BAHASA INGGRIS (SOFTSKILL) TENSES

DI SUSUN OLEH : NAMA NPM KELAS : : : SAIROH 16211557 1-EA26

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA KALIMALANG 2011/2012

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BAB I DEFINITION OF TENSES

The meaning of tenses is a description or explanation of when an event, and actions. Events or actions occur in a sentence: current past or future. Or change the verb form in accordance with the time occurrence of an event and change the time information. Basic Indonesian word order is similar to English. Generally, sentences begin with a subject, followed by a verb (also called a predicate), and then an object. It's good news that Indonesian verbs don't change depending on tense. Indicating the past or future tense only requires inserting words that indicate the time, in a very regular system. In order to express idea in different time frame, we need to attach time signals, such as "yesterday", "tomorrow", "this morning", etc. These time signals are very easy to learn. When you say a sentence without any time signal, we can never be sure what time frame it is assumed to be, if it is taken out of context. For example: Saya makan apel. The general translation would be in present tense: I eat apple. However, it depends on the speaker on what it means. It may also mean progressive tense. The speaker may be eating an apple as he/she speaks. Also, you can incorporate as many time signals as you want to express more specific ideas, as long as the addition doesn't contradict the exisiting ones and follows the "general rule of thumb". This is especially useful since Indonesian has no notion of complex grammar such as future perfect. (Pyle, Michel A 2005. TOEFL Prepratoin Guide, Delhi : Wiley Dreamtech)

"Some grammarians define a tense as an inflection of the verb--a change of meaning you achieve by altering the form of the verb. So the past tense of win is won. In this sense, English has only two tenses, present and past. But for everyday use--especially for those who are studying foreign languages--this strict definition of tense is not very helpful. There is a broader use of the word [tense]: a form of the verb phrase which gives information about aspect and time." (John Seely, Grammar for Teachers. Oxpecker, 2007)

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BAB II DEVISION OF TENSES

1.

Present Tense The present tense is a grammatical tense that locates a situation or event in present time.

1.1 Simple Present Tense To express habitual activity, to describe both habits and or routines (habitual aspect), to present thoughts, feelings, and other unchanging states (stative aspect), to indicate scheduled events in the near future (so that the simple present verb form actually indicates future tense), to indicate events at any time in the future in a dependent clause, to provide narratives such as instructional narratives, we use present tense. The Pattern = S + Verb I + O Note : In Positive and negative sentences added (s/es) in the verb I if the subject she, he, it (tunggal/singular) and use auxiliary verb does in introgative sentences. If subject they, we, you, and I (prular). verb no added (s/es) and use auxiliary verb do in introgative sentences. Aderb of time : 1.2 Every usually allways seldom sometimes often never Simple Present Continous Tense

We use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening now. We can also use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment.

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The Present Continuous Tense is also used to talk about activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future events. The Pattern = S + to be ( is,am,are) + Verb Ing + O Note : All subject use Verb+Ing in positive, negative and introgative sentences. Adverb of time : Now In this moment 1.3 Simple Present Perfect Tense

The simple present perfect tense is used to talk about a past time, which has very strong meaning for the present. We form the present perfect simple by using the auxilliary verb has if the subject she, he, it (singular) and have if the subjet they, we, I, you (prular). All subject use Verb III in positive, negative and introgative sentences, and added participle) irregular verb forms have to be learned. The Pattern = S + has/have + Verb III + O Adverb of time : 1.4 Since For Simple Perfect Continous Tense the -ed form of the regular verb (the past

This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense : We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since. 4

We make the present perfect continuous by using the present perfect of the verb to have (have/has been) and the present participle of the main verb. The Pattern = S + has/have + been + verb (ing) 1.5 Simple Future Tense

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future. Simple Future Tense Will The Pattern = S + will + Verb I + O Note : All subject use will + Verb I in positive, negative and introgative sentenses.

Simple Future Tense be going to The Pattern = S + be (is, am,are) + going to + Verb I + O Note : All subject use verb I. Adverb Of Time : 1.6 tomorrow to night soon next Simple Future Continous Tense

The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about.

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The Pattern = S + will + be + Verb Ing + O For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will I'll you'll he'll she'll it'll we'll they'll

I will you will he will she will it will we will they will

For spoken negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract with won't : I will not you will not he will not she will not it will not we will not they will not 1.7 I won't you won't he won't she won't it won't we won't they won't

Simple Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. The Pattern = S + will + have + Verb III + O

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Note : All subject use auxiliary verb have. In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:

I will have you will have he will have she will have it will have we will have they will have

I'll have you'll have he'll have she'll have it'll have we'll have they'll have

I'll've you'll've he'll've she'll've it'll've we'll've they'll've

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Simple Future Perfect Continous Tense

We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future. We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the future. The Pattern = S + will + have + been + Verb Ing + O Note : All subject use auxiliary verb have For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insert not between will and have. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will.

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2.

Past Tense

The past tense is a grammatical tense that places an action or situation in the past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some specified time that may be in the speaker's past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).

2.1 Simple Past Tense The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often. We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the past. The event can be short or long. The Pattern = S + Verb II + O

Note : All subject use Verb II (reguler verb and ireguler verb) in positive and negative sentences, and use auxiliary did, in the introgative sentences after did change verb II in to Verb I. Adverb of time : last yesterday a go

2.2 Simple Past Continous Tense The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm. Adverbs which are used in this tense are mostly the same with the ones used in simple past tense. What we need to note is that there is length of time in the sentence using this tense. Although in 8

this tense we often concern with the process of an activity, it does not mean that in each sentence using Past Continuous Tense we should mention the duration of time in which an activity happened. The Pattern = S + was/were + Verb Ing + O Note : In the positive ang negative sentences if the subject she, he, it use auxiliary verb was, and use were if the subject we, they, I and you, after auxiliary verb use verb+ing and in the introgative sentences the pattern is : was/were +S+Verb ing. 2.3 Simple Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense explains an activity that started and also finished in the past. Different from Past Continuous which focuses on the process, Past Perfect Tense focuses on the completion of an event or activity. The adverbs used in this tense are almost the same with the ones used in the Present Perfect Tense. Unlike Present Perfect which uses have/has, this tense always uses word had. The Pattern = S + had + been + Verb III + O Note : All subject use auxiliary had and verb III 2.4 Simple Past Perfect Continous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to explain an event or activity that had started in the past and had already finished before the conversation takes place. This tense focuses on the process or the duration when the activity was happening.

The adverbs used in Past Perfect Continuos Tense are almost the same with the ones used in Past Continuous Tense. In this tense we cannot find the nominal sentence like what we find in the Present Continuous and Past Continuous Tense. The Pattern = S + had + been + Verb Ing + O

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2.5 Simple Past Future Tense The forms of the past future tense are similar in structure and implication to those of the present future tense, only the auxiliary verb will or shall appears in its past form would or should. They find their basic use in indirect quotations, where they are really conversions from the corresponding present forms in direct quotations to suit the sequence of tense. The Pattern = S + should/would + Verb I + O

2.6 Simple Past Future Continous Tense Past Future Continuous Tense is used to explain an event or activity that will be happening in the future in a specific time that is predicted during the conversation takes place. This tense is almost the same like Present Future Tense but it is commonly used in conditional sentence. The difference is only in the specification of the time. Present Future Continuous Tense has more specific time. The adverbs used in this tense are almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Tense. In Present Future Continuous Tense, the use of specific time is often found. The Pattern = S + should/would + be + Verb Ing + O

2.7 Simple Past Future Perfect Tense Past Future Tense is actually similar with Present Perfect Tense in the sense of time and meaning. This tense is normally used as conditional sentence type 3. It has contradictory meaning with the conditional sentence which is used. The Pattern = S + should/would + Have + been + Verb III+ O

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2.8 Simple Past Future Perfect Continous Tense Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense is basically the same with Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Similar with Past Future Perfect Tense, this tense is also used in conditional sentence type 3 normally for its positive and negative pattern. The Pattern = S + should/would + Have + been + Verb Ing + O

This past perfect concept can also be conveyed by the past perfect progressive (continous).

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BAB III THE SAMPLE OF TENSES

1. Simple Present Tense 2.

Marry goes to park every Sunday morning (+) She does not practise computer (-) Does Andy know his score? (?)

Simple Present Continous Tense She is practising computer now (+) She is not practising computer now (-) Is she practising computer now (?)

3.

Simple Present Perfect Tense She has prepared the lesson book (+) She has not prepared the lesson book(-) has she prepared the lesson book ?(?)

4.

Simple Perfect Continous Tense

I have been studying for 3 hours (+). Shely hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks (-). Has sherly been feeling well for 2 weeks ? (?).

5.

Simple Future Tense He will do english test (+) He will not do english test (-) Will he do english test ? (?)

6.

Simple Future Continous Tense

I will be studying math tonight at 8 pm (+). 12

The employees will not be working tomorrow (-). Will he be playing for our volley team tomorrow night? (?)

7.

Simple Future Perfect Tense Ketty would have finished his job in the next month if he had not watched the movie (+). The students would have not in the suspension if they did not play in the class (-). Would have they able to come by the time class starts? (?)

8.

Simple Future Perfect Continous Tense Charly would have been sleeping if she did not drink much coffee (+). The students would have not been watching a movie if the school had ended faster (-). Would have Mina been listening to her favorite song if the electricity had downed? (?)

9.

Simple Past Tense They practised computer (+) They did not practise computer (-) did they practise computer (?)

10.

Simple Past Continous Tense Harry was visiting her friend yesterday (+). harry was not visiting her friend yesterday (-) Where were you going in the last holiday? (?)

11.

Simple Past Perfect Tense Marry had finished her homework before the holiday (+). The workers had not completed the building last year (-). Had the story of Cindelaras lost during the invasion of Netherland? (?)

12.

Simple Past Perfect Continous Tense I had been waiting for my delivery order for two hours (+). I had not been waiting for my delivery order for two hours (-) 13

What had you been doing during the festival last sunday? (?)

13.

Simple Past Future Tense Tom would travel if he had more money (+) The students would not be absent tomorrow the teacher came to the school (-). Would they be able to come to the class on time if an accident happened? (?)

14.

Simple Past Future Continous Tense I would be studying math tonight at 8 pm if I had no other schedule (+). The employees would not be working tomorrow if boss did not pay them (-). Would he be playing for our volley team tomorrow night if we asked him? (?)

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Simple Past Future Perfect Tense - Jim would have finished his job in the next month if he had not watched the movie. (+) - Kai wouldnt have passed the exam if he had not studied sincerely. (-) - Would have Emma accompanied her friends to the party tonight (?)

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Simple Past Future Perfect Continous Tense - Rose will have been studying for two hours if she did not watch a serial drama (+). - Ika wouldnt have been filling the requirement if she had come late. (-) - Would have Mina been listening to her favorite song if the electricity had downed? (?)

References : 1. Djuharie, Setiawan 2002. Bimbingan Pemantapan Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta : CV Yrama Widya. 2. John Seely, Grammar for Teachers. Oxpecker, 2007

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