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Basic Botany for Master Gardeners. Mary E. Olien Green Spring Gardens. Botany poem. Topics for Discussion. Today Plant Classification Structure and function Next Week Flower structures Basic physiology Conditions for plant growth. Classification. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Basic Botany for Master Gardeners
Mary E. OlienGreen Spring Gardens
Botany poem
Topics for Discussion Today
Plant Classification Structure and function
Next Week Flower structures Basic physiology Conditions for plant growth
Classification
By growth habit: woody vs. herbaceous By use: ornamental vs. natural By hardiness: hardy vs. tender By growth habit: annual vs. perennial By structures: flowers, leaves, stems
Horticultural Classification
Woody Have lignin in
their tissues Have cambial
layer from which "rings" of xylem and phloem arise.
Are usually not green beyond the first season
Herbaceous Do not have lignin
in their tissues, and are usually flexible
Lack cambial layer to generate "rings" of vascular tissue
Stems do not persist beyond on season
Horticultural Classification
Woody
Evergreen Keep leaves more
than one season Leaves often
have a waxy cuticle
Deciduous Drop leaves in fall Thin leaves that
grow quickly
Have lignin in their tissues
Have cambial layer from which "rings" of xylem and phloem arise.
Are usually not green beyond the first season
Horticultural ClassificationHerbaceous Annual
Complete lifecycle in one season
Have shallow root systems
Do not have lignin in their tissues, and are usually flexible
Lack cambial layer to generate "rings" of vascular tissue
Stems do not persist beyond on season
Biennial Completes lifecycle in two
seasons Forms rosette of leaves in
the fall, bloom in the spring
Perennial Lives more than two
seasons Stems may die back, but
roots survive
Plant Classification Activity
Generalized Plant Classification
Plants
Non-vascularMosses, liverworts, hornworts Vascular
Non-seed PlantsFerns, horsetails, whisk ferns Seed Plants
GymnospermsCycads, ginkgoes, conifers
Angiosperms
MonocotsGrasses, bulbs, palms
Dicots
Taxonomic HierarchyKingdomDivision ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesVar., Form, Cv.
Other examples:• Bryophyta – mosses• Pteridophyta – ferns• Pinophyta – conifers
Taxonomic HierarchyKingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesVar., Form, Cv.
Other examples:• Magnoliopsida – dicotyledons
Taxonomic Hierarchy
KingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesVar., Form, Cv.
Other examples:• Iridaceae – Iris family• Poaceae – Grass family• Bromeliaceae – Bromeliad family
Taxonomic Hierarchy
KingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesVar., Form, Cv.
Other examples in the lily family:• Allium – onion• Frittilaria – frittilaries• Hosta – hostas
Taxonomic HierarchyKingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesVar., Form, Cv.
Other examples in the genus Lilium:• L. suprebum – turks cap lily• L. formosanum – formosa lily• L. longiflorum – Easter lily
Taxonomic HierarchyKingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesVar., Form, Cv.
Naming Plants Common names
are descriptive, but not precise.
Scientific names are used in the trade and in the literature.
Blue-eyed GrassSysyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill.
Rohod
Rosebay, Great Laurel, White RhododendronRhododendron maximum, L.
The Linnaean SystemLinnaeus is credited with our current binomial naming system.
Language is Latin Two part name, genus and specific epithet. Genus is capitalized and is usually a noun Specific epithet is not capitalized, and is usually an adjective. Plants are referred to by genus, but not by specific epithet. Variety name, cultivar name and naming authority are part of the
official name. Ex: Cornus florida var. rubra L. Flowering Dogwood
Genus specific epithet variety or cultivar
Cornus florida L. var. rubraCornus florida L. ‘First Lady’
Activity Time!
Structure and Function
RootsStemsLeavesFlowersSeeds
Roots Tap Fibrous Adventitious systems
Plant Roots overhead
Stems Woody, herbaceous,
vines Support buds for leaves
and flowers
Plant stem overhead
Twig Anatomy
Activity Time!
Twig Handout
See you next time!
Leaves Arrangement:
Opposite Alternate
Simple vs. compound Shape:
Needle Entire Lobed Oval Palmate
Plant Leaves overheads
Parts of a Flower Sepal Petals Stamen
Filament Anther Pollen
Pistil Stigma Style
Ovary ovules
Activity Time!
Seeds
Basic parts Seed coat Cotyledon Embryo
Seed Dispersal
Methods Hitchhikers Winged Within attractive fruits Spring mechanisms Shakers
Basic Physiology: Important processes Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration Absorption Translocation
PhotosynthesisConversion of energy from the sun to energy for life
Carbon Dioxide + Water Sugar + Oxygen
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Leaves from the inside
Chloroplasts
Leaf pigments
Pigment chromatography
Carotenes
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
Xanthophylls
RespirationLiberation of energy from the sun stored as
sugars for use by the plant for plant functions.The reverse reaction of photosynthesis
Sugar + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 673 kcal energy
Comparing photosynthesis and respiration
Photosynthesis Respiration
• produces food • stores energy • uses water • uses carbon dioxide • releases oxygen • occurs in sunlight
• uses food • releases energy • produces water • produces carbon dioxide • uses oxygen • occurs in the dark as well as
light
What did the stem say to the leaf after hearing the story of photosynthesis?
What transpired next?
Plant Sweat = Transpiration
Process by which plants lose water from the leaf through the stomata
Stomates
What Controls Transpiration?
Environmental factors such as soil water, humidity, temperature and air movement affect the loss of moisture from plants.
Absorption
Process by which water, minerals and nutrients are moved into the plant.
These materials move through the xylem elements (tubes).
Water movement is a passive process relying on internal water pressure (water potential).
Nutrient movement is an active process requiring energy.
Translocation Process by which water, minerals, and sugars
are moved through the plants vascular system, the xylem and phloem elements (tubes).
Again, movement of water is a passive process dependent on the water potential within the plant.
Movement of sugars and other plant chemicals is an active process requiring energy.
Adaptations to Environmental Factors Light
Temperature
Moisture
Nutrients
Temperature
Moisture
Nutrients
Nitrogen Magnesiu
m Calcium Iron
Happy Gardening!
Thank you!