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BAB 3 SISTEM 2 DERAJAT KEBEBASAN

www.temonsoejadi.comPENDAHULUAN Sistem yang membutuhkan dua buah koordinat bebas untuk menentukan kedudukannya disebut sistem dua-derajat-kebebasan. Sistem dua-derajat-kebebasan dibagi atas tiga sistem yaitu Dalam sistem massa pegas seperti terlihat dalam Gambar 2-1 di bawah ini, bila gerakan massa ml dan m2 secara vertikal dibatasi maka paling sedikit dibutuhkan satu koordinat x(t) guna menentukan kedudukan massa pada berbagai waktu. Berarti sistem membutuhkan dua buah koordinat bersama-sama untuk menentukan kedudukan massa; sistem ini adalah sistem dua-derajat-kebebasan.

Bila massa m ditumpu dengan dua buah pegas yang sama seperti terlihat dalam Gam-bar 2-2 di atas , gerakannya dibatasi secara vertikal, maka dibutuhkan dua buah koordinat untuk menentukan konfigurasi sistem. Salah satu konfigurasi ini merupakan perpindahan lurus, seperti perpindahan massa x(/). Koordinat yang lain yaitu perpin-dahan sudut, 8(t), yang mengukur rotasi massa. Ke dua koordinat ini satu sama lain bebas; oleh karena itu sistem ini adalah sistem dua derajat kebebasan.

Untuk p.endulum ganda seperti terlihat dalam Gambar 2-3 di atas, jelas bahwa untuk menentukan posisi massa m1 dan m2 pada berbagai waktu dibutuhkan dua buah koordinat dan sistem adalah dua derajat kebebasan. Tetapi x1 dan x2 atau y1 dan y2, atau 1 dan 2, mungkin merupakan kelompok koordinat sistem ini.

Basic equation

Two-DOF model problem with damped Matrix form of governing equation:

where:[M] = mass matrix; [C] = damping matrix;[K] = stiffness matrix;{P} = force vectorNote: Matrices have positive diagonals and are symmetric.

Undamped free vibrationsZero damping matrix [C] and force vector {P}

Assumed general solutions:Characteristic polynomial (for det[ ]=0):

Eigenvalues (characteristic values):Characteristic equation:

Undamped free vibrationsSpecial case when k1=k2=k and m1=m2=mEigenvalues and frequencies:

Two mode shapes (relative participation of each mass in the motion):

The two eigenvectors are orthogonal:

Eigenvector (1) =Eigenvector (2) =

Undamped free vibrations (UFV)For any set of initial conditions:

We know {A}(1) and {A}(2), 1 and 2 Must find C1, C2, 1, and 2 Need 4 I.C.s

Single-DOF:For two-DOF:

UFV Example 1

Given:No phase angle since initial velocity is 0:

From the initial displacement:

UFV Example 2

Now both modes are involved:Solve for C1 and C2:

From the given initial displacement:

Hence,orNote: More contribution from mode 1

Transformation of coordinatesIntroduce a new pair of coordinates that represents spring stretch:

UFV model problem:inertially uncoupledelastically coupledz1(t) = x1(t) = stretch of spring 1 z2(t) = x2(t) - x1(t) = stretch of spring 2orx1(t) = z1(t) x2(t) = z1(t) + z2(t) Substituting maintains symmetry:

inertially coupledelastically uncoupled

Transformation of coordinatesWe have found that we can select coordinates so that:Inertially coupled, elastically uncoupled, orInertially uncoupled, elastically coupled.Big question: Can we select coordinates so that both are uncoupled?Notes in natural coordinates:The eigenvectors are orthogonal w.r.t [M]:

The modal vectors are orthogonal w.r.t [K]:

Algebraic eigenvalue problem:

Transformation of coordinatesGoverning equation:Modal equations:Solve for these using initial conditions then substitute into (**).

General approach for solutionWe were calling A - Change to u to match Meirovitch

Substitution:LetorKnown solutionsTransformation - Example

2)Transformation:

1)Solve eigenvalue problem:

SoAs we had before.More general procedure: Modal analysis do a bit later.Model problem with:

Response to harmonic forces Model equation:[M], [C], and [K] are full but symmetric.

{F}not function of timeAssume:

Substituting gives:

Hence:

Special case: Undamped systemZero damping matrix [C]Entries of impedance matrix [Z]:For our model problem (k1=k2=k and m1=m2=m), let F2 =0:

Notes:1) Denominator originally (-)(-) = (+). As it passes through w1, changes sign.2) The plots give both amplitude and phase angle (either 0o or 180o)Substituting for X1 and X2: