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3rd-EST-Forum. Bangladesh Country Paper

Presentation

AMM Nasir UddinThe Member

Physical InfrastructurePlanning Commission

Government of Bangladesh

Tazul Islam ChowdhuriJoint Secretary

Ministry of CommunicationGovernment of Bangladesh

Md ShahjahanDirector (Technical)

Department of EnvironmentMinistry of Environment and Forest

Government of Bangladesh

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Bangladesh: and Urbanization Trends

• Area: 147,570 km2

• Population: 140.6 million• Population density: 953/km2.• Population growth rate: 1.42 per

annum• Urbanization: 25% (Present)

30% (by 2010)50% (by 2025)

3

Urban Characteristics in Bangladesh

Rapid urbanization High growth rate of vehicle population – over 10%Disproportion in demand and facility of transportMix traffic with high % of NMTImproved Public transport system- A Growing DemandTraffic management with weakness in enforcement

High parking demandsEnvironmental Impact: an issue of serious concern.

4

Transport Profile of Dhaka – The Mega CityArea - 2,000 km2

Population – 12 millionMetropolitan Dhaka accounts for nearly 40%

of total urban populationContribution to country’s GDP – nearly 15%Road network – 3000 km (450 km primary &

secondary/collector roads)Vehicle population – around 450,000NMT predominantly rickshaw – around

500,000Cost of congestion and accidents – US$ 520

million/annumAir pollution and noise level – very highUrban road accident fatalities – 400/annum

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Motorized Vehicle Growth• Increasing Motorized Vehicles…….• Annual growth rate over 10%.

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000Be

fore

199

5

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

*

2007

*

Year

Num

ber o

f veh

icle

s

*Number of 2006 and 2007 are projected**Source: BRTA

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Growth of Different Type of Vehicles in Dhaka

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Befor

e 19

95

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

*

2007

*

Year

Num

ber

Motor Car Jeep/St. Wagon/MicrobusTaxi BusMinibus TruckAutorickshaw/Autotempo Motorcycle

*Number of 2006 and 2007 are projected**Source: BRTA

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Growth Trend of Bus, Mini Bus And TrucksGrowth Trend of Bus, Mini Bus And TrucksGrowth Trend of Bus in Dhaka City

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Bef

ore

1995

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

*

2007

*

Num

ber o

f Bu s

Growth Trend of Truck in Dhaka City

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Bef

ore

1995

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

*

2007

*

Num

ber o

f tru

c k

Growth Trend of Minibus in Dhaka City

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Before 19

95

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

*

2007

*

Num

ber o

f minibu s

*Number of 2006 and 2007 are projected**Source: BRTA

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What is growing most ???

9% 7%15%

29%14%

8%10% 8%

Motor Car Jeep/St. Wagon/MicrobusTaxi BusMinibus TruckAutorickshaw/Autotempo Motorcycle

Increase of vehicle type in %

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Public Transport Crisis

Anxious passengers waiting for bus, struggling to get in, overcrowded bus.

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Public Transport Crisis

Congestion, Poor management, Inefficient road use, Mixed traffic,Air pollution

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Bangladesh

Pollutant Objective Averaging Time

10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) 8-hour

CO 40 mg/m3 (35 ppm) 1-hour

Lead 0.5 µg/m3 Annual

NO2 100 µg/m3 (0.053 ppm) Annual

50 µg/m3 Annual PM-10 150 µg/m3 24-hour 15 µg/m3 Annual PM-2.5 65 µg/m3 24-hour 235 µg/m3 (0.12 ppm) 1-hour

Ozone (O3) 157 µg/m3 (0.08 ppm) 8-hour

80 µg/m3 (0.03 ppm) Annual

SO2 365 µg/m3 (0.14 ppm) 24-hour

SPM 200 µg/m3 8 hour

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

4/1/

2002

7/1/

2002

10/1

/200

2

1/1/

2003

4/1/

2003

7/1/

2003

10/1

/200

3

1/1/

2004

4/1/

2004

7/1/

2004

10/1

/200

4

1/1/

2005

4/1/

2005

7/1/

2005

10/1

/200

5

1/1/

2006

4/1/

2006

7/1/

2006

10/1

/200

6

Date

AQ

I val

ue

Good Air Quality

Moderate Air QualityUnhealthy Air Quality

Very Unhealthy Air Quality

Hazardous Air Quality

Rainy Seasons

Banning of 2-stroke 3-wheeler

Dry Seasons

Seasonal variation of Air Quality Index

Air Quality Trends in Dhaka

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Trend of Particulate Matter in Dhaka

91 87

56

88

66

84

131

161

252

271

244

202

10497

68

46 5065

93

183168

192

236

165

104103

6955 54

65

107

177

248252

205

136124

8370

47 51 5369

139

199

249242248

132

44 42

2332 28 33

90

138

192196

151

88

4636

2719 23

35

59

117108

130119

103

50

29

70

121136

166

116101

80

3627 22 27 34

50

98

117

160158

109

56

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

April

,02

June

,02

Augu

st, 0

2

Oct

ober

,02

Dec

embe

r, 02

Febr

uary

, 03

April

, 03

June

, 03

Augu

st, 0

3

Oct

ober

,03

Dec

embe

r, 03

Febr

uary

, 04

April

, 04

June

, 04

Augu

st, 0

4

Oct

ober

, 04

Dec

embe

r,04

Febr

uary

,05

April

,05

June

,05

Augu

st,0

5

Oct

ober

, 05

Dec

embe

r, 05

Febr

uary

, 06

April

, 06

Mon

thly

ave

rage

con

cent

ratio

n of

PM

in m

icro

gram

s pe

r cub

ic m

eter

PM10 PM2.5

65 µg/m3 24 Hour Standard f

150 µg/m3 24 Hour Standard f PM

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Particulate Matter: Main Pollutant of Concern in Dhaka

Period: 2002 to 2006

2%16%

82%

PM2.5 PM10 8h-O345%

16%26%

11%2%

Good Moderate Unhealthy

Very unhealthy Hazardous

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Month

% o

f Day

Good Moderate Unhelthy Very unhealthy Hazardous

98% times PM appeared as Responsible Pollutant

55% days were exceeded the NAAQS

Seasonal variation of air quality level in Dhaka

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Vehicle Emission Inventory for Dhaka: >85% of PM10 from Diesel Vehicles

PM10 share by Vehicle TypeTaxis-CNG

1%

3W Taxis-CNG1%

Cars8%Motorcycles

5%

LD Diesel19%

Buses38%

Trucks28%

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National Land Transport Policy

Provide Safe and dependable transport systemRemove unnecessary control, laws and regulationsControl and Regulate FareSpecify role of Government and Private SectorsMaintain economic and environmental balanceEnsure utilization of fundsImprove transport system proportionate to transport demandReduce transportation costEnsure Growth of traffic commensurate with economyFormulate strategic transport system for Dhaka City

14- Policy Objectives:

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Introduce integrated transport systemsProvide Alternate transport systemCreate awareness :better life and better safetyMake transport system efficient for Poverty Alleviation

National Land Transport Policy Contd.

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Strategic Transport Plan (STP) for Dhaka CityStrategic Goals:

• Efficiency – maximizing use of existing resources • Mobility & Accessibility – ensure reasonable access to employment,

education, health social, and services and opportunity• Safety – develop and implement a coordinated , comprehensive set

of safety standards• Affordability – ensure a balance between requirement and resources• Achievability – develop transport operations and capital investment

projects and services• Economic Development – support economic growth and

competitiveness• Social Development – support programs and efforts toward the

alleviation of poverty• Environment – minimize the transport sector’s negative impact on

the environment

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Major Program Under STPUnderground Railway System (Metro)Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)Development of Traffic ManagementNon-Motorized Transport (NMT) lanesPedestrian FacilitiesCircular WaterwayElevated Express WayLight RailwaysEast-West Connection Road50 Road Projects

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Traffic Management Strategies

Managing pedestrian travelManaging non-motorized trafficPromoting bicycle as an important travel modeImproving mass transit system applicationUrban truck management policyEnhancement of traffic engineering transport planning and management practicesEnforcement of Traffic regulations

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Strategies for Road Safety

For road environment improvement:Wider application of traffic engineering approachesBoth accident prevention and accident reduction strategiesSystematic implementation of road safety audit

Traffic segregation, canalization, speed reduction and other self-enforcing measuresIdentification of black spots by systematic accident investigationPreparation of road traffic safety action plan

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Environmental Safety

Introducing EIA/EMP in the road construction and operationAdequate funding for mitigation measures of adverse environmental impactsEnvironmental standards for new roads, including social and re-settlement issuesLong term sustainability in road construction – use of hard rocks, lime stone etc.Adaptation of modern technology in road construction

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Banning of 2-stroke 3-wheelerA Success Story

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Levels of PM10 before and after removal of Baby Taxis (Phase-II)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

12/2

5/20

0212

/26/

2002

12/2

7/20

02

12/2

8/20

0212

/29/

2002

12/3

0/20

02

12/3

1/20

021/

1/20

03

1/2/

2003

1/3/

2003

1/4/

2003

1/5/

2003

1/6/

2003

1/7/

2003

(mic

rogr

am/ m

3)

PM10

Average

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Steps Taken by Government to Improve Air Quality In Bangladesh

• Adoption of NLTP. • Formulation and approval of STP• Introduction of unleaded gasoline from 1st July,1999• Ban on import of two-stroke engine• Phase out of 2- stroke 3 wheeler baby taxis from Dhaka city in January 2003• Ban on vehicles older than 20 years• Introduction of Bangladesh-1 and Bangladesh-2 in line with Euro emission

norms • Undertake an emission reduction Road map for all types of vehicles

registered before and after September 2004• Increase the use of Compressed Natural Gas• Restriction on plying of trucks in Dhaka from 8:00 am to 8 pm• Improvement of mass-transport system within urban areas• Regular monitoring of the ambient air quality• Increasing public awareness• Introduction of 4-stroke 3 Wheeler CNG Auto Rickshaw• To minimize emission from brick kiln, chimney height has been fixed to 120

feet.

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Difficult but achievable if political will is there

A bridge between the stakeholders and the press is a must

Once achieved , protect the achievementsA careful planning is Imperative

Lessons Learnt

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