European International Journal of Science and Technology ISSN: 2304-9693 www.eijst.org.uk

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Banana (Musa sapientum var. Cavendish) Flour As Wheat Flour

Extender in Selected Bakery Products

Maria Ligaya T. Braganza, Ed.D.*

School of Food Science and Technology

The Philippine Women’s University

Email: joy.braganza@yahoo.com

Edilborga H. Tolentino

School of Food Science and Technology

The Philippine Women’s University

Abstract:

Banana flour made from fresh, mature green Cavendish variety was used to partially replace wheat flour in

soft bun (“pan de sal”) and doughnut in concentrations ranging from a minimum of 10% to a maximum of

50% using the baker’s percentage (i.e. partial replacement of wheat flour with banana flour was based on

the total wheat flour weights in the formulation) using the no time dough method. No adverse effects were

observed on the over-all baking and sensory qualities of the baked products. A savings of 3-5% for soft bun

and 27% for doughnut was obtained in terms of direct material costs. Moreover, the inclusion of banana

flour effectively increased the theoretical Vitamin C, potassium and dietary fiber contents of the baked

goods. Approximately 3-5 pieces of soft bun and doughnut can satisfy ¼ of the average per day

Recommended Dietary Allowance for Filipinos for Energy and Specific Nutrients (RENI) for children ages

7-9 years old. On the other hand, approximately 10-13 pieces of the same products can satisfy at least ¼ of

the US Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for potassium and the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for

dietary fiber , respectively.

Keywords: banana flour, composite flour, wheat flour extender, no time dough method, level of inclusion

Introduction

The banana fruit is a healthy, nutritious commodity which contains 74%, 23% carbohydrates, 1% protein

and 0.5% fat. Without its peel, it is a good source of Vitamin B6, potassium and fiber

(http://www.extento.hawaii.edu). Moreover, it has no sodium and cholesterol and is a great source of

Vitamin C and magnesium and contains three natural sugars – sucrose, fructose and glucose giving an

instant, sustained and substantial boost of energy (http://www.antioxidant-fruits.com). Potentially, it can be

processed and preserved to expand its market value, such as, puree from ripe fruits for use in ice cream,

yogurt, cake, baby foods and nectar; sliced and canned in syrup for use in fruit salads and as toppings; sun

dried banana crispy; and, fermented to produce vinegar and alcoholic beverage.

A new product with commercial value is the banana flour which can be used as a mixture for various

cakes and breads. But since it does not contain gluten, it could not be used as the main ingredient but rather

mixed with wheat flour in the production of quality baked products (http://www.ffc.agnet.org/library).. The

European International Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 2 No. 9 November, 2013

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main objective of the study was to extend the utilization and increase the consumption of banana flour in

two selected bakery products, soft bun and doughnut. Specifically it sought to:

1. Determine the practicality of using of using banana flour as wheat flour extender in bakery products;

2. Determine the minimum and maximum levels of inclusion in the standard bread formulation;

3. Determine the effects of banana flour on the baking quality; over-all product acceptability; nutrient

content (theoretical) and direct material cost

Materials and Methods

Product Formulation

Banana flour made from fresh mature green Cavendish variety were made to replace part of the

wheat flour requirements in the basic recipes for soft bun (“pan de sal”) and doughnut in concentrations

ranging from 10% to 50% of eight (8) experimental lots including the control samples using the no time

dough method (http://www.seabeecook.com).

Acceptability Tests

Sensory evaluation using the 7- and 9-point hedonic scales by thirty (3) untrained laboratory panel

composed of faculty members, college students and non-teaching personnel from the Cluster of Food

Science, Tourism and Hospitality Management.

Theoretical Nutrient Content of Experimental Products

Banana flour samples were subjected to proximate analysis (i.e. moisture, protein, potassium, total

dietary fiber and Vitamin C) at the NFA Food Development Center. Results of analysis together with the

use of the FNRI Philippine Food Composition Tables were used in the calculation of the theoretical nutrient

contents of the baked products .

Direct Material Costs of Most Acceptable Formulations

The following assumptions were used in computing the direct material costs of the products under

study:

Banana Flour = PhP 18.50/kg

Bread Flour = PhP 39/kg

Mark up = 20%

Results and Discussion

Product Formulation

Table 1. Percentage Formulation of Soft Bun (“Pan de sal”)

Raw Materials Control Lot 1

10%

BF

Lot 2

15%

BF

Lot 3

20%

BF

Lot

4

25%

BF

Lot

5

30%

BF

Lot

6

40%

BF

Lot 7

50%

BF

Bread flour 100 90 85 80 75 70 60 50

Banana Flour 0 10 15 20 25 30 40 50

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

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Water 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65

R . Sugar 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

Lard 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

R. Salt 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Instant Yeast 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

Dough Improver 0.3 0.3 0.3 0-3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Weigh ingredients separately Combine except lard Mix at low speed (#1:5-10 mins)

Scale dough Rest (20 mins) Mix until elastic Add lard (speed #2) (30 gm/pc) covered with plastic

Grease pan Arrange dough Proof (1-1.5 hrs) Bake (440oF;15-20 mins). Cool

Figure 1.. Flow Chart for the Preparation of Banana Soft Bun Using the No Time Dough Method

Table 2. Percentage Formulation of Doughnut

Raw Materials Control Lot 1

10%

BF

Lot 2

15%

BF

Lot 3

20%

BF

Lot

4

25%

BF

Lot

5

30%

BF

Lot 6

40%

BF

Lot 7

50%

BF

Bread flour 100 90 85 80 75 70 60 50

Banana Flour 0 10 15 20 25 30 40 50

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Water 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5

R . Sugar 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 3.7 13.7 13.7 13.7

Butter 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7

Egg 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5

Milk powder 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4

R. Salt 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Instant Yeast 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7

Baking Powder 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Total 100 1009 100 100 100 100 100 100

Weigh ingredients separately Add water Add shortening Rest

Rest (25 mins) Sheet Round into a ball Mix until gluten develop/dough elastic

Cut Deep fat fry(light brown) Roll in granulated sugar

Figure 2. Flow Chart for the Preparation of Banana Doughnut Using the No Time Dough Method

Acceptability Tests

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Sensory evaluation results showed both products with 10%- 40% banana flour were all acceptable by

the taste panel in terms of all sensory attributes rated with the lot containing 10% and 15% banana flour as

the most preferred by the taste panelists. Theoretical Nutrient Content of Baked Products

A 30-gram piece of soft bun with 10-15% banana flour can theoretically provide 87-91 kcal, 8-9 mg.

Vitamin C, 18-27 mg. potassium and 15 mg. calcium. On the other hand, a 35-gram piece of doughnut with

the same amounts of banana flour theoretically contains 96-99 kcal, 2.8 gm. protein, 25-26 ug. Vitamin A,

about 10 mg. Vitamin C, 29 mg. calcium and 18 - 27 mg. potassium. In addition, both products are able to

satisfy from 4% - 11% of the ¼ daily US RDA for potassium and from 1.4 to 3.4% of ¼ of the US daily DRI

for various age groups ( i.e. 1-9 years).

Direct Material Costs

At 10% and 15% wheat flour replacement, the total direct material costs was approximately US$

1.50 to US$3.00, for the soft bun and doughnut, respectively. Average yields of 52 pieces @ 30- gram and

35-gram per piece of soft bun and doughnut were obtained.

References

Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI). 2000. Nutritional guidelines for Filipinos. rev. ed.

Manila: Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

_____________________________. 2001. Philippine nutrition facts and figures.

Manila: DOST. 109 p.

Guzman, Matilde P. and others. 1986. Basic foods for Filipinos. Rev. ed. Manila:Merriam

and Webster, Inc. 455 p.

UNICEF. Oct. 2000. Fact sheet on nutrition-related lifestyle diseases in the Philippines.

FFTC Publication Database. Processing of Banana Flour. Available from www.fftc.agnet.org/library.

Accessed Aug. 18,2009.

HONcode. Homepage. Dietary Fiber:Daily Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Fiber, RDA. Available

from www.dietaryfiber.food.com/fiber-rda.php. Accessed Jan. 12,2010.

SeabeeCook.com Homepage. 1916 Bread Making Methods. Available from www.seabeecook.

Accessed Sept. 2, 2009.

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Figure 3. The Banana Soft Bun and Banana Doughnut with 15% Banana Flour