B8 RNE Fundamentals Ed01

GSM Radio Network Engineering FundamentalsPrerequisite: Introduction to the Alcatel GSM Network

Mobile Radio Network Planning

3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

1

GSM RNE Fundamentals

Contentsw Introduction w RNP Process Overview w Coverage Planning w Traffic Planning and FrequencyPlanning w Radio Interface / Quality of Service w Abbreviations

w w w w w w

P. 3 P. 39 P. 54 P.306 P.382 P.416



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GSM Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals

Introduction



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Contentsw Standardization w Documentation w Radio Network Architecture w Mobile Phone Systems



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Introduction

Standardization Documentation



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www.3GPP.org organizational partnersw Project supported bys ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan) s CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group s ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institut s T1 Standards Committee T1 Telecommunication (US) s TTA Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea) s TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)

w The Organizational Partners shall

determine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform the following tasks: s Approval and maintenance of the 3GPP scope s Maintenance the Partnership Project Description s Taking decisions on the creation or cessation of Technical Specification Groups, and approving their scope and terms of reference s Approval of Organizational Partner funding requirements s Allocation of human and financial resources provided by the Organizational Partners to the Project Co-ordination Group



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Technical Specification Group TSG



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Specifications and Releasesw GSM/Edge Releases: http://www.3gpp.org/specs/releases.htms TR 41.103 GSM Phase 2+ Release 5q Freeze date: March - June 2002

s TR 41.102 GSM Phase 2+ Release 4q Freeze date: March 2001

s TR 01.01 Phase 2+ Release 1999q Freeze date: March 2000

w For the latest specification status information please go to the 3GPPSpecifications database: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/Databases/Spec_Status/ w The latest versions of specifications can be found on ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/



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Specifications out of Release 1999s TR 01.04 Abbreviations and acronyms s TS 03.22 Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode and group receive mode s TR 03.30 Radio Network Planning Aspects s TS 04.04 Layer 1 - General Requirements s TS 04.06 Mobile Station - Base Stations System (MS - BSS) Interface Data Link (DL) Layer Specification s TS 04.08 Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification s TS 05.05 Radio Transmission and Reception s TS 05.08 Radio Subsystem Link Control s TS 08.06 Signalling Transport Mechanism Specification for the Base Station System - Mobile Services Switching Centre (BSSMSC) Interface s TS 08.08 Mobile-services Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSC-BSS) Interface Layer 3 SpecificationMobile Radio Network Planning


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Introduction

Radio Network Architecture Mobile Phone Systems



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GSM Network ArchitectureMS

GSM Circuit-switching:BTS BSC

BTS BSC

Um (R adio) Abis

MS - BTS BTS - BSC BSC - MSC

LapDm(GSM specific)

LapD(ISDN type)

MSC

MSC

A B C D E F G H I PSTN ISDN

(SS7 basic) + BSSAP(BSSAP = BSSMAP + DTAP)

E B GVLR VLR

C DHLR

F H

I

AuC EIR

GCR

MSC-VLR (SM-G)MSC-HLR HLR -VLR (SM-G)MSC-MSC MSC-EIR VLR -VLR HLR -AuC MSC-GCR MSC-P STN MSC-ISDN

(SS7 basic) + MAP

PSTN / ISDN

AuC

(SS7 basic) + TUP or ISUP



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GSM RNE FundamentalsGSM Packet-switching (GPRS/EDGE):BSS with PCU

MS

Um (Radio) MS - BTSBSS with PCU

LAPDm(GSM specific)

SGS N

SGS N

MSC

Gb

BSS - SGSN SGSN-SGSN SGSN-GGSN SGSN-HLR GGSN-HLR SGSN-EIR SGSN-MSC/VLR GGSN-Data Network

BSSGP IP IP SS7 IP/SS7 SS7 SS7 IP12

GnGGSN

Gs Gr GcHLR EIR

Gn Gf Gr Gc Gf Gs Gi

Gn

Data Network Mobile Radio Network Planning



OMC-RBSS OMC-R SGSN Gb NSS Gn GGSN GPRS CN OMC-G

MS BTS BTS A bisMobile Radio Network Planning

BSC

Alcatel 9135 MFS

TC A

SSP + RCP

A ter3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0113


GSM Network Elementsw Base Station System BSSs Base Transceiver Station BTS s Base Station Controller BSC w Terminal Equipment s Mobile Station MS w Operation and Maintenance Center-Radio OMC-R

w Network Subsystem NSSs Mobile Services Switching Center MSC s Visitor Location Register VLR s Home Location Register HLR s Authentication Center AuC s Equipment Identity Register EIR Operation and Maintenance Center OMC Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server (GPRS) MFS Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN

w w w w



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RF SpectrumSystem GSM 450 GSM 480 GSM 850 GSM 900 E-GSM DCS 1800 (GSM) PCS 1900 (GSM)Mobile Radio Network Planning

Total Bandwidth 2x7.5MHz 2x7.2MHz 2x25MHz 2x25MHz 2x35MHz 2x75MHz 2x60MHz

Uplink frequency band /MHz 450.4-457.6 478.8-486 824-849 890-915 880-915 1710-1785 1850-1910

Downlink frequency band /MHz 460.4-467.6 488.8-496 869-894 935-960 925-960 1805-1880 1930-1990

Carrier Spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz


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Access Methodsw FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

w TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

w CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)



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FDMAw Used for standard analog cellular mobile systems(AMPS, TACS, NMT etc.) w Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum w Permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use the channel 100% of the time.



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TDMAw Multiple users share RF carrier on a time slot basis w Carriers are sub-divided into timeslots w Information flow is not continuous for an user, it is sent andreceived in "bursts"



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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)w Multiple access spread spectrum technique w Each user is assigned a sequence code during a call w No time division; all users use the entire carrier



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Analogue Cellular Mobile Systemsw Analogue transmission of speech w One TCH/Channel w Only FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) w Different Systemss s s s AMPS (Countries: USA) TACS (UK, I, A, E, ...) NMT (SF, S, DK, N, ...) ...



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AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)w Analogue cellular mobile telephone system w Predominant cellular system operating in the US w Original system: 666 channels (624 voice and 42 controlchannels) w EAMPS - Extended AMPS Current system: 832 channels (790 voice, 42 control); has replaced AMPS as the US standard w NAMPS - Narrowband AMPS New system that has three times more voice channels than EAMPS with no loss of signal quality w Backward compatible: if the infrastructure is designed properly, older phones work on the newer systemsMobile Radio Network Planning


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AMPS - Technical objectivesTechnology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power Transmission HO Roaming FDMA 825 - 890 MHz 30 kHz 666 (832) 1 0.6 - 4 W Voice, (data) possible possible



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AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone SystemUplink Channel number Frequency of Channel (MHz) Downlink Channel number Frequency of Channel (MHz) Extended AMPS AMPS 991 102 1 3 666 667 799

824.04 825.03 844.98 845.01 0 0 0 0 845.01 0 991 869.04 0

Extended AMPS AMPS 102 1 3 666 667 799

Duplex distance 45 MHz

870.03 889.98 893.98 0 0 0 890.01 0



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TACS Total Access Communications System

w Analogue cellular mobile telephone system w The UK TACS system was based on the US AMPS system w TACS - Original UK system that has either 600 or 1000channels (558 or 958 voice channels, 42 control channels) w RF frequency band: 890 - 960 Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960 w Channel spacing: 25 KHz



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TACS - Technical objectivesTechnology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power Transmission HO Roaming FDMA 890 - 960 MHz 25 kHz 1000 1 0.6 - 10 W Voice , (data) possible possible



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Different TACS-Systemsw ETACS - Extended TACSs Current UK system that has 1320 channels (1278 voice, 42 control) and has replaced TACS as the UK standard

w ITACS and IETACS - International (E)TACSs Minor variation of TACS to allow operation outside of the UK by allowing flexibility in assigning the control channels

w JTACS - Japanese TACSs A version of TACS designed for operation in Japan

w NTACS - Narrowband TACSs New system that has three times as many voice channels as ETACS with no loss of signal quality



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TACS (Total Access Communications System)Original concept (1000 channels) Mobile Station TX (Base Station TX) Number of Channel Frequenc y of channel [Mhz] E-TACS - 1320 Channels 1329 2047 0 11 23 1st Assignment in the UK (600 channels)

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872.012 5 (917.012 5)

889.9625 (934.962 5) 889.9875 (934.987 5)

890.0125 (935.012 5)

Organisati on A

34 32 4 3 Organisati on B

60 0

100 0

Borders of channels [Mhz]

872 917

890 935

905 (95 0)

915 (96 0)



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Why digital mobile communication ?w w w w w wEasy adaptation to digital networks Digital signaling serves for flexible adaptation to operational needs Possibility to realize a wide spectrum of non-voice services Digital transmission allows for high cellular implementation flexibility Digital signal processing gain results in high interference immunity Privacy of radio transmission ensured by digital voice coding and encryption in favour of a digital solution

w Cost and performance trends of modern microelectronics are



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GSM - Technical objectivesTechnology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (average/max) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO RoamingMobile Radio Network Planning

TDMA/FDMA 890 - 960 MHz 200 kHz 124 8 2 W/ 8 W 10 ... 40 W - 102 dBm - 104 dBm Voice, data possible possible29



DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone)w European Standard for Cordless Communication w Using TDMA-System w Traditional Applicationss Domestic use ("Cordless telephone") s Cordless office applications w Combination possible with s ISDN s GSM w High flexibility for different applications



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DECT - Technical objectivesTechnology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (average/ max) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HOMobile Radio Network Planning

TDMA/FDMA 1880 - 1900 MHz 1.728 MHz 10 12 (duplex) 10 mW/250 mW 250 mW -83 dBm -83 dBm Voice, data possible31



CDMA - Technical objectivesw Spread spectrum technology(Code Division Multiple Access)

w Several users occupy continuously one CDMA channel(bandwidth: 1.25 MHz) The CDMA channel can be re-used in every cell

w Each user is addressed bys A specific code and s Selected by correlation processing

w Orthogonal codes provides optimumisolation between users



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CDMA - Special Featuresw Vocoder allows variable data rates w Soft handover w Open and closed loop power control w Multiple forms of diversity w Data, fax and short message services possible



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CDMA - Technical objectivesTechnology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Channels per 1250 kHz Mobile Power (average/max) Transmission HO ("Soft handoff") Roaming CDMA 869-894 / 824-849 or 1900 MHz 1250 kHz 64 1-6.3 W / 6.3 W Voice, data possible possible



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TETRA - Featuresw Standard for a frequency efficient european digital trunked radio w wcommunication system (defined in 1990) Possibility of connections with simultaneous transmission of voice and data Encryption at two levels: s Basic level which uses the air interface encryption s End-to-end encryption (specifically intended for public safety users) Open channel operation "Direct Mode" possible s Communication between two MS without connecting via a BTS MS can be used as a repeater

w w w



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TETRA - Typical Usersw Public safetys Police (State, Custom, Military, Traffic) s Fire brigades s Ambulance service s ...

w Railway, transport and distribution companies



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TETRA - Technical objectivesTechnology RF frequency band Channel Spacing Carriers Timeslots Mobile Power (3 Classes) BTS Power class MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity Transmission HO RoamingMobile Radio Network Planning

TDMA/FDMA 380 - 400 MHz 25 or 12.5 KHz not yet specified 4 1, 3, 10 W 0.6 - 25 W -103 dBm -106 dBm Voice, data, images, short message possible possible37



UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)w Third generation mobile communication system w Combining existing mobile services (GSM, CDMA etc.)and fixed telecommunications services

w More capacity and bandwidth w More services (Speech, Video, Audio, Multimedia etc.) w Worldwide roaming w "High" subscriber capacity



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RNP Process Overview



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Definition of RN Requirementsw The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes therequirements mainly w Coverage s Definition of coverage probabilityq Percentage of measurements above level threshold

s Definition of covered area w Traffic s Definition of Erlang per square kilometer s Definition of number of TRX in a cell s Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic w QoS s Call success rate s RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping timeMobile Radio Network Planning


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Preliminary Network Designw The preliminary design laysthe foundation to create the Bill of Quantity (BoQ) s List of needed network elements w Geo data procurement s Digital Elevation Model DEM/Topographic map s Clutter map w Definition of standard equipment configurations dependent on s clutter type s traffic density

w Coverage Plotss Expected receiving level w Definition of roll out phases s Areas to be covered s Number of sites to be installed s Date, when the roll out takes place. w Network architecture design s Planning of BSC and MSC locations and their links w Frequency spectrum from license conditions



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Project Setup and Managementw This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the onsite part of the RNP process takes place. w This ramp up phase includes: s Geo data procurement if required s Setting up general rules of the project s Define and agree on reporting scheme to be usedq Coordination of information exchange between the different teams which are involved in the project

s Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project s Definition of required manpower and budget s Selection of project database (MatrixX)Mobile Radio Network Planning


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Initial Radio Network Designw Area surveyss As well check of correctness of geo data w Frequency spectrum partitioning design w RNP tool calibration s For the different morpho classes:q Performing of drive measurements q Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by comparison of measurements to predicted received power values of the tool

w Definition of search areas (SAM Search Area Map)s A team searches for site locations in the defined areas s The search team should be able to speak the national language w Selection of number of sectors/TRX per site together with project management and customer w Get real design acceptance from customer based on coverage prediction and predefined design level thresholdsMobile Radio Network Planning


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Site Acquisition Procedurew Delivery of site candidatess Several site candidates shall be the result out of the site location search w Find alternative sites s If no site candidate or no satisfactory candidate can be found in the search area s Definition of new SAM s Possibly adaptation of radio network design w Check and correct SAR (Site Acquisition Report) s Location information s Land usage s Object (roof top, pylon, grassland) information s Site plan

w Site candidate acceptance and

ranking s If the reported site is accepted as candidate, then it is ranked according to its quality in terms ofq Radio transmission High visibility on covered area No obstacles in the near field of the antennas No interference from other systems/antennas q Installation costs Installation possibilities Power supply Wind and heat q Maintenance costs Accessibility Rental rates for object Durability of object



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Technical Site Surveyw Agree on an equipment installationsolution satisfying the needs of s RNE Radio Network Engineer s Transmission planner s Site engineer s Site owner w The Technical Site Survey Report (TSSR) defines s Antenna type, position, bearing/orientation and tilt s Mast/pole or wall mounting position of antennas s EMC rules are taken into accounts BTS/Node B location s Power and feeder cable mount s Transmission equipment installation s Final Line Of Site (LOS) confirmation for microwave link planningq E.g. red balloon of around half a meter diameter marks target location

w If the site is not acceptable or theowner disagrees with all suggested solutions s The site will be rejected s Site acquisition team has to organize a new date with the next site from the ranking list

q Radio network engineer and transmission planner check electro magnetic compatibility (EMC) with other installed devices



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Basic Parameter Definitionw After installation of equipmentthe basic parameter settings are used for s Commissioningq Functional test of BTS and VSWR check

w Cell design CAE data to bedefined for all cells are for example: s CI/LAC/BSIC s Frequencies s Neighborhood/cell handover relationship s Transmit power s Cell type (macro, micro, umbrella, )

s Call tests w RNEs define cell design data w Operations field service generates the basic software using the cell design CAE data



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Cell Design CAE Data Exchange over COFACIE A9156 RNOOMC 1

A955 V5 /A9155 V6 RNP

COFA9155 PRC Generator Module

ACIE

Conversion

OMC 2 POLO BSS Software offline production3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01


3rd Party RNP or Database

ACIE = PRC file47


Turn On Cyclew The network is launched step by step during the TOC w A single step takes typically two or three weekss Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even years w For each step the RNE has to define TOC Parameter s Cells to go on air s Determination of frequency plan s Cell design CAE parameter w Each step is finished with the Turn On Cycle Activation s Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R s Unlock sites



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Site Verification and Drive Testw RNE performs drive measurement to compare the realcoverage with the predicted coverage of the cells. w If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected s Adjust the antenna tilt and orientation w Verification of cell design CAE data w To fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential to perform such a drive measurement. w Basic site and area optimization reduces the probability to have unforeseen mysterious network behavior afterwards.



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HW / SW Problem Detectionw Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitorings Defective equipmentq will trigger replacement by operation field service

s Software bugs s Incorrect parameter settingsq are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC

s Faulty antenna installationq Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-alignments

w If the problem is seriouss s s s Lock BTS Detailed error detection Get rid of the fault Eventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientation



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Basic Network Optimizationw Network wide drive measurementss It is highly recommended to perform network wide drive tests before doing the commercial opening of the network s Key performance indicators (KPI) are determined s The results out of the drive tests are used for basic optimization of the network w Basic optimization s All optimization tasks are still site related s Alignment of antenna system s Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes s Parameter optimizationq No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized

w Basic optimization during commercial services If only a small number of new sites are going on air the basic optimization will be included in the site verification procedureMobile Radio Network Planning


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Network Acceptancew Acceptance drive test w Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract w Presentation of KPI to the customer w Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptancetargets in the contract w The customer accepts s the whole network s only parts of it step by step w Now the network is ready for commercial launch



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Further Optimizationw Network is in commercial operation w Network optimization can be performed w Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics byusing A9156 RNO and A9185 NPA w End of optimization depends on contract and mutual agreement between Alcatel and customer s Usually, Alcatel is only involved during the first optimization activities directly after opening the network commercially



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Coverage Planning



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Contentsw w w w w w w w w w wIntroduction Geo databases Antennas and Cables Radio Propagation Path Loss Prediction Link Budget Calculation Coverage Probability Cell Range Calculation Antenna Engineering Alcatel BSS Coverage Improvement s Antenna Diversity s Repeater Systems s High Power TRX



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Coverage Planning

Geo Databases



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Why are geographical data needed for Radio Network Planning ?w Propagation models dependon geographical data

w Geographical information for site acquisitions Latitude (East/West) / Longitude (North/South) s Rectangular coordinates (e.g. UTM coordinates)



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Contentsw Map Projections Different Map Projections: conical, cylindrical, planar/ azimuthal s Geodetic Datum: e.g. WGS 84 s Transverse Mercator Projection: e.g. UTM w Types of Geospatial Data s Creation of geospatial databases s Raster data: DEM /Topography, Morphostructure/ Clutter, Buildings s Vector data: airport, coastline, border line, buildings, etc. w Geocoordinate Transformation s Practical Applicationsq Converting one single point q Compare to different geodetic datums q Converting a list of points



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Geo Databases

Map Projection



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Maps are flatLatitude

x, y Longitud e Problem: Earth is 3D, the maps are 2DMobile Radio Network Planning


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Mapping the earthw The Earth is a very complex shape w To map the geography of the earth,a reference model (-> Geodetic Datum) is needed w The model needs to be simple so that it is easy to use w It needs to include a Coordinate system which allows the positions of objects to be uniquely identified w It needs to be readily associated with the physical world so that its use is intuitive



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Map ProjectionEllipsoide.g. WGS84, International 1924

Geodetic Datume.g. WGS84, ED50

e.g. Transverse Mercator (UTM), Lambert Conformal Conic

Map Projection

Geocoordinate Systeme.g. UTM62




Geodetic EllipsoidDefinition: A mathematical surface (an ellipse rotated around the earth's polar axis) which provides a convenient model of the size and shape of the earth. The ellipsoid is chosen to best meet the needs of a particular map datum system design. Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by semi-major (equatorial radius) and flattening (the relationship between equatorial and polar radii).Mobile Radio Network Planning


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Global & Regional Ellipsoidsw Global ellipsoidse.g. WGS84, GRS80 s Center of ellipsoid is Center of gravity s Worldwide consistence of all maps around the world w Regional ellipsoids e.g. Bessel, Clarke, Hayford, Krassovsky s Best fitting ellipsoid for a part of the world (local optimized) s Less local deviation



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Geodetic Datumw A Geodetic Datum is a ReferenceSystem which includes: s A local or global Ellipsoid s One Fixpoint

Attention: Referencing geodetic coordinates to the wrong map datum can result in position errors of hundreds of metersMobile Radio Network Planning

Info: In most cases the shift, rotation and scale factor of a Map Datum is relative to the satellite map datum 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 WGS84.

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w Cylindrical

Map Projection

s e.g. UTM, Gauss-Krueger w Conical s e.g.Lambert Conformal Conic w Planar/Azimuthal


Info: In 90% of the cases we will have a cylindrical projection in 10% of the cases a conical projection 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01

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Geo-Coordinate Systemw To simplify the use of maps aCartesian Coordinates is used w To avoid negative values a s False Easting value and a s False Northing value is added w Also a scaling factor is used to minimize the projection error over the whole area

X = Easting Y = Northing



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WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984)w Most needed Geodetic Datumin the world today (Satellite Datum) w It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense is defined by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) w The Global Positioning System (GPS) system is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). w Optimal adaption to the surface of the earth



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Transverse Mercator Projectionw Projection cylinder isrotated 90 degrees from the polar axis (transverse) w Geometric basis for the UTM and the Gauss-Krueger Map Projection w Conformal Map projection



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Transverse Mercator Projection (e.g. UTM )



Middle-Meridian

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UTM-System(Universal Transverse Mercator System)w 60 zones, each 6o (60 6o = 360o ) w 3o around each center meridian w Beginning at 180o longitude(measured eastward from Greenwich)

Zone number = (center meridian + 183o ) / 6oMobile Radio Network Planning


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UTM - DefinitionsFalse Easting: 500 000 m (Middle-meridian x = 500 000 m) False Northing: Northern Hemisphere: 0 m Southern Hemisphere: 10 000 000 m Scaling Factor: 0,9996 (used to minimize the projection error over the whole area)



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UTM Zones (e.g. Europe)UTM-Zones

-6 -3

3

9 15 21 27 33 39Middle-Meridian3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0173



UTM-System (2)w False origin on the centralmeridian of the zone has an easting of 500,000 meters. values for the zone 900,000 meters

w All eastings have a positive w Eastings range from 100,000 to w The 6 Degree zone ranges from166,667 to 833,333 m, leaving about a 0.5 overlap at each end of the zone (valid only at the equator) matching between zones

w This allows for overlaps and



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UTM-System: Example "Stuttgart"Transformation: latitude / longitude UTM system

North 48o 45' 13.5'' East 7.5'' 9o 11'

y = 5 400 099 m x = 513 629 m UTM-Zone: 32 Middle meridian: 9o (9o = 500 000 m False Easting)



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Lambert Conformal Conic Projectionw Maps an ellipsoid onto a cone whose central axis coincideswith the polar axis

Cone touches the ellipsoid => One standard parallel (1SP) (e.g. NTF-System in France)Mobile Radio Network Planning

Cutting edges of cone and ellipsoid => Two standard parallels (2SP) (e.g. Lambert-Projection in Austria)77


Geo Databases

Types of Geospatial Data



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Geospatial data for Network Planningw DEM (Digital Elevation Model)/ Topography w Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter w Satellite Photos /Orthoimages w Scanned Maps w Background data (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) w Buildings w Traffic data



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Creation of geospatial databases

Satellite imagery

Digitizing maps

Aerial photography



Geospatial data

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Parameters of a Mapw Coordinate system w Map Projection(incl. Geodetic Datum) w Location of the map (Area ) w Scale: s macrocell planning 1:50000 - 1:100000 s microcell planning 1:500 -1:5000 w Thematic w Source w Date of ProductionMobile Radio Network Planning


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Raster- and Vectordataw Raster datas DEM /Topography s Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter s Traffic density

y

x

w Vector datas Background data (x1,y1) (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) s Buildings

(xn,yn )82




Rasterdata / Grid dataw Pixel-oriented data w Stored as row and column w Each Pixel stored in one ortwo byte w Each Pixel contents information (e.g. morphoclass, colour of a scanned map, elevation of a DEM)



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Vectordataw Vector mainly used are: airport, coastline,highway, main roads, secondary roads, railway, rivers/lakes w Each vector contents (x s Info about kind of vector 1,y1 (e.g. street, coastline) ) s A series of several points Each point has a corresponded x / y -value (e.g. in UTM System or as Long/Lat) s Info about Map projection and used Geodetic Datum

(xn,yn )



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Digital Elevation Model (DEM)w Raster dataset that showsterrain features such as hills and valleys w Each element (or pixel) in the DEM image represents the terrain elevation at that location w Resolution in most cases: 20 m for urban areas 50-100 m for other areas w DEM are typically generated from topographic maps, stereo satellite images, or stereo aerial photographs



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Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter (1)w Land usage classificationaccording to the impact on wave propagation w In most cases: 7...14 morpho classes w Resolution in most cases: 20 m for cities 50100m other areas for radio network planning



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Morphostructure (2)w Besides the topo database the basic input wfor radio network planning Each propagation area has different obstacles like buildings, forest etc. Obstacles which have similar effects on propagation conditions are classified in morphoclasses Each morphoclass has a corresponding value for the correction gain The resolution of the morpho databases should be adapted to the propagation model Morpho correction factor for predictions: 0 dB (skyscapers") 30 dB (water")

w w w



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Morphoclasses

Code 0Mobile Radio Network Planning

Morphostructure not classifi88



Morphoclasses

Code 7Mobile Radio Network Planning

Morpho structur forest89



Background data (streets, borders etc.)w All kinds of informationdata like streets, borders, coastlines etc. w Necessary for orientation in plots of calculation results w The background data are not needed for the calculation of the fieldstrength, power etc.



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Orthophotow Georeferenced Satellite Image w Resolution:most 10 or 20 m w Satellite: e.g. SPOT, Landsat



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Scanned Mapsw Mainly used asbackground data w Not used for calculation but for localisation w Has to be geocoded to put it into a GIS (Geographic Information System) e.g. a Radio Network Planning Tool



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Buildingsw Vectordatas Outlines ofq single buildings q building blocks

s Building heights s Material codeq not: roof shape



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Buildings (2)w Microcell radio network planningis mainly used in urban environment w The prediction of mircowave propagation is calculated with a ray-tracing/launching model w A lot of calculation steps are needed Optimum building database required (data reduction) to minimize the pre-calculation time



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Traffic densityw Advantageous in theinterference calculation, thus for frequency assignment and in the calculation of average figures in network analysis w Raster database of traffic density values (in Erlangs) of the whole planning area w Resolution: 20...100 m



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Geo Databases

Geocoordinate transformation



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Converting one single point (1a)Example Stuttgart (Example 1) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans:Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic Output: Values, which will Easting: 513629 m calculated by program Northing: 5400099 m Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM)Preset of this values necessary Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North)Mobile Radio Network Planning


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Converting one single point (1b)Example Stuttgart (Example 1) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) GEOTRANS (Geographic Translator) is an application program which allows you to convert geographic coordinates easily among a wide variety of coordinate systems, map projections, and datums.Source: http://164.214.2.59/GandG/geotrans/geotrans.htmlMobile Radio Network Planning


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Converting one single point (2a)Example Stuttgart (Example 2) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50)(ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950)

Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic

Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans:

Output: Values, which will Easting: 513549 m calculated by program Northing: 5403685 m Datum EUR-A: EUROPEAN 1950, Western Europe Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Preset of this values necessary Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North)Mobile Radio Network Planning


99


Converting one single point (2b)Example Stuttgart (Example 2) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50)(ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950)

Diff. X (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 69 m Diff. Y (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 200 mDifference because of different Geodetic Datums

Attention: For flat coordinates (e.g. UTM) as well as for geographic coordinates (Long/Lat) a reference called Geodetic Datum is necessary.Mobile Radio Network Planning


100


Converting a list of points (3a)Example Stuttgart (Example 3 ) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Input: text-file with the values (list) of the longitude and latitude of different points (How to create the inputfile see on page 3c) Output: Datum: WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Preset of this Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) values necessary Zone: 32Mobile Radio Network Planning


101


Converting a list of points (3b)Example Stuttgart (Example 3 ) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84)



102


Converting a list of points (3c)w Example Stuttgart (Example 3)Geotrans V2.2.3

Long/Lat (WGS84)=> UTM (WGS84)Geotrans V2.2.3

Optional: different error-infos, LatitudeLongitude UTM Hem Easti North depending on the input-data -Zo isp ng deg min sec deg min sec ne her (x) ing (y default: Unk=unknown e )Mobile Radio Network Planning


103


Provider for Geospatial dataGeodatasupplier BKS ComputaMaps Geoimage Infoterra Istar RMSI Internet www.bks.co.uk www.computamaps.com www.geoimage.fr www.infoterra-global.com www.istar.fr www.rmsi.com



104


Links for more detailed infosw Maps Projection Overviewhttp://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html http://www.ecu.edu/geog/faculty/mulcahy/mp/ http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection

w Coordinate Transformation (online)http://jeeep.com/details/coord/ http://www.cellspark.com/UTM.html

w Map Collection

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html

w Finding out Latitude/Longitude of cities etc.http://www.maporama.com



105

Coverage Planning

Antennas and Cables



106


Antenna Systemsw Antennas w Power divider w Cables (jumper) w Feeder cables w Connectors w Clamps w Lightning protection w Wall glands w PlanningPlugs 7/16 Sockets 7/16

Lightning rod

Tx

Antennas

RxdivMounting clamp Jumper cable Feeder installation clamps

RxMechanical antenna support structure Jumper cable Earthing kit

Earthing kit Feeder cable

Wall gland

Grounding Jumper cables107




Antenna Theoryw 50 is the impedance of the cable w 377 is the impedance of the air w Antennas adapt the different impedances w They convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzianwaves) and/or vice versa

Z =50

Z =377



108


Antenna Dataw Polarizations Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic, cross-polarization) w Half power beam width (HPBW) s Related to polarization of electrical field s Vertical and Horizontal HPBW w Antenna pattern s Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the antenna w Front-to-back ratio s Important for interference considerations



109


Antenna Pattern and HPBWhorizontal0 dB -3 dB

vertical

0 dB -3 dB

-10 dB

-10 dB

sidelobe null direction

HPBW

main beam



110


EIRP

Effective isotropic radiated power: EIRP = Pt+Gain = 56 dBm Isotropic radiated Power Pt

V1 V2 = V1Gain = 11dBi

Pt = 45 dBm

radiated power



111


Linear Antennas: Monopole and Dipolew For the link between base station and mobile station, mostlylinear antennas are used: s Monopole antennasq MS antennas, car roof antennas

s Dipole antennasq Used for array antennas at base stations for increasing the directivity of RX and TX antennas



112


Monopole Antenna Patternw Influence of antenna length on the antenna pattern



113


Panel Antenna with Dipole Arrayw Many dipoles are arranged in a grid layout w Nearly arbitrary antenna patterns may be designeds Feeding of the dipoles with weighted and phase-shifted signals s Coupling of all dipole elements



114


Dipole Arrangementw Dipole arrangemen t Weightedand phase shifted signalsTypical flat panel antenna

Dipole element



115


Omni Antennaw Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sitess Large area coverage w Advantages s Continuous coverage around the site s Simple antenna mounting s Ideal for homogeneous terrain

w Drawbackss No mechanical tilt possible s Clearance of antenna required



116


X 65 T6 900MHz 2.5mw Rural road coverage with mechanical uptilt w Antennas RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872960 MHz s APX906516-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.1 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 6.5 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 16.6

Horizontal Pattern Mobile Radio Network Planning


117


X 65 T6 900MHz 1.9mw Dense urban area w Antennas RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872960 MHz s APX906515-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 16.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 9 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1890 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 16.6

Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning


118


X 90 T2 900MHz 2.5mw Rural area with mechanical uptilt w Antennas RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s APX909014-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 15.9 s Polarization: +/-45 s HPBW: 90 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 s Weight in kg: 15.5



119


V 65 T0 900MHz 2.0mw Highway w Antennas RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s AP906516-T0 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: Vertical s HBW: 65 s VBW: 8.5 s Electrical downtilt: 0 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977 x 265 x 130 s Weight in kg: 10.9



120


V 90 T0 900MHz 2.0mw Rural Area w Antennas RFS CELLite Panel Vertical Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz s AP909014-T0 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 16.0 s Polarization: Vertical s HBW: 65 s VBW: 8.5 s Electrical downtilt: 0 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977 x 265 x 130 s Weight in kg: 9.5



121


X 65 T6 1800MHz 1.3mw Dense urban area w Antennas RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186515-T6 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 6 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 5.6



122


X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3mw Dense urban area w Antennas RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186515-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 17.5 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 7 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 5.6



123


X 65 T2 1800MHz 1.9mw Highway w Antennas RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 1710-1880 MHz s APX186516-T2 Series w Electrical specification s Gain in dBi: 18.3 s Polarization: +/-45 s HBW: 65 s VBW: 4.5 s Electrical downtilt: 2 w Mechanical specification s Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855 x 198 x 50 s Weight in kg: 8.6



124



Horizontal Pattern Mobile Radio Network Planning


125





126


7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Coaxial Cablew Feeder Cables 7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable s LCF78-50J Standard s LCF78-50JFN Flame Retardantq Installation temperature >-25C

w Mechanical specifications Cable weight kg\m: 0.53 s Minimum bending radiusq Single bend in mm: 120 q Repeated bends in mm: 250

w Electrical specification 900MHzs Attenuation: 3.87dB/100m s Average power in kW: 2.65 w Electrical specification 1800MHz s Attenuation: 5.73dB/100m s Average power in kW: 1.79

s Bending moment in Nm: 13.0 s Recommended clamp spacing: 0.8m



127


1-1/4" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cablew Feeder Cables 1-1/4" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable s LCF114-50J Standard s LCF114-50JFN Flame Retardantq Installation temperature >-25C






128


1-5/8" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cablew Feeder Cables 1-5/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss FoamDielectric Coaxial Cable s LCF158-50J Standard s LCF158-50JFN Flame Retardantq Installation temperature >-25C






129


1/2" CELLFLEX Jumper Cablew CELLFLEX LCF12-50J Jumperss Feeder Cableq LCF12-50J CELLFLEX LowLoss Foam-Dielectric Coaxial Cable

w Electrical specification 900MHzs Attenuation: 0.068db/m s Total losses with connectors are 0.108dB, 0.176dB and 0.244dB w Electrical specification 1800MHz s Attenuation: 0.099dB/m s Total losses with connectors are 0.139dB, 0.238dB and 0.337dB

s Connectorsq 7/16 DIN male/female q N male/female q Right angle

s Molded version available in 1m, 2m, 3m w Mechanical specification s Minimum bending radiusq Repeated bends in mm: 125



130

Coverage Planning

Radio Propagation and Path Loss Prediction



131


Propagation effectsw Free space loss w Fresnel ellipsoid w Reflection, Refraction, Scatterings in the atmosphere s at a boundary to another material w Diffraction s at small obstacles s over round earth w Attenuation s Rain attenuation s Gas absorption w FadingMobile Radio Network Planning


132


Reflectionw Pr = Rh/v P0 w Rh/v = f( , , , h)

Rh

Rv

h

horizontal reflection factor vertical reflection factor angle of incidence permittivity conductivity Pr surface roughness

h

P0



133


Refractionw Considered via an effectiveearth radius factor kk = 4 /3 k =

k = 1 k = 2 /3

r a d i o p a th

k = 2/3k = 1

tru e e a rth

k = 4/3

k =

Ray paths with different k over true earth

Radio path plotted as a straight line by changing the earth's radius



134


Diffractionw Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength w Radio waves are bent or curved around objectss Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to s Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss

radio beam obstacle shadow zone

diffracted radio beams



135


Fadingw Caused by delay spread of original signals Multi path propagation s Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment s Movement of receiver w Short-term fading, fast fading s This fading is characterised by phase summation and cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple paths. The variation is in the order of the considered wavelength. s Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution (for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals), respectively. s In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which take the error correction capability into account.Mobile Radio Network Planning


136


Fading typesw Mid-term fading, lognormal fadings Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of 10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are lognormal distributed. w Long-term fading, slow fading s Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings, forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid-term field strength variations, these variations are lognormal distributed.



137


Signal Variation due to Fading0 Lognormal fading -10 Raleygh fading

-20 Received Power [dBm]

-30

-40

-50

Fading hole-60

-70 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0 10.6 15.9 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 34.2 39.4 44.7 47.3 49.9 13.2 18.5 31.6 36.8 42.1

Distance [m]Mobile Radio Network Planning


138


Lognormal Fading

Lognormal fading (typical 20 dB loss by entering a village)

Fading hole Lognormal fading (entering a tunnel)



139


Free Space Lossw The simplest form of wave propagation is the free-space propagation w The according path loss can be calculated with the following formula w Path Loss in Free Space Propagations L free space loss s d distance between transmitter and receiver antenna s f operating frequency

L freespaceMobile Radio Network Planning

d f = 32.4 + 20 log + 20 log km MHz3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01140


Fresnel Ellipsoidw The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-ofsight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed w This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from any obstacles w The region is called Fresnel ellipsoid

Transmitter LOS Receiver



141


Fresnel Ellipsoid

d1 d 2 r= d1 + d 2Fresnel zone Transmitter LOS

w The Fresnel ellipsoid is the setof all points around the LOS where the total length of the connecting lines to the transmitter and the receiver is longer than the LOS length by exactly half a wavelength w It can be shown that this region is carrying the main power flow from transmitter to receiverReceiver

LOS + /2Mobile Radio Network Planning


142


Knife Edge Diffractionpath of diffracted wave line of sight h0

BTS1st Fresnel zone

MSd2

d1

h0 = height of obstacle over line of sight d1, d2 = distance of obstacle from BTS and MS

replaced obstacle (knife edge)

h0 r

d1Mobile Radio Network Planning

d23FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01143


Knife Edge Diffraction FunctionKnife-edge diffraction function35 30 25 F(v) [dB] 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)Mobile Radio Network Planning

Additional diffraction loss F(v) v: clearance parameter, v=-h0/r Note: h0 = 0 v =0 L = 6 dB


144

GSM RNE Fundamentals Computers: the "Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations?w Exact field solution requires too much computer resources!s Too much details required for input s Exact calculation too time-consuming Field strength prediction rather than calculation w Requirements for field strength prediction models s Reasonable amount of input data s Fast (it is very important to see the impact of changes in the network layout immediately) s Accurate (results influence the hardware cost directly) Tradeoff required (accurate results within a suitable time) Parameter tuning according to real measurements should be possible



145


CCIR Recommendationw The CCIR Recommendations providevarious propagation curves s Based on Okumura (1968) s Example (CCIR Report 567-3):

Median field strength in urban area Frequency = 900 MHz hM = 1.5 m S Dashed line: free space

w How to use this experience in field

strength prediction models? Model which fits the curves in certain ranges Hata's modelwas modified later by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST): COST 231 Hata/Okumura



146


Mobile Radio Propagation

d Free-space propagation (Fresnel zone not obstructed) L ~ d2Mobile Radio Network Planning

Fresnel zone heavily obstructed near the mobile station 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 L ~ d3.7

147


Terrain Modelingw Topographys Effective antenna height s Knife edge diffractionq single obstacles q multiple obstacles

w Surface shape/Morphostructure s Correction factors for Hata-Okumura formula



148


Effect of Morphostructure on Propagation Loss

Open area

Urban area

Open area

Fieldstrength

open area urban area Distance3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01149



Hata-Okumura for GSM 900w Path loss (Lu) is calculated (in dB) as follows:Lu= A1 + A2 log(f) + A3 log(hBTS) + (B1 + B2log(hBTS)) log d

w The parameters A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2 can be user-defined.Default values are proposed in the table below:Parameters Okumura-Hata f< 1500 MHz 69.55 26.16 -13.82 44.90 -6.55 Cost-Hata F>1500 MHz 46.30 33.90 -13.82 44.90 -6.55

A1 A2 A3 B1 B2



150


CORRECTIONS TO THE HATA FORMULAw As described above, the Hata formula is valid for urban environment and areceiver antenna height of 1.5m. For other environments and mobile antenna heights, corrective formulas must be applied. Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) for large city and urban environments Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) -2log (f/28) -5.4 for suburban area Lmodel1=Lu -a(hMS) - 4.78log (f)+ 18.33 log(f) 40.94 for rural area a(hMS) is a correction factor to take into account a receiver antenna height different from 1.5m. Environments A(hMS)Rural/Small city Large city (1.1log(f) 0.7)hMS (1.56log(f) -0.8) 3.2log (11.75hMS) 4.97

te: When receiver antenna height equals 1.5m, a(hMS) is close to 0 dB regardless of frequeMobile Radio Network Planning


151


COST 231 Hata-Okumura for GSM 900LossHata = 69.55 + 26.16 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorphoa (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) - 0.8)

w Formula valid for frequency range: 1501000 MHzLmrpho o [dB] Morpho/surface shape-Correction factor 0 dB: Skyscrapers->27 dB: open area Frequency (150 - 1000 MHz) Height of BTS (30 - 200 m) Height of Mobile (1 - 10m) Distance between BTS and MS (1 - 20 km) Power law exponent shown colored3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01152

f [MHz] hBTS [m] hM [m] S d [km]Mobile Radio Network Planning


COST 231 Hata-Okumura GSM 1800LossHata = 46.3 + 33.9 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorphoa (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) -0.8)

w Formula is valid for frequency range: 1500...2000 MHz w Hatas model is extended for GSM 1800s Modification of original formula to the new frequency range w For cells with small ranges the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model is more precisely



153


Alcatel Propagation Modelw Using of effective antenna height in the Hata-Okumuraformula:

heff = f( , d, hBTS , hM ) S



154


Exercise Path Lossw Scenarios Height BTS = 40m s Height MS = 1.5m s D (BTS to MS) = 2000m w 1. Calculate free space loss for s A.) f=900MHz s B.) f=1800MHz w 2. Calculate the path loss for f = 900MHz s A.) Morpho class skyscraper s B.) Morpho class open area w 3. Calculate the path loss for f = 1800MHz s A.) Morpho class skyscraper s B.) Morpho class open area



155

Coverage Planning

Link Budget Calculation Coverage Probability Cell Range



156


Maximum Propagation Loss (Downlink)Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRPBTS = 59.5 dBm BTS Antenna Gain GantBS = 16.5 dBi

Propagation Loss Lprop

Minimum Received Power PRX,m ,M = -102 dBm in S MS Antenna Gain GantM = 2 dBi S

Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Output Power at antenna connector 46.0 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM

MS RX Sensitivity -102 dBm

Internal Losses Lint = 2 dB

Maximum allowed downlink propagation loss:

Lprop,mx a

= EIRPBTS - PRX,m ,M in S

= 161.5 dB



157


Maximum Propagation Loss (Uplink)BTS Antenna Gain GantBS = 16.5 dBi Minimum Received Power PRX,m ,BTS = -124.5 dBm in

Propagation Loss Lprop

EIRPM = 33 dBm S MS Antenna Gain GantM = 2 dBi S

Feeder Cable Loss Lcable = 3 dB Receiving sensitivity at ant. conn. -111 dBm ALCATEL EvoliumTM

MS TX Power 33 dBm

Internal Losses Lint = 2 dB

Max. allowed uplink propagation loss: Lprop,mx = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS = 157.5 dB a S in With antenna diversity gain of 3dB: Lprop,mx,AD = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS + GAD = 160.5 dB a S in With TMA compensating cable loss: Lprop,mx,AD,TM = EIRPM - PRX,m ,BTS + GAD + GTMA = 163.5 a A S in dBMobile Radio Network Planning


158

Link Budget (1) GSM900 Macro Evolium Evolution A9100 BTS

GSM RNE FundamentalsMS to BS TX Internal Power Comb+Filter Loss, Tol. Output Power Cable,Connectors Loss Body/Indoor Loss Antenna Gain EIRP Uplink 33,0 0,0 33,0 2,0 4,0 2,0 29,0 dBm dB dBm dB dB dBi dBm 11,0 46,0 dBi dBm BS to MS Downlink 41,0 3,0 38,0 3,0 dBm dB dBm dB

RX Rec. Sensitivity Body/Indoor Loss Cables, Connectors Loss Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Interferer Margin Lognormal Margin 50% 90,9% Degradation (no FH) Antenna Pre-Ampl. Isotr. Rec. Power:

Uplink -104,0 3,0 11,0 3,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 -104,0 dBm dB dBi dB dB dB dB dB dBm

Downlink -102,0 4,0 2,0 2,0 3,0 8,0 0,0 -87,0 dBm dB dB dBi dB dB dB dBm

Max. PathlossMobile Radio Network Planning

133,0

dB

133,0

dB159



GSM1800 Link Budget



160


Additional Losses OverviewLoss type Indoor loss Incar loss Body loss Interferer margin Lognormal margin Reason Brass influencing radio waves Value 7dB (4...10dB)

Electrical properties of wall material 20dB (3...30dB) Absorption of radio waves by the 3dB (0...8dB) human body Both signal-to-noise ratio and C/ I low 3 dB Receiving the minimum field strength According to with a higher probability probability



161


Indoor propagation aspectsw Penetration Loss w Multiple Refraction w Multiple Reflection w Exact modeling ofindoor environment not possible w Practical solution: empirical model!



162


Indoor propagation: empirical model d

Additional Loss in [dB] relative to loss at vertical incidence35

Power relative to power at d=0

Additional attenuation in dB

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84

Angle of incidence in degree

d163



90

0

6


Indoor Penetrationw Depending on environment w Line-of-sight to antenna? w Interior unknown general assumptions-0.3 dB / floor (11th ... 100th floor)

Incident wave

Lindoor = 3 ... 15 dB

-2.7 dB / floor (1st ... 10th floor)

Incident wave

Lindoor = 7 ... 18 dB (ground floor)

Lindoor = 13 ... 25 dBMobile Radio Network Planning

Lindoor = 17 ... 28 dB Lindoor = dB (deep basement)


164


Body Loss (1)

Measured attenuation versus time for a test person walking around in an anechoic chamber



165


Body Loss (2)

Near field of MS antenna without head with head

Calculation model

Head modeled as sphere



166


Body Loss (3)Test equipment for indirect field strength measurements

Indirect measured field strength penetrated into the head (horizontal cut)



167


Interference Marginw In GSM, the defined minimum carrier-to-interferer ration(C/I) threshold of 9 dB is only valid if the received server signal is not too weak. w In the case that e.g. the defined system threshold for the BTS of -111dBm is approached, a higher value of C/I is required in order to maintain the speech quality. w According to GSM, this is done by taking into account a correction of 3 dB.



168


Degradation (no FH)w GSM uses a frame correction system, which works withchecksum coding and convolutional codes. w Under defined conditions, this frame correction works successfully and copes even with fast fading types as Rayleigh or Rician fading. w For lower mobile speed or stationary use, the fading has a bigger influence on the bit error rate and hence the speech quality is reduced. w In such a case, a degradation margin must be applied. The margin depends on the mobile speed and the usage of slow frequency hopping, which can improve the situation for slow mobiles again.



169


Diversity Gainw This designates the optional usage of a second receiverantenna. w The second antenna is placed in a way, which provides some decorrelation of the received signals. w In a suitable combiner, the signals are processed in order to achieve a sum signal with a smaller fading variation range. w Depending on the receiver type, the signal correlation, and the antenna orientation, a diversity gain from 26dB is possible.



170


Lognormal marginw Lognormal margin is also called fading margin w Due to fading effects, the minimum isotropic power is only received with a certain probabilitye s Signal statistics, lognormal distribution with median power value Fmd and standard deviation (sigma) Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to provide a good call success rate. w w A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following normalised table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of . The fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standard deviation: w Lognormal/FadingMargin=k .

k

-

-0.5

0

1

1.3

1.65

2

2.33

+

C overage Probability

0%

30%

50%

84%

90%

95%

97.7 %

99%

100 %



171


Consideration of Signal Statistics (1)Field strength at location x lognormally distributed arround Fmdian e

10 0

m

x

100 m

BS



172


Consideration of Signal Statistics (2)PDF0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0

Area representing the coverage probability

Fthreshold

Fmdian e

received signal level F [dBm]

Local coverage probability:Mobile Radio Network Planning

Pcov = P [ F > Fthreshold

]173



Calculation of Coverage Radius RFor what Radius R is the average coverage probability in the cell area 95% ?Frec,md e Loss (r) = EIRP - LossHata (r)H ta a

F re c

= f(hBS , hM , f, r) + Kmr S o

Frec,md e

(r)

Pcov (r)= P(Frec (r) > Frec,thr ) 2 Pcov (r) dr! = 0.95 = 0 RR

F re , th c r

0

R

r

R = f (hBS , hM , f, Kmr , EIRP, Frec,thr ) S oMobile Radio Network Planning

r = distance between BTS and MS Frec = received power = Standard deviation174



Coverage ProbabilityPcov 0,95

(r)1

Pcov = P ( Frec > Frec,thr )

0,5

0 RMobile Radio Network Planning

r175



Coverage Ranges and Hata Correction FactorsClutter typeArea Coverage Probability100%

Cor [dB] [dB] 0 2 4 6 8 10 8 20 15 27 27 6 6 7 7 6 10 8 6 8 5 6

95%Reference Pathloss [dB]

90%155 150

Pcov

85%

145 140 135 130 125 120 115 110

Skyscrapers Dense urban Medium urban Lower urban Residential Industrial zone Forest Agricultural Low tree density Water Open area

80%

75%

Calculation conditions:70% 0,0 1,5 3,0 4,5 6,0 7,5 9,0 10,5

d [km]

Correction = 3; Sigma = 7 hBS = 30 m; hM = 1.7m; f = 900 Mhz S176




Conventional BTS ConfigurationTX and RX

w w

1 BTS Omnidirectional antenna for both TX and RX Coverage Range R0 Coverage Area A0

ALCATEL EvoliumTM

TX

TX 45.4 dBm RX -109dBm

R0 A0



177


Coverage Improvement by Antenna DiversityTX RX and TX

w 1 BTS w Omnidirectional antennass one for both RX and TX s one for RXDIV w Antenna diversity gain (2...6 dB) s Example: 3 dB Coverage range RDiv = 1.23 R0 Coverage area ADiv = 1.5 A0RXDIV

ALCATEL EvoliumTM

R0

TX 45.4 dBm RX -109dBm

RDiv

A0Mobile Radio Network Planning


ADiv

178


Radiation Patterns and Range

sector omni

3 antennas at sector site, Gain: 18 dBi, HPBW: 65Mobile Radio Network Planning

Resulting antenna footprint ("cloverleaf") compared to an 11 dBi omni antenna179



Improvement by Antenna Diversity and Sectorizationw w w 3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi) Antenna diversity (3 dB) Max. coverage range Rsec,div = 1.95 R0 Coverage area Asec,div = 3 A0TX RXDIV

ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM

R0 Rsec,div

Asec,divMobile Radio Network Planning


180


Improvement by Antenna Preamplifier3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi) Antenna diversity (3 dB) Antenna preamplifier (3dB) Max. coverage range Rsec,div,pre = 2.22 R0 Coverage area Asec,div,pre = 3.9 A0

w w w w

TX

w General:Asec = g A0 g: Area gain factor

RXDIV

R0 Rsec,div,pre

ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM ALCATEL EvoliumTM

Asec,div,pre



181

Coverage Planning

Antenna Engineering



182


Omni Antennasw Applications Large area coverage s Umbrella cell for micro cell layer

w Advantagess Continuous coverage around the site s Simple antenna mounting s Ideal for homogeneous terrain

w Drawbackss No mechanical tilt possible s Clearance of antenna required s Densification of network difficult



183


Sector Antennaw Antenna with horizontal HPBW of e.g. 90 or 65 w AdvantagesCoverage can be focussed on special areas Low coverage of areas of no interest (e.g. forest) Allows high traffic load Additional mechanical downtilt possible Wall mounting possible w Drawbacks s More frequencies needed per site compared to omni sites s More hardware needed s Lower coverage area per sector s s s s sMobile Radio Network Planning


184


Typical Applicationsw Wide horizontal beam width (e.g. 90)s For areas with few reflecting and scattering objects (rural area) s Area coverage for 3-sector sites s Sufficient cell overlap to allow successful handovers

w Small horizontal beam width (e.g. 65)s For areas with high scattering (city areas) s Coverage between sectors by scattering and by adjacent sites (mostly site densification in urban areas)



185


Antenna Tiltw Downtilting of the Antenna main beam related to thehorizontal line w Goals: s Reduction of overshoot s Removal of insular coverage s Lowering the interference s Coverage improvement of the near area (indoor coverage) s Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones) w Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtilt



186


Mechanical Downtiltw Advantagess Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible s Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and side lobes remain in their position relative to the main beam s Cost effective (single antenna type may be used) s Fast adjustments possible

w Drawbackss Side lobes are less tilted s Accurate adjustment is difficult s Problems for sites with difficult accessMobile Radio Network Planning


187


Electrical Downtiltw Advantagess Same tilt for both downtilt angle main and side lobes s Antenna mounting is more simple no adjustment errors

=0 =t =2t =3t

= delay time

w Drawbackss Introduction of additional antenna types necessary s New antenna installation at the site if downtilting is introduced s Long antenna optimization phase s Adjustment of electrical tilt mostly not possibleMobile Radio Network Planning


188


Combined Downtiltw Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilts High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in sidelobe direction (interference reduction) s Less mechanical uptilt in main beam direction

w Choose sector antennas with high electrical downtilt(6...8) and apply mechanical uptilt installation for optimum coverage range in main beam direction



189


Assessment of Required Tiltsw Required tilt is estimated using Geometrical Optics w Consideration ofs s s s s Vertical HPBW of the antenna Antenna height above ground Height difference antenna/location to be covered Morpho-structure in the vicinity of the antenna Topography between transmitter and receiver location

w Tilt must be applied for both TX and RX antennas!



190


Inter Site Distance in Urban Areaw Using sectorized sites withantennas of 65 horizontal half power beam width s The sidelobe is X approximately reduced by 10dB. s This is a reduction of cell range to 50%. w The inter site distance calculation factor depends on s Type of antenna s Type of morpho classq Multi path propagation q Scattering q Sigma (fading variations)

X A B

R2

0.5* R2



191


Downtilt in Urban AreaSite A Tilt 2 Tilt 2 Site B

M

ai n

be am

de Si

lo

be

Cell range R2 Inter Site Distance A-B = 1.5* R2

0.5* R2



192


Downtilt in Urban Areaw The upper limit of the vertical half power beam widthis directed towards the ground at maximum cell range s Upper 3dB point of the vertical antenna pattern w To be used in areas with s Multi path propagation condition s Good scattering of the beam w Aim s Reduction of interference w Optimization s Coverage Optimization in isolated cases using less downtilt s Interference Reduction in isolated cases using more downtilt



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Downtilt in Suburban and Rural Areaw Downtilt planning fors Suburban s Rural s Highway Coverage w The main beam is directed towards the ground at maximum cell rangeTilt 1 Tilt 1

Site C

Ma in b eam

Site Din Ma m bea

Cell range R1 Inter Site Distance C-D = 2* R1Mobile Radio Network Planning

Cell range R1


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Antenna configurationsw Application of Duplexers Consists of a TX/RX Filter and a combiner one antenna can be saved w Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) s Increase Uplink Sensitivity s TMA needs to have TX bypass => in case of duplexer usage w Diversity s Space diversity s Polarization diversity

Rx/Tx

Duplex Filter

Tx Rx To BTS195



GSM RNE Fundamentalsw Antenna Configurations for Omni and Sector Sites

Pole mounting for roof-top mounting

Rx div

Rx

Tx

Pole mounting for wall or parapet mounting Tower mounting for omni antennas Tower mounting for directional antennas



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Three Sector Antenna Configuration with AD



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Antenna Engineering Rulesw Distortion of antenna pattern: No obstacles withins Antenna near field range s HPBW Rule plus security margin of 20 s First fresnel ellipsoid range (additional losses!) w TX-RX Decoupling to avoid blocking and intermodulation s Required minimum separation of TX - RX antennas dependent on antenna configuration (e.g. duplexer or not) w Diversity gain s Required antenna separation for space diversity



198


Distortion of antenna patternw Antenna Near Field Range: Rmin = 2D/s D = Aperture of antenna (e.g. 3m) s => Rmin = 60 / 120m for GSM / DCS

w HPBW Rule with securtiy margin of 20 and tilt

H

= HPBW/2 + 20 + 1 5 10 0.5 2.5 5199

D[m] Roof Top = Obstacle H[m] DMobile Radio Network Planning


HPBW = 8, = 2


Tx-Rx Decoupling (1)w Out of Band Blocking Requirement (GSM Rec. 11.21)s GSM 900 = +8 dBm s GSM 1800 = 0 dBm w Required Decoupling (n = number of transmitters) s TX-TX = 20 dB s TX-RX GSM = 30 + 10 log (n) dB s TX-RX DCS = 40 + 10 log (n) dBP [dBm]-13

Receiver Pout Characteristic fuse fint TX RX Pblock Pin200

P1dB

-101

n*200kHz

fuseMobile Radio Network Planning

fint f[MHz]



TX-RX Decoupling (2)w Horizontal separation (Approximation)Isolation for Horizontal Separation - omni 11dBi45

dHIsolation [dB]

40 35 30 25 20 159. 7 10 .4 10 .8 11 .2 11 .6 12 12 .4 12 .8 13 .2 13 .6 14 14 .4 14 .8 15 .2 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 4. 7 5. 7 6. 7 7. 7 8. 7

GSM1800 GSM900

I =22+20log(d )-(G +G ) [dB] /H H T R

Separation [m ]



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TX-RX Decoupling (3)w Vertical separation (Approximation)Iso la tion fo r V e rtica l S e p a ra tio n70

dvMastIsolation [dB]

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Se p ar atio n [m ]

GSM1800 GSM900

dmIV =28+40log(d / [dB] ) V



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Space Diversityw Required separation for max. diversity gain = F( )

RXA dH RXA RXB dV RXB

For a sufficient low correlation coefficient < 0.7:dH = 20 => GSM 900: 6m / GSM1800: 3m dV = 15 => GSM 900: 4.5m / GSM1800: 2.25mMobile Radio Network Planning


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GSM RNE FundamentalsQuasi-Omni Configuration

Power Dividerw Power dividers connect severalantennas to one feeder cable

w For combination of individualantenna patterns for a requested configuration s Quasi-omni configuration s Bidirectional configuration (road coverage)

4-to-1 Power splitter (6 dB loss)

To BTS: Duplexer output (TX plus RX diversity)Mobile Radio Network Planning


To BTS: Receiver input204


w Power dividers Also called "power splitter" or "junction box" s Passive device (works in both (transmit and receive) direction)Pin 2 3 dB Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 4 6 dB Pin 4 Pin 4

4.5 dB

Pin

Pin

Pin



205

GSM RNE FundamentalsExample: Power Splitter



206


Panel Configurations (1)w Radial Arrangementof 6 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 gain = 16.5 dBi, mast radius = 0.425 m, mounting radius = 0.575 m



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Panel Configurations (2)w Example 2: Quasi Omni Arrangementof 3 antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 , gain =13.5 dBi, mounting radius = 4 m



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Panel Configurations (3)w Example 3: Skrew Arrangement

of 4 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 65 , gain = 12.5 dBi, mast radius = 1 m, mounting radius = 1.615 m



209


Feedersw Technical summary w Inner conductor: Copper wire w Dielectric:Low density foam PE copper tube Polyethylene (PE) blackDielectric Jacket Inner conductor uter conductor O

w Outer conductor: Corrugated w Jacket:



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Feeder Installation Set and Connectors

1 Cable Clamps 2 Antenna Cable 3 Double Bearing 4 Counterpart 5 Anchor tapeMobile Radio Network Planning

7/16 Connector: Coaxial Connector Robust Good RF-Performance3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01211


Feeder ParametersType Minimum bending radius Jacket (outer diameter) Weight (m) Recommended clamp spacing Single bending LCF 1/2 LCF 7/8 LCF 1 5/8 70 mm 120 mm 300 mm Repeated bending 210 mm 360 mm 900 mm 16 mm 28 mm 49.7 mm 0.35 kg 0.62 kg 1.5 kg 0.6 m 0.8 m 1.2 m

GSM 900Type

GSM 1800

GSM 1900

Attenuation Recommended Attenuation Recommended Attenuation Recommended / 100 m [dB] max length [m] /100 m [dB] max length [m] /100 m [dB] max length [m] LCF 1/2 6

Documents

B8 RNE Fundamentals Ed01