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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

College of Engineering and Technology

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering (BS ChE)

Extraction of Linoleic Acid fromTuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas) andLumbang (Aleurites moluccana)

for the production of Quick Drying

Oil via CondensationPolymerization

Submitted by:

BARCELONA, Margarette Kaye D.BAUTISTA, Well Known L.GALANGUE, Bernard F.ZUBIRI, Gladys Anne T.

BS ChE V

Submitted to:

Engr. Milagros R. Cabangon

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A study on jatropha (Jatropha curcas) indicates that it can produce more than 30

percent oil yield and that it is more environment-friendly as fuel source than diesel.

Based on an article in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Energy Secretary Jose Rene

Almendras recently disclosed that the Arroyo administration had already spent P1 billion

of a P1.4 billion allocation for the project, covering the cost of planting some 4,000


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hectares of land with jatropha plant. While established studies had found that jatropha

oil could be converted into methyl ester, a material suitable as blend for diesel fuel

according to DOST, commercial production is said to be not viable. (Tarra Quismundo,

November 2011). According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization,

the Jatropha fruit contains 62.5 % seeds.

Lumbang (Aleurites moluccana) or also known as candlenut is a flowering tree

and distributed throughout tropical regions. It grows to a height of 15-25 meters and has

a nut that is round for about 4-6 cm and the seed (kernel) inside has a very hard seed

coat (nutshells) and has a high oil content, which allows its use as a candle. According

to the research made by Hong TD et al., the lumbang kernels yields 57-80 percent of

inedible oil. According to Bureau of Agricultural and Statistics the production of lumbang

seeds in San Alfonso, Cavite has an average of 50-150 kilograms per tree annually.

Quick Drying oils are any group of oily, organic liquid that, when applied as a thin

coating, can absorb atmospheric oxygen and polymerize, forming a though and elastic

layer. These quick drying oils are being used in the paint industry as a raw material to

quick drying enamel products, raw material in the production of varnish, and in nail

polish enamels. The processes involved in the production of Quick Drying Oil includes

the extraction of the oil from the lumbang kernel and tuba tuba seeds, degumming,

alkali refining, bleaching, and the heart of the process polymerization.

From these cases, the researchers are triggered to formulate a study entitledExtraction of Linoleic Acid from Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas) and Lumbang( Aleurites moluccana) for the production of Quick Drying Oils via CondensationPolymerization


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RATIONALE

The thousand hectares of planted tuba-tuba for the jatropha biodiesel project

turned out to be a problem as the plan was considered to be commercially unviable.

Lumbang seeds are unutilized agricultural material abundant here in the country.

Linseed, the most commonly used raw material for quick drying oils is not native

in our country. In 2009, 80,865 kilograms of linseed oil were imported to the Philippines.

In an effort to supply this demand without resorting to importation, and to minimize

waste brought about by tuba-tuba and lumbang, this research is projected.

The proposed study, pertaining to producing quick drying oil tuba-tuba and

lumbang looks forward to providing a way in which the said agricultural materials will be

of use. The manufacture of a oilseed industrial plant will also prove its significance in

the countrys economy.

COMPANY PROFILE

Vision

Jatrumbang Corporation aims to be the leader in the production of Quick Drying

Oil in the Philippines that renders world class quality products and services. An

institution led by the by waste utilization under the impression of technology innovation.


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The corporation is equipped with the latest technology application through

outstanding manufacturing plant and sites. It envisioned its staffs, employee, and

workers the spirit of true service and everlasting care for the environment and to the

public it serve.

Mission

In the light of the corporation vision, we commit ourselves to:

1. Make the Jatrumbang Corporation a home of excellence in working relations and

to be guided by our core values and with professional conduct.

2. To make the Jatrumbang Corporation an ambiance of service and genuine

concern with the customers overall satisfaction.

3. Provide trainings to the employee to make the globally competitive and effective

with any demands of work.

4. And to stress the use of waste utilization and to protect the environment and the

public we serve.

Core Values

y Teamwork

The employees do not only work individually but he can blend in a team or groupy Integrity

We value integrity through taking care of the name of the company as we take

care of our names integrity.

y Honesty

We show honesty through work right all the times even without anyone looking or

praising his work. He works at his best all the time.

y Safety

We put safety the top priority of the company. We make sure that all the

employees are taken the proper care while inside the company vicinity.

y Professionalism

We set aside differences while working in the manufacturing plant and site.


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PRODUCT LOGO

The company logo

constitutes 5 parts. First is the circular formation of the logo, symbolizes the unity of the

corporation as seen in the organization of the company. The second is the two raw

materials of the company, the Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) seeds and Lumbang

(Aleurites moluccana) kernel, signifies that the product Quick Drying Oil is made from

the utilization of the two waste raw materials. Third is the oil drop that gives the product

of the Jatrumbang Corporation which is Quick Drying Oil. Fourth and fifth is the leaves

that surround the logo and the earth that gives emphasize on the aim of the Jatrumbang

Corporation which is to create Quick Drying Oil that uses waste utilization as a part of

promoting environmental awareness and the public health.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


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Lumbang (Alurites moluccana) kernel represents an agricultural crop with

importance as it is being used as one alternative in candles and often called candlenut.

An interview made by the researchers revealed that years and years ago when there is

no electricity yet, the oil was being extracted in the lumbang kernel using a piece of

cotton. Mr. Dimacuja, a resident of Barrio Sinaliw San Alfonso, Cavite told the

researchers that the oil extracted from the lumbang kernel was being ignited and will be

a source of light. But upon the discovery of electrical technology lumbang kernel was

left unutilized, scattered in the ground, and if not germinated will be rotten. Meanwhile

according to ABS-CBN news on the 4th of November 2011, the Department of Energy is

claiming the Arroyo administration wasted P1.4 billion on a project to cultivate the

jatropha (Jatropha curcas) plant, which was hailed as a future source of fuel.

More than 4,000 hectares of idle land was planted with the Jatropha curcas

during the Arroyo administration. The program has been running for several years now,

but there is one problem according to the Aquino administration - jatropha is not

commercially viable. In Pila, Laguna, there used to be 5,000 to 6,000 jatropha trees

planted in this 2-hectare property. The researchers aimed to conduct further studies on

the other uses of jatropha and jatropha oil, aside from petroleum additives.

With all these considerations, the researchers are triggered to use the Lumbang

and Tuba Tuba Seeds as the primary raw material: which are considered as unutilized

waste. The researchers indulge in this study entitled Extraction of Linoleic Acid from

Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas) and Lumbang ( Aleurites moluccana) for the

production of Quick Drying Oils via CondensationPolymerization


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OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

General:

The main objective of this research is to develop a technology that would

produce organic based Quick Drying Oil from the utilization of tuba-tuba (Aleurites

moluccana) and lumbang (Jatropha curcas) seeds.

Specific:

y To obtain a Quick Drying Oil that has properties like density of 929 kg/m3, pH of

6.5-7.5 and viscosity of 25-35 centipoises.

y To determine the market feasibility of the proposed project by providing analyses

of the historical and projected demand and supply and the market stability by

constituting marketing strategies and market plans

y To develop a equivalent manufacturing process of experimental procedures for

the production of Quick Drying Oil from tuba-tuba and lumbang seeds

y To develop an economic feasibility for the proposed project.


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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

To the Students

This study would give an insight to the students of the notion such that crops like

tuba-tuba and lumbang could be a multipurpose crop providing both energy and feed

(as a raw material) which, in one way or another, could relate it to their future research

studies in cases like utilizing the same raw material for the production of a different

product and vice versa.

To the Nation

By utilizing tuba-tuba oil and lumbang oil for the production of useful products,

such as Quick Drying Oil, can respectively be an alternative use for the raw material to

paint, varnish and nail polish. This could possibly be a way to make more job

opportunities possible.

To the ChE Profession

Advance researches and process developments from Chemical engineers about

this study, which explores tuba-tuba and lumbang oil as a viable source of Quick Drying

Oil, could boost up the country's economic and scientific development.

To the Industry

If proven feasible, both the material and method used could be utilized and

developed by other institutions so that it could help increase incomes not only for resin

industry but also for agricultural industry. This could benefit the domestic economy and

could help be diverted to both the farmers and local agro industry.


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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study entitled Extraction of Linoleic Acid from Tuba tuba (Jatropha

curcas Linn.) and Lumbang (Jatropha Mollucana Linn.) for the Production of

Quick Drying Oil via Condensation Polymerization centers on tuba-tuba seeds and

lumbang kernels as raw materials for the production of quick drying oil. The product is

proposed to be an alternative to linseed oil. For the experimental part of the research,

tuba-tuba seeds are obtained from LOCATION and lumbang kernels are from San

Alfonso, Cavite. The production is composed of four steps; (1) Preparation and

Conditioning of Raw Materials, (2) Extraction, (3) Refining and (4) Polymerization.

A market study was included to institute feasibility of the product sales. Analysis

of the historical and projected demand and supply was done for the market allocation.

For the marketability of the quick drying oil, product distribution techniques were also

accounted.

Technical study was also integrated in order to have the required specifications

and designs of the necessary equipment for the process. Careful selection and design

of essential equipment for the production of cellophane was included in this study. Part

of this study was the wastewater facility for the treatment of process wastewater. Also,

the appropriate instrumentation and process control and piping system fitting the actual


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manufacturing process were identified. Laboratory scale was used for the experimental

procedures. Human and instrument errors may be inevitable during the experiment but

can be corrected in the actual operation.

Financial study was built-in to establish the economic feasibility of the project.

METHODS OF RESEARCH

Throughout the comprehensive study, the researchers used two methods for the

collection of data. Facts and figures gathered were for the properties and availability of

the raw materials, characteristics of the product and its market statistics and/or records;

and experimental procedures and manufacturing processes. These two methods were

the following:

A. Descriptive Method


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The researchers went to the following institutions to gather the most recent

information and statistical data accessible for the raw materials, namely, tuba-tuba and

lumbang, and the product, quick drying oil.

National Statistics Office (NSO) - Sta. Mesa, Manila

- Historical statistical data on the import and export of quick drying oil

from year 2005 to 2010

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) - Buendia, Makati

- Provided the lists of the consuming and competing industries and their

local production

Supplementary reading and facts- National Library

- PLM Library

- Cavite Municipal

B. Experimental Method

The experimental method is the scientific undertaking of the research. Laboratory

scale experimentation in view of various parameters was made to arise with the

optimum operating conditions and best quality of the product.

Adamson University Chemistry Laboratory

- Laboratory apparatus, equipment and facilities were provided for

experimentation.


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y Preparation and Conditioning of Raw Materials

I. Washing of the Tuba tuba

A. Materials and Apparatus:

Materials and Apparatus

Tuba Tuba Seeds Analytical Balance

Tap Water Basin

B. Objective:

To remove the dirt that adheres on the tuba-tuba that may affect the process in

producing quick drying oil.

C. Hypothesis:

The dirt (eg. soil) on tuba tuba seeds that may affect the purity of the oil

extracted, the colour of the wash water will determine the amount of water tha

will be used in the process.

D. Procedures:

1. Weigh 50 grams of tuba tuba seeds, put in a beaker and label for trials.

2. Use 100 g of tap water for each washing of the raw materials. Mix the

components.

3. Record the appearance of wash water.

4. Repeat step 2 for tuba tuba until the washings exhibit a clear coloration.

5. Record the total water used.

E. Data and Results:

Appearance of the Wash Water of Tuba tuba seeds

Weight 1st Wash 2nd Wash 3rd Wash 4th Wash 5th wash

50 g Dark brown Dark brown Brown Light brown Light brown


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F. Analysis:

The color of the wash water after the process exhibits a dark color and settleable

solids. The dirt removed may affect the purity of oil that will be obtained.

G. Conclusion:

The preliminary treatment of tuba-tuba seeds such as washings eliminates dirt

that adheres in the seeds.

H. Equivalent Unit Operation

Laboratory Scale Plant Scale

Water and Basin Washer

Preparation and Conditioning of Raw Materials

1. Washing


Basin Washer

A. Deshelling of Lumbang nut



Lumbang Seeds Hammer

Spatula Analytical Balance

B. Objective:

To remove the shell that may not contribute to the amount of oil extracted during

the extraction process

C. Hypothesis:


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The hard shells of lumbang will not contribute to the amount of oil to be

extracted.

D. Procedures:

1. Weigh several pieces of lumbang seeds.

2. Use a hammer to break the hard shells

3. Remove the kernel from the shells.

4. Weigh the total amount of kernels obtained.


Weight of seeds (g) Weight of kernels (g)

149.89 44.31

F. Analysis:

The kernel obtained was observed to be saturated with oil due to its greasy

feeling leaving the shells barely dry. The oil content of the lumbang seeds is

concentrated on its white kernel.

G. Conclusion:

The hard shells of the lumbang seeds do not contribute to the oil content and it

needs to be eliminated.

H. Equivalent Unit Operations:


Hammering Milling

Preparation and Conditioning of Raw Materials

1. Deshelling


Hammer Hammer mill

B. Crushing of Tuba tuba Seeds



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Tuba Tuba Seeds Mortar and Pestle

Spatula Analytical Balance

Beaker

B. Objective:

The crushing of tuba tuba seeds will extract more oil in solvent extraction. The

solvent will have a good contact with the crushed tuba tuba seeds in solvent

extraction.

C. Hypothesis:

The increase in the surface area of the seeds especially its kernel in contact with

solvent will increase the oil yield of the seeds.

D. Procedures:

1. Prepare samples of 30 g of cleaned tuba tuba seeds.

2. Use mortar and pestle to grind the samples

3. Transfer the samples into beaker and label each beaker accordingly.


Weight of seeds (g) Weight of crushed seeds (g)

88.98 88.62

F. Analysis:

The crushing process increases the surface area of the sample and at the same

time exposing the oil rich kernel of the seeds to the solvent.

G. Conclusion:

The oil yield of the seeds is improved by increasing the surface area and

exposing the kernel to the solvent.

H. Equivalent Unit Operations:


Mortar and Pestle Milling


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2. Solvent Extraction

I. Variation of Solvent used in Extraction

Materials and Apparatus:

Materials, Reagents, and Apparatus

Crushed Lumbang Kernels Beakers

Crushed Tuba Tuba Seeds Analytical Balance

Methanol Stirring Rod

Acetone Rotary Evaporator

Petroleum Ether

A. Objective:

To determine the appropriate solvent that will yield optimum amount of extracted

oil.

B. Hypothesis:

The appropriate solvent will yield the optimum amount of oil from the samples.

D. Procedures:

1. Weigh the 30 g sample prior to solvent extraction.

2. Prepare 100 mL of acetone, methanol and petroleum ether.

3. Mix the samples plus the solvent and allow the contact process for 10

minutes.

4. Separate the miscella (solvent plus oil) from the cake.

5. Weigh the miscella and record the data.

6. Separate the oil from the solvent using the rotary evaporator.

7. Record the temperature of the boiling point of the mixture.

8. Record both the volume of the oil collected and the recovered solvent

9. Repeat steps 1-8 using now methanol as the solvent.

10. Record the data and determine which solvent is appropriate for the extraction

of oil from seeds.



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Variation of Solvent

Solventused

Volumeof

solvent(ml)

Weightof

lumbangkernel

(g)

Soakingtime(min)

Boilingpoint ofsolvent(C)

Vol. ofoil plussolvent

(mL)

Volumeof solventrecovered

(mL)

Volumeof oil

recovered(mL)

Acetone 100 30 10 60 90 61 6

Methanol 100 30 10 60 90.5 60.5 17.8

Petroleumether

100 30 10 65 88.3 74 16

F. Analysis:

In this procedure, three different solvents were used: acetone, methanol and

petroleum ether, the optimum condition will be determined to the amount of oil

the solvent can extract. In these variations applied to both raw materials

separately, petroleum ether yields the maximum amount of oil (both 16 ml for

lumbang and tuba-tuba) with very high purity compared to acetone( 6 and 5.6 ml)

and methanol (17.8 and 4.4 ml) in which two layer of liquids were observed.

G. Conclusion:

Petroleum ether is the appropriate solvent that yielded the optimum amount of oil

Variation of Solvent

Solventused

Volumeof

solvent(ml)

Weightof

jatrophaseed(g)

Soakingtime(min)

Boilingpoint ofsolvent(C)

Vol. ofoil plussolvent

(mL)

Volumeof solventrecovered

(mL)

Volumeof oil

recovered(mL)

Acetone 100 30 10 59 90 73 5.6

Methanol 100 30 10 68 90.5 72 4.4

Petroleum

ether

100 30 10 65 88.3 69.8 16


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during the extraction period.

II. Variation of Ratio of Raw Materials (Tuba tuba to Lumbang)



Crushed Lumbang Kernels Beakers

Crushed Tuba Tuba Seeds Stirring Rods

Petroleum Ether Rotary Evaporator

Stop watch Analytical Balance

B. Objective:

To determine the optimum ratio of raw materials that will yield the desiredproperty of oil extracted.

C. Hypothesis:

The appropriate ratio of raw materials provides the desired property of oil being

extracted.

D. Procedures:

1. Prepare five (5) sets of 132.93 grams of combined crushed tuba-tuba seeds

and lumbang kernel for a 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1 ratio.

2. Place 266 mL of petroleum ether in each beaker.

3. Allow the mixture to dissolve the oil to the solvent for 10 minutes.

4. Separate the liquid portion of the mixture and record the initial volume.

5. Record the boiling point of the mixture

6. Record the volume of both the oil collected and the recovered solvent

7. Weigh the mass of cake

8. Observe the appearance and compared the results.


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E. Data and Results

Variation of Ratio of Raw Materials (Tuba tuba to Lumbang)

Ratio of

tubatuba to

lumbang(J:L)

Ratio of

solventto raw

materials(S: RM)

Volume

ofsolventused(mL)

Weight

of rawmaterials

(g)

Soaking

time(min)

Volume

of oilplus

solvent(mL)

Boiling

pointof

solvent

Vol. of

solventrecovered

(mL)

Vol. of oil

recovered(mL)

Wt. O

cake(g)

1:1 2:1 266.00 132.93 10 177.40 67 175.10 15.70 174.8

1:2 2:1 266.00 132.93 10 177.40 68 175.10 32.60 174.6

2:1 2:1 266.00 132.93 10 182.40 71 133.00 20.00 176.9

1:3 2:1 266.00 132.93 10 212.8 72 186.20 54.10 172.7

3:1 2:1 266.00 30 10 186.20 78 181.80 47.80 174.3

F. Analysis:

In this procedure, five different ratios of raw materials were used to determine the

appropriate ratio that will give the desired property of drying oil but not very fast

that may cause difficulty in manufacturing process. Obviously, the greater the

proportion of lumbang to tuba-tuba (1:2 and 1:3) yielded the maximum amount of

oil but the consequence was that they easily solidifies upon transferring from one

container to another right after their volume and mass were recorded.

On the other hand, the greater the proportion of tuba tuba oil to lumbang, the

slower the drying of oil since tuba tuba oil dries much slower than the lumbang

oil. In this case, 2:1 is the chosen one although yield has lower volume compared

to 3:1.

G. Conclusion:

The 2:1 ratio of raw materials is the appropriate ratio that will yield the desired

property of the oil.

III. Variation of Ratio of Solvent to Seeds (Tuba tuba to Lumbang, 1:1)



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Materials, Reagent, and Apparatus

Crushed Lumbang kernels Beakers

Crushed tuba tuba seeds Stirring rods

Petroleum ether Stop watch

Analytical balance Rotary evaporator

B. Objective:

To determine the optimum ratio of solvent to seeds that will yield the optimum

amount of oil extracted.

C. Hypothesis:

The appropriate ratio of solvent to seeds provides the optimum amount of oil

being extracted.D. Procedures:

1. Prepare three (3) sets of 132.93 grams of combined crushed tuba tuba seeds

and lumbang kernel (2:1) for a 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 solvent to raw material ratio.

2. Place 133 mL of petroleum ether in one beaker, 266 mL for another and 399

mL for the third.

3. Allow the crushed tuba tuba seeds and lumbang kernels to have contact with

the solvent for 10 minutes.

4. Separate the miscella from the mixture and record the initial volume.

5. Record the boiling point of the mixture.

6. Record the volume of both the oil collected and the recovered solvent.

7. Weigh the mass of cake.


E. Data and Results

Variation of Ratio of Solvent to Seeds

Ratioof

solventto

seeds

Wt. ofsampleUsed

(g)

Ratio oftuba

tuba tolumbang

(J:L)

Vol.ofsolvent

(mL)

Contacttime(min)

Boilingpt.

(C)

Vol. ofoil plussolvent(mL)

Vol. ofoil (mL)

Vol. ofrecovered

solvent(mL)

Wt. ofcake(g)


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(ml:g)

1:1 132.93 1:2 133.00 10 67 102.00 10.50 93.10 175.20

2:1 132.93 1:2 266.00 10 68 177.40 18.00 175.10 174.893:1 132.93 1:2 399.00 10 72 314.80 53.80 243.80 176.80

F. Analysis:

In this procedure, three variations ratio of solvent to seed were used. Obviously,

increasing the amount of solvent also increases the amount of oil recovery. In

this case, the ratio 3:1 is the most appropriate.

G. Conclusion:

The 3:1 ratio of raw materials to solvent is the appropriate ratio that will yield the

optimum amount of the oil.

IV. Variation of contact time



Crushed Lumbang kernels Stop watch

Crushed tuba tuba seeds Beakers

Petroleum ether Stirring rods

Analytical balance Rotary evaporator

B. Objective:

To determine the optimum ratio of raw materials that will yield the desired

property of oil extracted

C. Hypothesis:

The appropriate ratio of raw materials provides the desired property of oil being

extracted.

D. Procedures:


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1. Prepare five (5) sets of 30 g samples of combined crushed tuba tuba seeds

and lumbang kernel of 1:1 ratio.

2. Place 90 mL of petroleum ether in each beaker.

3. Allow the samples to have contact in the solvent at a varying time (5, 10, 15,

20, and 25 minutes) respectively.

4. Separate the miscella from the mixture and record the initial volume.

5. Record the boiling point of the mixture.

6. Record the volume of both the oil collected and the recovered solvent.

7. Weigh the mass of cake.


E. Data and Results

Variation of the Contact Time

Time ofSoaking

(min)

Wt. ofsampleUsed

(g)

Vol.ofsolvent(mL)

Vol. ofoil plussolvent(mL)

Boilingpoint(C)

Vol. ofoil (mL)

Vol. ofrecovered

solvent(mL)

Wt. ofcake(g)

5 132.93 399 385.70 65 46.80 277.10 174.67

10 132.93 399 346.00 68 53.10 243.80 176.57

15 132.93 399 336.30 72 55.30 239.40 174.89

20 132.93 399 322.10 71 56.03 246.10 172.76

25 132.93 399 321.80 75 54.60 242.90 174.36

F. Analysis:

In this procedure, five different soaking times were used to determine the

minimum time required to extract the maximum amount of oil from the samples.


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In these results, the maximum amount of oil was obtained after 20 minutes

(56.03 ml) but the result in the 15-min soaking time (55.30ml) is not very far from

the maximum value.

G. Conclusion:

A minimum soaking time of 15 minutes is required the optimum amount of oil

extracted in the extraction process.

H. Solvent Extraction


Beaker, Rotary

evaporator

Evaporator,

Condenser

III. Alkali Refining

i. Alkali Refining

y Variation of Refining Time



Iron stand Analytical balance

Sodium hydroxide Dropper

Water Beaker

Bunsen burner Clamp

Stirrer

B. Objective:

To determine the minimum time required to react any free fatty acids in the oil to

the caustic solution

C. Hypothesis:


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The minimum time required allows the complete reaction of any free fatty acids

present in the oil to the caustic solution.

D. Procedures:

1. Prepare 50.77 g oil

2. Prepare a caustic solution for 12 degrees Baume (8%w/w NaOH solution)

3. Add the 4 ml caustic solution to the oil

4. Mix for 5 minutes

5. Heat mixture to 55-60C (131-140F) as rapidly as possible

6. Allow the solution to be heated for 5 minutes.

7. Allow the soap to settle for 1 hour.

8. Suck the refined oil layer (top layer) out of the tank from the top down being

careful not to remove any of the soap-stock that has settled to the bottom of

the tank.

9. Wash the oil with warm water

10. Record the mass of the obtained oil

11. Repeat steps 1 to 10 with different reaction times: 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min

and compare the results.

F. Data and Results

Variation of the Time of Mixing

Weight ofoil (g)

Vol. ofCaustic

solution (mL)

Molarityof

CausticSolution

Time ofmixing(min)

Mass of soapformed (g)

Mass ofneutralized oil

(g)

50.77 4.00 2.17 5 5.40 49.72

50.77 4.00 2.17 10 6.38 48.74

50.77 4.00 2.17 15 6.39 48.73

50.77 4.00 2.17 20 6.40 48.7250.77 4.00 2.17 25 6.40 48.72

50.77 4.00 2.17 30 6.41 48.71

F. Analysis:


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The oil obtained was proven to be acidic in nature. This is due to the presence of

free fatty acids (FFA) in the solution. Based on the results, a minimum of 10

minutes is enough to neutralize most of the FFAs in the sample. A significant

amount of soap was recorded. This is may be accounted to other mechanisms

involved aside from neutralization such as hydration of phophatides by the water

in the lye and adsorption of colour elements on to soap. Further neutralization

results almost negligible changes in the mass of solutions which also indicates

that the solution almost reach a pH of neutrality.

G. Conclusion:

10 minutes is the minimum time required to neutralize the oil sample given a

specific amount of lye going to be add.

H. Alkali Refining


Beaker, stirring rod Neutralization Tank

and Retention Mixer

Centrifuge Centrifugal Separator

Bleaching



Neutralized oil Analytical balance

Stirring rod Bunsen burner

Activated Carbon Centrifuge

B. Objective:

To determine the minimum amount of bleaching agent that will remove most of

colour-carrying component of oil.

C. Hypothesis:


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The appropriate bleaching agent will removed most of colour-carrying component

of oil.

D. Procedures:

1. Prepare 48.74 g of neutralized oil

2. Add 1g of activated carbon and add to the neutralized oil

3. Heat the solution at 100C

4. Centrifuge the solution to settle the activated carbon residues in the bottom.

5. Carefully separate the oil from the residue.

6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 using 2 and 3 g activated carbon

7. Record the weight and compare the results.

E. Data and Results

Variation of mass of bleaching agent

Mass ofBleaching

agent(g)

Mass ofneutralized

oil(g)

Temperature (C) Mass of bleachedoil (g)

Appearance

1 48.74 100 47.99 Clear

2 48.74 100 48.05 Clear

3 48.74 100 47.98 Clear

F. Analysis:

The added activated carbon removes almost all the colour bodies present in the

sample. This is due to the clear appearance exhibited by the oil. In the results, 1g

of the bleaching agent is enough to adsorbed this elements. No further significant

changes in the mass of the oil was obtained.

G. Conclusion:

1g of activated carbon (approx.2% w/w of oil) remove significant amount of color

material present in the oil.

H. Bleaching


Beaker, stirring rod Bleaching Tank


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Washing



Neutralized oil Analytical balance

Stirring rod Centrifuge

Water

B. Objective:

To determine the minimum amount of bleaching agent enough to remove most of

colour carrying component of oil.

C. Hypothesis:

The oil obtained may still contain contaminants from the neutralization and

bleaching process

D. Procedures:

1. Prepare 47.99 g of neutralized oil

2. Add 5 ml of water and add to the neutralized oil

3. Centrifuge the solution to separate the oil and water

4. Record the weight and compare the results.

5. Repeat steps 2 to 3 for 2nd and 3rd trial

E. Data and Results

Trial Mass of

neutralizedoil(g)

Mass of washed

oil (g)

Appearance

1 47.99 47.97 Clear

2 47.99 47.98 Clear

3 47.99 47.96 Clear

F. Analysis:


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The purpose of this step is to remove the remaining soap stocks and activated

carbon in the oil. A slight change in the mass of oil was observed. It signifies that

contaminants in the oil are still present and should be eliminated.

G. Conclusion:

The remaining contaminants in the oil from neutralization and bleaching process

are removed through washing.

H. Washing


Beaker, stirring rod Wash Tank

Centrifuge Centrifugal Separator

Polymerization

Variation of Time of Polymerization

A. Materials and Apparatus

Beakers (5) Stirring rod Rubber tubing Wire gauze

Thermometer Bunsen burner Graduated

cylinder

Tripod

B. Objectives

The purpose of this process is to determine the polymerization time that

would gain higher volume of viscous product

C. Hypothesis

The final mass of the solution after the process will determine the optimum

time of the polymerization.

D. Procedures

1. Prepare the five set of 47.97-g samples.

2. Place them into different erlenmeyer flasks and allow them to heat up to

110oC.

3. Heat the sample in 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 minute variation.

4. Observe the viscosity of the solution and record the recovered product

mass.


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E. Data and Results

Polymerization in varying Time

Weight ofbleached oil

(g)

Time(min)

Weight of the sample(g)

Observations

47.97 30 47.77

47.97 35 47.6947.97 40 47.6547.97 45 47.6447.97 50 47.64

F. Analysis:

The polymerization reaction of the oil results the formation of water in the

sample. Since the operating temperature exceeds the boiling temperature of

water, they vaporize that results a decrease in the mass of oil. 40 minutes of the

reaction shows that the mass of the oil starts to remain almost constant. This

indicates that the reaction approaches to almost completion (47.65 ml).

G. Conclusion:

40 minutes is the minimum time to complete the polymerization process.

H. Polymerization Tank


Beaker, stirring rod Polymerization Tank

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

Tuba-tuba

Jatropha curcas L. is found throughout the Philippines. In fact, different regions

have their own common name for Jatropha. In the Tagalog region it is known as tubing-

bakod, tuba and sambo. Among the Bicolanos, it is called tuba and tuba-tuba; in


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Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija, it is called tagumbao; tawa-tawa in Ilocos and kalunay in

Cagayan Valley. In the Visayas and Mindanao, it is also known as tuba-tuba; kasla

among the Ilonggos and tangan-tangan in Lanao region.

Jatropha is a drought resistant perennial shrub or small tree that has an

economic life of up to 35 years and can live for 50 years. It grows fast, with little or no

need for maintenance and can reach a height of 3 to 8 meters.

It has a smooth gray bark which exudes whitish color, watery, latex when cut. The size

of the leaves ranges from 6-15 cm in length and width. The leaves are green to pale,

alternate to sub-opposite with 3 to 5 lobes. It sheds leaves in the dry season and

rejuvenates during rainy season.

Jatropha curcas is a tropical and subtropical plant. It grows almost anywhere even on

sandy, gravelly and saline soils and does well on high temperatures. Jatropha is well adapted

to marginal soils with low nutrient content but the use of organic fertilizer would result to

higher yield. Its water requirement is extremely low and can stand long periods of

drought by shedding most of its leaves. It grows best when planted at the start of the

rainy season.

Much research has been conducted on the

composition and properties of Jatropha seeds by

others ((Openshaw, 2000, 1-19), (Heller, 1996),

(Henning, 2004) and (Sirisomboom, 7 A.D.)).

These studies also provide insight in the

possibilities of using Jatropha oil for uel purposes.

Knowledge of the physical and mechanical

properties of Jatropha is required for adequatedesign of machines for de-hulling, drying and pressing of the seeds. Restrictions on how

to store the seeds are linked to these properties. Mechanical properties such as rupture

force and energy required for rupturing fruit, nut and kernel provide insights on how to

adapt the pressing process to Jatropha seeds. The seeds contain 27-40% oil (average:

34.4%). The seeds are also a source of the highly poisonous toxalbumin curcin.


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Jatropha Curcas or "Tuba tuba" is a non-edible plant that grows mostly in tropical

countries like the Philippines. Jatropha Curcas is resistant to drought and can easily be

planted or propagated through seeds or cuttings. It starts producing seeds within 14

months, but reaches its maximum productivity level after 4-5 years. The plant remains

useful for around 30-40 years.

As potential source for biodiesel, the Jatropha plant can produce an oil content of

30-58%, depending on the quality of the soil where it is planted. Its seeds yield an

annual equivalent of 0.75 to 2 tons of biodiesel per hectare.

Based on a March 2006 study commissioned by the Department of Science and

Technology (DOST), potential areas for jatropha plantation in the Philippines is at 2

million hectares. If farmers will be encouraged to plant even in field boundaries or

hedges and to practice intercropping, a total of 5 million hectares can be utilized for the

jatropha plant.

With 1.1 million hectares dedicated to jatropha, 5.5 million metric tons (MMT) of

biodiesel feedstock can be produced. Five million hectares can yield up to 25 MMT of

biodiesel feedstock.

At present, a total of 360 hectares of land are planted with Jatropha in the

country, found in the following areas: 200 hectares in General Santos, 27 hectares in

Camarines Sur, 120 hectares in Fort Magsaysay, Nueva Ecija, 5 hectares in Dacong

Cogon, Negros Occidental, and aside from locally-grown jatropha in Quezon Province.


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Lumbang


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Lumbang is a large tree reaching a diameter of 80-150 cm with an average

height of 24.0 m in the dense stand and 21.4 m in the open stand. The outer bark is

grayish white, while the inner bark is reddish when cut and slightly exuding a reddish

sap when wet.

The seeds are only about 3 cm long and 3.5 cm broad with 1 or 2 hand shells.

The shell of the seed is very hard, rough, ridged and about 2.5 mm in thickness. Within

the seed is a white, oily and fleshy kernel consisting of a very thin embryo surrounded

by a large endosperm.

Lumbang is also grown in plantations as shade for growing plants. The wood is

used in the manufacture of matches and wooden shoes. The juice of the nuts can be

taken internally to eradicate worms. Its seeds serve as mild purgative.

Lumbang is found throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in

secondary forests. It is widely planted in the provinces of Cavite and Laguna. It

apparentlygrows well in a variety of tropical climates. It grows in dry localities as well as

in regions where rainfall is very heavy and in provinces where rainfall is fairly well

distributed. In the Philippines, it grows in 6 provinces with climatic type 1 (6 months dry

from November-April and the rest wet season) namely, Antique, Cavite, Laguna,

Zambales, Cebu, and Davao.

Solvent Extraction

Solvent Extraction is a process which involves extracting oil from oil-bearing

materials by treating it with a low boiler solvent as opposed to extracting the oils by

mechanical pressing methods (such as expellers, hydraulic presses, etc.) The solventextraction method recovers almost all the oils and leaves behind only 0.5% to 0.7%

residual oil in the raw material. In the case of mechanical pressing the residual oil left in

the oil cake may be anywhere from 6% to 14%. The solvent extraction method can be

applied directly to any low oil content raw materials. It can also be used to extract pre-

pressed oil cakes obtained from high oil content materials. Because of the high


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percentage of recovered oil, solvent extraction has become the most popular method of

extraction of oils and fats. Fat is one of the essential components of the human diet,

therefore the demand for oils and fats are increasing with the in-crease in population

and standards of living. Today large quantities of oil cakes such as peanut, cottonseed,

linseed, kardiseed, neem, castor, mowha, copra, sunflower, etc. are extracted. Direct

extraction of rice bran, salseed and soybean is also used. Solvent Extraction is basically

a process of diffusion of a solvent into oil-bearing cells of the raw material resulting in a

solution of the oil in solvent (www.srsbiodiesel.com/SolventExtraction.aspx).

Alkali Refining

The nonglyceride components contribute practically all the colour and flavour to

fats. In addition, such materials as the free fatty acids, waxes, colour bodies,

mucilaginous materials, phospholipids, carotenoids, and gossypol (a yellow pigment

found only in cottonseed oil) contribute other undesirable properties in fats used for

edible and, to some extent, industrial purposes.

Many of these can be removed by treating fats at 40 to 85 C (104 to 185 F)

with an aqueous solution of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) or soda ash(sodium

carbonate). The refining may be done in a tank (in which case it is called batch or tank

refining) or in a continuous system. In batch refining, the aqueous emulsion of soaps

formed from free fatty acids, along with other impurities (soapstock), settles to the

bottom and is drawn off. In the continuous system the emulsion is separated with

centrifuges. After the fat has been refined, it is usually washed with water to remove

traces of alkali and soapstock. Oils that have been refined with soda ash or ammonia

generally require a light re-refining with caustic soda to improve colour. After water

washing, the oil may be dried by heating in a vacuum or by filtering through a dry filter-

aid material. The refined oil may be used for industrial purposes or may be processedfurther to edible oils. Usually, the refined oils are neutral (i.e., neither acidic

nor alkaline), free of material that separates on heating (break material), lighter in

colour, less viscous, and more susceptible to rancidity (www.britannica.com).

QuickDrying Oil


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The drying oils can absorb oxygen and on exposure dry into thin elastic

films. These oils are of importance in the paint and varnish industries.

RELATED STUDIES

Chemical Composition andAntioxidant Properties of Candlenut Oil Extracted by

SupercriticalCO2

(Siddique, B. M., et. al., 14 April 2011)

Candlenut oil was extracted using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) with an

optimization of parameters, by the response surface methodology . The ground

candlenut samples were treated in 2 different ways, that is, dried in either a heat oven

(sample moisture content of 2.91%) or dried in a vacuum oven (sample moisture

content of 1.98%), before extraction. An untreated sample (moisture content of 4.87%)

was used as a control. The maximum percentage of oil was extracted from the heat-

oven-dried sample (77.27%), followed by the vacuum-oven-dried sample (74.32%), and

the untreated sample (70.12%). At an SC-CO2 pressure of 48.26 Mpa and 60 min of

extraction time, the optimal temperatures for extraction were found to be 76.4 C, 73.9

C, and 70.6 C for the untreated, heat-oven-dried, and vacuum-oven-dried samples,

respectively. The heat-oven-dried sample contains the highest percentage of linoleic

acid, followed by the untreated and vacuum-oven-dried samples. The antiradical activity

of candlenut oil corresponded to an IC50 value of 30.37 mg/mL.

Crude Candlenut OilEthanolysis to Produce Renewable Energy atAmbient Condition

(Sulistyo, H., et. al., 20-22October 2009)

Transesterification reaction of crude candlenut (aleurites moluccana) oil with

ethanol to form fatty acid ethyl ester by using a potassium hydroxide as catalyst was

studied. Experiments were performed at ambient condition. The


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operation variables employed for transesterification were ethanol to oil molar ratio and

catalyst concentration. The objective of the present investigation was to produce a

renewable energy that the ethyl ester formed was used as biodiesel. Pretreatment

process was undertaken to reduce the free fatty acid to less than 2% by esterification

with ethanol. The optimal triglyceride conversion was attained by using ethanol to oil

ratio of 7.5:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst was of 1.50%. Ethyl ester formed was

characterized by its density, viscosity, cloud and pour points. The ethyl ester viscosity of

5.593 cSt was close to the viscosity of diesel oil of 5.8 cSt, and other properties have

also similar to those of diesel oil.

Solid Liquid Extraction of Jatropha Seeds by Microwave Pretreatment and Ultrasound

Assisted Methods

(Sayyar, S., et. al., 28 May 2011)

Jatropha curcas has a variety of uses which are of great economic significance.

Jatropha oil can be used as fuel alternative and for making biodiesel that is supposed to

overcome the source limitation problem. In this study, conventional, ultrasound assisted

and microwave pretreatment solid liquid extraction of Jatropha seed were studied in

terms of amount and quality of the extracted oil. The free fatty acid content which is animportant oil quality index was also investigated for the obtained oil. Both ultrasonication

and microwave pretreatment of the seeds had a positive effect on amount of yield.

However, by application of ultrasound, more oil could be extracted compared with that

obtained by conventional and microwave pretreatment extraction methods. The

maximum amount of oil which could be extracted by conventional, ultrasound assisted

and microwave pretreatment methods were 47.33, 51.4 and 49.36%, respectively.

Regarding the quality, oil extracted by conventional, ultrasound assisted and

micmicrowave pretreatment extraction methods did not show any significant difference

in terms of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) content.


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COMPARISON OF RELATED STUDIES

UNIQUENESS OF THE STUDY

The study Extraction of Linoleic Acid from Tuba tuba (Jatropha curcas Linn.)

and Lumbang (Jatropha Mollucana Linn.) for the Production of Quick Drying Oil

via Addition Polymerization is considered unique due to the reason of utilizing main

raw materials which are tuba-tuba and lumbang seeds which have not been used

before for the production of quick drying oil.


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Different studies were tied with careful analyses of researches and methodical

experimentations. Various parameters were taken into account to suit the properties of

the raw materials and to achieve the optimum operating conditions. Solvent extraction

was used in obtaining the oil from the raw materials that is then alkali refined to produce

quick drying oil.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

PROJECT STUDY MARKET STUDY


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ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The research aims to design a manufacturing process

for the production of Quick Drying Oil from the utilization of

lumbang and jatropha oil for industrial applications. In the market study historical data of

demand and supply of Linseed oil was taken from 2004-2010 in line for the projection of

values in the next six years. The projected values were the basis for computing the

market share, plant rated capacity and daily production capacity. Market study also

includes all the most effective marketing strategies, programs, advertisement,

promotions and the like.

For the technical study, the raw material lumbang and jatropha seeds were

introduced. Material balances were calculated based on from the values obtained from

all the parameters tested in the experiment. It also takes into consideration the ideal

parameters that were chosen in each process. Equipment design, piping system,

instrumentation and process control, safety measures, plant location, wastewater

treatment were also included in the technical study. The financial study covers the

balance sheet, the cost of the equipment designed, and total production cost.

TECHNICAL STUDY

FINANCIAL STUDY

CONCLUSION

and

RECOMMENDATION


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PROJECT STUDY CONCLUSION

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