Bahan Kajian MK. Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

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MENUJU PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

Sustainable Development

Hierarchical system

A four-tier system was adopted for the evaluation of sustainable development within the community. Its components were:

1. Principles of sustainable development;2. Criteria of sustainable development;3. Indicators derived from criteria;4. Verifiers to measure specific strategic actions, whose qualitative or

quantitative values allow comparison of results over time.

The next step was to identify the principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers covering the following three areas of evaluation: socio-

economics; ecology and the environment; and community culture and self-management. Each of these three areas has its own respective

principles of sustainability, just as each principle has its own criteria, each of which has its indicators and, lastly, its relevant verifiers.

A principle provides the framework for sustainable forest development.

It constitutes a fundamental law or truth as the basis for a rationale or action, and provides the justification for the

criteria, indicators and verifiers generated .

For the purposes of the study, a principle was considered an achievable goal in the social and ecological process of

sustainable development.

The hierarchical system in the evaluation model comprised the following basic principles of sustainability.

Principle 1:

Respect and concern for community life favour

sustainable development.

This is an ethical principle.

It means that development should not

take place to the detriment of other

external groups not linked to the community

in question.

Externalities are common in virtually every area of economic activity. They are defined as third party (or spill-

over) effects arising from the production and/or consumption of goods and services for which no

appropriate compensation is paid. 

http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/externalities/what_are_externalities.htm

Principle 2:

The harmonious development of people, natural resources and the environment is what

sustains the quality of human life. What is really demanded of development is that it better the

quality of people's lives.

Economic growth is an important component of

development, but cannot be a goal in itself. Sustainable

development is only real if it makes the life of the

community better in every sense. https://community.accelrys.com/community/accelrys_blog/blog/

2010/06/02/pareto-optimization

In fact, given our stated goals, the only formulations of even tentative interest are those depicted by the blue points. These

are the Pareto-optimal points, which together make up the Pareto front, named after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto.

The points on the Pareto front are said to dominate the other points.

Principle 3:

Conservation and protection of

biodiversity and the environment favour

sustainable development.

Conservation-based development

necessarily includes deliberate action to

protect the structure, functions and diversity of ecosystems and of

the environment.

Sub-objectives associated with the community objective of resource conservation and their

associated importance scores.

http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol5/iss2/art24/

Principle 4:

Forest ecosystem management must not exceed the capa-city of the ecosystem. The limits of ecosystem functioning vary from one ecosystem to another. Policies need to bring the number of people and their livelihoods into balance with

the capacity of the ecosystem.

This capacity must be developed through careful management designed to provide quality goods and services in a sustainable way. Furthermore, the continuous interaction among people, natural resources and the environment must

be managed to cause the least possible damage to the ecosystem.

Principle 5: The culture of the

community must be in line with sustainable

development. People need to re-

examine their values and behaviour.

The community should promote values that

support the new ethics, and do away with those

incompatible with a sustainable way of life.

Interaction of the human social system with the ecosystem

http://gerrymarten.com/human-ecology/chapter01.html

Principle 6: Community self-management and

ownership are fundamental for

sustainable development.

Properly informed, motivated, committed

and responsible communities can and must contribute to the

decisions affecting them and play a crucial role in

sustainable development

Five Modalities Model of Community Development

http://tedshelton.blogspot.com/2010/11/five-modalities-model-of-community.html

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www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5189e/y5189e05.htm

Sustainable State Project1. Joint project between Local government and State

Government2. Creates goals and indicators to identify and track

important sustainability issues3. Integrates academic, private sector, governmental and

citizen expertise4. Links government programs to ensure implementation5. Broad Target Audience - accessible and informative to

all New Jerseyans6. Comprehensive - covering economy, environment, and

society

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New Jersey Future

1. 14 year-old nonprofit organization

2. Work with government and business

3. Designed NJ’s Sustainable State goals and indicators process

4. Develop and advocate solutions to NJ’s sustainable development and land use issues

regulatory compliance                                                                              

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The risk management approach allows

companies to save money by anticipating and

avoiding expenditures arising from

environmental damage, and by minimizing the cost of complying with

future legislation. In addition, operating costs can be reduced

through waste minimization, pollution

prevention and the elimination of health &

safety hazards.

Netherlands Green Plan

1. To achieve sustainability in one generation

2. Sets measurable goals3. Tracks progress toward meeting goals4. Utilizes integrated planning, across

governments, departments and industry sectors, to achieve the goals

5. Widely recognized and supported by citizens

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What Did We Learn?

Seeing Things Differently Is The First Step Toward Doing Things Differently

Without Clear Goals for the Future, and a System to Track Progress, You are

Just Spinning Your Wheels

www.bsdglobal.com/sd_journey.asp

www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/.../att_c907xe01_e_10106.html

Sustainable business strategies

Business strategies for sustainable development mark the final phase in the journey. The aim is to seek win-win situations

which can achieve environmental quality, increase wealth, and enhance competitive advantage.

Companies integrate sustainable development into their business strategies.

Sustainable development is a natural extension of many corporate environmental policies. In the pursuit of economic,

environmental and community benefits, management considers the long-term interests and needs of the

stakeholders.

Sustainable business strategies

Sustainable development strategies uncover business opportunities in issues which, in earlier stages of the journey,

might be regarded as costs to be borne or risks to be mitigated.

Results include new business processes with reduced external impacts, improved financial performance, and an enhanced

reputation among communities and stakeholders.

For the business enterprise, sustainable development means adopting strategies and activities that meet the needs of the

enterprise and its stakeholders today while protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources

that will be needed in the future.

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Sustainable development and environmental protection compared

Similarities:By protecting the environment we support sustainable development. A healthy environment means clean air,

unpolluted water and healthy soil, which are necessary for the survival of future generations.

The preservation of natural resources supports sustainability. Many environmental concepts like reuse and recycling allow

us to save natural resources for future generations. Environmental training and education support sustainable development. While working to protect the environment we

learn more about the world around us and improve our ability to identify solutions for sustainable development.

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Sustainable development and environmental protection compared

Differences:Environment is just one of the components embedded in the concept of sustainable development. Society and economy are equally important.

Although it is necessary to protect the environment it is not always sufficient, since a healthy environment does not necessary mean a prosperous society

or a healthy economy. Sustainable development is a goal of the entire society. Thus a participatory

approach is an integral part of sustainability Sustainable development explores the relationships between environmental, social and economic benefits. Environmental protection is often limited to the

impact on nature.

Environmental protection implies reducing adverse effects, not necessarily allowing future generations to inherit the same amount of natural, social and

economic wealth as their predecessors. Whereas environmental protection is often regulated, sustainable

development involves going beyond compliance.

Creating Goals & Indicators• NJ Leaders Create

Draft Goals• NJ academics and

experts create draft indicators

• Large Statewide Forums, Small Regional and Topical Forums

• State agency review

• Diverse review committee

• Third Sustainable State Conference - Release Goals & Indicators

www.eolss.com/eolss/5a.htm

“Sustainable development” is development that will “... meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Definition from the

1987 Brundtland Commission

(The World Commission on Environment

and Development)

www.rice.re/presen2.htm

A Sustainable StateThis symbol

represents what a Sustainable State would look like.

Each of the three rings, economy, environment and

society, is a system that we rely on to

support us.

Unless all three are functioning and

healthy, we will not be sustainable. You

canít pull on one, to the exclusion of the

others.

Sustainable State Goals1. Economic Vitality2. Equity3. Strong Community,

Culture & Recreation

4. Quality Education5. Good Government6. Decent Housing7. Healthy People

1. Efficient Transportation & Land Use

2. Natural & Ecological Integrity

3. Protected Natural Resources

4. Minimal Pollution & Waste

GOAL: Economic Vitality

An economy that is competitive, diverse and attractive to business; that maintains and

expands assets and capital; that provides a variety of entry-, middle- and high-level jobs;

and that promotes the well-being of New Jersey’s communities and its workforce.

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1. Income2. Unemployment3. Productivity4. Poverty5. GSP6. Energy efficiency.

Sustainable Development with

reference to Different forms of Capital

GOAL: Economic Vitality

GOAL: Efficient Transportation & Land Use

A choice of efficient, convenient, safe and

affordable transportation and land use options,

providing access to jobs, shopping,

recreational centers, schools, airports and

rail centers.

This Goal, for Efficient Transportation and Land Use, is obviously key to

the success and future of New Jersey businesses.

www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/secturing/sect_ing_desti...

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GOAL: Efficient Transportation & Land Use

1. Need for road and bridge repairs

2. Vehicle miles traveled

3. Workplace transportation options

4. Traffic fatalities

www.suzlonfoundation.org/program_framework.html

GOAL: Protected Natural Resources

The complex interactions among the different

dimensions of sustainable

development

www.eolss.com/eolss/5a.htm

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GOAL: Protected Natural Resources1. Energy consumption2. Farmland3. Beach and bay

closings4. Preserved and

developed land.

The six major systems of the anthroposphere and their major relationships. These six sector systems can be aggregated to the

three subsystems: Human System, Built System

(Human Engineered System) and Natural System.

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ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol3iss1/0602-007....

GOAL: Minimal Pollution & Waste

Minimize the generation and accumulation of

pollution and waste; maximize the use of efficient, clean and sustainable energy

sources; and increase consumer choices for ecologically friendly

products.

www.wasteawarecampus.org.uk/hierarchy.asp

GOAL: Minimal Pollution & Waste

1. Greenhouse gas releases

2. Drinking water quality

3. Solid waste production

4. Air pollution

www.davidkrohn.net/

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Solid Waste Production

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Other Indicators

1. Mortality (Life Expectancy)

2. Infectious Diseases3. Housing Affordability4. Wage Equality5. Voter Turnout6. Knowledge of

Government7. Standardized Test

Scores.

An understanding of the sustainability of the

natural system lies at the confluence of many

disciplines

Where Are We Now?1. “Living With The

Future in Mind II” Released With Targets

2. Nearly 20,000 Copies of I & II Distributed

3. Executive Order #96 Signed

4. State Government Begins Implementation

5. Businesses and NGO begin Implementation

6. Transition and Planning for Institutionalization

1. Pursue policies which comport with the 11 sustainability goals.

2. Establish institutional mechanisms, and collaborate in the exchange of information, to facilitate the achievement of these goals.

3. Report to the Governor, and every year thereafter, on their progress toward goal attainment.

All State Agencies and Departments Shall:

SUSTAINABILITY GOALS

PROGRAMS AND OPERATIONS(Performance Measures)

SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORSAND TARGETS

Menuju pembangunan berkelanjutan

NJDEP Implementation

1. Strategic Planning and NEPPS2. Sustainability “Lens” and Assessment3. Silver and Gold Track4. NJ/Netherlands “Aide Memoire” on Global

Warming5. Linking Targets and Programs (e.g.

Greenhouse Gas Action Plan)

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DEP Mission

SustainableState

DEP Strategic Plan

NEPPS* Performance Partnership Agreement

Program Work Plans/Budget

• Society• Environment• Economy

* NEPPS = National Envi ronmental Performance Partnersh ip System - Includes reporting on 9 goals & over 100 indicators

II. NJ’s RESULTS-BASED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

PLAN

DO

CHECK

ADAPT

Other Departments and Agencies

1. Higher Education Capital Fund (Education)2. Budget Guidelines for Sustainability

(Management and Budget)3. Sustainable Housing Program (Community

Affairs)4. Indicator Tracking (All Agencies)5. Interagency Work Group on Sustainable

Development - “Governing With The Future In Mind” (All Agencies)

Where Are We Now?1. “Living With The

Future in Mind ” Released With Targets

2. State Government Begins Implementation

3. Businesses and NGO begin Implementation

4. Transition and Planning for Institutionalization

Business Implementation

1. Participation in Silver Track2. Corporate Responsibility3. NJ Sustainable Business Alliance4. Self Assessment and Corporate

Sustainability Reports 5. Sustainability “Seal of Approval”6. Participants and Watchdogs

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NGO Implementation• Participants and

Watchdogs• Local Partners

and Mimics - Morris 2000, Hunterdon 2020, Passaic Tomorrow

• NGO Partners - ANJEC, NJ Future, NJHEPS, Affordable Housing Network

Transition and Institutionalization

1. Institutionalize the goals and indicators inside and outside of government

2. Work with the business community to adopt and implement the goals

3. Work with local government and communities to “nest” goals and indicators

INSTITUSIONALISASI

Governing With the Future In Mind

Living with the Future

in Mind

Citizen Participation Strategic Planning

• Research • Benchmarks • Credibility • Broad Outreach

Permanent Non-governmental

Home

Permanent Governmental Home• Stability • Broad Scope

• Implementation

NON-GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT2001 and Beyond

Transisi & Institusionalisasi

1. Institutionalize the goals and indicators inside and outside of government

2. Work with the business community to adopt and implement the goals

3. Work with local government and communities to “nest” goals and indicators

Jalan menuju cita-cita & tujuan pembangunan

Transisi & Institutionalisasi

1. Institutionalize the goals and indicators inside and outside of government

2. Work with the business community to adopt and implement the goals

3. Work with local government and communities to “nest” goals and indicators

State Indicators

State Goals

Local Goals

State Plans & Operations

Local Indicators

Local Plans & Operations