Basic Blueprint Reading 110

7/27/2019 Basic Blueprint Reading 110

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BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

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SUBJECTS

z DRAWING BASICS

z ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS

z PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS

z PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS

z CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGSz MACHINE DRAWINGS


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DRAWING BASICS

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Objectives

z Define basic industrial drawing structure

z Define line types

z Define types of drawings


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Purpose of Drawings

z Drawings are used to convey information about awide range items such as:

z Architectural building layoutsz Electrical wiring

z Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts

z Location of equipment

z How to assemble equipment

z Details of equipment

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Types of Drawings

z Civil

z Architectural

z Structural

z Mechanical

z Plumbingz Piping

z Pneumatic/Hydraulic

z Electrical


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Engineering Drawings

z A general engineering drawing can be dividedinto the following five major areas or parts.

1. Title block 2. Grid system

3. Revision block

4. Notes and legends

5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)

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A (letter)

8 by 11inches

Drawing Sizes

z Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to Fwith D size being the most typical

B - 11 by 17inches

C - 17 by 22 inchesD - 22 by 34 inches

E - 34 by 44 inches

F - 28 by 40 inches

Metric sizesA4 (210 x 297)A3 (297 x 420)

A2 (420 x 594)

A1 (594 x 841)

A0 (841 x 1189)


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Title Blocks

?@ACOMPANY

zTitle blocks are the beginning point of a drawinginformation.

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Revision Blocks

zThe revision block notes any changes madeto a drawing

A

z Throughout a drawing the revision listed in therevision block may be indicated by a symbol near themodified portion of the drawing such as:


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Parts Lists

z Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a listof the material that is used to build the item that

is

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Scales

z Drawing scale is a relationship of the size ordistance of the item on a drawing to the realitem.

z For example a scale of = 1 means a

measurement of inch (the quote symbol is ashorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1

foot ( the apostrophe symbol is shorthand forfeet) of the real world item.


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Grid System

z A drawing grid system allows a specific pointon a drawing to be referenced or found.

A

B

C

1 2 3 4 5 6

This point on the drawing is B-3

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Basic Lines

z Object lines

z Hidden lines

z Cutting plane lines

z Centerlines

z Extension linesz Dimension lines

z Leaders line

z Phantom lines


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Object Line

The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifiesthe visible edges of the drawn object or the surface

of an object.

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Hidden Line

z The hidden line is used to show features or edgesof an object that is not visible. It is a broken line ofmedium thickness.


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Center Line

zThe center line is used to locate the center offeatures. It is usually a fine, broken line made of

alternating short and long dashes.

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Dimension Line / Extension Line

z Dimension Lines are used to show the extent ofa dimension.

z Extension Lines are use to extend a point froman object.

Dimension Line

Extension Line


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Phantom

z Phantom lines are used to represents the outlineof an adjacent part.

zThe also are used to show an alternate positionof a given part

Phantom

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Leader

z A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. Itmay have a note, dimension value or a number at theend of it

Grind Surface1


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Cutting Plane Line

z Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut ismade through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawnin detail in another part of the drawing.

A A

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Break Lines

z Short Break Line

z Break lines are also used to separate internaland external features with broken-out sections

z Break lines are uses to terminate a view toconserve drawing space and avoid congestion.


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The break line is being used to show a part

reduced in length on the drawing to conserve

space.

250 feet

3

Break Lines Example

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Section Lines

z Section lines are used where a surface isillustrated as cut.

z It normally is used in a sectional view.

zThe lines are normally drawn diagonally.


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Dimensioning Systems

z Different systems of dimensioning are generallyused

Fractional inch

Decimal inch

SI Metric

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Fractional Inch Dimensioning

2 Dia

21/32 Dia3/16

1/2

1 9/16 Dia


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Decimal Inch Dimensioning

2.00

.656 .19

.50

1.56

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Metric Dimensioning

50

16.55

13

40


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Dimensioning Example

Diameter symbol

Radius

Typical

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Abbreviations

z Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter andsimplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.

BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS

C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE

CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY

CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE

DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET

E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE

EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION

FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE

H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL

HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED

OTHERWISE

IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING

INV INVERT PP POWER POLE


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Drawing Legends

z Legends areboxes drawn on

the drawing toillustrate some ofthe common oruncommonsymbols used.

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Isometric Drawings

z Isometric drawings are designed to show a threedimensional view of an object.


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Perspective

z Perspective is a method of drawing things as theeye sees them.

Vanishing point

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Orthographic Drawings

z Orthographic projection shows the drawn objectfrom different views

Topview

Left side Right side

Bottom

Front Rear

Projection view


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Single Line Drawings

z The single line format represents all electrical lines,plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines andpiping, regardless of size, as single line.

z System equipment is connected to the lines arerepresented by simple standard symbols.

z By simplifying connections and equipmentas single lines allow the system's equipment andinstrumentation relationships to be clearly understood bythe reader.

z These types of drawings are also called Schematics.

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Civil

z Civil drawings are used to represent constructionon the earth or ground areas.

z Civil drawings are sometimes called: site plans

plot plans

survey plans.zThey will show contours of the earth, building

locations, construction features, utilities, etc.


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Contour Lines

z Contour lines are used in drawings calledtopographic maps and are used to identify physicalfeatures which uses contour lines to join points of

equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys andhills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation orheight is a number drawn along the line.

180

160

140

120

110

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Architectural

z Architectural drawings or plans are used toillustrate the design of a project.

zThey include items such as: Working drawings

Structural drawings

Floor plans Elevation drawings

Section drawings

Flow diagrams


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Gridlines

z Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, suchas A-1, which identifies the columns of a building

in a drawing.

ABC

1

2

3

Column symbol

Column A-1

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Mechanical

z Mechanical drawings are the plans for objectssuch as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.

zThere are many types of drawings associatedwith mechanical drawings such as:

Exploded view

Detail

Assembly


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Example Mechanical Detail

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Example Assembly Drawing


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An Exploded View

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Pneumatic/Hydraulic

z Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single linedrawings use symbols and lines to illustrate theconnection and equipment to be used in thepneumatic or hydraulic equipment.

Single Line Schematic example


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Plumbing/Piping

zThese types of drawings are similar topneumatic/hydraulic schematics.

Single Line Plumbing Example

TEE

PIPELINE

TANK

36.0040.00

Valve

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Single Line Drawing

z A Single line plumbing drawing example

TEE

PIPELINE

TANK

36.0040.00

Valve


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Orthographic Piping Drawing

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P&ID

z Piping and Instrumentation Drawings

zThese drawings are similar to plumbing but areintended to illustrate the complete piping systemand the controlled process flow of material.

z All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps,instruments and the controls to operate theprocess are illustrated. They are not drawn toscale.


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Example P&ID

CSCONTACTOR

FRESH CIS TANK

PRODUCTION FROM

SATELLITES (TYP.)

SLUG

CATCHER

TEST

SEPARATOR

H.P. BULK

SEPARATOR

FROM FUTURE MAIN

VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT

HYDROCYCLONES

(TYP. 2)

FILTER

SEPARATOR

COALESCING

FILTER NO. 1

FILL FROM CIS

TRANSPORTER

FRESH CIS

CHARGE PUMPS

(TYP. 2)

FRESH CIS PUMPS

(TYP. 2)

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Electrical

z Electrical drawings are also single line drawingsor schematics that uses symbols for variouselectrical equipment.

zThey are usually drawn in a style called a ladderdiagram.

z Another form of drawing is a wiring diagramwhich illustrates the wiring in a orthographic orpictorial style.


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Example Ladder

z Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn withthe circuit between two vertical lines, usually the

power that supplies the circuit, thus each linecreates a rung to the ladder.

L1 L2Pushbutton

L

Pilot Light

115 VAC

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Example Wiring Diagram

z Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single linesfrom each device exactly as it would be wired.


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Electrical Schematics

z Electronic schematics use symbols for eachcomponent found in an electrical circuit.

L1 C1

R1

Q1

D1 C2

R3

Q2

T1

+

R4

R2

C3

VGG

-

+ -

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Summary

z Review Objectives

z Question and Answer Session

z RETURN TO MAIN MENU


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ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS

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Objectives

z Define how industrial electrical drawings arestructured.

z Define Graphical Symbols

z Define Electrical wiring diagrams


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Types of Electrical Drawings

z Wiring Diagrams -

z Block Diagrams -

z Sequence Charts

z Electronic Schematics -

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Diagrams

z Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheetdrawings of the wiring of the electrical devicesassociated with a main control panel, its fielddevices and sub-panels.

z It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.


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Electrical Diagrams

z The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines orladder.

z All devices are shown between the lines and may

be referenced as Single Line diagramsz Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on

the right side.z Contacts, switches and other controlling devices

are shown between controlled device and leftvertical line

z Overloads and other circuit breaking devices maybe connected to the right of the controlled device.

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Example Diagram1FU

2FU

3FU

DISC

15 AMP

L1

L2

L3

1L1

1L2

1L3

460V360

H1H3 H2

H4

X1H2

T

115 V

1M1OL

2OL

1T1

1T2

1T3

2T1

2T2

2T3

1MTR

2MTR

HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR3 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 213

SPINDLE MOTOR2 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 184

10 AMP

4FU

10 AMP5FU 10 AMP

7FU

10 AMP

6FU2PB

START MOTORS1PBMASTER STOP

3

1 7 1M

81OL

9

2OL

101

1LT

2 4

CRMCRM

5

11

AUTOMATIC

3PBRESET

11

4PB 12

CRA

5PBMANUAL

CRH

CRH

13

14

2LT

R

1M

CRM

CRA

R

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

5

CYCLE START

6PB 15 7PB

162CR

17

1LS 2LS 5LS6LS 7CR 6CR

18 19

26 26

20 21 22 23

5

5

1CR 2221 21

CRH

A

3LT

1 CR

6

MASTER RELAY 3,3

AUTOMATIC5, 14, 16, 21

AUTOMATIC

MANUAL6, 7, 15, 18, 23

MANUAL

CLAMP PART CONTROL9, 33, 33, 35, 35


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Lines

z Wiring

z Field Wiring (external to panel)

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Connections

Wiring Not Connected Wiring Connected

TS4-15

Termination or

connection

Terminal strip

and terminal

designation


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Graphical Symbols

z Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams toillustrate the wiring between electrical devices and

terminals. The electrical devices are either shown inblock diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.

z The following symbols are but a few of those that can beused.

z A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate anyadded by the manufacturer.

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Graphical Symbols Contd

DISCONNECTSymbol - DISC

CIRCUITBREAKER - CB

Or for asingle

CB


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Graphical Symbols Contd

Resistor

Rheostat

or

Tapped Resistor

Potentiometer

Fuses

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Relay and Solenoid Symbols

RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.

Normally

Open

Contact

NormallyClosed

Contact

Coil

SOLENOIDS, BRAKES,

ETC.


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Motors Symbols

ADC MOTOR

3 PHASE MOTOR

Aor

DC MOTOR FIELD

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Transformer Symbols

H1 H3 H2 H4

X1 X2Secondary

or Output

Primary

or Input


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Pilot Lights

R R

PUSH-TO-TEST

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Limit Switch Symbols

NORMALLYOPEN

NORMALLYCLOSED

HELDCLOSED

HELDOPEN

NORMALLYCLOSED

HELDOPEN

NORMALLYOPEN

HELDCLOSED


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Proximity Switch Symbols

PROXIMITY SWITCH

NormallyClosed

NormallyOpen

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Liquid Level Switches

NORMALLYOPEN

NORMALLYCLOSED


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Thermal Switch

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLYCLOSED

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Pressure Switch

NORMALLYOPEN

NORMALLYCLOSED


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Foot Switches

NORMALLYOPEN

NORMALLYCLOSED

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Toggle Switch


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Flow Switches

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLYCLOSED

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Selector Switch

2-POSITION3-POSITION

FirstPosition

OffPosition

SecondPosition

Circuit isconnected whenswitch is in this

position.


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Pushbuttons

DOUBLE

CIRCUIT

SINGLE CIRCUIT

NORMALLYOPEN

NORMALLY

CLOSED

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E-Stop Pushbuttons


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Time Delay Relay

ENERGIZED

DE-ENERGIZED

NORMALLY

OPENNORMALLY

CLOSED

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One-line diagram example

z A one-line diagramuses single linesand graphicsymbols to indicatethe path andcomponents of an

electrical circuit.

Fusesymbol

Pushbuttonsymbol

Switch symbol

Single lineconductors

M

PLC

Controllersymbol

Motorsymbol


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Control Device Labeling

z Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, arephotocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressureswitches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O

address if a PLC is controlling it.z When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the

device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.

111PB111CR

211Sol211LS

210

211

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Wiring and Wire Identification

z Wiring color code

z BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage

z RED AC Control Circuits

z BLUE DC Control Circuits

zYELLOW Interlock Control Circuits

z GREEN Equipment grounding

z WHITE Grounded Circuit Conductor

z Wire Identification

Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with anumber to corresponding with the diagram on the wire


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Device Designations

z The device designations or abbreviation, such as examplesbelow, are used on diagrams in connection with thecorresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the

particular device.CB - Circuit Breaker LS Limit Switch

CR - Control Relay T - Transformer

FU - Fuse MTR - Motor

LT - Pilot Light DISC Disconnect

OL - Overload Relay

PB - Pushbutton

S - Switch

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Line Numbers

z Each line in a electrical drawing should benumbered starting with the top line andreading down.

L1 L2Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

SolenoidLimit Switch

CR2

PressureSwitch

Foot Switch

Temperature Switch

Relay

1

2

3

4

Line Numbers


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Wire-Reference Numbers

L1 L2Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

RelayLimit Switch

CR3

Foot Switch

Relay

1

3

4

2

CR2

CR1

CR1

CR3

CR2

( 2, 3 )

( 4 )

( 1 )

1 2 3 4

1

1

1

2

4

4

5 6

7 8

Wire Numbers

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Numerical Cross Reference

L1 L2Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

RelayLimit Switch

CR3

Foot SwitchRelay

1

3

4

2

CR2

CR1

CR1

CR3

CR2

( 2, 3 )

( 4 )

( 1 )

Cross Reference toLine Numbers


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Terminal Numbers

L1 L2Pushbutton

CR1

Relay

115 VAC

RelayLimit Switch

CR3

Foot SwitchRelay

1

3

4

2

CR2

CR1

CR1

CR3

CR2

( 2, 3 )

( 4 )

( 1 )

1 2 3 4

1

1

1

2

4

4

5 6

7 8

1 3

5 6

1 3

2 10

2 10

2 10

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Panel/Door Layouts

z Panel Layout.

z Door Layout

47

51

52

53

55

1T1

1T2

1T3

271

272

2T3

1

2

3

4

5

460 V

1TB

9TERM

.

3TB

29TERM

.

2TB

36TERM

.

115 V

115 V

1FU 2FU 3FU

DISC

9

9 1/2

2OL

1 1/2 X 3

1 X 3

4FU

5FU

6FU

7FU

11/2 X3

11/2

X3

11/2

X3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

1 1/2 X 3

115 V

1FT8 8 TERM60

60

8FU

62

62

9FU

64

64

10FU

66

66

11FU

68

60

12FU

70

70

13FU15 1/8

5 1/2

26 1/2

7 1/2

6 1/2

7 1/8

1CR

6CR

1OL

1M

T

115V

460V

CRM CRA CRH

2CR 3CR 4CR 5CR

9CR7CR 8CR

10PB

CYCLEUNCLAMP

8PB

HEADFORWARD

9PB

HEADRETURN

11PB

EMERG.RETURN

3PB

RESET

1PB

MASTERSTOP

2PB

STARTMOTORS

4PB

AUTOMATIC

5PB

MANUAL

12PB

EMERG.RESET

R 9LT

LUBE FAULT

G 6LT

HEAD RETRACTED

A 5LT

FULL DEPTH

A 7LT

CLAMPSARE IN

R 1LT

MOTORSRUNNING

R 2LT A 3LT

MANUAL

R 4LT

EMERG.RETURNACTIVEAUTOMATIC


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Drawing Identification

Prefix Type of Drawing Description

ADAir Diagram(Mechanical)

These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and airpiping diagram for the air operated devices.

EScale Layout(Mechanical)

These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individualsheets are numbered starting from No.1.

ELElectrical Layout

(Electrical)These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They aredirectly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.

EMElectro Mechanical

(Electrical)These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card oflimit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.

EOGeneral Layout(Mechanical)

These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., completeplant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numberedstarting from No. 1.

HOHydraulic Diagram

(Mechanical)This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.

PLPneumatic Layout

(Mechanical)

These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path.This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) areassociated to a pneumatic device.

WDWiring Diagram

(Electrical)This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, andpushbutton stations.

WDOGeneral Information

(Electrical)This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.

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Block Diagrams

z Block diagrams are simple block diagrams whichprovides a means to illustrate a control system ina simple graphic format.

z Block diagrams are also used to providefunctional information.

z Block diagrams are also used to illustrate theinterconnection of different machines


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Example Block Diagram

Process 1 startsif limit switch on

Startpushbutton

on

Process 1 stops

if limit switch off

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Sequence Charts

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION

A. PRESS START MOTORS PUSHBUTTON 2PB MOTORS START MOTORS RUNNING LAMP 1LT ARE

ENGERGIZED.

B. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC 4PB OR MANUAL 5PB PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND

LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.

NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS RESET PUSHBUTTON

3PB BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON 4PB.

C. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND CRA ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR

AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.

1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS

6PB AND 7PB ENERGIZING 1CR (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART

2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS 1LS AND 2LS. ENERGIZING 8CR RELAY 3CR (SOL E)IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS

VALVE INTO FEED.

3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, 3LS IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY 5CR.

4. 5CR CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY 4CR (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.

5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, 4LS IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING 4CR AND ENERGIZING

7CR WHICH ENERGIZES 6CR (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.

6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, 5LS AND 6LS ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY 6CR.

7. 2CR RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS ARE

NOT RELEASED.


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Electrical Layouts - EL

z Electrical layouts are architectural drawings ofthe building that shows and identifies the

electrical devices associated with a electricaldiagram.

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Wiring Connection Diagrams

z Wiring (connection) diagram a diagram thatshows the connection of an installation or itscomponent devices or parts.

zThis type of wiring diagram shows, as closely aspossible, the actual location of each component

in a circuit, including the control circuit and thepower circuit.


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Wiring Diagram Example

Motor

T1 T2 T3OverloadContact

ThermalOverloads

Start

Stop

M

Motor StarterCoil

M(aux)

NO M M M

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Electronic Schematics

z Electronic schematics use symbols for eachcomponent found in an electrical circuit.

L1 C1

R1

Q1

D1 C2

R3

Q2

T1

+

R4

R2

C3

VGG

-

+ -


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Summary

z Review Objectives



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PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS


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Objectives

z Define Fluid Logic Symbols

z Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define

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Shapes

z Shapes and lines that are used to constructsymbols and circuits:


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103

Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic

z Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look verysimilar and the subject is usually referred to as

Fluid Power

zThe basic difference is Flow symbol.

z If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifiespneumatic.

HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC

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Fluid Power Drawings

zThis type of drawing, like electrical drawings arealso considered single line drawings.

zThe line is either an air or hydraulic lineconnected to a device

zThe devices are shown as symbols whose intentis show the fluid flow and mechanical operationof the device as well as type of device.


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Flow lines

Unconnected lines

shown crossing

Connectedlines are

illustrated witha connection

dot

Single

Hose usually connecting

parts with relative

movement

Flexible

line

Four way

junction

Flow line

or

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Basic Line Symbols

Line Working line, pilotsupply, return, electrical

ChainEnclosure of two

or more functionsin one unit

Dashed Pilot control, bleed,

filter

Line Electrical line

1

2

3

12 10

Spring


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Circle Shapes

Circles

energy conversion units

measuring instrument

mechanical link

roller

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Squares and Rectangles

Square at

45o

conditioning apparatus

connections to corners

Squarecontrol componentconnections perpendicular

to sides

Rectangle cylinders and valves


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Squares and Rectangles

certain control

methods

Rectangles

piston

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Basic Symbols

rotary actuator, motor or

pump with limited angle

of rotation

Semi-circle

mechanical

connectionpiston rod, lever,

shaft

Double line

Capsule pressurised reservoir

air receiver, auxil iarygas bottle


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Functional Elements

Seating or connection

used in check valves

and connectors

Curved arrows areused to illustrate

rotary motionclockwise from right hand

endShaft rotation

both

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Functional Elements

Indication or control

size to suit

Temperature

Operator Opposed

solenoidwindings

Prime mover M MElectric motor


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Function components

Silencer

Pressure to electric switchpreset

Pressure to electric switch

adjustable

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Function components

Uni-directional flow regulator

Rotating joint

Pressure indicator

Pressure drop indicator


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Plant

Air receiver

Isolating valve

Air inlet filter

MCompressor and electricmotor

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Combination units

FRL with shut off valve andpressure gauge

Lubro-control unit

Filter and lubricator

FRL Combined unit

Filter regulator with gauge


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Filters

Filter with manual drain

Filter with automatic drain

Filter with automatic drain and

pressure drop indicator

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Pressure regulators

z A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal statewith the spring holding the regulator valve open toconnect the supply to the outlet.

Adjustable Regulator withpressure gauge simplified

Adjustable Regulatorsimplified


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Valve symbol structure

zThe function of a valve is given by a pair ofnumerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..

zThe first numeral indicates the number of mainports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts butexcludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.

zThe second numeral indicates the number ofstates the valve can achieve.

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z A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normallythese are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2states (the normal state and the operatedstate)

zThe boxes are two pictures of the same

valve

normaloperated


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z Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on aschematic.

z The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of

switching positions.z Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows

showing the flow direction.

z Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at rightangles to the flow path.

z J unctions within the valve are connected by a dot.

z Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by linesdrawn to the outside of the box that represents the normalor initial position of the valve

Basic Valve Symbols

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z A valve symbol logic block will show the symbolsfor each position of the valve states joined end toend as illustrated in the next slide.

normaloperated


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z Each valve logic state is illustrated with its stateblock joined end to end

normaloperated

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zThe port connections are shown to only one ofthe diagrams to indicate the prevailing state

normal


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zThe operator for a particular state is illustratedagainst that state

Operated stateproduced bypushing a button

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Normal stateproduced bya spring


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Normal stateproduced bya spring

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zThe valve symbol can be visualised as moving toalign one state or another with the portconnections


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zThe valve symbol can be visualised as moving toalign one state or another with the port

connections

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zThe valve symbol can be visualised as moving toalign one state or another with the portconnections


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z A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in asimilar way. A picture of the valve flow paths

for each of the two states is shown by thetwo boxes. The 5 ports are normally aninlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts

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zThe full symbol is then made by joining the twoboxes and adding operators. The connectionsare shown against only the prevailing state


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zThe full symbol is then made by joining the twoboxes and adding operators. The connections

are shown against only the prevailing state

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zThe full symbol is then made by joining the twoboxes and adding operators. The connectionsare shown against only the prevailing state


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Operators Contd

Plunger

Spring normallyas a return

Roller

Uni-directionor one way trip

Pressure

Pilot pressure

Differential pressure

Detent in 3 positions

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Operators Contd

Solenoid

direct

Solenoid p ilot

Solenoid p ilotwith manual overrideand integral pi lotsupply

Solenoid pilot

with manualoverride andexternal pilotsupply

Electrical

When no integralor external pi lotsupply is shown itis assumed to beintegral


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Port markings

AlphabeticalDesignations

NumericalDesignations

Working Lines A, B, C .. O (excludes L) 2, 4, 6 . . . .

Leakage Fluid L 9

Supply Air P 1

Exhaust R, S, T ..W 3, 5, 7

Pilot Lines Z, Y, X .. 12, 14, 16, 18

The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or

numbers as follows:

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Port Markings Examples

1

2

12 10

1

24

5 3

14 12

1

2

3

12 10

1

2 4

3

14 12


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Summary

z Review Objectives



150

PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS


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Piping Drawings

zThe single line format is most commonly used inPiping and P&ID drawings.

z The single line format represents all piping,regardless of size, as single line.

z All system equipment is represented by simplestandard symbols.

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Pipe Crossing

z The crossing of pipes withoutconnections is normally shownwithout interrupting the line.

z When there is a need to showthat one pipe must pass behindanother, the line representingthe pipe farthest may be shownwith a break, where the otherpipe passes in front of it

Far pipe

Near pipe


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Pictorial example

z Orthographic Pipe Drawing

ELBOW

TEE COUPLING

(JOINT)

GLOBE

VALVE

CHECK

VALVE

PLUG

CROSS

UNIONGATE

VALVE

CAP

Y-FITTING

45

ELBOWREDUCER

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Common Piping SymbolsComparison

90Elbows

Straight Tee

Reducing Tee

Sanitary Tee

P-Trap

Gate Valve

Pictorial Symbol


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Process and InstrumentationDrawings P&IDs

z These process flow diagrams include:

1. Pipe line numbers and directions

2. Pipe specifications and line sizes

3. All equipment

4. All valves

5. All Instrumentation with controlling devices

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Lines

MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE

MINOR PROCESS LINES

PROCESS TUBING

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL

ELECTRICAL LEADS

PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)

HYDRAULIC LINES

INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING


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Valve Symbols

Globe Valve

Normally Closed

Needle Valve

Normally ClosedBall Valve

Normally OpenBall Valve

Normally Closed

Needle Valve

Normally Open

Two Valve

ManifoldButterfly Valve

Gate ValveNormally Closed

Valve NormallyClosed

Valve NormallyOpen

Globe ValveNormally Open

Gate ValveNormally Open

Blind FlangedGeneric Valve

Note: the generic valve iscommonly used on drawings with

the valve state noted next to it N.C.

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Control Valve Actuators

z Some valves are provided with actuatorsto allow remote operation, to increasemechanical advantage, or both. Below area few symbols for the common valveactuators.

Manual

Piston

Diaphragm

ElectricMotor

Solenoid


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Balloon Labeling

z A control valve may serve any number of functions within afluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labelingsystem is used to identify the function of a control valve.

z The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameterto be controlled by the valve.

z For example:

F = flow

T = temperature

L = level

P = pressure

H = hand (manually operated valve

FC

Flow ControlValve

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z One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional informationabout how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaceswith the system or piece of equipment.

z The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided

into four categories.

Sensed

Parameter

Type of Indicator

or Controller

Type of

Component

Type of Signal

F = flow

T = temperature

P = pressure

I = current

L = level

V = voltage

Z = position

R = recorder

I = indicator

C = controller

T = transmitter

M = modifier

E = element

I = current

V = voltage

P = pneumatic


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Basic Symbol Modif iers/Transmitters

Locally Mounted Instrument

Board Mounted Instrument

Instrument Behind Board

Example: Locally mountedvoltage to current pressuremodifier

PM P/I E/Ior or

P/I

Examples of Transmitters

Flow Transmitter

FT FTPT

PressureTransmitter

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Controllers

z Controllers process the signal from an instrument loopand use it to position or manipulate some other systemcomponent.

z Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the

balloon after the controlling parameter.

FCFlow Controller

TCTemperature Control ler

PCPressure Controller

TCLevel Controller

PProportional

PIProport ional - Integral

PIDProportionalIntegral - Differential

I/PCurrent to Pneumatic


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Components

z Within every system there are major componentssuch as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat

exchangers, and fans.

Compressor

Steam Turbine S

Pumps or

HeatExchanger

Tanks or

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Misc. Symbols

z In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to

represent specific pieces of equipment additionaldrawing symbols are used to guide or provide

additional information about the drawing.

XX-001-X-Y

XX-002-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at

coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawingPipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 atcoordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 atcoordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.

Building/Area Boundary

XX-003-X-Y


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CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

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Objectives

z Define Topographical Maps

z Define Contour Maps

z Define Geology and Mining Terms

z Define Site Plans Drawings

z Define Floor Plansz Define Elevation Drawings

z Define Structural Drawings and symbols


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Topographical Maps

z Maps which describe in detail local features ofthe earths surface, either natural or man-made,

are called topographic maps (or drawings).

z Data taken from surveys are used to build thesedrawings.

z Surveying is the actual measurement ofdistances, elevations, and directions on theearths surface.

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Contours

z Most topographical maps are drawn as contours.

z Contours are lines drawn on a map to showpoints of equal elevation; that is, all points on asingle contour line have the same elevation.

z A contour interval is the vertical distance

between horizontal planes passing throughsuccessive contours as illustrated in the followingslide..


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Example Contours Map

Control Points

Relative

Elevations

Profile

Contours

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Contours Continued

z Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns ofdistribution of points of recorded elevation.

z A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey asillustrated in the next slide.

z Line are established at right angles to each other,dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size andelevations are determined at the corners of the squares


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Example Grid Contour Map

Elevation

Contour

Grid

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Geology and Mining Terms

z Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarilymeasured from north.

z Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planesz Stratum orSeam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding

planes.z Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.z Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another

formation.

z Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two beddingplanes of a stratum, seam, or vein.z Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it

eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earths surface. See following slide for examples


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Geology Terms Example

Fault Plane Seam or Stratum

Outcrop Area

Strike

Bedding Plane

Dip Angle

Thickness

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Topographical Map Symbols

z Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrateland features and objects. The following are but a few examples.

Highway

Railroad

Highway Bridge

Railroad Bridge

Suspension Br idge

Dam

Telephone Line

Power Line


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Site or Layout Drawings

z Layout drawings are also called general plans and profiledrawings. T

z They provide the necessary information on the location,alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principalparts in relation to the ground at the site.

z They also provide other important details, such as thenature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacentstructures and roads.

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Example Site Drawing


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Example Symbols

Gravel

Paving

Concrete

Earth-finish grade

Earth-rough grade

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Floor Plans

z Floor plans includes:

thicknesses, and character of the building walls onthat particular floor

the widths and locations of door and windowopenings

the lengths and character of partitions the number and arrangement of rooms

the types and locations of utility installations


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Floor Layout Example

Door SymbolWindow Symbol

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Elevation Drawings

z Elevation drawings are closely related to the floorplans of a building.

zThese drawings are of vertical views of thebuilding, usually of the outside walls.

Front Elevation Side Elevation


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Structural Drawings

z Architectural and structural drawings aregenerally considered to be the drawings of steel,

wood, concrete, and other materials used toconstruct buildings.

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Example of Structural Drawing Detail


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Beams

z A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight perfoot of length.

z The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms theletter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by

nominal depth and weight per foot

TopEnd

Front

Symbols

or S

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Channels

z A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot

Top

End

Front

CSymbols

or


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Angles

zThe cross section of an angle resembles theletter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions

in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.

Top

EndFront

L

Symbol

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Tees

z A structural tee is made by slitting astandard I- or H- beam through the center ofits web, thus forming two T-shapes fromeach beam. In dimensioning, the structuraltee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.

Top

EndFront

Symbols

ST orT


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Members

z The main parts of a structure are the load-bearingstructural members that support and transfer the loads on

the structure while remaining in equilibrium with eachother.

z The places where members are connected to othermembers are called joints.

z The total load supported by the structural members ata particular instant is equal to the total dead load plusthe total live load.

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Vertical Members

z Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; inbuildings they may be called pillars.

z A pierin building construction may be called a short column. Itcould rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in theground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member thatprovides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.

z The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are

called studs. They are supported on horizontal members calledsills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members calledtop plates or stud caps.

z Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.


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Horizontal Members

z A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spansa space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.

z A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever.z One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is

called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.

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Trusses

z A truss is a framework consisting of twohorizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joinedtogether by a number of vertical and/or inclinedmembers to form a series of triangles.

Trusses


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Objectives

z Define Tolerances

z Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings

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Machine Drawings

z In learning to read machine drawings, we mustfirst become familiar with the common terms,symbols, and conventions defined anddiscussed in the following slides.


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Tolerancesz Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore

variations must be allowed.z This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total

amount the dimension may vary.

z It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,either by a fraction or decimal.z Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific

dimension.z Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different

methods; the following slide shows three examples. The unilateral method is used when variation from the design

size is permissible in one direction only. The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or

minus variation that is acceptable.

In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimummeasurements are both stated

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Tolerance Examples

.498 DIA+ .000

- .002

.500 DIA+ .002

- .000.498 DIA

.496

.500 DIA

.502

Unilateral Method Bilateral Method

Limit Method

2.250 + .010

- .005

.875

.005

301

7 18 64


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Tolerance Symbols

M

S

- A -

Flatness &Straightness

Angularity

Parallelism

Perpendicularity

Concentricity

True Posit ion

Roundness

Symmetry

(MMC) Maximum

Material Condition

(RFS) Regardlessof Feature size

Datum Identifyingsymbol

A .001Tolerance

DatumSymbol

Feature Control

Symbol

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Class Exercise

z Do Class Exercise Tolerances


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Fillets and Rounds

z Fillets are concave metal corner (inside)surfaces.

z Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners thathave been rounded to prevent chipping and toavoid sharp cutting edges

Fillet Rounds

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Slots and Slides

z Slots and slides mate two specially shapedpieces of material and securely hold themtogether, yet allow them to move or slide.

Tee Slot Slide

Tee Slot

Dovetail Slide

Dovetail Slot


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Keys, Keyseats, Keyways

z A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece ofmetal inserted in a slot or groove between a

shaft and a hub to prevent slippage

Flat Bottom

Round Bottom

Square

Keyseat and Keyway

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Screw Threads

z Draftsmen use different methods to show threadon drawings

Without Thread Relief

With Thread Relief

Simplif ied Method of Thread Representation


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Gears

z When gears are drawn on machine drawingsusually only enough gear teeth are drawn to

identify the dimensions.

Root Dia.

Pitch Dia.

Outside Dia.

Whole Depth

Working Depth Dedendum

Addendum

Clearance

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Springs

z There are threeclassifications of helicalsprings: compression,extension, and torsion.Drawings seldom show atrue presentation of thehelical shape; instead,

they usually showsprings with straight lines Common Types of Helical Springs

Symbol Representation of Springs


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Weld Drawing Symbols

z A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements

1. Reference Line

2. Arrow connectsreference line to joint

3. Weld symbol thisindicates a fillet weld

2

4. Dimensions = weld is 2 incheslong with leg length of inch

5. Supplementary symbols

this i llustrates a convex weld

6. Finish symbol g = grinding, c =chipped, m = machined.

G

7. Tail will haveinformationabout the

process. OAW isa type of weldinghere. It is left o ff

if no in fo needed.

OAW

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Example Drawing


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Summary

z Review Objectives



Documents

Basic Blueprint Reading 110