcastycnxifng hi-fiycnyuegrave music


336

ycnyuegravehuigrave concertyiacutenhaacuteng bankyigravenxiagraveng impressionycnggai ought to shouldycngguoacute England Britainycngguoacute reacuten BritishEnglish

(people)ycngjiacuteligrave hfixiaacute the

English Channelycnglh mileycngweacuten English (language)ycngwj parrotyiacutengyegrave open (for business)yigraveng hardyingyufn for everyograveng to use cv using withyoacuteu by up to out of from

(placetime)yoacuteuyuacute cv because of owing toyoacuteudigraveyuaacuten postmanyoacuteujuacute post officeyoacuteuting pillar-boxyoacuteu to swimyoacuteuying to swimyoacuteuyingchiacute swimming poolyiuhfo friendlyyiu to have there isare verb

used in comparisonsyiu kograveng to be freeyiu meacuteiyiu didhave (you)

or notyiu yigravesi interestingyiumiacuteng to be famouswell

knownyiuqiaacuten to be richyiuqugrave interestingyiuxiagraveo effectiveyiuyograveng usefulyograveu againyograveubian (to) the right (of)

right-hand sideyograveumiagraven (to) the right (of)

right-hand sideyuacute in on atyuacute fishyj cv with andyj rainyjsfn umbrella

yugravebagraveo forecastyuanyang mandarin ducks

an affectionate coupleyuaacuten round (in shape)yufn distant faryuagraven(yi) ( ) be willing (to)yubhagraven Johnyuegrave month moonyuegraveche (at the) beginning of

the monthyuegravedh (at the) end of the

monthyuegraveliang moonyuegraveqj music musical

compositionyuegravelfnshigrave reading roomyuegrave yuegrave the more

the more yuegrave laacutei yuegrave more and

more yuacuten cloudyugravendogravengchfng sports fieldyugravendogravenghuigrave sports meetingyugravendogravengxieacute trainerssneakersyugravendogravengyuaacuten athleteyugravenheacute canal

Zzagravei againzagraveijiagraven goodbyezagravei in at to be in at (continuous

action aspect marker)zagravei ch herezagraveijia to be at homezaacutenmen weus (including the

listener)zagraventoacuteng to agree to approve ofzang dirtyzfo earlyzfodifn(r) ( ) a bit earlierzfoshang morningzgnme howzgnme yagraveng how in what

wayzgnyagraveng howzhagravelan fencezhagravenshegraveng to defeat overcomezhagraven station stop to stand


337

zhagraventaacutei (station) platformzhang mw (piece of paper table)zhang (surname) Zhangzhfng to grow head chiefzhagravengfu husbandzhaoshiu to beckon wavezhfo to look forzhfo dagraveo to findzhagraveo to take (a photograph)zhagraveogu to look afterzhagraveopiagraven photographzhagraveoxiagravengjc camerazheacutemo to persecute tormentzhegravezhegravei thiszhegraveme so like thiszhegraver herezhegravexib thesezhegraveyagraveng so like thiszhe D (aspect marker)zhbn true real really trulyzhbn de honestlyzhbnshiacute truezhbnxiagraveng realtrue situationzhegraven mw a gust of (wind) a peal

of (thunder) mw (for laughter)zhegraven small townzhbngyuegrave the first month of the

lunar yearzhgng whole entirezhgngniaacuten all the year round

the whole yearzhlngqiacute tidy in good orderzhgngtian all day the whole

dayzhgng wfn the whole evening

nightzhegraveng just preciselyzhegravengquegrave accurate correct(zhegraveng)zagravei ( ) justin the process

of ingzhegravengfj governmentzhc (Classical Chinese attributive)zhc zhdng during in among

betweenzhchograveu later after afterwardszhcqiaacuten ago beforezhc mw (for pen toothpaste etc)zhc mw (for animals birds

utensils)

zhc mw (for rifle etc)zhcdao to knowzhcshi knowledgezhiacute straightzhiacuteban to be on dutyzhiacutede to be worth meritzhiacutewugraveyuaacuten botanical gardenzhh onlyzhh yiu only only ifzhhshigrave to justonly be but thenzhh paperzhhzhang paperzhigraveyuacute as for as far as is

concernedzhdng during in amongzhdngguoacute Chinazhdngguoacutehuagrave Chinese

paintingszhdngguoacute reacuten Chinese

(people)zhdngjian the middlezhdngweacuten Chinese (language)zhdngwj midday noonzhdngxueacute secondary schoolzhdng clockzhdngtoacuteu hourzhing mw kind ofzhingzhing all kinds ofzhograveng to win (a prize)zhograveng to plantzhograveng heavyzhogravengyagraveo importantzhdu mw weekzhdu (surname) Zhouzhdumograve weekendzhduweacutei all around vicinityzhezi pearlzhe pigzhe niaacuten the year of the pigzhj to cook boilzhugrave to live residezhugravedexiagrave to house

accommodatezhugrave to wish express good

wishes tozhua to grab graspzhuang to packzhuagraveng mw (for buildings)zhjn accurate


338

zhudzi tablezigrave word characterzigrave fromzigravejh oneselfzigravejh laacutei to help oneselfzigravexiacutengchb bicyclezing shigrave alwaysziu to walk to leave off (as a

complement)ziubudograveng cannot walk (any

more)ziulugrave to walk go on footze to rent leasezuacute(zuacute) ( ) fully no less thanzuacuteqiuacute soccerzuacuteqiuacutechfng football ground

soccer fieldzuacuteqiuacuteduigrave football teamzuacuteqiuacutesagravei footballsoccer

matchzjcheacuteng to consist of be made

up ofzuan to come out of or go into (a

hole burrow etc)zuhba mouth

zuigrave mostzuigravehfo the best had betterzuigrave drunkzuigravexenxen drunk tipsyzuoacute wfn last night yesterday

eveningzuoacutetian yesterdayzui leftzuibian left sidezuimiagraven left sidezunyograveu (suffix) about or sozuograve to sit to travel by (boat

plane train bus)zuograve xiagrave to sit downzuogravebuxiagrave do not have

enough room forzuograveyegrave courseworkzuograve mw (for mountains bridges)zuogravetaacutenhuigrave discussion

seminar symposiumzuogravewegravei seatzuograve to do to be act aszuograveff method way of doing

somethingzuogravefagraven cook a meal


339

ago yhqiaacuten zhcqiaacutenagree toacutengyigrave agree to zagraventoacuteng

ah (exclamation) a

airport fbijcchfng jcchfng

alive huoacuteall ddu gegravegegrave all along

(always) coacutenglaacutei (consistent)ycguagraven all around zhduweacutei

all kinds of zhingzhing all right xiacuteng all the way

yclugraveallow ragravengalmost chagravebudud

along yaacuten along the coastbankyaacutenrsquoagraven along the street yaacutenjib

Alps arsquogrbbisc shanalready yh yhjcngalso yg

always zing shigraveAmerica mgiguoacuteamong zhc zhdng zhdngamuse oneself waacutenr amusing hfowaacutenraffectionate couple yuanyanganchor (v) tiacutengboacuteancient gjlfoand gbn heacute toacuteng yj

angry qigrave get angry shbngqigraveanother person bieacuterenanswer (solution) daacutersquoagraven anxious jiacuteanybody reacuten

340

VOCABULARY LIST

English to Chinese

Aable to huigrave neacutengabout (regarding) duigraveyuacute

(approximately) jh laacutei dagraveyub zuiyograveu

about to yagraveoabove shang shagravengbian

shagravengmian shagravengtouabsent (from a meeting etc) qubxiacute

academicschool year xueacuteniaacuten accommodate zhugrave de xiagrave accomplish (get done) bagravendagraveo

(complete) waacutencheacuteng according to agravenzhagraveo piacutengaccountant kuagraveijigraveaccurate zhegravengquegrave zhjnaccustomed to xiacuteguagravenache suan suanteacuteng

teacutengaching suanteacutengact as zuograveadd jiaadmit a mistake regravencuograveadmitted to (a theatre etc) rugravechfng

adult dagraverenadvertisement gufnggagraveo affair shigraveqing afraid kingpagraveafter hograveu yhhograveu zhchograveu

after all jiejigravengafternoon xiagravewj

afterwards yhhograveu zhchograveu again yograveu zagravei

apart from chuacute(le) (zhcwagravei yhwagravei)( ) ( )

apple piacutenggui

approve of zagraventoacuteng approximately dagraveyub shagravengxiagrave

zuiyograveuarmy bugraveduigrave around (approximately) dagraveyub

laacutei (on all sides) sigravezhduarrive dagraveo dagraveodaacute arrive

late chiacutedagraveo arrive at (adecision conclusion) deacuteche

article weacutenzhangartist huagravejiaas far as is concerned as for

zhigraveyuacute as regards guanyuacute as to duigraveyuacute as well as

chuacute(le) (zhc wagraveiyh wagravei) ( ) ( )

ascend shagraveng shbngask wegravenassemble jiacuteheacuteastronomy tianweacutenat chaacuteo duigrave xiagraveng yuacute

zagravei at a glance yc yfn athome zagraveijia at once jiugrave mfshagraveng at that momentnagrave shiacutehou at the worstdagravebulifo

athlete yugravendogravengyuaacutenattend canjia (a meeting) kai

attend to kanAugust bayuegraveaunt (fatherrsquos sister) gegu

(fatherrsquos married sister) gemj

(maternal) yiacutemj (motherrsquos sister motherrsquosbrotherrsquos wife) jiugravemj (wifeof fatherrsquos elder brother) boacutemj

autumn qietian aware of gfnjueacuteaway be away (from home) chemeacuten

awful kj

Bbaby xifohaacuteibad huagravei

bake kfoball qiuacuteballoon qigraveqiuacutebanana xiangjiaobank yiacutenhaacutengbar jijbajianbe shigrave (become act as) dang

zuogravebecome from laacutei zigravebeach hfi bian shatanbearer laacuteireacuten bearing jjzhh

beautiful mgi mgiligrave piagraveoliang

because of yoacuteuyuacutebeckon zhaoshiubed chuaacutengbee migravefbngbeef niuacuterograveubeer piacutejijbefore qiaacuten xian yhqiaacuten

zhcqiaacutenbeginning from coacuteng qh behind hograveu hograveubian

hograveumian hograveutou behind someonersquos back begraveihograveu

Beijing bgijcng Beijing operajcngjugrave

below beneath dhxia xiagrave xiagravebian xiagravemian xiagravetou

beside bian best the best zuigravehfobetween zhc zhdngbicycle zigravexiacutengchb

big dagravebird nifobirthday shbngribitter kj

graduate (v) bigraveyegraveblack hbi black tea hoacutengchaacute

blackboard hbibfnbleed chexuegravebloodshot (of eyes) hoacutengblow (v) chuc

blue laacutenblurred (of vision) hua

Vocabu-lary listEnglish toChinese

341

board (a bus car train etc)shagraveng

body shbnthboil zhj

book she shebgn booklet bgn(zi) ( )bookshelf shejiagravebookshop shediagravenborrow jiegravebotanical garden zhiacutewugraveyuaacuten

bother about gufn bottle piacutengzibowl wfnbox heacutezi xiangziboy naacuten haacuteiziboyfriend naacuten peacutengyoubread miagravenbaobreak dfpogravebreathepant chufnqigrave bridge qiaacuteo briefly ycxiagravebrightly coloured hoacutenghoacuteng lqlq

brilliant jcngcfi bring dagraveiBritain ycngguoacuteBritishEnglish (people) Ycngguoacute

reacuten broad kuanbroken pogravebuild gagraveibuilding loacuteufaacuteng bumprun into (someone) pegravengjiagraven

bus bashigrave gdng(gograveng qigrave)chb

( )bus stop qigravechbzhagravenbusiness shigraveqing busy faacutenmaacuteng maacutengbut bugraveguograve dagravenshigrave

kgshigrave but then zhhshigrave

buy mfiby (passive agent) begravei ragraveng

jiagraveo yoacuteu by the side of bian by ticket only piacutengpiagraveo

Ccabbage baacuteicagraveicabinet guigravezicage loacutengzicake dagravengaocall (the doctor a taxi) jiagraveocalm jigravengcamcorder shegravexiagravengjccamel luogravetuocamera zhagraveoxiagravengjccan huigrave kg(yh) ( ) neacuteng

can do nothing but mifn bu lifo can get along with heacute de

laacutei can go so far as to saytaacuten de shagraveng

can (tin) guagraventou Canada jianaacutedagravecanal yugravenheacutecannot avoid mifn bu lifo

cannot be justified shud bu guogravequgrave cannot get along with

heacute bu laacutei cannot helpjcnbuzhugrave cannot walk (any more) ziu bu dograveng

capable of neacutengcar chb(zi) ( ) qigravechb

carry (on back) bbi (with bothhands) duan

carry-out wagraveimagraveidiagraven cat maocatch a cold gfnmagraveocatch up with gfnshagravengceiling tianhuabfncelebrate qigravengzhugravecentimetre gdngfbncentury shigravejigravecertainly ycdigravengchair yhzichalk fgnbh

change small change liacutengqiaacutenchange biagravenhuagrave gfi change

the time for gfiqc

chaosin chaos luagravenchat liaacuteotian(r) ( ) taacuten

taacutenhuagravetian cheap piaacutenyicheat (v) qcpiagravenchef chuacuteshc


342

chess qiacutechick xifo jcchicken jcchief zhfngchildchildren haacuteizichildhoodin onersquos childhood xifo

shiacutehouChina zhdngguoacuteChinese (language) hagravenyj

zhdngweacuten (people)zhdngguoacute reacuten Chinesecharacter hagravenzigrave zigrave Chinese dumplings jifozi Chinese paintings zhdngguoacutehuagrave

choir shegravengshcbanchoose xufnchopsticks kuagraveizi Christmas shegravengdagraven

Christmas cards shegravengdagravenkf

church jiagraveotaacutengcigarette yancinema diagravenyhngyuagravencircular tdngzhc

city cheacuteng cheacutengshigrave citycentre shigravezhdngxcn

class (school) banclassmate toacutengxueacuteclassroom jiagraveoshigraveclean ganjigraveng (v) dfsfoclear miacutengbai qcngchuclearly qcngchuclimb paacute climb a mountain paacute

shanclip (v) jifnclock zhdngclose (near) jigraven (turn off)

guan(shang) ( )cloth bugraveclothes ycfu fuacutezhuang

clothes stand ycjiagrave clothes-line liagravengycsheacuteng

clothing yczhuoacute D

cloud yuacutencloudy ycncoach (n) jiagraveoliagravencoat-hanger ycjiagrave

coffee kafbi coffee barkafbigufn

cola kglegravecold leacutengcollapse dfocollect honey cfi migravecome laacutei comebe from laacutei zigrave

come back huiacute laacutei comedown xiagrave come from adistance (of sound) chuaacuten laacutei

come hereover guograve laacutei come in jigraven laacutei come out che

laacutei come out of (a holeburrow etc) zuan come to (aconclusion) deacuteche comegodownstairs xiagrave loacuteu

comfortable shefu sheshigravecommit to memory begravei shuacuteshoacuteu

communications jiaotdngcomplete quaacutencomposed of heacutecheacuteng composition weacutenzhangcomputer diagravennfoconcerned about guanxcnconcert ycnyuegravehuigraveconclude jieacuteshugraveconclusion jieacutelugravenconditions qiacutengkuagravengconsider yaacutenjieconsist of zjcheacutengconsistent ycguagravencook chuacuteshc (v) zhj cook a

meal zuogravefagraven cooker luacutezicorrect (right) duigrave zhegravengquegrave

(v) gficorrespondence xigravenjiagravencough keacutesoucountry guoacutejiacountryside xiangcencoursework zuograveyegravecow niuacutecredit card xigravenyogravengkf

cross guogravecrossing lugravekiucrow weya

crowd (of people) reacutenquacuten


343

cry ke

culture weacutenhuagravecup bbi(zi) ( )cupboard guigravezi wfnguigravecurtain (for window) chuangliaacuten

curved wancut (v) jifn

Ddamp shc

dance (v) tiagraveowj (n) wj (party) wjhuigrave

dare gfn dare you (do it) nh gfn

dash chdngdate (of the month) rigravedaughter nsrsquoeacuter day tian baacuteitian all day

zhgngtian day aftertomorrow hograveutian daybefore yesterday qiaacutentian

daytime baacuteitiandeal with bagravendeceive piagravenDecember shiacutersquoegraveryuegrave decide jueacutedigraveng (fix) digravengdecimal point difndeep shbnkegravedefeat zhagravenshegravengdefinitely quegraveshiacutedegree (of temperature) dugravedelicious hfochc

deliver (letters) sogravengdemand yaoqiuacutedemonstrate yfnshigrave depart set out qhcheacutengdeposit (money) cuacutendeputy fugravedescend xiagravedestination mugravedigravedigravedictionary ciacutedifndie shigraveshigrave difficult naacutendifficulty kugravennandinner wfnfagravendirection fangxiagraveng in the

direction of xiagraveng

dirty zang disappointed shcwagraveng disease bigravengdish (of food) cagravei disobedient bugrave guaidisorderin disorder luagravendissertation lugravenweacutendistant yufn distant from (a

place) liacute ditch (n) gdudo nograveng zuogravedoctor ycshbngdog giudonrsquot bieacute bugrave yagraveo door meacutendormitory sugraveshegravedownstairs loacuteuxiagravedragon loacutengdrama xigrave drawer chdutidress fuacutezhuangdrill xugravenliagravendrink (v) hb

drive kai (a car) kaichb

driver scjcdrop (v) diagraveodrunk zuigrave zuigravexenxen dry gan dry in the sun shagravei (gan)

( ) dryhang out to dry liagraveng

duck yaziduring zhc zhdng zhdng dysentery ligraveji

Eeach and every one gegravegegraveear grduoearly zfo a bit earlier zfodifn(r)

( )earnest honest lfolaoshiacuteshiacute

earnestly hfohforearrings grhuaacuteneast ddngbian ddngmiagraveneat chc chcfagraven unable to eat

(anythingany more) chc bu xiagrave

economic economy jcngjigrave


344

education jiagraveoyugraveeffective yiuxiagraveoegg jcdagraveneggshell dagravenkeacuteeight ba

elder brother gbge elder sisterjigjie

elect xufnembassy dagraveshhgufn emigrantimmigrant yiacutemiacutenemigrate yiacutemiacutenend (v) jieacuteshugrave end of the

month yuegravedh

engineer gdngcheacutengshc

England ycngguoacuteEnglish (language) ycngweacuten

EnglishBritish (people) Ycngguoacutereacuten English Channelycngjiacuteligrave hfixiaacute

enjoyable hfowaacutenrenough gograveuenter jigraven enter a gathering

rugravechfngentertain kufndagraveientire zhgngenvelope xigravenfbngessay lugravenweacuten weacutenzhangEurope duzhdueven liaacuten even (more) haacutei (yagraveo)

( ) even more gegravengevening wfn wfnshang

yegraveevery mgieverybody everyone dagravejia

reacutenreacuteneverything sheacutenmeexceptionally fbichaacutengexcuse (n) jiegravekiuexpensive guigrave experiment (n) shiacuteyagravenexplain jifngjigexpose to the sun shagraveiexpress bifoshigrave express good

wishes to zhugraveextremely fbichaacuteng shiacutefbn

tagraveieye yfn yfnjingeyebrow meacuteimao

Ffall diagraveo (of rain snow) xiagrave

(of tears sweat) liuacute fall illshbngbigraveng

family jiafamished egrave sh lefamous yiumiacutengfar yufnfarmer noacutengmiacutenfat pagravengfather bagraveba fugraveqin February egraveryuegravefeed (give food to) wegraveifeel gfnjueacute feel at ease anxcn

fence zhagravelanferryboat dugravechuaacutenfew a few jh xib (in

approximations) jhfight df dfjiagravefilm diagravenyhngfind zhfo dagraveofinger shiuzhh

finish (v) waacutencheacuteng (successfully ndash suffix) hfo finish schoolclass fagravengxueacute finish work xiagraveban

finished (complement) diagraveo waacuten

fire hui

first xian the first digraveyc thefirst floor egraver loacuteu the firstmonth of the lunar year zhbngyuegrave

fish yuacutefive wj

fizzy drink qigraveshuh

floor digravebfn (storey) loacuteuflow liuacuteflower hua(r) ( ) hua dui

fly (insect) cangyingfly (v) fbifog wugravefoot jifo foot of the mountain

shanjifofootball ground zuacuteqiuacutechfng

football match zuacuteqiuacutesagravei football team zuacuteqiuacuteduigrave


345

for tigrave wegravei forto ggi forever yingyufn

forecast yugravebagraveoformer qiaacuten four sigravefragrant xiangFrance ffguoacutefree (not busy) yiu kogravengFrench (language) ffweacutenyj

(person) ffguoacute reacutenfrequently chaacutengchaacutengfresh xcnxian fresh flowers

xianhua

Friday lhbagravei wj xcngqc wj

fridge bcngxiangfried noodles chfomiagraven fried

rice chfofagravenfriend peacutengyoufriendly yiuhfofrog qcngwa

from (placetime) coacuteng yoacuteu zigrave

front in front qiaacuten qiaacutenbian qiaacutenmian qiaacutentou

in front of the door meacuten qiaacuten

fruit shuhgui

full (of food) bfofully zuacute(zuacute) ( )funny dograveufuture the future jianglaacutei

Ggamble dj djboacutegame qiuacutesagraveigarage chbkugravegarbage lajc garbagelitter bin

lajctinggarden huayuaacutengate meacutengather jiacuteheacutegaze at wagraveng generous dagravefang kangkfi

gentleman xianshengGerman (language) deacuteweacutenyj

get deacutedagraveo get offout of (avehicle) xiagrave (chb) ( ) getoninto (a vehicle) shagraveng (chb)( ) get out che qugrave get todagraveodaacute

get up qhlaacutei (out of bed)qhchuaacuteng get up late shuigrave lfnjiagraveo

ginger jiang girl ns haacuteizi geniang

girlfriend ns peacutengyougive back huaacuten give birth to

shbngglass bbi(zi) ( )glasses (spectacles) yfnjigravenggloves shiutagraveo go qugrave go to dagraveo shagraveng

go abroad cheguoacute goanglingfishing diagraveoyuacute goback huiacute (qugrave) ( ) go downxiagrave (qugrave) ( ) go for a walksagravenbugrave go home huiacute jia go in jigraven qugrave go into (a holeburrow etc) zuan go intotown jigraven cheacuteng go joggingpfobugrave go on foot ziulugrave

go on holiday dugravejiagrave goon the internet shagravengwfng go on the stage shagravengtaacutei go out che qugrave go overguograve qugrave go to bedshagravengchuaacuteng shuigravejiagraveo go to class shagravengkegrave go toschool shagravengxueacute go to workshagravengban go travellinglsxiacutengyoacuteu go up shagraveng

( ) gocome downstairsxiagrave loacuteu

goal (goalposts) qiuacutemeacutengoatsheep yaacutenggoldfish jcnyuacutegood hfo goodnice to drink

hfohb

good at huigravegoodbye zagraveijiagravengood-looking hfokagravengovernment zhegravengfjgrab zhua


346

grade (in school) niaacutenjiacutegraduate (v) bigraveyegrave grandfather (paternal) yeacuteye grandmother (paternal) nfinaigrape puacutetaograsp zhua

grass cfo (lawn) cfodigravegrave (matter) yaacutenzhogravenggreat kindness shegravengqiacutengGreat Wall chaacutengcheacutenggreen tea lq chaacuteground digravegrow zhfngguess (v) caiguest kegraverenguitar jiacutetagun qiang

Hhabit xiacuteguagravenhad better zuigravehfohair toacuteufahalf bagravenhand shiu hand in jiaohandle bagraven nogravenghandsome piagraveolianghang (up) guagrave happy gaoxigraveng kuagraveilegrave

happy occasion xh shigraveharbour gfngkiuhard yigravenghard-working njligravehare tugrave(zi) ( )hat magraveozihave yiu have a bath xhzfo

have a fever fashao have a meal chcfagraven have anappointment with jiagraven have aninjection dfzhbn have anoperation kaidao have tobigravexe dgi

hehim tahead (chief) zhfnghealthy jiagravenkangheaven tiankdng Heavens tian

na heavy zhograveng heavy rain dagrave yj

heavy snow dagrave xug

hedge shugraveliacutehello nh hfo (on telephone)

wegraveihelp bang(zhugrave) ( ) help oneself

zigravejh laacuteiherhers ta dehere zhegraver zagravei ch

hey wegraveihide dui

hi-fi ycnxifnghigh gaohill shan hillside shanpd

Himalayas xh mflayf shan his ta dehistory ligraveshh

hit df hit out at people df reacuten

hoarse yf

hold (in hand) naacute (a meetingetc) kai jj xiacuteng

hole dogravenghome jia at home zagravei jiahonest lfoshihonestly zhbn dehope (nv) xcwagraveng horn (of a car) lfbahorse mf horses mfph

hospitable kufndagraveihospital ycyuagraven hospital ward

bigravengfaacutenghost (v) qhngkegravehot regrave (peppery) lagravehour xifoshiacute zhdngtoacuteuhouse faacutengzi (v) zhugrave de xiagrave

how (extent) dud(me) ( ) howbig dud dagrave how far dud

yufn how long (of time) dud

jij dud chaacuteng (shiacutejian)( ) how many dudshao jh how much dudshao

how (in what way) zgnme yagraveng zgnme zgnyagraveng

ruacuteheacutehow about ruacuteheacute zgnme yagraveng

hum (a tune) hbng hundred bfi


347

hungry egrave hurry aheadalong gfnlugravehurt teacutenghusband zhagravengfu husband and

wife fefugravehydrogen qcng

II wi

ice cream bcngjiliacutengidea xifngff kagravenffideal lh xifng idler xiaacutenreacutenillness bigraveng bigravengtogravengimmediately mfshagravengimmigrantemigrant yiacutemiacutenimportant zhogravengyagraveoimpression yigravenxiagravengin zagravei yuacute lh (zhc

zhdng ) in accordance withagravenzhagraveo in good orderzhgngqiacute in one breathyckiuqigrave in onersquos heartxcnzhdng in order to wegraveile

in the future jianglaacutei in the past guograve qugrave qiaacuten in three daysrsquo time dagrave hograveutian

in what way zgnme yagraveng

inch cugravenincident shigrave(r) ( )increase (v) jiaindividual gegravereacutenindustrious njligrave qiacutenfegraven

inform gagraveosuinformation xigravenxc

injured shograveushanginside lh lhbian lhmiagraven

lhtou intelligent cdngming interesting yiu yigravesi yiuqugrave

intersection lugravekiuinvite qhng (guests) qhngkegraveissue (forth) fache

it taItaly yigravedagraveligrave

Jjacket wagraveitagraveoJanuary ycyuegraveJapan rigravebgnJapanese (language) rigraveyj

(people) rigravebgn reacutenjeans niuacutezfikugravejewellery shiushi John yubhagravenjoke (v) kai waacutenxiagraveojourney lugravecheacutengjump tiagraveoJune liugraveyuegravejust zhegraveng zhh shigrave justin

the process of ing (zhegraveng)zagravei( )

just (now) gangcaacutei ganggang gang

justifiable be justifiable shud deguogravequgrave

Kkeep fagraveng (rear) yfngkey yagraveoshikick tckilogram gdngjcnkilometre gdnglhkind regraveqiacutengkitchen chuacutefaacutengkitten xifo maoknife daoknock pegraveng qiaoknow zhcdao (recognise)

regravenshi know (very) wellshuacuteshoacuteuxc

knowledge zhcshi

Llack chagravelad xifo huizilake huacutelamb yaacutengrograveulamp dbnglandscape painting shanshuhhuagrave

large dagravelast shagraveng last night zuoacute wfn

last year qugraveniaacuten


348

late wfn chiacute arrive latechiacutedagraveo

later yhhograveu zhchograveu laugh xiagraveolaughable hfoxiagraveolaundry xhycdifnlead to tdnglearn xueacute(xiacute) ( ) learn by heart

begravei learn from xiagraveng xueacutexiacute

lease ze

leather shoes piacutexieacuteleave liacutekai ziu leave for

kaiwfng leave behind liuacute xiagrave

Leeds ligravezc

left (side) zui zuibian zuimiagraven

leg tuh

lend jiegravelet allow ragravengletter xigraven (incoming) laacuteixigraven

(of recommendation) tucjiagravenxigraven

library tuacuteshegufn librarycard tuacuteshezhegraveng

lie tfng (tell a lie) sahufnglife shbnghuoacutelife-guard jiugraveshbngyuaacuten lift diagraventclight (opposite of heavy) qcnglight lamp dbnglike be fond of xhhuanlike that nagraveme nagraveyagraveng like this zhegraveme zhegraveyagravenglikeable kgrsquoagravei likely to huigravelion shczi listen tcng (understand) tcng

dinglitchilychee ligravezhc

literature weacutenxueacutelitter lajc litter bingarbage bin

lajctinglittle xifo a little xib ycdifnr

ycxiblive shbnghuoacute live (reside)

zhugrave

living huoacuteLondon luacutendenlong chaacutenglong to babudeacutelook (at) kagraven qiaacuteo look after

gufn kan kangufn zhagraveogu look down onkagravenbuqh look for zhfo look into yaacutenjie look roundcanguan

lose die (a bet) she lose hopeshcwagraveng lose onersquos voice yf

lose weight jifnfeacuteilot of a lot of xjdud

lovely kgrsquoagravei low fi luggage xiacutengli luggage rack

xiacutenglijiagraveluncheon meat wjcanrograveulycheelitchi ligravezhc

lyrics gbciacute

Mmade up of zjcheacutengmah-jong maacutejiagravengmain road dagravelugravemake nograveng (a phone call) df

(dumplings) bao (friends) jiao make a noise chfo make sb

do sth jiagraveomanage bagravendagraveo manage by

oneself laacuteimanager jcnglhManchester magravencheacutengmandarin ducks yuanyangmanner bearing jjzhh

many dud bugrave shfo xjdud

map digravetuacuteMarch sanyuegravemarket shangchfng shigravechfng

marry jieacutehenMary mfligravematch (contest) bhsagravei qiuacutesagravei

(safety) huichaacuteimatter shigrave(r) ( ) shigraveqing may kg(yh) ( ) neacuteng


349

May wjyuegraveme wi

meadow cfodigravemeat rograveumedicine yagraveomeet (sb) (at an airport etc) jibmeet jiagravenmiagraven (sb at an

airport etc)meeting huigrave(yigrave) ( )merit (v) zhiacutedemessenger laacuteireacuten meteorological qigravexiagravengmethod bagravenff fangff

zuograveffmetre gdngchh

midday zhdngwj

middle the middle zhdngjianmidnight bagravenyegravemile ycnglhmilk niuacutenfimillion bfiwagravenmine wi deminibus miagravenbaochb xifoba

mishandle nogravengmisplace diemiss be late for (a bus train etc)

wugraveMiss nsshigrave xifojiemist wugravemodern xiagravendagraveiMonday lhbagravei yc xcngqc yc

money qiaacutenmonkey hoacuteu(zi) ( )month yuegrave beginning of the

month yuegraveche end of themonth yuegravedh

moon yuegrave yuegraveliangmore dud more and more

yuegrave laacutei yuegrave themore the more yuegrave yuegrave

morning zfoshang shagravengwj

most zuigravemother mama mjqcnmotorbike moacutetudchb

mountain shanmouserat lfoshj

mouth kiu zuhbamove dograveng (home) banmovie diagravenyhngmow the grass gb cfoMr xianshengMrs tagraveitaiMs ns shigravemuch dud xjdud much

more (complement) deacute dud

multi-coloured hoacutenghoacuteng lqlq

multi-storied building dagraveloacuteumum mamamuseum boacutewugravegufnmusic ycnyuegrave (musical

composition) yuegraveqj

must bigravexe yagraveomust not bugrave deacutemy mine wi de

Nname what is your name (polite

form) guigrave xigraveng nanny bfomj

narrow xiaacutezhfinaughty bugrave guai tiaacuteopiacutenear jigraven near(by) fugravejigravenneed to yagraveoneighbour liacutenjenervous jhnzhangnever coacuteng bugrave never again bugrave

zagraveinew xcn New Year xcnniaacutennews xiaoxi xcnweacutennewspaper bagraveo(zhh) ( )

next xiagrave next year miacutengniaacuten next to paacutengbian next

door geacutebigravenicegood to drink hfohb

nicepleasant to the ear hfotcngnight yegrave (opposite of daytime)

hbiyegrave all night yc yegravenine jijno bugrave bugrave shigrave no less than

zuacutezuacute no longermore bugrave zagravei no need bugrave bigrave bugrave yograveng


350

no room for zuograve bu xiagrave no wonder guagraveibude

no(t) more than bugrave bh

nod (the head) difntoacuteunone of your business nh bieacute gufn

noon zhdngwj

north (side) bgibian bgimiagraven

nose biacutezinot bugrave meacutei not

allow(ed)permit(ted) bugrave zhjn bugrave xj not ndasher than

bugrave bh not have meacutei(yiu) ( ) not

until caacuteinotebook bgn(zi) ( )notice tdngzhc

notify tdngzhc

novel xifoshud

November shiacuteycyuegrave now xiagravenzagraveinumber of people reacuten shugravenurse hugraveshi

Oorsquoclock difn zhdngobedient guaiobtain deacutedagraveoof course dangraacutenoff (as a complement) ziuoffice bagravengdngshigrave often chaacutengchaacutengold lfo jiugrave (of age) dagraveOlympic Games agraveoliacutenphkegrave

yugravendogravenghuigraveon yuacute zagravei shang on the

ground digravexiagrave on all sidessigravezhdu on behalf of tigrave on duty zhiacuteban on onersquos best behaviour hfohfor on onersquos person shbn shang

on the basis of gbnjugrave piacuteng

one yc yao 7once one time ycxiagraveone hundred million yigraveoneself zigravejh gegravereacuten

only zhh zhh yiu onlyzhhshigrave bugraveguograve (just)ganggang only if zhh yiu

only then caacuteiopen kai (door) kaimeacuten

(for business) yiacutengyegraveopinion kagravenff yigravejiagravenopportunity jchuigraveopposite duigravemiagravenor huogravezhg (in questions) haacuteishi

orange cheacutengziorder jiagraveoordinary pjtdngother people bieacuteren other

places wagraveidigraveothers bieacuteren (the rest) qiacuteta

ought to gai ycnggai oughtnot to bugrave gai

ourours women de (including the listener) zaacutenmen de

out (of) chelaacutei chequgrave outof yoacuteu out of the question taacutenbu shagraveng out of workshcyegrave

outcome jieacutegui

out-of-date jiugrave out-of-town (areas) cheacuteng wagraveioutside wagravei wagraveibian

wagraveimian wagraveitou outside the city cheacuteng wagravei

oven kfoxiangover shangovercast ycnovercoat dagraveyc

overcome kegravefuacute zhagravenshegraveng

owing to yoacuteuyuacuteox niuacuteoxygen yfng

Ppack (v) zhuangpacket bao page yegravepain teacuteng


351

paint (v) huagravepainter huagravejiapainting huagraverpanda xioacutengmaopaper zhh zhhzhangparcel baogui

parents fugravemj

Paris baliacutepark gdngyuaacutenpark (v) tiacuteng park (a car) tiacutengchb

parrot ycngwj

party (drinks) jiugravehuigrave (evening)wfnhuigrave

pass (time) guogravepass away shigraveshigrave passenger cheacutengkegravepath xifolugravepaysalary gdngzc

peach taacuteozipear liacutepearl zhezipeasant noacutengmiacutenpedestrian xiacutengreacutenPeking duck bgijcng kfoya

Peking University bgijcng dagravexueacute

pen bh

pencil qianbh

people reacutenpeppery lagravepercentage bfi fbn zhc

perform performance bifoyfn yfnche

permit ragravengpersecute zheacutemoperseverance yigraveligraveperson reacutenpersuade quagravenpetrol qigraveyoacuteupetty thief xifotdupharmacy yagraveofaacutengphotograph zhagraveopiagravenphotographer shegraveyhngshc

piano gangqiacutenpicture huagraverpiece of string sheacutengzipig zhe

pigeon gbzipillar-box yoacuteuting place (v) gb

plain pjsugraveplan jigravehuagraveplane fbijcplant (v) zhogravengplatform (in a station) zhagraventaacuteiplaydrama xigrave play waacutenr df (basketball

table-tennis etc) (piano organharp etc) taacuten (the violin) la

play mah-jong dfpaacutei playwith a skipping rope tiagraveosheacuteng

please qhngpleased gaoxigravengpocket kiudagraveipolite kegraveqipondpool chiacute shuhchiacutepopulation reacutenkiupostman yoacuteudigraveyuaacuten post office yoacuteujuacutepostpone gfiqc

potato mfliacutengshj

pound (currency) bagraveng (weight)bagraveng

pour out (tea) dagraveopractice df

Prague bugravelageacuteprecisely zhegravengpresent (n) lhwugravepretty hfokagraven piagraveoliangprevious qiaacuten shagravengpreviously yhqiaacutenprizeprize money jifngproblem wegraventiacuteprofound shbnkegraveprogramme jieacutemugraveprosperous wagravengpub jijbajianpublic square gufngchfng pull lapurse qiaacutenbaoput fagraveng gb put back fagraveng huiacute

put forward tiacute tiacute che

put up (a house) gagraveiPyramids jcnzigravetf


352

Qquarrel chfo(jiagrave) ( )quarter of an hour kegravequestion wegraventiacute tiacutemugravequeue (v) paacuteiduigravequick kuagraveiquiet anjigraveng jigravengquieten down anjigravengquilt begraveiziquite a few bugrave shfo

Rrabbit tugrave(zi) ( )railway station huichbzhagravenrain yj (v) xiagrave yj

raise tiacute che

ratmouse lfoshj

reach dagraveodaacuteread duacute kagravenreading room yuegravelfnshigravereal zhbn real situation

zhbnxiagravengreally quegraveshiacute zhbnrear hograveubian hograveumian

hograveutou rearkeep yfngreason dagraveoli recall jigraverecline tfngrecognise regravenshirecord jigravelugravered hoacutengreduce jifnshforegarding guanyuacuteregulation gucdigraveng tiaacuteoligraveremember jigrave jigravederemit huigraverent (v) ze

repair (v) xie(lh) ( )reply huiacute huiacuteda request yaoqiuacuteresearch yaacutenjiereside zhugraveresolve jigjueacuteresponsible for fugravezeacuterest xiexi (v) restaurant cangufn fagravengufn

result jieacutegui

return (to a place) huiacute (to onersquoscountry) huiacute guoacute (give back)huaacuten

revise (lessons) fugravexiacuterice mh (cooked) fagravenrich yiuqiaacutenride qiacuteridiculous hfoxiagraveorifle qiangright duigraveright-hand side to the right (of)

yograveubian yograveumiagravenripe shuacuteshoacuteuripen shoacuteushuacuterise qhlaacutei shbng (of the sun)

che laacuteiriver heacuteriverside heacute bianroad lugrave mflugrave by the side of

the road lugrave bianroadside lugrave paacutengroast kfoRome luoacutemf

roof wedhngroom faacutengjian wezirope sheacutengzirose meacuteigui (hua) ( )round (in shape) yuaacutenrucksack bbibaorule (n) tiaacuteoligraverun pfo run after gfn

runbump into (someone)pegravengjiagraven

rush for gfnRussia eacuteguoacuteRussian (language) eacuteyj

Ssafe and sound piacutengrsquoan safestrongbox bfoxifnguigravesalary gdngzc

salt yaacutensame the same ycyagravengsand sha

sandwich sanmiacutengzhigrave Saturday lhbagravei liugrave xcngqc liugrave


353

say shud jifngscarf weacuteijcnscenery fbngjhngschool xueacutexiagraveo school bag

shebao schoolacademicyear xueacuteniaacuten

scissors jifndaoscore (a goal) jigraven qiuacutesea hfiseagull hfirsquodu seal hfibagraveoseaside hfi bian hfibcnseat zuogravewegraveisecondary school zhdngxueacute see jiagraven kagraven kagravenjian sell magraveiseminar zuogravetaacutenhuigravesend jigraveSeptember jijyuegraveserious (of composure) yaacutensugraveserious yaacutenzhogravengserve as dangset offout chefa qhcheacuteng

dogravengshbnseven qc

shadow boxing tagraveijiacutequaacuten Shanghai shagravenghfishark shayuacuteshave gua huacutezi tigrave huacutezisheher tasheepgoat yaacutengsheet (for bed) chuaacutengdanship chuaacutenshipping chuaacutenzhc

shirt chegravenshanshoe xieacute(zi) ( )shoot (a film) paishop diagraven shangdiagravenshopping mall (dagrave) shangchfng ( )

shore agraven short dufn (of stature) fi

short cut jigravenlugrave short hairdufn fagrave

should gai ycnggaishoulder jianbfngshow bifoshigrave (perform) yfnche

sick leave bigravengjiagraveside bian paacuteng atby the side

of bian paacutengbiansimple pjsugravesince coacuteng( qh) ( )sing chagraveng sing (a song) chagravenggb

sister-in-law (elder brotherrsquos wife)sfosao

sit zuograve sit down zuograve xiagravesix liugravesize what size (shoes etc) dud dagrave

skilful in huigraveskip with a rope tiagraveosheacutengskirt quacutenzisky tiankdng tianshagravengsleep shuigrave shuigravejiagraveo sleep in

shuigrave lfn jiagraveoslippery huaacuteslogan biaoyj

slow(ly) magraven small xifo small town zhegravensmile xiagraveosmoke (cigarettes) chduyan

xcyansnake sheacutesnow xug (v) xiagrave xug

so nagraveme nagraveyagraveng zhegraveme zhegraveyagraveng so that wegraveile

soaked (drenched) liacuten shc

soap feacuteizagraveosoccer zuacuteqiuacute soccer field

zuacuteqiuacutechfng soccer matchzuacuteqiuacutesagravei

society shegravehuigravesock wagravezisofa shafasoft rufnsolution daacutersquoagraven solve jigjueacutesome ycxib xibsomebody reacutensomeone else reacutenjiason eacuterzisong gb(r) ( )sorry Irsquom sorry duigravebuqh


354

sound shbng shbngycnsour suansouth naacuten the south naacutenbian

naacutenmiagraven soya bean huaacutengdograveuspeak shud jifng shudhuagravespecially tegraveyigravespectacles yfnjigravengspend hua

sports fieldground yugravendogravengchfng caochfng sports

meeting games yugravendogravenghuigrave sports shoes qiuacutexieacute

yugravendogravengxieacutespotlessly clean ganganjigravengjigraveng

spring chentiansquare fangsquirrel sdngshj

stammer jibba stammeringjibjiebaba

stand zhagravenstand to reason jifng dagraveoli start kaishh

starving egrave sh lestation zhagraven (for train bus)

chbzhagravenstay dai stay behind liuacute xiagrave

steamed bun maacutentoustill haacutei still ndasher haacutei (yagraveo) ( )stipulate gucdigravengstone shiacutetoustop tiacuteng zhagravenstorey (of a building) loacuteustory gugraveshistove fire luacutehui

straight yczhiacute zhiacutestrawberry cfomeacuteistreet jib jibdagraveo lugravestrict yaacutengeacutestrike (v) qiaostring sheacutengzistrive njligravestrong (of wind) dagravestrongboxsafe bfoxifnguigravestudent xueacutesheng study (v) xueacute(xiacute) ( ) yaacutenjie

succeed cheacutenggdngsugar taacutengsuggest suggestion jiagravenyigravesummer xiagravetian summer time

xiagraveligravengsun rigrave tagraveiyaacuteng yaacuteng sunbathe shagravei tagraveiyangSunday lhbagravei rigravetian

xcngqc rigravetian sunglasses hbi yfnjigraveng

tagraveiyaacutengjigravengsupervisortutor dfoshc

supper wfnfagravensure to huigravesurface of the seasea level hfimiagraven

surname xigravengswear (at) magrave (at people) magrave reacuten

sweat hagravensweater maacuteoyc

sweep dfsfosweet (to the taste) tiaacuten (voice

etc) tiaacutenmgi sweets taacuteng sweet potato fanshj sweet-smelling xiang

swim yoacuteu yoacuteuyingswimming pool yoacuteuyingchiacutesymposium zuogravetaacutenhuigrave

TTrsquoai Chi tagraveijiacutequaacuten table zhudzitable-tennis pcngpangqiuacutetail wgibatake dagravei naacute (a photograph)

zhagraveo pai take a test kfo take care xifoxcn take outtao (che) ( ) take part incanjia take your timemagravenmagraven laacutei

take-away food wagraveimagravei take-away (shop) wagraveimagraveidiagraven

talk (v) shudhuagrave taacuten taacutenhuagravetian (n) huagrave talk about taacutendagraveo

tall gaotask regravenwu


355

tasty hfochc (of drink) hfohb

taxi digraveshigravetea chaacute tea leaves chaacuteyegrave

tea party chaacutehuigraveteach jifngkegrave jiao jiaoshe

team duigrave team captain duigravezhfng team member duigraveyuaacuten

tease dograveuteeth yaacutechh

telephone diagravenhuagravetelevision diagravenshigrave television set

diagravenshigravejctell gagraveosu shud (ask to)

jiagraveo tell a lie sahufngten shiacuteten thousand wagraventennis wfngqiuacutetension jhnzhangtest (v) kfotext kegraveweacutenThames tagraveiwugraveshigrave heacutethank gfnxiegrave thank you xiegravexie

that nagravenegraveithe rest qiacutetatheatre jugravechfng theatre ticket

xigravepiagraveotheir(s) (m) tamen de (f)

tamen dethen jiugrave theory lhlugraventhere nagraverthere isare yiu there isare not

meacutei(yiu) ( ) there isare still(some left) haacutei yiu

these zhegravexibtheythem (f) tamen (m)

tamen (neuter) tamenthin shograveuthing ddngxithink xifng regravenweacutei think

highly of kagraven de qh

this zhegravezhegravei this evening jcn wfn this morning jcn zfo

those nagravexibnegraveixibthousand qian

thread xiagraventhree san three days ago dagrave

qiaacutentian three years agodagrave qiaacutenniaacuten

throat hoacuteuloacuteng sfngzithrow rbng throw away diagraveothunder leacuteiThursday lhbagravei sigrave xcngqc sigrave

ticket piagraveotidy zhgngqiacute tidy (up) shdushi

tiger lfohu (sign of the zodiac)hj

time shiacutehou shiacutejian intime for laacutei de jiacute whattime is it jh difn (zhdng) ( )

tin can guagraventou tip (rubbish) (v) dagraveotipsy zuigravexenxen tired legraveito chaacuteo duigrave xiagraveng to sb

gbn tofor sb ggi to and frolaacuteilaacutei wfngwfng

today jcntiantogether ycqh

toilet cegravesui

tomorrow miacutengtian tomorrowevening miacuteng wfn

too tagravei too (also) yg too latefor laacutei bu jiacute

toothbrush yaacuteshua

topic tiacutemugravetorment (v) zheacutemotouch dograveng pegravengtour lsxiacutengyoacuteu towards chaacuteo duigrave wfngwagraveng

xiagravengtowel maacuteojcntown cheacutengtoy waacutenjugravetraffic jiaotdngtrain huichb

train (v) xugravenliagraven trainingsession xugravenliagraven

translate translation fanyigravetravel by (boat plane train bus

etc) zuograve da


356

tree shugrave shugravemugravetrousers kugrave(zi) ( )true zhbn zhbnshiacute true

situation zhbnxiagravengtruly zhbntrunk xiangzitruth shiacutehuagravetry hard njligraveTuesday lhbagravei egraver xcngqc egraver

tune qjziturn (v) gufitutor dfoshc

two egraver lifngtype (v) dfzigrave

Uumbrella sfn yjsfnuncle (fatherrsquos elder brother)

boacutebo (fatherrsquos youngerbrother) sheshu (husband of motherrsquos sister) yiacutezhagraveng (motherrsquos brother) jiugravejiu (husband of fatherrsquos sister)gezhagraveng

unconcerned person xiaacutenreacutenunder dhxia xiagrave xiagravebian

xiagravemian xiagravetouunderground digravexiagraveunderstand ding lifojig

miacutengbai (by listening) tcngding

unemployed shcyegraveuniversity dagravexueacuteunpleasant to hear naacutentcnguntil dagraveoup shang qh qhlaacutei up to

yoacuteu up till now dagraveo xiagravenzagravei

upstairs loacuteushagravengupward shagraveng qugrave upward

shagravenglaiurge quagravenus wimen (including the

listener) zaacutenmen USA mgiguoacuteuse yogravenguseful yiuyograveng

Vvacuum-clean xccheacutenvan miagravenbaochb

vase huapiacutengvegetable cagravei vegetables shecagravei

vegetable garden cagraveiyuaacuten vegetable oil cagraveiyoacuteu

vegetarian chcsugravevehicle chbliagravengvery hgnvice- fugravevicinity fugravejigraven zhduweacuteivideo camera shegravexiagravengjcview yigravejiagravenview (opinion) yigravejiagraven kagravenff

vigorous wagravengvillage xiangcenviolin xifotiacuteqiacutenvisit canguan ffngwegraven

kagraven tagravenwagravengvisitor kegraverenvoice sfngzi

Wwages gdngzc

wait (for) dgngwalk ziu ziulugrave wall qiaacutengwant xifng yagraveoward (hospital) bigravengfaacutengwardrobe ycguigravewarm nufn nufnhuo

warmhearted regraveqiacutengwash xh

washing-machine xhycjcwatch kagravenwatch (wristwatch) shiubifo

bifowater shuh (v) jiao jiao shuh

watermelon xcgua

wave (v) zhaoshiuway of doing something zuograveffwe wimen (including the

listener) zaacutenmen weak rufnwear (clothes) chuan dagravei


357

weather tianqigrave weatherforecast qigravexiagraveng yugravebagraveo

wedding ceremony henlhWednesday lhbagravei san xcngqc

sanweek lhbagravei xcngqc

weekend zhdumogravewelcome huanyiacutengwell known yiumiacutengwest (side) xcbian xcmianwet shc

whale jcngyuacutewhat sheacutenmewhen (as) dang (question)

sheacutenme shiacutehou jh shiacute

where nfrwhich nf ngi (plural) nf xib

while (for) a while ychuigraver ycxiagrave

white baacuteiwho whom sheacutei shuiacutewhole quaacuten zhgng whole

family quaacuten jia the wholeday zhgngtian the wholeevening zhgng wfn thewhole year zhgngniaacuten

whose sheacuteishuiacute dewhy wegraveisheacutenmewide kuanwife qczi tagraveitai feren

willing (to) yuagraven(yi) ( ) kgnwillpower yigraveligravewin (a prize) zhogravengwind fbngwindow chuang(hu) ( ) window

sill chuangtaacutei windy gua fbngwine jijwinter ddngtianwipe ca ma

wish zhugravewith gbn heacute toacuteng yj

(using) yogravengwithout reason wuacutegugrave

witty dograveuwok gud

wolf laacutengword zigravewords huagrave (of a song) gbciacutework gdngzuograve work as dang

work hard njligrave willdowork xiacuteng de tdng wonrsquot dowork xiacuteng bu tdng

world shigravejiegraveworry (about) caoxcn danxcn

worth zhiacutedewould like to xifngwrite xig writing brush maacuteobh

writing paper xigravenzhh

wrong cuograve

YYangtze River chaacutengjiangyear niaacuten school year niaacutenjiacute

all the year round zhgngniaacuten the year after next hograveuniaacuten the year before last qiacuteanniaacuten the year of the pig zhe niaacuten

years of age suigraveyellow huaacuteng the Yellow River

huaacutengheacuteyes duigrave shigrave deyesterday zuoacutetian yesterday

evening zuoacute wfnyet haacuteiyou nh (polite form) niacuten

(plural) nhmenyoung lady xifojie young man

qcngniaacutenyounger brother digravedi younger

sister megraveimeiyoungster xifohuiziyour(s) nh de (plural) nh men

de

Zzero liacutengzoo dogravengwugraveyuaacuten


358

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

359

adjectives Words used to describe define or evaluate qualitiesor characteristics associated with nouns such aslsquobigrsquo lsquogreenrsquo lsquogoodrsquo Gradable adjectives are adjec-tives that generally can be modified by a degreeadverb That is they can be graded to varyingdegrees using a range of adverbs such as lsquoveryrsquolsquoextremelyrsquo etc Non-gradable adjectives are usuallynot modifiable by degree adverbs as they have moreabsolute meanings (eg lsquomalersquo lsquofemalersquo lsquosquarersquolsquoblackrsquo) and define rather than describe

adverbial In Chinese a word or phrase placed directly beforea verb to modify it usually providing backgroundinformation such as time location means methodmanner etc (eg lsquoyesterdayrsquo lsquoin Londonrsquo lsquoby trainrsquolsquowith chopsticksrsquo lsquoslowlyrsquo etc)

apposition When two nouns (or noun phrases) are placed nextto each other to indicate the same entity the secondbeing in apposition to the first (eg Gordon Brownthe Prime Minister etc)

article A word like lsquoarsquo lsquoanrsquo or lsquothersquo in English whichassigns definite or indefinite reference to the noun thatfollows it

aspect The functional words le guo D zhe and zagraveimarkers which are closely associated with verbs Le guo

and D zhe are suffixed to the verb and zagravei imme-diately precedes it they indicate the aspectualnotions of completion immediate or past experi-ence simultaneousness persistence and continuationChinese aspect markers are NOT indicators oftense Tense is specified by time expressions placedbefore the verb or at the beginning of the sentence

attitudinal In Chinese a verb which reflects the speakerrsquos verb attitude It may be followed by verbal as well as nom-

inal objects (eg lsquoI like tea I like to drink tearsquo)

attributive In Chinese a word phrase or clause placed beforea noun to qualify or identify it (eg lsquonice weatherrsquolsquoa very useful bookrsquo or a clause lsquoa nobody-will-ever-forget experiencersquo)

case In many languages the form of a noun pronoun oradjective changes to indicate its grammatical rela-tionship with other words in the sentence Theseforms are called cases In English cases only occurin pronouns for the nominative case (I he she weand they) and the accusative case (me him her usand them) They do not occur at all in Chinese

causative A verb which causes its object to produce an action verb or to change state (eg lsquoask him to comersquo lsquomake him

happyrsquo etc)clause A term employed to describe a subject-predicate or

topic-comment construction which relates to other similar constructions with or without conjunctionaldevices to constitute a sentence in Chinese

comment The part of a sentence in a topic-comment sentencewhich follows the topic The topic establishes thetheme or focus of interest in the sentence while thecomment describes defines explains or contends etcIn contrast with a subject-predicate sentence whichnarrates an incident (eg somebody did something)a topic-comment sentence makes observations pro-vides descriptions offers explanations etc The verb

shigrave lsquoto bersquo adjectives modal verbs and the par-ticle le are all regular elements in a comment

complement A word phrase or clause which comes directly aftereither a verb (ie a verbal complement) to indicatethe duration frequency terminal location or destina-tion result manner or consequential state of theaction expressed by the verb or after an adjective (iean adjectival complement) to indicate its degree orextent

composite A general term referring to a sentence which con- sentence sists of more than one clause or predicate linked

together by conjunction(s) or conjunctive(s) Acomposite sentence may therefore be of a com-pound or complex nature using coordinate or subordinate conjunctions

conjunctions Words used to join two words phrases or clauses (eglsquoandrsquo lsquootherwisersquo lsquobecausersquo etc) Conjunctions inChinese often form related pairs (eg lsquobecause thereforersquo lsquothough howeverrsquo etc)

Glossaryof gram-maticalterms

360

conjunctives Referential adverbs used to link two clauses or pred-icatescomments

context The extralinguistic situation or environment inwhich a verbal event takes place

cotext The verbal text (in speech or in writing) that goesbefore or after the verbal event under consideration

coverb In Chinese a preposition-like verb which is not nor-mally used on its own but is followed by another verb(or other verbs) A coverb with its object forms acoverbal phrase which indicates location methodinstrument reference etc

dative verb A verb which requires two objects a direct object andan indirect object (eg lsquogive him a presentrsquo in whichlsquohimrsquo is the indirect object and lsquopresentrsquo is the directobject)

definite Terms used in connection with nominal or pronominalreference and items The difference between definite and indefiniteindefinite reference may be illustrated by the use of the reference definite article lsquothersquo and the indefinite article lsquoa(n)rsquo in

Englishdegree adverb See adjectivesdemonstrative A word (eg lsquothisrsquo lsquothatrsquo lsquothesersquo or lsquothosersquo) which

singles out an entity or entities from others of the samegroup or category

direction A set of motion verbs which follow other verbs as indicators direction complements to indicate the spatial direc-

tion or sometimes the temporal orientation (ielsquobeginningrsquo lsquocontinuingrsquo or lsquoendingrsquo) of the actionsexpressed by those verbs

disyllabic Of two syllablesindefinite See definite reference

referenceinfinitive The basic form of a verb which has not been changed

to indicate tense person or number (in English lsquotogorsquo vs lsquogoesrsquo lsquowentrsquo etc)

intensifier A word used to emphasize or highlight elements ina sentence

intentional verb A verb which expresses the speakerrsquos intentions Itis generally followed by another verb indicating theaction which the speaker intends to take (eg lsquoI planto study Chinesersquo)

location phrase A location word or postpositional phrase precededby the coverb zagravei lsquo(be) inrsquo lsquoatrsquo

measure words Also known as classifiers these are words that mustbe used between a numeral or demonstrative and the


361

noun it qualifies English equivalents are lsquoa piece ofcakersquo lsquoa glass of beerrsquo but in Chinese measurewords are used with all nouns

modal verbs A set of verbs which are used directly before otherverbs to indicate possibility probability necessity obli-gation permission willingness daring etc (eglsquocanrsquo lsquomustrsquo lsquoshouldrsquo lsquomayrsquo lsquodarersquo etc)

monosyllabic Of one syllablenotional A term used to refer to a construction in which the

passive object of the verb is brought forward to a subject posi-tion before the verb while the verb is still encodedin its active form Hence the passive voice is not real-ized in its actual form but can only be notional

noun A word used to identify or name an individual or amember or members of a group or category animateor inanimate real or imaginary These words are tra-ditionally classified as proper common material orabstract with reference to the dominant characteris-tics of the entities they represent

object A word that follows a transitive verb or a preposi-tion and is seen to be governed by the verb orpreposition

onomatopoeia A word that is used to approximate to a natural soundin real life There are a considerable number of con-ventionalized onomatopoeic words in Chinese butthey are also regularly created spontaneously

particle In Chinese a monosyllabic item which has no inde-pendent meaning of its own but serves to deliver a structural or functional grammatical message Thesentence particle ma for example has no inde-pendent semantic significance but its presence has the function of changing a statement into a generalquestion

phonaesthemes Two-syllabled items which are suffixed to an adject-ive to add to its descriptive power by introducing somekind of sound connotation

postposition A word placed after a noun to indicate a part of thenoun or a spatialtemporal relationship to the noun(eg lsquoonrsquo lsquoinrsquo lsquooutsidersquo lsquoaboversquo etc) A noun followedby a postposition is called a postpostional phrase whichusually indicates location or time and resembles aprepositional phrase in English (eg the preposi-tional phrase lsquoon the tablersquo in English is rendered inthe word order lsquothe table onrsquo in Chinese)


362

predicate The part of a sentence that follows the subject Thesubject is usually the initiator or recipient of theaction expressed by the verb or verb phrase in the predicate In a Chinese subject-predicate sen-tence the subject is generally of definite reference

predicative An adjective which forms the predicate of a sentencepreposition A word used before a noun or other forms of speech

indicating a temporal spatial instrumental or someother relational concept (eg lsquoatrsquo as in lsquoat dawnrsquo lsquobyrsquoas in lsquoby airrsquo lsquoinrsquo as in lsquoin herersquo etc)

pronoun A word which is used instead of a noun to refer tosomeone or something already mentioned or known(eg lsquohersquo lsquoIrsquo lsquothatrsquo)

referential A set of monosyllabic adverbs such as jiugrave caacuteiadverbs d(o-)u y(ev) yograveu zagravei haacutei dagraveo

quegrave etc which in a sentence refer either backwardsto elements before them or forwards to elements afterthem echoing or reinforcing the meaning of those elements

reflexive object An object which has the same identity as the subjectof the verb in the sentence (eg lsquohimself rsquo as in lsquoHeblames himselfrsquo)

serial A type of Chinese sentence in which more than one construction verb occurs in succession without any conjunctional

devicesset expression A phrase which is grammatically fixed and whose com-

ponents cannot normally be changed or re-orderedstate verb In Chinese a verb which is formed by placing the par-

ticle le after an adjective A state verb indicatesa state of affairs rather than an action or an event

subject See predicatetense See aspect markerstopic See comment


363

bieacute lsquodonrsquotrsquo 3 17 20bigravexe (modal verb) lsquomustrsquo lsquohave

torsquo 16brief duration 14bugrave (negator) 7 9 10 11 12 16

17 lsquonorsquo 18 (negative potentialcomplement) 23

bugrave (measure word for cars) 6bugrave bigrave (modal verb) lsquoneed notrsquo 16bugrave deacute (formal) lsquomust notrsquo 20bugrave shfo lsquomanyrsquo lsquoquite a fewrsquo 7

10bugrave shigrave lsquonorsquo 18 19bugrave xj (formal) lsquonot permittedrsquo

20bugrave yagraveo (modal verb) lsquodonrsquotrsquo 17

20bugrave yograveng (modal verb) lsquoneed

notrsquo 16bugrave zhjn (formal) lsquonot allowedrsquo

20bugraveguograve (conjunction) lsquobutrsquo

lsquoneverthelessrsquo 10

chagrave lsquotorsquo (in time of day) 8chfng (measure word for games

films etc) 5 10chaacuteng (measure word) lsquoshower

(of rain)rsquo lsquofall (of snow)rsquo 6chaacuteo (coverb) lsquotowardsrsquo lsquoin the

direction ofrsquo 24chiacute (adverb) lsquolatersquo 12Chinese full-stop 1Chinese zodiac 11che (measure word for plays) 6

(direction indicator) lsquoto exitrsquo 21364

INDEX

a (particle) 18 20am 8accompanying action 15action in progress 15action verbs 17adjectival attributives 10adjectival predicatives 10 17adjectives 2 8 9 10 12 22 (non-

gradable) 11affirmative-negative questions 18 19alternative question 19agravenzhagraveo (preposition) lsquoaccording

torsquo lsquoin accordance withrsquo 25approximate numbers 5aspect markers 2 3 9 13 14 15attitudinal verbs 17attributives 10

ba (imperative or requestparticle) 3 14 20 (questionparticle) 18

bf (measure word for kniveschairs keys etc also lsquoa handfulrsquo)4 6

bagraven lsquohalfrsquo 5bbi (container measure word for

tea coffee beer etc) lsquocup glassetcrsquo 6

bgn (measure word for booksetc) 6

bh (coverb) lsquocompared withrsquo 12 24bh (measure word) lsquosum (of

money)rsquo 6bian (noun suffix) lsquosidersquo 13biagraven (measure word for

frequency) 14

chuagraven (measure word) lsquobunch (ofgrapes bananas)rsquo 6

chuacutele (zhc wagravei yh wagravei ) (preposition) lsquoapart fromrsquo

lsquoas well asrsquo 25cigrave (measure word for frequency)

14collective nouns 6collectivized noun 1comparisons 12complement 12 15 21 22 23complement of direction 21 23complement of locationdestination

21complement of manner 22complement of result 15 22 23complement of resultant state 22completed action 2 9 15coacuteng (coverb) lsquofromrsquo lsquosincersquo 13 24coacutenglaacutei (time expression) lsquoall

alongrsquo (always with negator) 17continuous state 13 15coverbs 4 24cud (measure word) lsquopinch (of

salt)rsquo 6

dagravejia (pronoun) lsquoeverybodyrsquo 3dagraveo (coverb) lsquotorsquo 4 13 24 lsquoto

arriversquo 14 21date (of the month) 8dates 8day 6day of the week 8de dud (degree complement)

lsquomuch (more)rsquo 12de shiacutehou (following a time

or verb phrase) lsquowhen rsquo 14de (complement of manner) 12

22 (potential complement) 23de (particle for attributive) 3 9

10 11 14decimal 5definite 2 7definite reference 1 2 7 15 22degree adverbs 10 12degree complement 12dgi (modal verb) lsquohave torsquo 16demonstratives 2 6 10

descriptive sentences 15dc (measure word) lsquoa drop of

(water)rsquo 6digrave (ordinal prefix) 5difn lsquopointrsquo (in decimals) 5

(measure word) lsquohourrsquo lsquoorsquoclock(in times of day)rsquo 8

dhng (measure word for hatsetc) 6

disyllabic prepositions 25dograveng (measure word for

buildings) 6ddu lsquoall bothrsquo 2 11 14 17 (in

emphatic constructions) 7 10duigrave (measure word) lsquoa pairrsquo 6

lsquoyesrsquo 18 19 (coverb) lsquoto attowardsrsquo 24 25

duigraveyuacute (preposition) lsquoas torsquolsquoaboutrsquo 25

dun-comma 1dud jij lsquohow longrsquo 9dud le (degree complement)

lsquomuch (more)rsquo 12dud lsquooverrsquo (with numbers) 5

(question word) lsquohowrsquo (withadjective) 9 (exclamation) lsquohowrsquo20

dui (measure word for flowersclouds) 6 10

dudme (exclamation) lsquohowrsquo 20dudshfo lsquohow muchhow manyrsquo

5 9duration 14

exclamations 20expository sentences 15

fbn (in fractions percentage) 5lsquominutersquo (in time of day) 8

fbn zhc (in fractionspercentages) 5

fbng (measure word for letters) 6fractions 5frequency 14fugrave (measure word for spectacles)

6fuacute (measure word for paintings) 6fugravejigraven (postposition) lsquonearrsquo 13

Index

365

gai (modal verb) lsquoought torsquo 16gfn (modal verb) lsquodarersquo 16 17gegrave (common measure word) 6ggi (coverb) lsquofor torsquo 24gbn (measure word for matches

ropes thread etc) 6gbn (coverb) lsquowithrsquo 3 24 (in

similarity expressions) 12general questions 18 19gegraveng (degree adverb) lsquoeven

(more)rsquo 12gbnjugrave (preposition) lsquoaccording

torsquo lsquoon the basis ofrsquo 25gograveu lsquoenoughrsquo 10guagraven (measure word) lsquobottle

(of wine)rsquo 6guanyuacute (preposition)

lsquoregardingrsquo lsquoas regardsrsquo 25guo (aspect marker) 3 14 15 17

18 (direction indicator) lsquoto crossrsquo21

habitual action 2haacutei (degree adverb) lsquoeven

(more)rsquo 12 (referential adverb)lsquostillrsquo lsquoyetrsquo 17

haacutei yagraveo (degree adverb) lsquoeven(more)rsquo 12

haacuteishigrave (alternative question)lsquoorrsquo 19

hfo bugrave hfo (tag insuggestions) lsquohow about rsquo 19

hfo jh lsquoa good manyrsquo lsquoquite afewrsquo 14

hfo ma (tag in suggestions)lsquohow about rsquo 19

heacute (conjunction) lsquoandrsquo 1 (insimilarity expressions) 12(coverb) lsquowithrsquo 24

hgn (degree adverb) lsquoveryrsquo 10hograveu (time expression) lsquoafterrsquo 8

(postposition) lsquobehindrsquo 13hour 6how (with adjective) 9how long 9how muchhow many 5 9how in what way 9

huigrave (modal verb) lsquobe likely torsquolsquocanrsquo lsquobe able torsquo lsquobe good atrsquolsquobe skilful inrsquo 16

huiacute (direction indicator) lsquotoreturnrsquo 21

huogravezhg lsquoorrsquo 19

imperatives 20indefinite 2indefinite plurals 2 7 12 14indefinite reference 2 7 15interrogative pronouns 4 9 18

jh lsquoa fewrsquo lsquoseveralrsquo 2 7 14(question word) lsquohow manyrsquo (with numbers up to ten) 5 6 7 8 9

jia lsquohomersquo (measure word forshops banks etc) 4

jiagrave (measure word for planes) 6jiagraven (measure word for shirts

coats etc) 6 10jian (measure word for rooms

schools etc) 6jiagraveo lsquotellrsquo lsquoorderrsquo 20jigraven (direction indicator) lsquoto enterrsquo

21jhshiacute (interrogative) lsquowhenrsquo 8jiugrave lsquothenrsquo 15jiejigraveng (adverb) lsquoafter allrsquo 23jugrave (measure word for words

sentences) 6juacute (measure word for a game of

chess) 6

kegrave lsquoquarter of an hourrsquo (in timeof day) 8

kb (measure word for treesplants etc) 6

kb (measure word for pearlsbeans etc) 6

kgn (modal verb) lsquobe willing torsquo16

kgshigrave (conjunction) lsquobutrsquo 10kgyh (modal verb) lsquocanrsquo lsquomayrsquo

16 17 23 (in tag questions) 19kuagravei (measure word) lsquoa piece ofrsquo

6

Index

366

la (exclamation) 20laacutei lsquoto comersquo 3 11 lsquoaboutrsquo (in

approximate numbers) 5(complement of direction) 21 24

lfo (familiar term of address tosomeone older) lsquooldrsquo 9

le (aspect marker) 2 9 15 17 1821 22 (sentence particle) 3 1410 15 17 18 20 22

liacute (coverb) lsquofromrsquo (distance) 9 24ligrave (measure word) lsquoa grain of

(rice sand etc)rsquo 6lh (postposition) lsquoin(side)rsquo 13liaacuten lsquoevenrsquo 7lifng lsquotworsquo (before a measure

word) 5liagraveng (measure word for cars) 6ling lsquozerorsquo 5 8location expressions 13location phrase 2 11 21

ma (question particle) 2 11 18measure words 1 2 6meacutei (negator) 17 22meacuteiyiu (negator) 2 3 7 11

15 17 18 22 lsquohave notrsquo 4 7 18(in negative comparisons) 12

men (plural suffix) 1 3 7miagraven (noun suffix) lsquosidersquo 13modal verb 2 16 17 18month 6 8more and more 12

na (exclamation) 3 20nf ngi wegravei (interrogative

pronoun) lsquowhorsquo lsquowhich person(polite)rsquo 4

nf ngi (question word) lsquowhichrsquo 4nagravenegravei (demonstrative pronoun

or adjective) lsquothatrsquo 2nagraveme (in comparisons with an

adjective) lsquosorsquo 12nfr (question word) lsquowherersquo 1

4 (in indefinite expressions) 7nagraver (postposition) lsquoat the home

ofrsquo lsquowhere someone isrsquo 13narrative sentences 15ne (sentence particle) 18

negators 2 3 7 9 10 11 12 16 17neacuteng (modal verb) lsquocanrsquo lsquomayrsquo

lsquobe able torsquo 16 23nh (personal pronoun) lsquoyoursquo 3nhmen (personal pronoun)

lsquoyou (pl)rsquo 1 3niacuten (personal pronoun) lsquoyou

(polite)rsquo 3no 18nouns 1numeralsnumbers 1 5 6 10

or 19ordinal numbers 5

pm 8pair 6paacutengbian (postposition) lsquobyrsquo

lsquobesidersquo 13passive voice 18past experience 3 14 15percentage 5personal pronouns 3phonaesthemes 22ph (measure word for horse) 10piagraven (measure word) lsquoa slice of

(bread)rsquo 6pian (measure word for

composition writing) 6piacuteng(zhe) (D) (preposition) lsquoon

the basis ofrsquo 25please 15possession 3possessive adjectives 3possessive pronouns 3postpositions 13potential complement 23predicatives 10prepositions 25 (see also coverbs)

qh (direction indicator) lsquoto risersquo21

qiaacuten (time expression) lsquobeforersquo 8(postposition) lsquobeforersquo lsquoin frontofrsquo 13 lsquobeforersquo lsquoagorsquo 14

qhlaacutei (aspect marker) 15 17 21qhng (polite request) lsquopleasersquo 15

20

Index

367

qugrave lsquoto gorsquo (complement ofdirection) 21 24

quaacuten lsquoallrsquo lsquoentirelyrsquo 11questions 4 9 18 19quacuten (measure word) a crowd

flock pack 6

ragraveng lsquoletrsquo lsquoallowrsquo 20reduplicated adjectives 10reduplicated measure words 6reference 2reflexive object 3reacuten (pronoun) lsquopersonrsquo lsquoanybodyrsquo

3reacutenjia (pronoun) lsquoothersrsquo 3

shagraveng lsquolastrsquo lsquopreviousrsquo 5 8(postposition) lsquoonrsquo lsquoaboversquo lsquooverrsquo13 (direction indicator) lsquotoascendrsquo 21

shagravengxiagrave lsquoapproximatelyrsquo 5sheacutei de (interrogative

possessive pronounadjective)lsquowhosersquo 4

sheacutei shuiacute (interrogative pronoun)lsquowho(m)rsquo 4 (in indefiniteexpressions) 7

sheacutenme (interrogativepronounadjective) lsquowhatrsquo 4 (in indefinite expressions) 7

sheacutenme defang lsquowherersquolsquowhat placersquo 4

sheacutenme shiacutehou (interrogative) lsquowhenrsquo 8

shiacute (following a verb phrase)lsquowhen rsquo 14

shigrave lsquoto bersquo 2 10 11 13 lsquoyesrsquo 18(emphatic structure) 19

shigrave de lsquoyesrsquo 18 19shigrave de (emphatic

structure) 11 19shiu (measure word for songs

poems etc) 6shugrave (measure word) lsquobouquet

(of flowers)rsquo 6shuang (measure word) lsquoa pairrsquo 6

10similarity 12

sigravezhdu (postposition) lsquoaroundrsquo13

state verbs 17subject-predicate 2sui (measure word for houses) 6superlative 12

ta (personal pronoun)lsquohe(him)rsquo lsquoshe(her)rsquo lsquoitrsquo 3

tag questions 19tagravei (adverb) lsquotoorsquo 10tamen (personal

pronoun) lsquotheythemrsquo 1 3tagraveng (measure word for

frequency) 14tense 8 14 15the more the more 12tigrave (coverb) lsquoforrsquo lsquoon behalf of rsquo 24tiaacuteo (measure word for roads

skirts dogs trousers ndash lsquoa pairrsquoetc) 6 10

time expression 3 8 15time of day 8times 8toacuteng (in similarity expressions)

12 (coverb) lsquowithrsquo 24ting (measure word) lsquopailrsquo

lsquobucketrsquo 6too 10topic-comment 2 11tou (noun suffix) lsquosidersquo 13

verb-object verbs 9 22

wa (exclamation) 20wagravei (postposition) lsquooutsidersquo 13wfn (adverb) lsquolatersquo 12wfngwagraveng (coverb) lsquotowardsrsquo

lsquoin the direction ofrsquo 24week 6wegravei (coverb) lsquoforrsquo 6 24wegravei sheacutenme (question word)

lsquowhyrsquo 9wegraveile (preposition) lsquoin order torsquo

lsquoso thatrsquo 25what 4when (conjunction) 14when (interrogative) 8

Index

368

where 1 4which 4whowhom 4whose 4why 9wi (personal pronoun) lsquoI(me)rsquo 3wimen (personal pronoun)

lsquowe(us)rsquo

xiagrave lsquonextrsquo 5 8 (postposition)lsquounderrsquo lsquobelowrsquo lsquobeneathrsquo 13(direction indicator) lsquoto descendrsquo21

xiagravelaacutei (aspect marker) 15 17 21

xian (adverb) lsquoearlyrsquo 12xiagraveng (coverb) lsquotowardsrsquo lsquoin the

direction ofrsquo 24xifng (modal verb) lsquowantrsquo lsquowould

like torsquo 1 16 17xifo (familiar term of address to

someone younger) lsquoyoungrsquo 9xiagravequgrave (aspect marker) 15

17 21xib (plural suffix [for

demonstratives]) 2 4xhhuan (attitudinal verb) lsquolike

torsquo 17xiacuteng bugrave xiacuteng (tag question)

lsquois it all right if rsquo 19xiacuteng ma (question tag) lsquois it all

right if rsquo 19xjdud lsquomanyrsquo lsquomuchrsquo lsquoa great

dealrsquo 7 10

ya (exclamation) 20yaacuten (coverb) lsquoalong(side)rsquo 24yaacuten zhe D (coverb) lsquoalongrsquo 24yao lsquoonersquo alternative for yi 5yagraveo (modal verb) lsquowantrsquo lsquowould

like torsquo 1 16yg (in emphatic constructions) 7

10 18 lsquoalsorsquo 2 17year 8yes 18yc lsquoa(n) onersquo 1ycdifnrdifnr lsquosomersquo lsquoa littlersquo

lsquoa bitrsquo 4 7 10 12 18

yhhograveu lsquoafterwardsrsquo 14(following a time or verb phrase)lsquolater after rsquo 14

ychuigraver (brief duration) lsquoawhilersquo 14

yhjcng (time adverb) lsquoalreadyrsquo14 17

ycnggai (modal verb) lsquoought torsquo16

yhqiaacuten lsquopreviouslyrsquo 14(following a time or verb phrase)lsquoagorsquo lsquobefore rsquo 14

ycxiagrave (brief duration) lsquoamomentrsquo 14

ycxib lsquosomersquo 2 7 12ycyagraveng lsquo(to be) the samersquo 12

24yograveu lsquoonce againrsquo 17yiu lsquoexistrsquo lsquoto haversquo 2 4 7 9 10

11 13 18 (in comparisons) 12yoacuteu (coverb) lsquoup torsquo lsquobyrsquo lsquofromrsquo

24yoacuteuyuacute (preposition) 25yj (in similarity expressions) 12

(coverb) lsquowithrsquo 24yuacute (coverb) lsquoinrsquo lsquoonrsquo lsquoatrsquo 24yuagravenyigrave (modal verb) lsquobe willing

torsquo 16 17yuegrave laacutei yuegrave lsquomore and

more rsquo 12yuegrave yuegrave lsquothe more

the more rsquo 12yuegravefegraven lsquomonthrsquo 8

zagravei lsquoto be inatonrsquo 4 21 (coverb)lsquoinrsquo lsquoatrsquo 4 13 24 (aspect marker)15 17

zaacutenmen (personal pronoun)lsquowe(us)rsquo 3 20

zfo (adverb) lsquoearlyrsquo 12zeacuten yagraveng (question word)

lsquohowrsquo lsquoin what wayrsquo 9zeacutenme (question word) lsquohowrsquo

lsquoin what wayrsquo 9 lsquohow is it rsquolsquohow come rsquo 9

zeacutenme yagraveng (question word)lsquohowrsquo lsquoin what wayrsquo 9 (predicative)lsquowhat is (somethingsomeone)

Index

369

likersquo lsquohow is (somethingsomeone)rsquo 9 (question word)lsquowhathow about rsquo 9

zhang (measure word forpaintings tables paper ndash lsquoa pieceofrsquo etc) 6

zhe D (aspect marker) 13 15 17zhegravezhegravei (demonstrative pronoun

or adjective) lsquothisrsquo 2zhegraveme (in comparisons with an

adjective) lsquosorsquo 12zhbn (degree adverb) lsquoreallyrsquo

lsquotrulyrsquo 18 20zhegraven (measure word) lsquogust

(of wind)rsquo lsquopeal (of thunder)rsquo 6

zhegravengzagravei (aspect marker) lsquointhe process ofrsquo 15

zhegraver lsquoherersquo 13 14zhc (measure word for animals

birds etc one of a pair) 6zhh lsquoonlyrsquo 1zhc (measure word for pens etc)

6

zhc hograveu (following a time orverb phrase) lsquolaterrsquo lsquoafter rsquo 14

zhc qiaacuten (following a time orverb phrase) lsquoagorsquo lsquobefore rsquo 14

zhcyuacute (preposition) lsquoas forrsquo lsquoas far as is concernedrsquo 25

zhdng (time expression) lsquoduringrsquo8 14

zhdng(jian) ( ) (postposition) lsquoin (the middle of)rsquo lsquoamongrsquolsquobetweenrsquo 13

zhduweacutei (postposition)lsquoaroundrsquo 13

zhuagraveng (measure word forbuildings) 6

zhudzi lsquotablersquo (as measureword) lsquoa table (full) of rsquo 6

zigrave (coverb) lsquofromrsquo 24zigravejh (pronoun) lsquo(one)selfrsquo (with

de ) lsquo(onersquos) ownrsquo 3zuigrave (superlative) lsquomostrsquo 12zuograve (measure word for buildings

mountains) 6zuiyograveu lsquoapproximatelyrsquo 5

Index

370

BASIC CHINESE A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK

Praise for the first edition

lsquoVery well structured and clearly explainedrsquoDr Qian Kan Cambridge University

Basic Chinese introduces the essentials of Chinese syntax Each ofthe 25 units deals with a particular grammatical point and providesassociated exercises Features include

bull clear accessible formatbull many useful language examplesbull jargon-free explanations of grammarbull ample drills and exercisesbull full key to exercises

All Chinese entries are presented in both pinyin romanization andChinese characters and are accompanied in most cases by Englishtranslations to facilitate self-tuition as well as classroom teaching inboth spoken and written Chinese

Basic Chinese is designed for students new to the language Togetherwith its sister volume Intermediate Chinese it forms a compendiumof the essentials of Chinese syntax

Yip Po-Ching was formerly Lecturer in Chinese Studies at theUniversity of Leeds and Don Rimmington is Emeritus Professor of East Asian Studies and former head of the East Asian StudiesDepartment at the University of Leeds They are the authors of Chinese An Essential Grammar (1996 2nd edition 2006)Intermediate Chinese A Grammar and Workbook (1998 2nd editionforthcoming) and Chinese A Comprehensive Grammar (2004)


















Basic Italian







2nd edition














2008031535






CONTENTS

Introduction vii





5 Numbers 38

6 Measure words 49






12 Comparisons 113





Contents

vi














Index 364

vii

INTRODUCTION






Introduc-tion

viii










1






















2









One cannot say





bh heacute zhh

pens and paper



3








Exercise 11





4

Exercise 12











Exercise 13





5







Exercise 14






Exercise 15




6























7

8



Definite reference






sweaterjumper














9
















10
















11


















12



Exercise 21


1 this pen bh

2 these pens bh





Exercise 22




13










Exercise 23


1 nfr yiu she




14




Exercise 24












15













16


17


























3Personalpronouns

18














3Personalpronouns

19



This is their car
















3Personalpronouns

20
















3Personalpronouns

21

Exercise 31













Exercise 32





3Personalpronouns

22














Exercise 33






3Personalpronouns

23










( )





( )


Exercise 34


3Personalpronouns

24







Exercise 35











3Personalpronouns

25





















3Personalpronouns

26






8 dagravengao chc


3Personalpronouns

27

28
























29




















30

















31












nFr yiu chb ze








32






Exercise 41










33


















34


Exercise 42






Exercise 43





35













36







37

38

UNIT FIVENumbers




lsquosevenrsquo






















5Numbers

39















5Numbers

40









One cannot say




egraver loacuteu)


5Numbers

41

















5Numbers

42






But not









5Numbers

43

















5Numbers

44

Exercise 51




Exercise 52


1 80205 7 32 6329814 8 973 600000000 9 413164 1080 10 586235 736 11 70056 14 12 601007

Exercise 53



5Numbers

45

Exercise 54







Exercise 55




5Numbers

46

Exercise 56
















5Numbers

47










learnedrsquo)

5Numbers

48


49



















6Measurewords

50











(iii) Container


6Measurewords

51










(iv) Shape




6Measurewords

52
















6Measurewords

53









affectionate couple



6Measurewords

54














6Measurewords

55











One cannot say

lifng xib she


6Measurewords

56






after gust of wind






Exercise 61




6Measurewords

57


Exercise 62




Exercise 63




Exercise 64



6Measurewords




Exercise 65



jian gegrave













6Measurewords

59



France





Exercise 66








6Measurewords

60


















6Measurewords

61









10 yc zhc xifo nifo

6Measurewords

62


63







opinions

















7Indefiniteplurals

64


















7Indefiniteplurals

65

















7Indefiniteplurals

66










Exercise 71




7Indefiniteplurals

67









Exercise 72











7Indefiniteplurals

68




Exercise 73










Exercise 74




7Indefiniteplurals

69


















7Indefiniteplurals

70

1 hgndud she



















7Indefiniteplurals

71




7Indefiniteplurals

72


73














One does not say












8Times anddates

74










8Times anddates

75












8Times anddates

76


















8Times anddates

77










Exercise 81




8Times anddates

78

Exercise 82
















Exercise 83


8Times anddates

79


















Exercise 84




8Times anddates

80





















8Times anddates

81



















8Times anddates

82




8Times anddates

83

84


















or


One cannot say






85

















86














Exercise 91



87















Exercise 92







88




Exercise 93




Exercise 94







89





















90

















91





92


93
























94















95


















96















97


One cannot say


Exercise 101





Exercise 102




98








Exercise 103




99



Exercise 104



2


3



Exercise 105




100
















101











102


103






That is his coat





















11shigrave

and you

104














11shigrave

and you

105


One cannot say













11shigrave

and you

106


















11shigrave

and you

107








Exercise 111




Exercise 112



11shigrave

and you

108










Exercise 113












11shigrave

and you

109



Exercise 114




Exercise 115






11shigrave

and you

110












11shigrave

and you

111



11shigrave

and you

112


113


























12Compar-isons

114





or










12Compar-isons

115

















12Compar-isons

116






ta chc de bh wi dud













12Compar-isons

117



















12Compar-isons

118










Exercise 121






12Compar-isons

119



cat tiger a lot5











Exercise 122







12Compar-isons

120








Exercise 123








12Compar-isons

121





Exercise 124









12Compar-isons

122




Exercise 125







Exercise 126




12Compar-isons

123


















12Compar-isons

124

















12Compar-isons

125









minutesrsquo)

12Compar-isons

126


127












For example







128








or direction









129











One cannot say






130





One cannot say









but not





131








One cannot say









132

Exercise 131




3 ( ) D















133





Exercise 132



10 under a tree

Exercise 133






134














Exercise 134








135

Exercise 135

















136























137



















138


139























months before


140

















141




One cannot say












142

















143


















144















One cannot say



145













Exercise 141



146











Exercise 142













147



Exercise 143















Exercise 144



148













Exercise 145






149














150













151












152




153

154































155















156












One does not say




157









or







158









One cannot say






One cannot say





159








Exercise 151


1 ta chagravenggb






I (have) lost a key


160










Exercise 152






Exercise 153



161






6 qhng nh shud






Exercise 154








162


1 megraveimei ke















163









164


165




























16Modalverbs

166














16Modalverbs

167





Exercise 161








Exercise 162






16Modalverbs

168














Exercise 163




16Modalverbs

169






















16Modalverbs

170



nh qcpiagraven wi








Exercise 164







16Modalverbs

171










16Modalverbs

172



16Modalverbs

173

174





























17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

175










Compare



One does not say


Compare also






17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

176












school yet

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

177



didnrsquot all go











Compare


NOT leave)


17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

178









people there






meacutei(yiu) hfo

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

179



Exercise 171



















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

180

Exercise 172










Exercise 173









17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

181

Exercise 174





gdngzc















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

182



















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

183




17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

184


185






(lit not busy)


(lit today not go)
















186














(I havenrsquot)





187




















188




One does not say





here




arrived




189


some coke
















190








Exercise 181


ta chduyanHe smokes


chduYes

bugrave chduNo




191









Exercise 182












192

Exercise 183




Exercise 184




Exercise 185




193


















194























195

196































197














(i) past actions



198





















199













Exercise 191





200



Exercise 192
















Wang went to


201

Exercise 193











Exercise 194





202











Exercise 195







203



















204




205

206


























207







premises








Examples

tian na Heavens


208









Exercise 201



Exercise 202




209





Exercise 203






Exercise 204






mow the grass now)


210





Exercise 205
















211











212










213

214


















across overacross


Examples







215








returned



stop






216


downstairs








the water







the tree)


217












(a) location



coat-hangers

(b) destination



218




Exercise 211




Exercise 212






219













Exercise 213



Xiao Li came home





220







Exercise 214







221


5 ( )















222












223








224


225



(a) Adjectives




(b) Verbs


(what was said)















sent yet




too late


226






(a) Verb phrases




(b) Clauses



227











One cannot say




228

Compare


And


Exercise 221
















229






Exercise 222










Exercise 223



230















Exercise 224




231

















232










dry











tidied up


233

234

























235




Sentence examples







be worse than)


236











Compare







237


or




Exercise 231













238

Exercise 232




Exercise 233











239



Exercise 234













240




















241

242




























24Coverbalphrases

243
















24Coverbalphrases

244


One does not say




One cannot say











24Coverbalphrases

245

















24Coverbalphrases

246








One cannot say









24Coverbalphrases

247


















Exercise 241


24Coverbalphrases

248










Exercise 242







6 D




24Coverbalphrases

249

Exercise 243















24Coverbalphrases

250


Exercise 244












Exercise 245







24Coverbalphrases

251






Exercise 246











24Coverbalphrases

252


Exercise 247







10 from 1995 to 2005



24Coverbalphrases

253






9 D



10(square)




24Coverbalphrases

254


255
























256













257




D


Exercise 251








Exercise 252



258











Exercise 253





259



Exercise 254









Exercise 255





260








ycnggai gufn

Exercise 256











261














262


thereA ByeB Bye


263

264

KEY TO EXERCISES

Unit 1

Exercise 11






Exercise 12


Exercise 13




Exercise 14



Exercise 15






Drill 11




Drill 12




Key toexercises

265

Unit 2

Exercise 21





Exercise 22


Exercise 23


Exercise 24




Key toexercises

266





Drill 21





Drill 22





Unit 3

Exercise 31




Key toexercises

267

Exercise 32



Exercise 33



negravei jiagraven

Exercise 34


Exercise 35


Drill 31


Drill 32





Key toexercises

268

Drill 33



Unit 4

Exercise 41












Key toexercises

269




Exercise 42





Exercise 43











Drill 41




Key toexercises

270



Drill 42







Unit 5

Exercise 51

1 89 2 16 3 10000 4 600000000 5 7000000 6 13526 7180000 8 6934 9 3652 10 780000469 11 64504 12 4004005

Exercise 52




Key toexercises

271


Exercise 53




Exercise 54


Exercise 55







Exercise 56





Key toexercises

272






Drill 51


Drill 52







Unit 6

Exercise 61


Key toexercises

273



of cake

Exercise 62


Exercise 63






Exercise 64






(xiang)yan

Exercise 65



Key toexercises

274
















Drill 62




Key toexercises

275


Unit 7

Exercise 71


Exercise 72



Exercise 73





Exercise 74



Drill 71


Key toexercises

276



Drill 72





Unit 8

Exercise 81


Exercise 82







Key toexercises

277


Exercise 83






xiexi

Exercise 84



Drill 81



Key toexercises

278


Drill 82




Unit 9

Exercise 91






Exercise 92


Key toexercises

279





Exercise 94



Drill 91





Key toexercises

280





Drill 92











Unit 10

Exercise 101


Key toexercises

281




Exercise 102




Exercise 103






Exercise 104





Key toexercises

282


Exercise 105






Drill 101











Key toexercises

283




Drill 102










Unit 11

Exercise 111





Key toexercises

284

Exercise 112



Exercise 113




Exercise 114






Exercise 115





Key toexercises

285





Drill 111






Drill 112






Key toexercises

286

Unit 12

Exercise 121








Exercise 122





Exercise 123




Key toexercises

287

Exercise 124


Exercise 125









Exercise 126





Drill 121





Key toexercises

288














Drill 122



Key toexercises

289







Unit 13

Exercise 131


Exercise 132



Exercise 133


Key toexercises

290




Exercise 134


Exercise 135



Drill 131






Key toexercises

291







Key toexercises

292






Drill 132






Key toexercises

293

Unit 14

Exercise 141







Exercise 142










Key toexercises

294

Exercise 143





Exercise 144


Exercise 145




Drill 141


Key toexercises

295








Drill 142










Drill 143



Key toexercises

296




Unit 15

Exercise 151


leguo 15 le

Exercise 152





Exercise 153


xiagravelaacutei

Exercise 154



Drill 151



Key toexercises

297



Drill 152


Drill 153


Unit 16

Exercise 161


Key toexercises

298


Exercise 162


Exercise 163


Exercise 164




Drill 161


Drill 162



Key toexercises

299











Unit 17

Exercise 171


Exercise 172




Key toexercises

300

Exercise 173



Exercise 174






Drill 171


Drill 172


Key toexercises

301












Unit 18

Exercise 181




Key toexercises

302






Exercise 182






Exercise 183




Key toexercises

303



Exercise 184





Exercise 185





Drill 181







Key toexercises

304


Drill 182







Unit 19

Exercise 191







Exercise 192


Key toexercises

305

Exercise 193





Exercise 194










Exercise 195




Key toexercises

306


Drill 191










Drill 192



Unit 20

Exercise 201


Key toexercises

307


Exercise 202




Exercise 203



Exercise 204



Exercise 205


Drill 201




Key toexercises

308






Drill 202








Unit 21

Exercise 211




Key toexercises

309


Exercise 212


Exercise 213






Exercise 214







Key toexercises

310

Drill 211













Drill 212




Key toexercises

311




Unit 22

Exercise 221




Exercise 222






Exercise 223



Key toexercises

312

Exercise 224






Drill 221





Drill 222







Key toexercises

313







Unit 23

Exercise 231


Exercise 232



Exercise 233


Exercise 234




xiagravequgrave le

Key toexercises

314

Drill 231













Drill 232




Key toexercises

315




Unit 24

Exercise 241


Exercise 242


Exercise 243





Exercise 244


Exercise 245


Key toexercises

316

Exercise 246


Exercise 247




Drill 241



Drill 242


Key toexercises

317

Unit 25

Exercise 251




Exercise 252


Exercise 253





Exercise 254


Exercise 255




Key toexercises

318

Exercise 256







Drill 251






Drill 252







Key toexercises

319




VOCABULARY LIST

Chinese to English




the Olympic Games




buses etc)















321

















322
















323












324








(polite form)














325













futurejiang ginger


326













327












328












329







Oduzhdu Europe










330






meeting etc)








till it is dry


331














332
















333













334










from




335


session







demand







336






















337









utensils)








338















339


ah (exclamation) a










340

VOCABULARY LIST

English to Chinese












apple piacutenggui















awful kj
















341


body shbnthboil zhj




















the time for gfiqc




342


























343

cry ke



Ddamp shc




















344




month yuegravedh


















fire hui


fish yuacutefive wj







345




xianhua







fruit shuhgui














hfohb



346
















hoarse yf












347



II wi


















knowledge zhcshi





348




lease ze



Leeds ligravezc


leg tuh









zhugrave







lyrics gbciacute










349

May wjyuegraveme wi




midday zhdngwj



























350




noon zhdngwj






notify tdngzhc

novel xifoshud















outcome jieacutegui








351


parents fugravemj


parrot ycngwj





pen bh

pencil qianbh

















352



raise tiacute che

ratmouse lfoshj





result jieacutegui













353
























354





























355



























toilet cegravesui








etc) zuograve da


356





















Wwages gdngzc





watermelon xcgua




357






















wrong cuograve









de



358


359





















360



















361












362














363
















INDEX











frequency) 14







salt)rsquo 6





















5 9duration 14






Index

365






























chess) 6







6

Index

366































20

Index

367



flock pack 6
















10similarity 12
















Index

368


lsquowe(us)rsquo












dealrsquo 7 10

























Index

369











6












Index

370


















Basic Italian







2nd edition














2008031535






CONTENTS

Introduction vii





5 Numbers 38

6 Measure words 49






12 Comparisons 113





Contents

vi














Index 364

vii

INTRODUCTION






Introduc-tion

viii










1






















2









One cannot say





bh heacute zhh

pens and paper



3








Exercise 11





4

Exercise 12











Exercise 13





5







Exercise 14






Exercise 15




6























7

8



Definite reference






sweaterjumper














9
















10
















11


















12



Exercise 21


1 this pen bh

2 these pens bh





Exercise 22




13










Exercise 23


1 nfr yiu she




14




Exercise 24












15













16


17


























3Personalpronouns

18














3Personalpronouns

19



This is their car
















3Personalpronouns

20
















3Personalpronouns

21

Exercise 31













Exercise 32





3Personalpronouns

22














Exercise 33






3Personalpronouns

23










( )





( )


Exercise 34


3Personalpronouns

24







Exercise 35











3Personalpronouns

25





















3Personalpronouns

26






8 dagravengao chc


3Personalpronouns

27

28
























29




















30

















31












nFr yiu chb ze








32






Exercise 41










33


















34


Exercise 42






Exercise 43





35













36







37

38

UNIT FIVENumbers




lsquosevenrsquo






















5Numbers

39















5Numbers

40









One cannot say




egraver loacuteu)


5Numbers

41

















5Numbers

42






But not









5Numbers

43

















5Numbers

44

Exercise 51




Exercise 52


1 80205 7 32 6329814 8 973 600000000 9 413164 1080 10 586235 736 11 70056 14 12 601007

Exercise 53



5Numbers

45

Exercise 54







Exercise 55




5Numbers

46

Exercise 56
















5Numbers

47










learnedrsquo)

5Numbers

48


49



















6Measurewords

50











(iii) Container


6Measurewords

51










(iv) Shape




6Measurewords

52
















6Measurewords

53









affectionate couple



6Measurewords

54














6Measurewords

55











One cannot say

lifng xib she


6Measurewords

56






after gust of wind






Exercise 61




6Measurewords

57


Exercise 62




Exercise 63




Exercise 64



6Measurewords




Exercise 65



jian gegrave













6Measurewords

59



France





Exercise 66








6Measurewords

60


















6Measurewords

61









10 yc zhc xifo nifo

6Measurewords

62


63







opinions

















7Indefiniteplurals

64


















7Indefiniteplurals

65

















7Indefiniteplurals

66










Exercise 71




7Indefiniteplurals

67









Exercise 72











7Indefiniteplurals

68




Exercise 73










Exercise 74




7Indefiniteplurals

69


















7Indefiniteplurals

70

1 hgndud she



















7Indefiniteplurals

71




7Indefiniteplurals

72


73














One does not say












8Times anddates

74










8Times anddates

75












8Times anddates

76


















8Times anddates

77










Exercise 81




8Times anddates

78

Exercise 82
















Exercise 83


8Times anddates

79


















Exercise 84




8Times anddates

80





















8Times anddates

81



















8Times anddates

82




8Times anddates

83

84


















or


One cannot say






85

















86














Exercise 91



87















Exercise 92







88




Exercise 93




Exercise 94







89





















90

















91





92


93
























94















95


















96















97


One cannot say


Exercise 101





Exercise 102




98








Exercise 103




99



Exercise 104



2


3



Exercise 105




100
















101











102


103






That is his coat





















11shigrave

and you

104














11shigrave

and you

105


One cannot say













11shigrave

and you

106


















11shigrave

and you

107








Exercise 111




Exercise 112



11shigrave

and you

108










Exercise 113












11shigrave

and you

109



Exercise 114




Exercise 115






11shigrave

and you

110












11shigrave

and you

111



11shigrave

and you

112


113


























12Compar-isons

114





or










12Compar-isons

115

















12Compar-isons

116






ta chc de bh wi dud













12Compar-isons

117



















12Compar-isons

118










Exercise 121






12Compar-isons

119



cat tiger a lot5











Exercise 122







12Compar-isons

120








Exercise 123








12Compar-isons

121





Exercise 124









12Compar-isons

122




Exercise 125







Exercise 126




12Compar-isons

123


















12Compar-isons

124

















12Compar-isons

125









minutesrsquo)

12Compar-isons

126


127












For example







128








or direction









129











One cannot say






130





One cannot say









but not





131








One cannot say









132

Exercise 131




3 ( ) D















133





Exercise 132



10 under a tree

Exercise 133






134














Exercise 134








135

Exercise 135

















136























137



















138


139























months before


140

















141




One cannot say












142

















143


















144















One cannot say



145













Exercise 141



146











Exercise 142













147



Exercise 143















Exercise 144



148













Exercise 145






149














150













151












152




153

154































155















156












One does not say




157









or







158









One cannot say






One cannot say





159








Exercise 151


1 ta chagravenggb






I (have) lost a key


160










Exercise 152






Exercise 153



161






6 qhng nh shud






Exercise 154








162


1 megraveimei ke















163









164


165




























16Modalverbs

166














16Modalverbs

167





Exercise 161








Exercise 162






16Modalverbs

168














Exercise 163




16Modalverbs

169






















16Modalverbs

170



nh qcpiagraven wi








Exercise 164







16Modalverbs

171










16Modalverbs

172



16Modalverbs

173

174





























17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

175










Compare



One does not say


Compare also






17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

176












school yet

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

177



didnrsquot all go











Compare


NOT leave)


17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

178









people there






meacutei(yiu) hfo

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

179



Exercise 171



















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

180

Exercise 172










Exercise 173









17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

181

Exercise 174





gdngzc















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

182



















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

183




17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

184


185






(lit not busy)


(lit today not go)
















186














(I havenrsquot)





187




















188




One does not say





here




arrived




189


some coke
















190








Exercise 181


ta chduyanHe smokes


chduYes

bugrave chduNo




191









Exercise 182












192

Exercise 183




Exercise 184




Exercise 185




193


















194























195

196































197














(i) past actions



198





















199













Exercise 191





200



Exercise 192
















Wang went to


201

Exercise 193











Exercise 194





202











Exercise 195







203



















204




205

206


























207







premises








Examples

tian na Heavens


208









Exercise 201



Exercise 202




209





Exercise 203






Exercise 204






mow the grass now)


210





Exercise 205
















211











212










213

214


















across overacross


Examples







215








returned



stop






216


downstairs








the water







the tree)


217












(a) location



coat-hangers

(b) destination



218




Exercise 211




Exercise 212






219













Exercise 213



Xiao Li came home





220







Exercise 214







221


5 ( )















222












223








224


225



(a) Adjectives




(b) Verbs


(what was said)















sent yet




too late


226






(a) Verb phrases




(b) Clauses



227











One cannot say




228

Compare


And


Exercise 221
















229






Exercise 222










Exercise 223



230















Exercise 224




231

















232










dry











tidied up


233

234

























235




Sentence examples







be worse than)


236











Compare







237


or




Exercise 231













238

Exercise 232




Exercise 233











239



Exercise 234













240




















241

242




























24Coverbalphrases

243
















24Coverbalphrases

244


One does not say




One cannot say











24Coverbalphrases

245

















24Coverbalphrases

246








One cannot say









24Coverbalphrases

247


















Exercise 241


24Coverbalphrases

248










Exercise 242







6 D




24Coverbalphrases

249

Exercise 243















24Coverbalphrases

250


Exercise 244












Exercise 245







24Coverbalphrases

251






Exercise 246











24Coverbalphrases

252


Exercise 247







10 from 1995 to 2005



24Coverbalphrases

253






9 D



10(square)




24Coverbalphrases

254


255
























256













257




D


Exercise 251








Exercise 252



258











Exercise 253





259



Exercise 254









Exercise 255





260








ycnggai gufn

Exercise 256











261














262


thereA ByeB Bye


263

264

KEY TO EXERCISES

Unit 1

Exercise 11






Exercise 12


Exercise 13




Exercise 14



Exercise 15






Drill 11




Drill 12




Key toexercises

265

Unit 2

Exercise 21





Exercise 22


Exercise 23


Exercise 24




Key toexercises

266





Drill 21





Drill 22





Unit 3

Exercise 31




Key toexercises

267

Exercise 32



Exercise 33



negravei jiagraven

Exercise 34


Exercise 35


Drill 31


Drill 32





Key toexercises

268

Drill 33



Unit 4

Exercise 41












Key toexercises

269




Exercise 42





Exercise 43











Drill 41




Key toexercises

270



Drill 42







Unit 5

Exercise 51

1 89 2 16 3 10000 4 600000000 5 7000000 6 13526 7180000 8 6934 9 3652 10 780000469 11 64504 12 4004005

Exercise 52




Key toexercises

271


Exercise 53




Exercise 54


Exercise 55







Exercise 56





Key toexercises

272






Drill 51


Drill 52







Unit 6

Exercise 61


Key toexercises

273



of cake

Exercise 62


Exercise 63






Exercise 64






(xiang)yan

Exercise 65



Key toexercises

274
















Drill 62




Key toexercises

275


Unit 7

Exercise 71


Exercise 72



Exercise 73





Exercise 74



Drill 71


Key toexercises

276



Drill 72





Unit 8

Exercise 81


Exercise 82







Key toexercises

277


Exercise 83






xiexi

Exercise 84



Drill 81



Key toexercises

278


Drill 82




Unit 9

Exercise 91






Exercise 92


Key toexercises

279





Exercise 94



Drill 91





Key toexercises

280





Drill 92











Unit 10

Exercise 101


Key toexercises

281




Exercise 102




Exercise 103






Exercise 104





Key toexercises

282


Exercise 105






Drill 101











Key toexercises

283




Drill 102










Unit 11

Exercise 111





Key toexercises

284

Exercise 112



Exercise 113




Exercise 114






Exercise 115





Key toexercises

285





Drill 111






Drill 112






Key toexercises

286

Unit 12

Exercise 121








Exercise 122





Exercise 123




Key toexercises

287

Exercise 124


Exercise 125









Exercise 126





Drill 121





Key toexercises

288














Drill 122



Key toexercises

289







Unit 13

Exercise 131


Exercise 132



Exercise 133


Key toexercises

290




Exercise 134


Exercise 135



Drill 131






Key toexercises

291







Key toexercises

292






Drill 132






Key toexercises

293

Unit 14

Exercise 141







Exercise 142










Key toexercises

294

Exercise 143





Exercise 144


Exercise 145




Drill 141


Key toexercises

295








Drill 142










Drill 143



Key toexercises

296




Unit 15

Exercise 151


leguo 15 le

Exercise 152





Exercise 153


xiagravelaacutei

Exercise 154



Drill 151



Key toexercises

297



Drill 152


Drill 153


Unit 16

Exercise 161


Key toexercises

298


Exercise 162


Exercise 163


Exercise 164




Drill 161


Drill 162



Key toexercises

299











Unit 17

Exercise 171


Exercise 172




Key toexercises

300

Exercise 173



Exercise 174






Drill 171


Drill 172


Key toexercises

301












Unit 18

Exercise 181




Key toexercises

302






Exercise 182






Exercise 183




Key toexercises

303



Exercise 184





Exercise 185





Drill 181







Key toexercises

304


Drill 182







Unit 19

Exercise 191







Exercise 192


Key toexercises

305

Exercise 193





Exercise 194










Exercise 195




Key toexercises

306


Drill 191










Drill 192



Unit 20

Exercise 201


Key toexercises

307


Exercise 202




Exercise 203



Exercise 204



Exercise 205


Drill 201




Key toexercises

308






Drill 202








Unit 21

Exercise 211




Key toexercises

309


Exercise 212


Exercise 213






Exercise 214







Key toexercises

310

Drill 211













Drill 212




Key toexercises

311




Unit 22

Exercise 221




Exercise 222






Exercise 223



Key toexercises

312

Exercise 224






Drill 221





Drill 222







Key toexercises

313







Unit 23

Exercise 231


Exercise 232



Exercise 233


Exercise 234




xiagravequgrave le

Key toexercises

314

Drill 231













Drill 232




Key toexercises

315




Unit 24

Exercise 241


Exercise 242


Exercise 243





Exercise 244


Exercise 245


Key toexercises

316

Exercise 246


Exercise 247




Drill 241



Drill 242


Key toexercises

317

Unit 25

Exercise 251




Exercise 252


Exercise 253





Exercise 254


Exercise 255




Key toexercises

318

Exercise 256







Drill 251






Drill 252







Key toexercises

319




VOCABULARY LIST

Chinese to English




the Olympic Games




buses etc)















321

















322
















323












324








(polite form)














325













futurejiang ginger


326













327












328












329







Oduzhdu Europe










330






meeting etc)








till it is dry


331














332
















333













334










from




335


session







demand







336






















337









utensils)








338















339


ah (exclamation) a










340

VOCABULARY LIST

English to Chinese












apple piacutenggui















awful kj
















341


body shbnthboil zhj




















the time for gfiqc




342


























343

cry ke



Ddamp shc




















344




month yuegravedh


















fire hui


fish yuacutefive wj







345




xianhua







fruit shuhgui














hfohb



346
















hoarse yf












347



II wi


















knowledge zhcshi





348




lease ze



Leeds ligravezc


leg tuh









zhugrave







lyrics gbciacute










349

May wjyuegraveme wi




midday zhdngwj



























350




noon zhdngwj






notify tdngzhc

novel xifoshud















outcome jieacutegui








351


parents fugravemj


parrot ycngwj





pen bh

pencil qianbh

















352



raise tiacute che

ratmouse lfoshj





result jieacutegui













353
























354





























355



























toilet cegravesui








etc) zuograve da


356





















Wwages gdngzc





watermelon xcgua




357






















wrong cuograve









de



358


359





















360



















361












362














363
















INDEX











frequency) 14







salt)rsquo 6





















5 9duration 14






Index

365






























chess) 6







6

Index

366































20

Index

367



flock pack 6
















10similarity 12
















Index

368


lsquowe(us)rsquo












dealrsquo 7 10

























Index

369











6












Index

370


2nd edition














2008031535






CONTENTS

Introduction vii





5 Numbers 38

6 Measure words 49






12 Comparisons 113





Contents

vi














Index 364

vii

INTRODUCTION






Introduc-tion

viii










1






















2









One cannot say





bh heacute zhh

pens and paper



3








Exercise 11





4

Exercise 12











Exercise 13





5







Exercise 14






Exercise 15




6























7

8



Definite reference






sweaterjumper














9
















10
















11


















12



Exercise 21


1 this pen bh

2 these pens bh





Exercise 22




13










Exercise 23


1 nfr yiu she




14




Exercise 24












15













16


17


























3Personalpronouns

18














3Personalpronouns

19



This is their car
















3Personalpronouns

20
















3Personalpronouns

21

Exercise 31













Exercise 32





3Personalpronouns

22














Exercise 33






3Personalpronouns

23










( )





( )


Exercise 34


3Personalpronouns

24







Exercise 35











3Personalpronouns

25





















3Personalpronouns

26






8 dagravengao chc


3Personalpronouns

27

28
























29




















30

















31












nFr yiu chb ze








32






Exercise 41










33


















34


Exercise 42






Exercise 43





35













36







37

38

UNIT FIVENumbers




lsquosevenrsquo






















5Numbers

39















5Numbers

40









One cannot say




egraver loacuteu)


5Numbers

41

















5Numbers

42






But not









5Numbers

43

















5Numbers

44

Exercise 51




Exercise 52


1 80205 7 32 6329814 8 973 600000000 9 413164 1080 10 586235 736 11 70056 14 12 601007

Exercise 53



5Numbers

45

Exercise 54







Exercise 55




5Numbers

46

Exercise 56
















5Numbers

47










learnedrsquo)

5Numbers

48


49



















6Measurewords

50











(iii) Container


6Measurewords

51










(iv) Shape




6Measurewords

52
















6Measurewords

53









affectionate couple



6Measurewords

54














6Measurewords

55











One cannot say

lifng xib she


6Measurewords

56






after gust of wind






Exercise 61




6Measurewords

57


Exercise 62




Exercise 63




Exercise 64



6Measurewords




Exercise 65



jian gegrave













6Measurewords

59



France





Exercise 66








6Measurewords

60


















6Measurewords

61









10 yc zhc xifo nifo

6Measurewords

62


63







opinions

















7Indefiniteplurals

64


















7Indefiniteplurals

65

















7Indefiniteplurals

66










Exercise 71




7Indefiniteplurals

67









Exercise 72











7Indefiniteplurals

68




Exercise 73










Exercise 74




7Indefiniteplurals

69


















7Indefiniteplurals

70

1 hgndud she



















7Indefiniteplurals

71




7Indefiniteplurals

72


73














One does not say












8Times anddates

74










8Times anddates

75












8Times anddates

76


















8Times anddates

77










Exercise 81




8Times anddates

78

Exercise 82
















Exercise 83


8Times anddates

79


















Exercise 84




8Times anddates

80





















8Times anddates

81



















8Times anddates

82




8Times anddates

83

84


















or


One cannot say






85

















86














Exercise 91



87















Exercise 92







88




Exercise 93




Exercise 94







89





















90

















91





92


93
























94















95


















96















97


One cannot say


Exercise 101





Exercise 102




98








Exercise 103




99



Exercise 104



2


3



Exercise 105




100
















101











102


103






That is his coat





















11shigrave

and you

104














11shigrave

and you

105


One cannot say













11shigrave

and you

106


















11shigrave

and you

107








Exercise 111




Exercise 112



11shigrave

and you

108










Exercise 113












11shigrave

and you

109



Exercise 114




Exercise 115






11shigrave

and you

110












11shigrave

and you

111



11shigrave

and you

112


113


























12Compar-isons

114





or










12Compar-isons

115

















12Compar-isons

116






ta chc de bh wi dud













12Compar-isons

117



















12Compar-isons

118










Exercise 121






12Compar-isons

119



cat tiger a lot5











Exercise 122







12Compar-isons

120








Exercise 123








12Compar-isons

121





Exercise 124









12Compar-isons

122




Exercise 125







Exercise 126




12Compar-isons

123


















12Compar-isons

124

















12Compar-isons

125









minutesrsquo)

12Compar-isons

126


127












For example







128








or direction









129











One cannot say






130





One cannot say









but not





131








One cannot say









132

Exercise 131




3 ( ) D















133





Exercise 132



10 under a tree

Exercise 133






134














Exercise 134








135

Exercise 135

















136























137



















138


139























months before


140

















141




One cannot say












142

















143


















144















One cannot say



145













Exercise 141



146











Exercise 142













147



Exercise 143















Exercise 144



148













Exercise 145






149














150













151












152




153

154































155















156












One does not say




157









or







158









One cannot say






One cannot say





159








Exercise 151


1 ta chagravenggb






I (have) lost a key


160










Exercise 152






Exercise 153



161






6 qhng nh shud






Exercise 154








162


1 megraveimei ke















163









164


165




























16Modalverbs

166














16Modalverbs

167





Exercise 161








Exercise 162






16Modalverbs

168














Exercise 163




16Modalverbs

169






















16Modalverbs

170



nh qcpiagraven wi








Exercise 164







16Modalverbs

171










16Modalverbs

172



16Modalverbs

173

174





























17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

175










Compare



One does not say


Compare also






17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

176












school yet

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

177



didnrsquot all go











Compare


NOT leave)


17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

178









people there






meacutei(yiu) hfo

17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

179



Exercise 171



















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

180

Exercise 172










Exercise 173









17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

181

Exercise 174





gdngzc















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

182



















17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

183




17Negators

bugrave and ( )

meacutei(you)

184


185






(lit not busy)


(lit today not go)
















186














(I havenrsquot)





187




















188




One does not say





here




arrived




189


some coke
















190








Exercise 181


ta chduyanHe smokes


chduYes

bugrave chduNo




191









Exercise 182












192

Exercise 183




Exercise 184




Exercise 185




193


















194























195

196































197














(i) past actions



198





















199













Exercise 191





200



Exercise 192
















Wang went to


201

Exercise 193











Exercise 194





202











Exercise 195







203



















204




205

206


























207







premises








Examples

tian na Heavens


208









Exercise 201



Exercise 202




209





Exercise 203






Exercise 204






mow the grass now)


210





Exercise 205
















211











212










213

214


















across overacross


Examples







215








returned



stop






216


downstairs








the water







the tree)


217












(a) location



coat-hangers

(b) destination



218




Exercise 211




Exercise 212






219













Exercise 213



Xiao Li came home





220







Exercise 214







221


5 ( )















222












223








224


225



(a) Adjectives




(b) Verbs


(what was said)















sent yet




too late


226






(a) Verb phrases




(b) Clauses



227











One cannot say




228

Compare


And


Exercise 221
















229






Exercise 222










Exercise 223



230















Exercise 224




231

















232










dry











tidied up


233

234

























235




Sentence examples







be worse than)


236











Compare







237


or




Exercise 231













238

Exercise 232




Exercise 233











239



Exercise 234













240




















241

242




























24Coverbalphrases

243
















24Coverbalphrases

244


One does not say




One cannot say











24Coverbalphrases

245

















24Coverbalphrases

246








One cannot say









24Coverbalphrases

247


















Exercise 241


24Coverbalphrases

248










Exercise 242







6 D




24Coverbalphrases

249

Exercise 243















24Coverbalphrases

250


Exercise 244












Exercise 245







24Coverbalphrases

251






Exercise 246











24Coverbalphrases

252


Exercise 247







10 from 1995 to 2005



24Coverbalphrases

253






9 D



10(square)




24Coverbalphrases

254


255
























256













257




D


Exercise 251








Exercise 252



258











Exercise 253





259



Exercise 254









Exercise 255





260








ycnggai gufn

Exercise 256











261














262


thereA ByeB Bye


263

264

KEY TO EXERCISES

Unit 1

Exercise 11






Exercise 12


Exercise 13




Exercise 14



Exercise 15






Drill 11




Drill 12




Key toexercises

265

Unit 2

Exercise 21





Exercise 22


Exercise 23


Exercise 24




Key toexercises

266





Drill 21





Drill 22





Unit 3

Exercise 31




Key toexercises

267

Exercise 32



Exercise 33



negravei jiagraven

Exercise 34


Exercise 35


Drill 31


Drill 32





Key toexercises

268

Drill 33



Unit 4

Exercise 41












Key toexercises

269




Exercise 42





Exercise 43











Drill 41




Key toexercises

270



Drill 42







Unit 5

Exercise 51

1 89 2 16 3 10000 4 600000000 5 7000000 6 13526 7180000 8 6934 9 3652 10 780000469 11 64504 12 4004005

Exercise 52




Key toexercises

271


Exercise 53




Exercise 54


Exercise 55







Exercise 56





Key toexercises

272






Drill 51


Drill 52







Unit 6

Exercise 61


Key toexercises

273



of cake

Exercise 62


Exercise 63






Exercise 64






(xiang)yan

Exercise 65



Key toexercises

274
















Drill 62




Key toexercises

275


Unit 7

Exercise 71


Exercise 72



Exercise 73





Exercise 74



Drill 71


Key toexercises

276



Drill 72





Unit 8

Exercise 81


Exercise 82







Key toexercises

277


Exercise 83






xiexi

Exercise 84



Drill 81



Key toexercises

278


Drill 82




Unit 9

Exercise 91






Exercise 92


Key toexercises

279





Exercise 94



Drill 91





Key toexercises

280





Drill 92











Unit 10

Exercise 101


Key toexercises

281




Exercise 102




Exercise 103






Exercise 104





Key toexercises

282


Exercise 105






Drill 101











Key toexercises

283




Drill 102










Unit 11

Exercise 111





Key toexercises

284

Exercise 112



Exercise 113




Exercise 114






Exercise 115





Key toexercises

285





Drill 111






Drill 112






Key toexercises

286

Unit 12

Exercise 121








Exercise 122





Exercise 123




Key toexercises

287

Exercise 124


Exercise 125









Exercise 126





Drill 121





Key toexercises

288














Drill 122



Key toexercises

289







Unit 13

Exercise 131


Exercise 132



Exercise 133


Key toexercises

290




Exercise 134


Exercise 135



Drill 131






Key toexercises

291







Key toexercises

292






Drill 132






Key toexercises

293

Unit 14

Exercise 141







Exercise 142










Key toexercises

294

Exercise 143





Exercise 144


Exercise 145




Drill 141


Key toexercises

295








Drill 142










Drill 143



Key toexercises

296




Unit 15

Exercise 151


leguo 15 le

Exercise 152





Exercise 153


xiagravelaacutei

Exercise 154



Drill 151



Key toexercises

297



Drill 152


Drill 153


Unit 16

Exercise 161


Key toexercises

298


Exercise 162


Exercise 163


Exercise 164




Drill 161


Drill 162



Key toexercises

299











Unit 17

Exercise 171


Exercise 172




Key toexercises

300

Exercise 173



Exercise 174






Drill 171


Drill 172


Key toexercises

301












Unit 18

Exercise 181




Key toexercises

302






Exercise 182






Exercise 183




Key toexercises

303



Exercise 184





Exercise 185





Drill 181







Key toexercises

304


Drill 182







Unit 19

Exercise 191







Exercise 192


Key toexercises

305

Exercise 193





Exercise 194










Exercise 195




Key toexercises

306


Drill 191










Drill 192



Unit 20

Exercise 201


Key toexercises

307


Exercise 202




Exercise 203



Exercise 204



Exercise 205


Drill 201




Key toexercises

308






Drill 202








Unit 21

Exercise 211




Key toexercises

309


Exercise 212


Exercise 213






Exercise 214







Key toexercises

310

Drill 211













Drill 212




Key toexercises

311




Unit 22

Exercise 221




Exercise 222






Exercise 223



Key toexercises

312

Exercise 224






Drill 221





Drill 222







Key toexercises

313







Unit 23

Exercise 231


Exercise 232



Exercise 233


Exercise 234




xiagravequgrave le

Key toexercises

314

Drill 231













Drill 232




Key toexercises

315




Unit 24

Exercise 241


Exercise 242


Exercise 243





Exercise 244


Exercise 245


Key toexercises

316

Exercise 246


Exercise 247




Drill 241



Drill 242


Key toexercises

317

Unit 25

Exercise 251




Exercise 252


Exercise 253





Exercise 254


Exercise 255




Key toexercises

318

Exercise 256







Drill 251






Drill 252







Key toexercises

319




VOCABULARY LIST

Chinese to English




the Olympic Games




buses etc)















321

















322
















323












324








(polite form)














325













futurejiang ginger


326













327












328












329







Oduzhdu Europe










330






meeting etc)








till it is dry


331














332
















333













334










from




335


session







demand







336






















337









utensils)








338















339


ah (exclamation) a










340

VOCABULARY LIST

English to Chinese












apple piacutenggui















awful kj
















341


body shbnthboil zhj




















the time for gfiqc




342


























343

cry ke



Ddamp shc




















344




month yuegravedh


















fire hui


fish yuacutefive wj







345




xianhua







fruit shuhgui














hfohb



346
















hoarse yf












347



II wi


















knowledge zhcshi





348




lease ze



Leeds ligravezc


leg tuh









zhugrave







lyrics gbciacute










349

May wjyuegraveme wi




midday zhdngwj



























350




noon zhdngwj






notify tdngzhc

novel xifoshud















outcome jieacutegui








351


parents fugravemj


parrot ycngwj





pen bh

pencil qianbh

















352



raise tiacute che

ratmouse lfoshj





result jieacutegui













353
























354





























355



























toilet cegravesui








etc) zuograve da


356





















Wwages gdngzc





watermelon xcgua




357






















wrong cuograve









de



358


359





















360



















361












362














363
















INDEX











frequency) 14







salt)rsquo 6





















5 9duration 14






Index

365






























chess) 6







6

Index

366































20

Index

367



flock pack 6
















10similarity 12
















Index

368


lsquowe(us)rsquo












dealrsquo 7 10

























Index

369











6












Index

370

Documents

Basic Chinese: A Grammar and Workbook (Grammar Workbooks)