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Aye Chans Enclave with Influx VirusestdrfeD;csif;Ed kifiHe,ferdwftwGif;usonfh e,fy,fydkifeufodkU

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OD;at;csrf;onf ==uREfkyfwdkUwGifordkif;aMumif;aemufcHrsm;udk ta0;BuD;oGm;Munfh &efrvdkyg++[k olUudk,fol ordkif;ynm&SifokcrdefBuD;wpfOD;uJhodkU tcdkiftrmajymqdkaomfvnf; olonfcdkifrmaom ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk jiif;qdkaMumif;awGU&onf/ uJhodkU rdrdvdk&mqGJordkif;aMumif;rsm;onf ordkif;aMumif;rSefudk trSefwu,f az:jy&mra&mufbJ rdrdESihfrdrdvlrsdK;

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bmompum;? t,l0g' rwlnDaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; OD;at;csrf;u =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpfa&G;cs,foHk;EIH;jcif;onf tpGef;a&muf&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkU\ tmCmw&efjidK;w&m;udk a&mifjyef[yfaejcif;yifonf/

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ppfwyftiftm;(50000)ESihf 4if;wdkUxdrf;jrm;vufxyfcJhaom a'ocHtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESihf olwdkU\om;orD;rsm;wdkU =ukvm;wef+jrpf0Srf;wpfavQmuf tajccsaexdkifcJhonfrsm;udk rodusdK;uRefjyKxm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/(13)olUpmwrf;udk avhvmawGU&Sd&onfrSm OD;at;csrf;onf tvGefw&m tpGef;a&mufbufvdkufolwpfOD;jzpfNyD; =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ xif&S m;aom ordkif;taxmuftxm;

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tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; =Arm+rif;0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufjcif;tay: ta&;BuD;tcsuftvufrsm;xdefcsefjcif;OD;at;csrf;onf ol\pmwrf;a&;om;jyKpk&mwGif ta&;BuD;onfh tcsufwpfcsufudk

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twif;t"r ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ i,f&G,fEkysd Kaom rdefuav;rsm;udkvnf; rdbwdk U\ oabmqErygbJ twif;t"r ac:aqmifoGm;cJhHkomru r&Sdqif;&Jom;wd kU\ Opmypnf;rsm;udkvnf;twif;t"r vk,loGm;cJhonf/(14) tjcm;b*Fvm;bufrS &&Sdaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&ppfwaumif;odk U xGufajy;cdkvIHcJhaom tm(&f)um(ef)a'ocHvlrsdK;wdkUonf ppfwaumif;cdkif==pCFm++ jrpfwpfavQmufaexdkifcJh&onf++[kqdkonf/(15)

pma&;q&m Charney \ udk;um;csufudk OD;at;csrf;jyefqdkxm;onfrS m ==tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkiftm; Armrif; ppfatmifEdkifNyD;rS a'ocHvltcsdKUudk Armjynftv,fydkif;odk U jynfESif'PfydkUcJhonf/ t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifudk odrf;ydkufaomtcg tm(&f)um(ef)&ckdifjynfvlOD;a&onf tvGefUtvGefenf;yg;onf/ tvGefajrqDMoZmaumif;rGefaom ukvm;wefjrpfESihfav;NrdKUjrpfwpfavQmuf&Sda'orsm;wGif,cifu qefa&pyg; tvGefjzpfxGef;cJhaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfa&mufaomtcg 4if;a'oonf taSmufayguf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajrdkif;jzpfaecJhonf/(Charney 1999:279)

OD;at;csrf;onf ol\ Influx Viruses pmtkyf qdkxm;onfrSm ==NAdwdoQwdkU&cdkifa'oudk odrf;ydkufvQif odrf;ydkufcsif; tdEd,wGif cdkvHIaecJhaom ajrmufjrm;pGmaom &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUonfarG;&yfXmaeodkU jyefa&mufvmcJhonf/ 4if;xJrS wpfcsd KUonf ppfawG? ausmufjzLESihfoHwGJNrdKUrsm;wGif tajccsaexdkifcJhNyD; wpfcsdKUvnf; rlvae&ma'orsm; tajccsaexdkifEdkif&efBudK;yrf;cJhonf++(16)

rSefygonf/ =jrefrm+wyf\ csif;eif;0ifa&mufrIaMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'ocHwdkUonftvGefupOfhuvsm;jzpfcJhNyD; ajrmufjrm;pG maom jynfolwdkUonfvnf; rl&if;XmaerS xGufajy;cJh&onf/ ==(1826)ckESpf t*Fvdyfwdk U\ oef;acgifpm&if;t& tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a&onfOD;a&(100000)xufrausmfcJhay/ (1831)ckESpfwGif (173000)od kU jzpfvmNyD; (1839)ckESpfwGif (248000)odk U jzpfvmum (1902)ckESpfwGif (762102)od kU vlOD;a& wjznf;jznf;wdk;vmcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/++(17) odomxif&Sm;onfrS m xGufajy;oGm;cJ haom 'kuonfrsm;xJrStm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfodkU vlOD;a&tydkif;tpavmufom jyef0ifvmcJhonf/ =jrefrmrif;+ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk odrf;ydkufcJhpOfu 4if;wGif vlOD;a&rnfrQ&Sdoenf;/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oonf b*Fvm;a'oeSifh ESpfaygif;(300)ausmf tvGefeD;uyfpGm ul;vl;qufqHrI &SdcJhojzihf=jrefrmrif;+ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk rodrf;ydkufcif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a&onf=&cdkifAk'bmom+vlOD;a&ESihf =dk[if*smtpvmrf+vlOD;a&wd kU nDwlnDrQ&Sdonf[k cefUrSef;&onf/usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfrIt& qufpyfaz:jy&vQif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf The aboriginal DravadianKula Stock (ac:) tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o\ a&S;a[mif;a'ocHvlrsdK;wdkUrS qif;oufvmaomvlrsdK;jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? =e&rdwfvS+ eef;wufcsdefESihf 4if;aemufydkif;uvwpfavQmuf yg&Sef(,cktD&ef)ppfonfwd kU a&muf&SdvmonfuwpfaMumif;eSihf b*Fvm;uRefrsm;tm; tm(&f)um(ef)

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&cdkifa'oodkU a&mif;0,fazgufum;aecJh&mrS tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkU\OD;a&onf =&cdkif+vlrsdK;wdkU\ vlOD;a&ESihf nDwlnDrQjzpfaMumif; cefUrSef;&onf/ ydkodomxif&Sm;onfrS m =ppfwaumif;+cdkifa'oodkU xGufajy;oG m;aom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;wdkUESihf 4if;a'ood kU twlwpfuG xGufajy;oG m;aom =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf aemifwGif ppfwaumif;cdkif a'ocHvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf

a&maESmaexdkifcJhonf[k ,lq&onf/txufaz:jyyg qufpyfrIonf NAdwdoQudkvdkeDordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;ESihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifordkif;udk tqufrjywf avhvmaeaom taemufwdkif;ordkif;ynm&SifwdkUu txl;ta&;BuD;aomudpwpf&yftjzpf udkifwG,fraqmif&GufonfrS m tvGef0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;vSonf/ xdkodkUurmUordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; qdwfqdwfaejcif;aMumihf ,ckuJhod kU &cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'D ordkif;ynm&SifOD;at;csrf;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU b*Fvm;rS b*FgvDrsm; aexdkifvmjcif;aMumihfa'owGif =dk[if*sm+vlOD;a& wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmaMumif; ponfjzih f qifjcifoHk;oyfaeonf/b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)bufrS cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& jrefrmrif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfudkodrf;ydkufpOf jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlowfyGJumvtwGif; ajrmufjrm;pG maom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf

=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkU ppfwaumif;a'oodkU xGufajy;cJhjcif;aMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif vlOD;a& qdwfokef;cJh&onf/ odkU a'owGif; vlOD;a& qdwfokef;cJh&jcif;onf =&cdkif+vlrsdK;wpfpkwnf;ESihfoufqdkifonf[k r,lq&bJ ,if;a'orS =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUvnf; wpfcsdefwnf;wpfygwnf;xGufajy;cJhjcif;aMumihfvnf;jzpfonf/(18)

=jrefrmrif;+ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk rodrf;ydkufcif ppfwaumif;a'oESihfywfoufordkif;q&mJaeques leider u rSwfcsufjyKonfrSm ==(16)&mpkaESmif;ydkif;umv tm(&f)um(ef) &cdkifrif;\ rEdkifreif; e,fy,fcsJUxGifrIaMumihftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihfb*Fvm;a'otMum; toHk;rwnfhaom =Mum;cHe,fajr+jyifBuD; us,fjyefUpGm &SdaecJhNyD; 4if;a'oonf Waste Land (ac:)

toHk;rwnfhaom e,fajrjzpfaecJhonf/ yrmtm;jzihfajym&vQif ppfwaumif;ajrmufbufa'o&Sd

Feni ESihfNoakahalijrpf0Srf;a'owdkUwGifvlOD;a& tvGefusJcJhonf/++(19)tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk Armrif; csif;eif;0ifa&mufrodrf;ydkufcif txufaz:jyyg ppfw

aumif;cdkif vlaeusJyg;cJh&aom ae&ma'ojzpf&jcif;onfum;Mough-Portuguese Piracy(ac:)&cdkif-ay:wl*DwdkU yl;aygif;BuHpnf"jrwdkufrIaMumihfvnf;aumif;? b*FgvDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;NyD;uReftjzpf a&mif;0,fjcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif; ppfwaumif;wpf0dkuf e,fajra'orsm;onfWasteLand (ac:) jyKef;wD;e,fajrrsm; jzpfcJhonf[k ordkif;uqdkonf/

tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfudk =Arm+rif;tkyfcsKyfpOfumvtwGif; tvGefw&m pdk;&drfxdwfvefUaecJhaom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;ESihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf =ewf+jrpfudk vG,fulpGmjzwfoef; =ppfwaumif;+

a'owGif tajccsaexddkifcJhonf/ xGufajy;vmolrsm; tajccsaexdkifaom 4if;=ppfwaumif;+a'oonf ,cifu =&cdkif"jr+ESihf =ay:wl*D"jr+wdkU tBudrfBudrf0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufrIaMumihf vlOD;a&qdwfokef;cJh&onf/

OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tjzpf xif[yfap&ef ==NAdwdoQt*FvdyfwdkUonf ajrqDMoZmtvGefaumif;rGefaom tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif v,f,mpdkufysdK;

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a&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifEdkif&eftwGuf wpfzufEdkifiHrS =b*FgvD+vlrsdK;rsm;udk tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otwGif;odkU a&TUajymif;aexdkif&efrl0g' csrSwfcJhonf/++ (pm-17)

tHhMop&mr[kwfay/ OD;at;csrf;onf t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk odrf;ydkufatmifjrifNyD; =jrefrmrif;+acwfu b*Fvm;EdkifiHokdU xGufajy;oGm;aom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;

jyefvnf0ifa&muf aexdkifcJhonfudk rl&if;a'oEdkifiHodkU jyefa&mufvmolrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKaz:jycJhaomfvnf; =dk[if*sm+wdkU jyefvmcJhonfudkrl tav;rrl *krpdkufbJ =rGef*dkvGdKuf('f)+rsdK;EG,f0ifr[kwfaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; jyefvnftajccsaexdkif&aumif;vm;[k t*FvdyfwdkUtay:apm'uwufcJhonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; arG;&yfXmaeodkU aexdkifvmjcif;tay:=ppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm;+[k pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhonf/ t*Fvdyfra&mufvmcif =jrefrmrif;+vufxufESpfaygif;(40)rQ tMurf;zufEdSyfpufcH&aom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf &cdkifa'oeSihf Owk&moD?awmawmifa&ajr? obm0oGifjyifcsif;wlnDaom =ppfwaumif;cdkif+a'owGif &cdkif? dk[if*smtwlwpfuG aexdkifcJhonfh taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk OD;at;csrf;od&Sdygvsuf =dk[if*sm+

wdkU rl&if;XmaeodkU jyef0ifvmonfudk =ppfwaumif;om;rsm;+[k t&SufrJhpG m twif;ajymqdkvmjcif;jzpfonf/ NAdwdoQwd kU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk odrf;ydkufNyD; rsdK;qufwpfqufpmavmufaomtcsdefumv wdkif;jynfat;csrf;om,mNidrf0yfydjym;vmaomaMumihf Nostalgia(ac:) rdrdarG;&yfXmaeudk vGrf;aom e*dka'ocH =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; ppfwaumif;a'orSrdrdae&yfodkU jyefvnf0ifa&muf tajccsaexdkifcJhonfudk OD;at;csrf;u =jyemBuD;ozG,f+rsufapmif;xdk;aeonf/

=dk[if*sm+a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;ESihfywfouf OD;at;csrf;ajymqdkonfrS m ==rl&if;a'ood kU jyefvmaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; a&Munf&mjrufEk&m a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;tjzpf wifpm;ajymqdkcJhonf/ jrefrmrif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; odrf;ydkufxm;pOfumvtwGif; a'owGif;vkyfom;tiftm;rsm;\ t&G,ftpm;ESihf4if;yHkyef;o@efrsm; qHk;HI;ysufjym;cJh&onf/++ (pm-17)

vkyfom;tiftm; ysufjym;qHk;HI;cJh&jcif; taMumif;t&if;udk ppfaq;MunhfvQifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;cGifudk uRrf;uRrf;usifusif vkyfudkifwwfaom =dk[if*sm+rsm; =jrefrmrif;+vufxuf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk pGefUcG m ppfwaumif;a'owGif tajccsaexdkifcJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQvufxuf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;aeonfudk pdwfcs,HkMunf rdrdae&yfXmaeodkUjyefvnf0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;udk =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpf OD;at;csrf;uawGUjrifaeonf/

OD;at;csrf;az:jyxm;onfrSm

==tpyxrwGiftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'ood kU pdkufysdK;

a&;&moDvkyfom;rsm;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ pyg;&dwfodrf;NyD;vQif rdrdXmaeod kU jyefoGm;cJhonf/++ (pm-17)

&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajym&vQif =Armrif;+ tkyfpdk;aepOfumvtwGif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oonf Oya'rJhtMurf;zuftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif usa&mufcJhojzifh ppfwaumif;a'oodkU =dk[if*sm+rsm; xGufajy;cdkvHIcJh&onf/ xdkolrsm;rS wpfcsdKUonf pdkufysdK;&moDwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodkU

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vma&mufpdkufysdK;vkyfudkifcJhonf/ xdktcsdefonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o tvGefrif;rJhpdkufvTrf;rdk;aeaom tcsdefjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm;Mogher Mullukac:Lawless Society(ac:) tMurf;zufvlaerItodkif;t0dkif;tjzpf ac:a0:cJhonf/ (20)

NAdwdoQt*Fvdyfvufxuf wdkif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;NyD; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;onf htcg =jrefrmrif;+

vufxuf b*Fvm;a'ood kU xGufajy;cdkvHIoGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'ood kU jyefa&mufvmNyD; bdk;bGm;bDbifwd kU ydkifqdkifcJhaom v,f,majrrsm;tay: tajccsaexdkifcJhonfudk rnfodkUrQ jiif;y,fr&Edkifay/ txuf odomxif;&Sm;onfh taxmuftxm;udkOD;at;csrf;u jiif;y,fz,fcsNyD; OD;at;csrfonf =dk[if*sm+wd kUtm; =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpfawGUjrifcJhonf/ xdkUtjyif =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkUvufxuf jrefrmjynf =&efukefNrdKU+tESHUodkU a&TUajymif;aexdkifvmcJhaom =tdEd,rS a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;+ESihf a&maxG;um =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ rlvjzpfwnfrIudk vdkonfxufydk yHkBuD;csJUxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/

OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrS m ==ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;rsm;pGmwdkUonf v,f,majrydkifqdkif

a&;wnf;[laom OD;wnfcsufjzihftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oodk U a&TUajymif;vmcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkU\w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya't& odomxif&Sm;onfrSm (20)&mpktapmydkif;umvwGifv,f,majrydkifqdkifa&;ESifhywfouf w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rsm;ESihfywfouf&mtrIwGJrsm; tvGefrsm;jym;cJhonf/++ (pm-17)

OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wd kU tvGefa&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfwwfaom vlrsdK;tjzpf oufaoxlEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ xdkodkUBudK;yrf;&m =dk[if*sm+wdkU v,f,majrydkifqdkifa&;ESihfywfouf t*Fvdyfw&m;Hk;wGif ajrmufjrm;pG maom trIrsm;udk uvdefqif aqmif&GufcJhonf[kqdkonf/

tjcm;wpfzufrS MunfhjrifoHk;oyfvQifvnf; OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+[k trnf

wyfrqdkvdkaomfvnf; ==ajrmufjrm;pGmaom =dk[if*sm+jynfolrsm;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfudk=jrefrmrif;+ odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf =b*Fvm;+a'oodk U xGufajy;oGm;cJhNyD; 4if;wdk Uonf rdrdwdkUpGefUvTwfoGm;cJh&aom e,fajrrsm;tm; =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf =Arm+vlrsd K;rsm;u =Armrif;+vufxufe,fajrrsm;tm; odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;tay: NAdwdoQvufxufwGif =dk[if*sm+wdk U 4if;odrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm; jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGufw&m;Hk;wGifw&m;&ifqdkifcJhonf/++ [k&Sif;vif;jyefonf/

jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmolrsm;[k oHk;oyfMunfh&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf =Arm+rif; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'ood kU csif;eif;0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufcJhjcif;ESihf ajrmufjrm;pG maom ppfyGJtedXmHkaMumihfwpfzuf b*Fvm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;,E&m;\ taxmuftxm;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& =ppfwaumif;+a'owGif =&cdkif+ =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; rnfrQxd vlOD;a&rsm;jym; wdk;yGm;vmcJhonfudk OD;at;csrf;u*krpdkuf OayumjyKcJhonf/ xdkUaMumihf OD;at;csrf; a&;om;aom pmtkyfyg wifjycsufrsm;udktjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf a&SUaemuf rnDGwfaom pum;tquftpyfESihftaMumif;t&mqufEG,faom t"duudptaMumif;t&mrsm;udk xdefcsefa&;om;xm;ojzihf ol\wifjyygtcsuftvufrsm; aqG;aEG;&mwGif twm;tqD;t[efUtwm;rsm; jzpfaponf/

OD;at;csrf;onf wnf&SdNyD; ESpfzufa'o(b*Fvm;-tm(&f )um(ef)) tjyeftvSef ,Ofaus;rItaxmuftxm;ESihf t"duxif&Sm;onfh ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udk olUpmwrf;wGif oufao

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taxmuftxm;rsm;tjzpf vHk;0wifjy raqG;aEG;cJhay/ 4if;jzpf&yfaMumihf ola&;om;aompmwrf;onf jynfhpHkaom pmwrf;jyKpkjcif;wpfck r[kwfay/ 4if;pmwrf;onf ajrmufjrm;pGmaomIyfaxG;ayGvDrIudk jzpfay:apNyD; =dk[if*sm+wd kU\ yuwdwnf&SdrIudk wrifoufouf rodusdK;uRefjyKum ordkif;taMumif;t&mrsm;udk azsmufzsufapvdkaom oabmaqmifonf/ OD;at;csrf;\

todomqHk;aom xdefcsefa&;om;csufwpfckrS m olonf wpfzufwGif =dk[if*sm+ESihfywfoufaoa&;&Sifa&;wrQ qefUusifaeolwpfOD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufwGif =Arm+rif;vufxuf=Armjynf+bufrS =Arm+vlrsdK;rsm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif tajccsaexdkifrItay: a&iHkEIwfydwfaecJhonf/ txuftaMumif;t&mudk oHk;oyfjcif;jzihf olonf =Arm+vlrsdK;rsm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif tajccsaexdkifjcif;tay: ESpfNcdKufoabmus[ef&Sdonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tm; tvGeftE&m,f&Sdaom aMumufrufzG,f vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf wifjyxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/

OD;at;csrf;onf tjcm;aom taMumif;t&mwpfcsdKUudkvnf; OayumjyKxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/ olonf t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkUvufxuf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif b*Fvm;a'orS

jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom =&cdkif+vlrsdK;eSihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tjyif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; OD;a&wdk;yGm;vmjcif;onf v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeaom=dk[if*sm+wdkUu tpvmrf"avhxHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& wpfOD;xufydkaom trsdK;ordD;rsm;tm;vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;aMumihf vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmcJhjcif;omjzpfonf/ 4if;tcsufonf =&cdkif+Ak'bmomvlrsdK;ESihf rwlnDaom tcsufyifjzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf;onf ol\,lqcsufudk oufaoxl&efBudK;pm;&m rMumcP 0da&m"djzpfaeaMumif;awGU&onf/ OD;at;csrf;onf NAdwdoQwdkU aumuf,laom vlOD;a&ppfwrf; ArakaneseMuslimsrsm;udk Indians[kvnf;aumif;? wpfcsdKUae&mwGif =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+[kvnf;aumif;

rSwfcJhonf[k az:jyxm;onf/ OD;at;csrf;onf (21)&mpkwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tm; udk;uG,f&mbmom,HkMunfrIESih f vlrsdK;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;jzihf =dk[if*sm+

rsm; EdkifiHom;tcGih fta&; &xdku?fr&xdkuf pHcsdefpHTef;(Criteria) owfrSwfcsuf qHk;jzwfay;jcif;onf t*FvdyfwdkU (18)&mpku wifusefcJhonfh rSm;,Gif;aom wifjycsufrsm;tay: wwrf;wrf;taightaxhjzpfaejcif;jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;udk jcHKiHkoHk;oyfMunhfvQif OD;at;csrf; uHraumif;taMumif;rvSonfrS m olonf yiftyfwdk(w&m;r0ifdk[if*smrsm;)wpfacsmif;udk aumufdk;yHkxJtm;pdkuf&SmazGaejcif;yifjzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf; bmoma&; taMumufw&m; vTrf;rdk;cHae&jcif;

OD;at;csrf;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;tMum; pdwfZa0Z0gjzpfap&ef olonf NAdwdoQ tpdk;&wdkUtm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; vlrsdK;? bmom? omoem cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfjcif;tay: csD;usL;axmyemjyKxm;onf/ OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrS m ==NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;tpdk;&onf rGwfqvifaus;&Gmaevlxkrsm;tm; bmoma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGihfudk twdkif;twmwpfcktxdcsD;jrSihfcJhonf/ e,fpyfa'owGif =ppfwaumif;+rS topfa&TUajymif;vmolrsm; aus;&Gmvlxk tzGJUtpnf;rsm; rnfuJhod kU xlaxmifEdkifcJhoenf;/ a&TUajymif;vmrGwfqvifwdkUonf =Arm+rif;vufxuf

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xGufajy;oGm;aom =&cdkif+vlrsd K;rsm;\ aus;&Gmaetdrfrsm;wGif toifhae&m,l tdk;tdrfrsm;xlaxmifcJhonf/++ (pm-19)

tvGeftHhMozG,faumif;onfrS m =dk[if*sm+rsm; topf0ifa&mufaexdkifvmonfudk=Armrif;+ vufxuf =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;enf;wl =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; xGufajy;cdkvIHoGm;cJhonfudkOD;at;csrf; em;rvnfEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ odomxif&Sm;onfrS m =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf rdrdarG;&yfXmaeodkU a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; bk&m;ykxdk;apwDrsm; rwnfaqmufcJhay/ trSefpifppf c&pf,efwdkUonf c&pf,efbk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhrnfjzpfNyD; Ak'bmom0ifwdkUonf bk&m;ykxdk;apwDrsm;udk wnfaqmufrnfjzpfum rGwfqvifwdkUonfvnf; rdrdwdkU aus;&G mae&mrsm; AvDrsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ txuftaMumif;t&mqufpyfrIudk OD;at;csrf;u &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; raz:jyxm;ay/

1942ckESpfwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkiftm; *syefwd kU usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf ==dk[if*sm++wdkU\

tedXmHk pwifjcif;ou&mZf 1784 ckESpfwGif =Armrif;+ &cdkifjynfudk rw&m;odrf;ydkufjcif;ESihf 1826 ckESpfwGifudkvdkeDNAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvmjcif;aMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oae jynfolrsm;tay: usa&mufcJhaom tedXmHktrsdK;rdsK;aMumihf a'owGif;jynfolrsm;\ vlrIb0taxGaxG ysufjym;&jcif;tay: rauseyfEdkifao;aom =&cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'D+ wdkUonf 1942 ckESpfwGif zufqpf*syefwd kU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; odrf;ydkufjcif;ESihf aemufqufwGJ vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf; (dk[if*sm-&cdkif)topfwpfckudk zefwD;cJhonf/ 4if;t"dukPf; aemufqufwGJjyemaMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf vlrIb0taxGaxGqHk;IH;cJhonf/

OD;at;csrf;qufpyfaz:jyxm;onfrS m ==zufqpf*syefavwyfonf Akyabac: =ppfawG+Nrd KUtm; 1942 ckESpf? rwfv? 23 &ufaeUwGif AHk;BuJwdkufcdkufcJhaomaMumihf NAdwdoQtpdk;&onfolwd kU\ tkyfcsKyfa&;XmecsKyftm; rwfv-30&ufaeUwGif tdEd,od kU ajymif;a&TUcJhonf/ 1942ckESpf? {NyDv? (13)&ufaeUrSpwif *syefwd kUonf =ppfawG+NrdKUtm; Martial Law(ac:) ppftrdefUOya'jzihf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpwif vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif; y#dyuESih f vlrIa&; rwnfNidrfrIrsm; pwifcJhonf/(Owen-1946:26) (pm-22) olqufvufa&;om;xm;onfrS m ==tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGifvlrsdK;t"dukPf; pwifjzpfyGm;jcif;ESihfywfouf xif&Sm;aompma&;q&m wpfOD;jzpfonfh Moshe Yegaru a&;om;xm;onfrSm 1942 ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdk U tdEd,odkUqkwfcGmoGm;onfhtcg Arakanese Hoodlumsac: &cdkifvlqdk;*dkPf;0if &mZ0wfaumifrsm;onftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;a'o&Sd rGwfqvifaus;&Gmrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf/tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;a'oae rGwfqvifwdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'oodkUa&TUajymif;oGm;NyD; bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,f&Sd &cdkifvlrsd K;rsm;tm; tjyeftvSef uvJhpm;acscJhonf/ (Yegar 1972:67) odkUaomfjim;vnf; =&cdkif+vlrsd K;rsm;\ taxmuftxm;wpfckt&*syefwdkU0ifa&mufvmNyD;aemuft*FvdyfNAdwdoQtpdk;& NydKvJoGm;onhftcg ajryHkNrdKUe,f? ,yfacsmif;aus;&GmolBuD;ESihf 4if;\ nDESpfOD;tm;Kula ac: rGwfqvifaus;&Gmom;rsm;u owfjzwfcJhonf/

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=&cdkif+trsdK;om;ESpfOD;jzpfaom =odef;ausmfatmif+ ESihf =ausmf&+wdkUonf vlwpfcsdKUudk pnf;Hk;NyD;=ukvm;+aus;&Gmrsm;tm; wdkufcdkufcJhaomaMumihfvltcsdKUaoqHk;cJhonf/++ (&cdkiftrsdK;om;aumifpD1986;36)(pm-21)

OD;at;csrf;onf tvGefqdk;oGrf;uvdefuuspfusonfh wpfzufapmif;eif; &cdkif

trsdK;om;aumifpD\ udk;um;csufudk &nfTef;xm;NyD; =ukvm;+qdkonfrS m =dk[if*sm+rsm;omjzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf; qufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm ==&maygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;ae rGwfqvifwdk Uonf ajrmufbufod kU xGufajy;cJhonf/ xdkUtjyift*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdk U yJcl;wdkif;ESih f &cdkifawmifydkif;a'orS qkwfcGmcJh&jcif;aMumih f &cdkifdk;ray:&Sd ya'gif;-awmifukwfawmifMum;vrf;ay:wGiftdEd,'kuonfwpfcsdKU "jrwdkufjcif;cHcJh&onf/++ (pm-22)

txufaz:jyyg OD;at;csrf;\ wifjycsufrSefuefvQif OD;at;csrf;\ e*dkrlvxifjrif,lqcsufjzpfaom =dk[if*sm+rsm; =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+ jzpfonf[laom ,lqcsufonfol\ az:jycsufESihf uGJvGJaeaMumif; awGU&onf/ qdkvdkonfrS m tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;a'orS ajrmufydkif;a'oodkU a&TUajymif;oG m;aom rGwfqvifwdkUonf =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpfrxifjrif&bJ tm(&f)um(ef)awmifydkif;a'orS e*dkrl&if;a'ocH =dk[if*sm+rsm;omjzpfaMumif;xif&Sm;aeonf/

1942 ckeSpfwGif jzpfcJhaom vlrIa&;t"dukPf;ESihfywfouf OD;at;csrf; qufpyfa&;om;onfrS m ==odkU&mwGif owfjzwfrI? vk,ufrIESihf t"rjyKusihfrIESihfqdkif&m owif;rsm;onfcsJUum;ajymqdkjcif;omjzpfaMumif; ( Ba Maw 1968:78)?NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o\ uHMurmtm; =Arm+rsm;ESihf=&cdkif"jr+wdkU vufxJwGiftyfESHcJhNyD; xGufajy;cJhonf++ (pm-22)

pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,fawGU&onfrS m OD;at;csrf;taejzihf =&cdkifvlqdk;*kPf;0if+wdkU=dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf owfjzwfcJhonfudk ="jr+[komac:qdkNyD; =zufqpf+ [kac:qdk&ef 0efav;aeaMumif;awGU&onf/ trSefpifppf rGwfqvifwdkUtay: owfjzwfcJhaomtpkvdkuftNyHKvkduf owfjzwfyGJtm; 1939 ckeSpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;

uGef*&uf(ANC)\ acgif;aqmifqdkolrsm;ESihf 4if;wdkU\ aemufvdkuftzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfaom =tpGef;a&muftMurf;zuf&cdkiftrsdK;om;wyfOD;+wd kU yl;aygif;qifETJaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; rsdK;jzKwfokwfoifa&;yifjzpfonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf(ac:)(ANC)tm; tm(&ff)um(ef)&cdkifa'ood kU *syefwyf

ESihf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(BIA) ra&mufcifpyfMum; &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;tm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&efESihf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; rsdK;jzKwfokwfoif&ef zGJUpnf;cJhaomtzGJUjzpfonf/

ol\ pmydk'fwpfavQmufvHk;wifjycsuft& OD;at;csrf;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;omvQif t"dutm;jzihf 'kuonfrsm;jzpfaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ ae&m OD;at;csrf;udk ar;vdkonfrSmt*FvdyfNAdwdoQwd kU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS qkwfcGmcJhNyD; zufqpf*syefvufatmufwGif tppt&m&m tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'ota&;t&mudk aqmif&GufaecJhaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;wd kU\ acgif;aqmifrsm;vufatmufwGif &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm; rnfuJhod kU 'kuonf jzpf&oenf;/ qefUusifbuf

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tm;jzihf awGU&onfrS m zufqpf&cdkiftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwdkUonf =vomwkef; Adkif;iif+ qdkouJhodkU tcGihfomwkef; rGwfqvifvlrsdK;rsm;tm; rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfa&;twGuf &cdkiftpGef;a&muf trsdK;om;0g'Drsm;ESihf owfjzwfyGJqifETJa&;? vIHaqmfa&;rsm;ESihfom tvkyfrsm;aecJhonf/ [kwfygonf/om"utm;jzihfajym&vQif =*smreD+EdkifiHESihf ,cif=,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;+EdkifiHwdkUuJhodkUyif jzpfonf/

1942 ck =dk[if*sm+wd kUtay: qifETJcJhaom wpfzufowfvlowfyGJjzpf&yfaMumihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;ae =dk[if*sm+rsm;onf ajrmufydkif;odkU a&TUajymif;aexdkifcJhonf/ 4if;a'oud k ar,kcdkife,fjcm;a'o[kac:onf/ 4if;ar,kcdkife,fjcm;a'oudk OD;at;csrf;u Illegal Enclave(ac:) =rdrdydkifeufe,fajrtwGif;odkU EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufaexdkifaeaome,fajr+[k rSm;,Gif;pGm ac:qdkaejcif;jzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;jyefonfrS m == Anthony Irwinonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owpfckvHk;tm; *syefodrf;ydkufpOf(3)ESpfwmumvtwGif;No Man's Land(ac:)vlraeaoma'o(odkU)vlr&Sdaoma'otjzpf ac:a0:cJhonf/ (Irwin:1946:27) Irwinonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkif

a'otm; =&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm; oD;jcm;uGJjym;pGm aexdkifonfudk &Sif;vif;xm;onfrSm =NAdwdoQwd kU aemufwzef 0ifa&mufonfhtcgwGifolwdkYqkwfcGmcJhpOfu wnf&SdcJhaomMussulman Country(ac:)rGwfqvifrsm;aexdkif&ma'ojzpfaMumif;ESihfxdka'orsm;rSyift*FvdyfwdkU\ ScoutESihf Agentrsm;tm; kwfodrf;cJhaom a'ojzpfonf/ ppffyGJrjzpfcifu &cdkifa'oweHwvsm;wGifMussulman ESihfMaugh(Arakanese)(ac:)&cdkifvlrsd K;rsm; ysHUESHUpGmaexdkifcJhonf/xdkUaemuf1941 ckeSpfwGiftkyfpkESpfpkonfwdkufyGJpwifcJhawmhonf/ ppfyGJaMumihfMaugh (ac:)&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;tm; odrf;ydkufaexdkifcJhNyD; Mussulman wdkUonfajrmufydkif;a'otm; odrf;ydkufaexdkifcJhonf/++ (Irwin 1946:86)(pm-23)

taMumufw&m;vTrf;rdk;jcif;ESihftwl trkef;w&m;yGm;rsm;jcif;/

jrefrmhwyfrawmfESihf 4if;wdkU\taygif;tygrsm;jzihf pepfwus yHkpHoGif;jyKvkyfxm;aom jrefrmhvlUabmif,Ofaus;rItzGJUtpnf;onf taMumufw&m;rsm;pGmjzihf vTrf;rdk;jcif;cHae&onf/

erlemtm;jzihf OD;at;csrf;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynf\ rGwfqviftodkif;t0dkif;ESihfywfouf qufpyfaz:jyonfudk wifjy&vQif ==NAdwdoQt*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxuf csrSwfay;cJhaom aus;&Gmrsm;zGJUpnf;jyifqifjcif;tufOya'(1924)t& aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDrsm;wGif

tpvmrfbmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;acgif;aqmif =tDrmrf+(ac:)=armfv0D+rsm;ESihf AvDtkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDtzGJU0ifrsm; vIyf&Sm;yg0ifaqmif&GufcGih f &cJhonf/ olwdkUonf aus;&Gmw&m;olBuD;tzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf rGwfqvifaus;&Gmrsm;twGuf bmoma&;qdkif&mrlrsm; csrSwfcGihf&cJhonf/ (Charter1938: 34-38)tenf;qHk; aus;&Gmwpfck&Sd tpvmrfa&;&mw&m;Hk;wpfckwGif tpvmrfh,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&mudp&yfrsm;jzpfaom tdrfaxmifa&;? tarGqufcHcGihfESihf uGm&Sif;jywfqJa&;qdkif&mudprsm;wGif w&m;pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmrsm; &SdcJhonf/ w&m;pD&ifrIqdkif&mudp&yfrsm;wGif

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bufvdkufjcif; r&SdcJhonfhtjyiftpvmrfbmom0ifrGwfqvifr[kwfolrsm;tay:vnf; w&m;pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmrsm; roufa&mufcJhay/ txl;ojzihf ESpfOD;ESpfbufqdkif&mudprsm;jzihf qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mwGif txl;tav;xm; aqmif&GufcJhNyD; aus;&GmvlrItodkif;t0dkif;wGif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd ta&;BuD;onfh tcef;u@rS ta&;ygcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif 'kwd,urmppftwGif;

umvESih f 1948 wpf0dkufwGif Ak'bmom0if&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;rGwfqvifwdk Uonf BuD;rm;pGmaom vlrsdK;a&;y#dyujzihf aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhonf/ ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'orStouf(70)?(80)0ef;usif&Sd vlyk*dKvfwpfcsdKUwdkUonf 1942 ckESpfESihf 1943 ckESpftMum;jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlrsdK;a&;owfjzwfyGJudk ,cktcsdeftxd rarhEdkifao;ay/ 4if;ppfyGJonf NAdwdoQwdkUjrefrmEdkifiHu qkwfcGmcJhonfhtcsdefESihf *syefwd kU &cdkifjynfudk odrf;ydkufcJhaom tcdsefpyfMum;umvjzpfyGm;cJhaom rif;rJhpdkufyifjzpfonf/++

OD;at;csrf;onf 1942 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlowfyGJudk todtrSwfjyKaomfvnf; =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;\ ppfyGJtedXmH k tusdK;oufa&mufrIud kum; todtrSwfrjyKay/

qefUusifbuftjriftm;jzihfajym&vQif tcsdKU=dk[if*sm+oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;\ cefUrSef;ajct&=dk[if*sm+vlOD;a& =40000+cefU owfjzwfcH&aMumif; od&Sd&onf/(21) OD;at;csrf;\ jiif;csufxkwfcsuft& olonf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ taxGaxGvlUtcGihfta&;udk qefUusifaom jrefrmhtMurf;zufwyfrawmftpdk;&\ ay:vpDESihf twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaeoljzpfonf/ wyfrawmftpdk;&ESihf &cdkiftpGef;a&muftrsdK;om;0g'Drsm;onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tay: rvdktyfaomtaMumufw&m;rsm; vTrf;rdk;NyD; trkef;w&m;yGm;rsm;aponfh ordkif;taMumif;t&mrsm;udk zefwD;aejcif;jzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;\ a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;tay: 1942 ckESpfywf0ef;usifavmufudk;dk;omreftjzpftysuf MuHKawGU&olrsm;yifvQif OD;at;csrf;\ raumif;BuHvDq,fa&;om;xkwfa0aeaom pmayta&;tom;rsm;tay: oHo,ruif; IyfaxG;ayGvDjzpfrdrS m trSefyif

jzpfonf/

rvdkvm;tyfaom pdwful;OmPfrsm; BuD;xGm;zGHUNzdK;vmjcif;

OD;at;csrf; qufvuf&Sif;vif;xm;onfrS m ==vlrsdK;pkESpfpktMum; y#dyujzpfyGm;&jcif; tjcm;taMumif;t&if;wpfckrSmZamindary(ac:)t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkU b*Fvm;rS o,faqmifvmaom ajr,mydkifqdkifrI pepfwpfckyifjzpfonf/ pepfatmufwGif NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfolrsm;onfb*FgvDajrydkif&Sifrsm;tm; ESpf(90)ajriSm;*&efjzihf v,f,majraygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk pdkufysdK;xGef,ufcGihf ay;cJhonf/ =jrefrmrif;+vufxuf b*Fvm;EdkifiHodk U xGufajy;cdkvIHcJhaom &cdkif

trsd K;om; v,fvkyfolrsm;onf NAdwdoQtpdk;&vufxufwGif rdrdae&yfodk U jyef0ifvmaomtcgxGufajy;pOfu pGefUvTwfcJhaomv,f,majrrsm;wGif NAdwdoQwd kU usihfoHk;aom v,f,mvkyfydkifcGihfpepft& &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkU v,f,mydkifqdkifcGihfr&cJhay/++ (pm-20)

OD;at;csrf;\ wifjycsufudk dk;om;pGm jiif;csufxkwfrnfqdkvQif NAdwdoQtpdk;&wkdU\Zamindary System qdkonfh ajr,mydkifqdkifrIpepfonf trsm;jynfol vdkvm;aom pepfr[kwfcJhay/ajr,mydkifqdkifolrsm;onf NAdwdoQwd kU\ vufyg;aprsm;omjzpfcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkUpepfatmufwGif

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&cdkiftrsdK;om;xJrS v,f,majrajrmufjrm;pG m ydkifqdkifolrsm;jzpfNyD; =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf vlenf;pkomjzpfonf/ ajr,mydkifqdkifrIpepft& =dk[if*sm+trsdK;om;wdkUonf =&cdkif+trsdK;om;wdkUxuf vlrIb0 qHk;IH;epfemrIrsm;cJhaMumif; ordkif;uqdkonf/

OD;at;csrf;u =dk[if*sm+rsm;tay: rauseyfcsuf qufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm==tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif;odkU a&TUajymif;vmaom b*FgvDrsm;onfxdkpOfu b*Fvm;a'owGifouf0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaomFaraidi Movement(ac:)=z&'DvIyf&Sm;rI+ pdwf"gwfrsm; jyif;xefcJhaMumif;ESihf4if;vIyf&Sm;rIonf tma&AsEdkifiHrsm;rS pwifcJhaom =0g[mbD+tawG;tac:udk tm;opfavmif;&efjzpfonf/ 4if;=0g[mbD+tawG;tac:onf rGwfqvifnDaemifrsm;tm; v,f,mpdkufysdK;xGef,ufvkyfudkifpm;aomuf&ef a&cHajrcHaumif;aom ae&ma'orsm;wGif tajccsaexdkifa&;udktm;ay;axmufcHwdkufwGef;cJhonf/ xkdod kU v,f,mpdkufysdK;xGef,ufvkyfudkifonfhtjyifvdktyfvQifbk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmft& bmoma&;ppfyGJqifETJ&eftqifoifhjzpf&rnf/(Raham:1979:200-204)++

tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihfpyfvsOf; txufaz:jyygFazlur Rahman \ udk;um;csufudk rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufjzihf OD;at;csrf;u az:jy&oenf;/ uRefawmhfoabmESihfajym&vQifOD;at;csrf;onf tvGefw&m dk;om;rIuif;rJhaom yk*dKvfwpfOD; jzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;onf rdrdvdk&if;udk oufaojy&eftwGuf txufyg Rahman\ udk;um;csufudk tvGJoHk;pm;jyKaejcif;yif

jzpfonf/ yxrqHk;taejzihf Fazlur Rahmanonf tm(&f)um(ef)a'orGwfqvifrsm;ESihfywfouf rnfodkUrQ &nf&G,frajymqdkxm;onfhtjyif =z&m'DvIyf&Sm;rI+ESihf ywfoufaomfvnf;aumif;? Ikwan Connection(ac:)rGwfqvifnDaemiftcsif;csif; qufoG,faqmif&GufrIudpqdkonfrSmvnf; rnfod kUrQ raz:jyxm;ay/ trSefpifppf Faraidi Movementonf The Oppressive Zamindary System (ac:) &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom ajr,mydkifqkdifrIpepftm; qefUusifawmfvSefaom vIyf&Sm;rIwpfckjzpfNyD; tdEd,EdkifiH&SdWahabi vIyf&Sm;rIESihf vm;vm;rQrwlay/ xdkUaMumihftxufyg OD;at;csrf;\ &nfTef;csuftay: odomxif&S m;aom &nf&G,fcsufESpfck&SdaMumif;od&SdEdkifonf/ wpfckrS m OD;at;csrf;onf ,ckuJhodkU rGwfqvifpma&;q&mwpfOD;udk &nfTef;jcif;jzihf ola&;om;aom pmwrf;jyKpkrIESihfywfouf ESpfbufa'o ,Ofaus;rIa&;&mwGif uRrf;usifESHUpyfolwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; az:jyvdkonfuwpfaMumif;ESih f 'kwd,taejzihf tpvmrfomoemonf tvGeftE&m,f&SdaMumif; az:jyvdkaom qEtrSefyifjzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;\ txuftaMumif;t&myg udprsm;ESihfywfouff uREkfyfwdkUxH OD;at;csrf;onf ola&;om;aom pmwrf;

ay:wGif rnfrQxd ,HkMunfxdkufonfudk ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfaeygonf/

pdwful;,Ofrsm; ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmjcif;

OD;at;csrf;\ pdwful;,Ofrsm;udk qufvufaz:jy&mwGif ==tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif ppfwaumif;a'ocHrsm; &moDtvd kuf tvkyfvkyfudkifEdkifa&; tpOfajyap&eftwGuf

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Flotilla ukrPDonf 1914 ckESpfwGifbl;oD;awmifESihf armif;awmtMum; rD;&xm;vrf;wpfckudkwnfaqmufcJhonf/FlotillaukrPD\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm bl;oD;awmifESihfppfwaumif; qufoG,faqmif&GufEdkifa&;yifjzpfonf/Flotilla ukrPD\ rD;oabFmrsm;onf bl;oD;awmifrSAkyab ESihf4if;rSwqihftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkiftv,fydkif;ESihfawmifydkif;odkU c&D;oGm;vmcJhonf/++

ae&m OD;at;csrf;onf rnfonfhudk;um;csufudkrS Tef;rxm;ay/ taMumif;t&mudponf trSefyif pDrHudef;wpfck jzpfcJhaomfjim;vnf; rnfonfhae&mrSmrS az:jyrxm;aomaMumihf OD;at;csrf;\ az:jycsuftm; trSef[k rxifrSwfEdkifay/ txuftaMumif;t&mudk oHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzihf OD;at;csrf;\ az:jycsuft& &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUtMum;wGifr[kwfrrSefaom jzpf&yfwpfcktm; aMumufrufzG,fyHkjyifwpfyk'ftjzpf wDxGifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/xdkUtjyif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihf ppfwaumif;NrdKUwdkUonf rdkifaygif;(300)ausmf a0;onfhtjyif 4if;a'oESpfcktMum; awmawmiftxyfxyf xlajymaejcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif;? ajrmufjrm;pG maom jrpfrsm;ESihf 4if;wdkU\ jrpfvufwufrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumihfvnf;aumif; Flotilla

ukrPDonf &xm;vrf;wnfaqmufrnfh tpDtpOf&SdcJhav[ef pdwful;,Ofqefqef OD;at;csrf;wifjycsuf rnfodkUrQ rjzpfEdkifay/ jzpf&yfrSef az:jy&vQif ,cktcsdeftxd ppfwaumif;NrdKUrS4if;awmifbufod kU (18)rdkifcefUavmufom &xm;vrf;azgufEdkifcJhaMumif; od&onf/ trSefajym&vQif ordkif;tjrifta&;tom;ESihf o&JwappmayyHkjyifta&;tom;wdkUtMum; jcm;em;rIwpfck&SdpNrJyg/

OD;at;csrf; qufvufajymqdkxm;onfrS m ==1920 ckESpfESihf 1930 ckESpf pyfMum;umv jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIacwfOD;wGif ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'orS rGwfqvifrsm;pGmwdkUonftdEd,EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;tod

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tjyif txl;ojzihf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif rGwfqvifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;ESihfjynfolUbPfrS nDwlnDrQ acs;aiG&&Sda&;wdkUtwGuf EdkifiHawmfrS oifhwifhrQwpGm aqmif&Gufa&;wdkUudk awmif;qdkcJhonf/(Cady 1958:194)++

OD;at;csrf;,lqcsufudk tjyeftvSeftm;jzihfajym&vQif =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ rlv&ydkifcGihf tcGihfta&;awmif;qdkcsufud k OD;at;csrf;taeESih f jyuf&,fjyKaomfvnf; =dk[if*sm+wdkUtcGihfta&; &xkdufonfrS m trSefyif jzpfonf/ txufyg OD;at;csrf;wifjycsufESihf pyfvsOf;ar;cGef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pG m xkwf&ef&Sdaomfvnf; ae&m ar;vdkonfrS m txufaz:jyygEdkifiHa&;ygwDu tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; jrefrjynfrrS cGJxGuf&ef awmif;qdkcJhbl;ygovm;/tajzrSefrS m vHk;0rawmif;qdkcJhyg/ xdkUaMumihf OD;at;csrf;taejzihf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;twGif;taMumufw&m;ESihf aoG;xdk;vHIUaqmfrIrsm; zefwD;&ef rvdktyfay/ OD;at;csrf;onf =&cdkif+ESihf=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;Mum; twdwfordkif; rnfodkUyifjzpfapumrl a&SUavQmuf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif vlrsdK;pkESpfpk at;twlyltrQ? pm;twl? rpm;twl Nidrf;csrf;om,mpG m twlwuG

yl;aygif;aexdkifEdkifaom tpOftvmudk ordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD;taejzihf tajrmftjrifBuD;rm;pGmrwnfaqmufbJ ,ckuJhodkU &efvdkrkef;wD;rIESihf wpfausmhjyefaoG;acsmif;pD;Edkifonfh tmCmww&m;rsm; vTrf;rdk;atmif tb,fhaMumihf zefwD;aeoenf;/

OD;at;csrf;onf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; Illiterate Brute (ac:) pmayrwwfaom wd&pmeftjzpfwifpm;xm;jcif;

OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrS m ==ynma&;u@wGif =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm;onf=&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;xufudkvdkeDe,fcsJUumvwpfavQmuf ynma&;wGif acwfaemufususef&pfcJhonf/

(1901)ckESpf oef;acgifpm&if;t& &cdkifvlrsd K;rsm;\ pmwwfajrmufrIEIef;onf 25.5 &mcdkifEIef;&SdonfhtcgwGifb*FvDrGwfqvifrsm;onf 4.5&mcdkifEIef;om pmwwfajrmufonf/ R.B.SMARTu rSwfcsufjyKcJhonfrSm ppfwaumif;eD;,ef; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;onf ynma&;\tusdK;aus;Zl;ud k *krpdkuf OayujyKcJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzih f bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,frS v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;cGifwGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdaom rGwfqvifvlOD;a&rsm;onfynma&;udk *krpdkufMuay++ (pm-20)

wzef OD;at;csrf;\ qufpyfwifjycsufonf 0da&m"djzpfaeaMumif; awGU&jyefonf/ txufpmyk'fwGif olwifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; aqG;aEG;&vQif Muslim Zamindars (ac:)rGwfqvifajrydkif&Sifrsm;vufatmuf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; "g;pmcHjzpfcJhonf[k qdkcJhaomfvnf; ,ck

wzef rGwfqvifwdkUonfom &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;xuf ynma&;wGif aemufususefcJhonf[k qdkjyefonf/ qdkvdk&if;rSm t*FvdyfNAdwdoQwdkUonf rGwfqvifrsm;tm; &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;xuf ajr,mydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk ay;tyfcsD;jrSihfcJhrnfqdkvQif rGwfqvifrsm;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;xuf ynma&;t&mwGifrnfuJhod kU aemufususef&pfcJhoenf;/ b*Fvm;a'owGif NAwdoQwdkUusifhoHk;cJhonfh ZamindarySystem (ac:) ajr,mydkifqdkifrIpepft& rsm;pGmaomajr,mydkifqdkifolrsm;onf rGwfqvifvlrsm;pkMum;wGif =[dEL+rsm;om jzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;az:jycsuft& NAdwdoQwdkUonf rGwfqvifwdkUtm;

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ydkrdkESpfNcdKuf tompD;tcGihftvrf;udk ay;tyfcJhrnfqdkvQif rGwfqvifwdkUonfom ynma&;wGifxl;cRefajymifajrmufrnfjzpfonf/ ,ckrl OD;at;csrf;tqdkt& rGwfqvifwdkUonfom &cdkifwdkUxufynma&;wGif aemufususef&pfcJhonf[k rSwfcsufjyKonf/

OD;at;csrf;onf &cdkifAk'bmomvlrsdK;ESihf jrefrmjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;tm; =dk[if*sm+

ESihfywfouf xGifvHk;trsdK;rsdK;xGifum r[kwfru vDq,fajymqdka&;om;aejcif;udk =v,fjyifrSmqifBuD;oGm;ouJhodkU+ awGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/ ol\ ed*Hk;csKyfudk &Sif;vif;pG m oHk;oyf&onfrSmrGwfqvifwdkUonf pmrwwfajrmufolrsm;? xdkUaMumihf pmrwwfaomwd&pmef (odkUr[kwf ) tpGef;a&mufolrsm;ESihf tcsdeftcgra&G; 'kuay;onfholrsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkUonf &cdkif*kPfoa&&SdvlBuD;rsm;ESihf at;csrf;om,mzGUHNzdK;rIudk vdkvm;aom &cdkifvlxkudk tpOfojzihf aESmuf,Sufrnfholrsm;tjzpf yHkaz:vdkonf/ uHraumif;taMumif;rvS pdwfraumif;jzpf&onfrSm OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU&cdkifordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD;\ pmwrf;jyKpkrI uJhodkUaom uvdefuuspf ulvDulrm rvdkwpfrsdK;vdkwpfrsdK; ta&;tom;rsdK;onf &cdkifordkif;udk tvGefw&mpdwf0ifpm;olrsm; rqdkxm;ESihf omrefpmIol vlydef;rsm;yifvQif ol\ taumufMuHudk awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf;onf bmomaA'ynm&Siftjzpf a

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rnfonfwdkUudk aqmif&GufcJhavoenf;/ xl;qef;zG,f awGU&Sd&onfrS m OD;at;csrf; az:jy&molonf Jami-a-tul Ulema-e-Islam (ac:) =tdkvrm tpvmrfomoem ynm&Sifrsm;tzG JU+ ygwDudkom kyfvHk;az:aqmifxm;onf/ =dk[if*sm+wd kY\ aeUpOfb0wGif ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom tjcm;=dk[if*sm+EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk rTef;qdkbJ OD;at;csrf;onf =td kvrm tpvmrfomoem ynm&Sif

rsm;tzJGY+ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfckwnf;udkom az:xkwfa&;om;jcif;onf olUaemufvdkuf &cdkiftrsdkK;om;vlxktMum; =dk[if*sm+qefUusifa&; tmCmww&m; BuD;xGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf/

OD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrS m =='kwd,urmppfNyD;umv aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;rSm tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESihfb*FgvDrGwfqvifwdkUonfwpfOD;ay:wpfOD; oHJo,yGm; r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;ESihf aecJhMu&onf/ NAdwdoQavbmtpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef*wd jyKaomtcg &cdkif(bmomjcm;)vlrsdK;wd kU\ tE&m,fudk aMumuf&GH Uaeaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;onf=&cdkif+vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf twlwuG aexdkifEdkifa&;udk tNrJpdk;&drfaMumihfMuaecJhonf/ rGwfqvifacgif;aqmifwpfcsdKUonfNAdwdoQtpdk;&ESihfrMumcP ta&muftaygufrsm;cJhonf/++ (pm-23)

tcsdefra&G; tE&m,fusa&mufEdkifonfh =&cdkif+vlrsdK;trsm;pktMum; tpOfwpdkufxdwfvefUwMum; usD;vefUpmpm;ae&aom =dk[if*sm+wdkU\b0tm; vltrsm; udk,fcsif;pmEdkifygonf/

=dk[if*sm+vlxk pdwfysuftm;i,faejcif;ESihf EdkifiHjcm;om;olpdrf;wpf&Htjzpf qufqHcHae&jcif;

OD;at;csrf;onf olUpmwrf;wifjya&;om;&mwGif (1942)ckESpf tjzpfysufudkZigzagFashion oabmaqmifaom a&SUoGm;vdkuf? ab;wdkufoGm;vdkuf yHkpHrsdK;jzihf wifjyxm;onf/OD;at;csrf; qufvufaz:jyxm;onfrS m ==(1947)ckESpf {NyDv? (1)&ufaeUwGif =ajryHk+ NrdKU

usif;yaom &cdkifwpfjynfvHJk;qdkif&m xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; &cdkifjynfrS EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm;vHk;xdktpnf;ta0;yGJodk U wufa&mufcJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; wufa&mufcJh&m tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufvmolrsm;u AdkvfcsKyftm; tcGihfta&;orm;wpfOD;tjzpfwdkufcdkufa0zefcJhonf/(British Library, London, India Office Records M/4/Pro:Wo 203/5262)a0zefwdkufcdkufykefuefolrsm;xJwGif OD;pdef'g;vnf; yg0ifcJhonf/ trSefpifppf tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDonf OD;pdef'g;ESihfAFPFLMum; jzpfyGm;cJhaom em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;tay: tcGihfta&; t&,lcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ trSefrSm OD;atmifqef; acgif;aqmifaomAFPFL (ac:) =ArmtrsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nDGwfaomwyfOD;+twGif; 0g'a&;&mwdkufyGJyifjzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;ynmtajrmftjrif&S d pmayusrf;*efwwf Oya'bGJ U& =OD;vSxGef;jzL+onf &efukefNrdKUwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf ArakanistanzGJUpnf;xlaxmifa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhonf/ ( British Library,London, India Office Records, M/4/2503)txufyg &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;\ EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'o&Sd rGwfqvifrsm;tm; wyfvSefUEdI;aqmfapcJhonf/ jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;pumvwGif rGwfqviftajrmftjrif&Sd ynmwwfyk*dKvfrsm;onf rGwfqvifxk

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wpf&yfvHk; bmomudk;uG,frIt& tpvmrfbmomudk vufcH,HkMunfrItay: tajccHNyD; ,Ofaus;rIa&;&mt& rGwfqvifwdkUonf&cdkif? jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkUESihfuGJjym;jcm;em;onf/++ (pm-24)

trSefpifppf ar,ke,fjcm;a'o&Sd =dk[if*sm+wdkUESifh &cdkifwpfjynfvHk;tESHU tenf;ESihftrsm; ysHUESHUaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+wd kUonf tpOftvmtm;jzihf olpdrf;wpf&HuJhodkU pdrf;um;jcif;

cHae&onf/ tBudrfBudrf kwfkwfoJoJ txdwfwvefUb0wGif aecJh&onf/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynf&Sd rGwfqviftaygif;tm; =ukvm;+[laom uJh&JUonfh emr0daooetm;jzihf qufqHjcif;cHaecJh&onf/ xdkodkU ESdrfhcspG m qufqHjcif;cHae&mrS (1950)wpf0dkufwGif =dk[if*sm+wdkUonfESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pG m t&ifuwnf;u wnf&SdcJhaom emrnft&if;ud k urmodatmif TheRohingya of Arakan(ac:)=tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS dk[if*sm+[k trnfwyfac:a0:apcJhonf/ordkif;taxmuftxm;t& xif&Sm;pGm&SdaeNyD;aom =dk[if*sm+qdkaom wdkif;&if;om;emrnft&if;udk =dk[if*sm+acgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfwGif;ESihf urmtESHUodapjcif;jzifh =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm;aMumufrufzG,f&mvlrsdK;tjzpf zefwD;vdkaom &cdkiftpGef;a&mufwdkU\&efrS umuG,f&efvnf;

aumif;?Kolas

(ac:)Negros

(ac:)uJh&JUzG,f&m tom;rnf;vlrsdK;tjzpf ac:a0:jcif;rS &yfpJvdkaomaMumihfvnf;jzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf; qufvufajymqdkonfrS m ==ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'owGif rGwfqvifvlOD;a&rsm; xlxyfpGm aexdkifjcif;aMumihf 4if;a'o&Sd &cdkifvlrsd K;rsm;\ vlrIb0vHkNcHKa&;ESihfxdkvlrsdK; touf&Sifaexdkifa&;twGuftNrJwrf; pdk;&drfylyefcJh&onf/++ (pm-24)

trSeftm;jzihf (1824-26)wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom t*Fvdyf-jrefrm yxrppfyGJumvESihfyxrurmppftNyD; tpGef;a&muf&cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'DwdkUonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwdkUu ,ckacwf =&cdkif+tm; xdkpOfu Maugh[laom emrnfjzihf ac:a0:jcif;udk &cdkifwdkUu =&cdkif+[laomtrnf ajymif;

vJac:a0:ap&ef =&cdkif+wpfrsdK;om;vHk;\ pdwf"gwf tvHk;t&if;jzihf BuD;xGm;&SifoefcJhonf/4if;aemuf =Armtpdk;&+\ ulnDrIESihf tpOftvmtm;jzihf urmodcJhaom tm(&f)um(ef)a'otm;Rakhine State(ac:)=&cdkifjynfe,f+tjzpf ajymif;vJac:a0:apcJhonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'DwdkUonfArmtpdk;&\ yhHydk;ulnDaqmif&GufrIjzihf =&cdkifjynfe,f+tjzpf ac:a0:apcJhaomaMumih f a'owGif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; rwnf&SdcJhonfh(odkU)rwnf&Sdoa,mif oabmaqmifonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\NrdKUawmfjzpfaom Akyabtm; =ppfawG+[k emrnfajymif;onfhtjyif =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ tjcm;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom txifu& ordkif;0iftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk azsmufzsufapjcif;jzihf =dk[if*sm+rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; oufaoxlEdkif&ef tpOfojzih f BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ wpfbufwGifRakhinization(ac:)=&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;wnf;[laom+ BudK;yrf;rIudk tqufrjywfaqmif&GufcJhNyD; tjcm;wpfzufwGif OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU ulvDulrm pmayusrf;*efwwf todynm&Sifrsm;ESihf olUwkdUaemufu uyfygvdkufaeaom pmrwwffayrwwf &cdkiftrsdK;om; evydef;wHk;qifuef;awmwdk;wdkUonf (1950)ckESpfrwdkifcifu =dk[if*sm+[laomemrnf wpfcgrS rMum;cJhbl;[k[mo&,fzG,fjzpfatmif ukef;atmfaejcif;aMumihf =dk[if*sm+wd kUonf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;omjzpf&rnf[k t"dyg,fzGihfqdkaeonf/

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vlrsdK;pkESpfpktMum; ppfrufjzpfyGm;&ef &nf&G,faomtm;jzihf t&Sufodumr&SdaomOD;at;csrf; qdkxm;onfrS m ==(1948)ckESpf? ZE0g&Dv? (4)&ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdkifiH t*FvdyfxHrSvGwfvyfa&; &onfESihfwpfNydKifeuf ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifa'o&S d aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf; pwifcJhonf/Jihad(ac:)bmoma&;ppfyGJudk rGwfqvifbmoma&;q&mrsm; OD;aqmifvlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf; aus;&GmtESHUtjym;wGif jzpfyGm;apjcif;jzihf t"rvk,ufjcif;? rD;dIUzsufqD;jcif;ESihfrk'drf;usihfrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/++ (pm-25)

pGyfpGJcsufonf rnfodkUrQ taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkrIr&Sday/ tHHhMozG,f&m r[kwfonfrSm OD;at;csrf;onf tudk;tum;wpfpHkwpf&m axmufjyEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh &cdkifvlxk aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;wd kU\ =va&mifatmufu yg;pyfpum;+udk a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfNyD; vDq,fordkif;toGif a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/

odkU&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf pma&;q&m Moshe Yeagar\ pmom;udk udk;um;&mwGif == =rl*sm[pf+aomif;usef;ol ay:aygufvm&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if;wpfckrSm zufqpf*syefwdk U\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIrS wpfbufEdkifiHodk U xGufajy;oGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm;rdrdwd kU\ rl&if;aexdkif&ma'orsm;wGifjyefvnfaexdkifEdkifa&;tay: oufqdkif&mrS wm;qD;ydwfyifaejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/(Yegar 1972:98)++ (pm-25)

txuftaMumif;t&mqufpyfrIudk awG;awmjcif;tm;jzihf =dk[if*sm+vlxktm;umuG,fvdkaom =rl*sm[pfwyfrsm;+udk tjypfydkUEdkifrnfavm/ taMumif;rS m 1942 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaom vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf;aMumihf tajctae tvGefwif;rmaecJhonf/ vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf;tusdK;qufaMumihf &cdkifawmifbufa'orS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhaom =dk[if*sm+xkonf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcg rdrdwdkUe,fajrrsm;wGif jyefvnfaexdkifcGihf? toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfydkifcGihfrsm; vufvGwfqHk;HI;cJh&aomaMumihf =dk[if*sm+rsm;\ tajctae tvGefqdk;0g;ysufjym;cJhonf/ xdkuJhodkUaom tajctaetrsdK;rsdK;aMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUonfvnf; rvGJra&SmifombJ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;qufqHaom w&m;aovufudkif0g'udk twdkif;twmwpfcktxd awmfvSef&eftaMumif;ay:vmcJhonf/ taMumif;t&mudpESihfywfouf OD;at;csrf;ESihf oabmxm;tjrifrwlaom urmausmfpma&;q&m Yegaru ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owpfcGifwGif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oonf vlrsdK;a&;y#dyutqufqufaMumihf pOfqufrjywf 'kuonfrsm; zefwD;arG;zG m;ay;aom ae&ma'ojzpfonf[k qdkonf/ qefUusifbuftm;jzih f OD;at;csrf;url &cdkifvlqdk;*kdPf;0ifrsm;\ vufcsufaMumihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm; tBudrfBudrf wpfbufEdkifiHod kU xGufajy;

wdrf;a&SmifcJh&NyD; wdkif;jynfat;csrf;onfhtcg rdrdarG;&yfXmaeod kU jyefvnf0ifa&muf tajccsaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;udk =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm;[k ac:onf/ OD;at;csrf;onf xdkodkUwpfzufEdkifiHod kU xGufajy;cdkvHI&mrS rdrdEdkifiHodkU jyefvnf0ifa&muf tajccsaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+rsm;udk =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+rsm;tjzpf uifyGef;wyf&jcif;rSm =dk[if*sm+vlxktay: &cdkifzufqpfwdkUusL;vGefcJhaom vlowfrItjzpfoepfrsm;udk [kwfrSefaMumif; xif&Sm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf/

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a&S;oa&mtcgu tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otm; =Armrif;+wpfvSnfhESihf =b*Fvm;pkvfwefbk&if+wdkU wpfvSnfhpDjzih f tkyfcsKyfcHa'ojzpfaecJh&m =&cdkifvlrsdK;+rsm;ESih f =dk[if*smvlrsdK;+wdkUonfvnf; xdka'o\ twdwfordkif;u&SdaecJhaom xif&S m;aom oufaocHtaxmuftxm;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ ,ckrl taMumufw&m;ESihf trkef;w&m;yG m;rsm;aom jrefrmhwyfrawmftpdk;&onf

tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oudk tkyfcsKyf&m 4if;ESihfqufpyfywfouf&m =dk[if*sm+ordkif;rsm;udkajAmifusus jiif;qefaeonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SESihf awmiftm&Sa'otMum;wGif wnf&SdaeaomtvGefw&m qufpkyf&GH&SmzG,f&maumif;onhf vlom;csif;rpmemwwfaom jrefrmhwyfrawmf acwftqufquf\ ESdyfpufrI tedXmHktaygif;udk cHpm;ae&aom =dk[if*sm+'kuonfwdkUonf=ppfwaumif;a'o+odkUom tqufrjywf xGufajy;cdkvHIae&onf/ ,ckxufwdkif ppfwaumif;cdkifa'owGif =dk[if*sm+w&m;0if'kuonf (20000)cefU&Sdonf[k od&onf/ ywfouf qufEG,frIudk oHk;bufoHk;&HrS qufpyfMunfh&m tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS =dk[if*sm+wkdUonf ESdyfpufrItaygif;rS =ppfwaumif;awmifydkif;a'+odkU xGufajy;oGm;NyD; 'kuonfjzpfonf htcg Armhwyfrawmftpdk;&ESihf 4if;taygif;tygrsm;jzpfaom OD;at;ausmf? OD;at;csrf;wdkUuJhodkU =&cdkiftrsdK;

om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;+rS yk*dKvfwdkUonf xdkvlrsm;tm; dk;&Sif;pG m =ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+[k ac:avawmhonf/ wdkif;jynf Nidrf0yfydjym;onfhtcsdefrsm;wGif 'kuonfrsm; rdrdarG;&yfXmaeodkU jyefa&mufoGm;onf htcg =tE&m,f&Sdaom ppfwaumif;eD;,ef;+tjzpf awGUjrif,lqNyD; aoG;at;at;jzihfowfjzwfvQifowf? rowfvQif axmifcs odkUr[kwfvQif EdkifiHjcm;om;tjzpf owfrSwf rdrdarG;&yfXmaerS armif;xkwfcHae&onf/ enf;tm;jzihf &cdkifvlrsdK;tpGef;a&muf0g'Drsm;ESihf acwftqufquf wyfrawmftpdk;&wdkU\ pepfwuspDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom =tmCmww&m; a&SUxm;jcif;ESihftrkef;w&m;rsm; vTrf;rdk;onfh+ tusdK;qufaMumihf =dk[if*sm+wdkif;&if;om;wdkUonf ppfwaumif;a'oodkU tpOfojzihf xGufajy;cdkvIHae&onf/

OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrS m ==jrefrmEdkifiHonfvGwfvyfa&;raMunmcif (2)ESpft&ifuwnf;u =rl*sm[pf+vIyf&Sm;rI ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif ppfwaumif;e,fcH ZaffarKawalqdkol OD;aqmif =rGwfqvifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJUtpnf;(MLO)+udk zGJUpnf;xlaxmifcJhonf/ 1948 ckESpf? arvwGif armifawmNrd KU ajrmufbuf&Sd (Garabyin)aus;&GmwGif nDvmcHwpfck jyKvkyfcJhonf/ MLO tzGJUtpnf;tm; =rl*sm[pfygwD+tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhonf/(jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf armfuGef;wdkuf? &efukef? DR-491(56))++ OD;at;csrf;az:jycsufudkxyfqihftm;jznhf jznfhpGufaomtm;jzihf olqufvufaz:jyxm;onfrSm ==Zaffar KawalonfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmNyD; ppfawGcdkif &JwyfzJGJUrS wyfMuyfa[mif; Abdul Husseinonf=Adkvf+jzpfvmonf/ (jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkuf? &efukefDR-1016) 1948 ckESpf?ZGefv? (9)&ufaeU aeUpGJjzihf =rl*sm[pfygwD+onf armifawmNrdKUHk;t&m&SdrSwqihf jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&xHvdyfrl URDURpmjzihf a&;xm;aom pmwpfapmifydkUay;onf/ pmt&awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/(1) jrefrmrGwfqvifrsm; arG;&yfXmaetjzpf ukvm;wefjrpftaemufbufurf;ESihf ewfjrpf

ta&SUbuf&Sde,fajrrsm;udk udk,fydkife,ftjzpfowfrSwfay;a&;?

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(2) tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'orS rGwfqvifrsm;tm; EdkifiHom;tjzpfvufcHa&;?(3) =rl*sm[pfygwD+tm; w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDtqihfowfrSwfay;a&;?(4) tl(&f)'l(&f)bmompum;tm; tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifwGif aexdkifaom rGwfqvifrsm;twGuf

trsdK;om;bmompmaytjzpfowfrSwfay;&efESihf rGwfqvifrsm;aexdkif&ma'o&Sdausmif;

rsm;wGif4if;pmayoifMum;ay;&efcGihfjyKa&;?(5) tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifawmifydkif;a'orS wpfbufEdkifiHodk U xGufajy;cdkvHIae&aom =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; EdkifiHawmfp&dwfjzihfrdrdarG;&yfXmaersm;wGiftajccsaexdkifay;a&;?

(6) =ta&;ay:vHkNcHKa&;tufOya'+t& zrf;qDcHrGwfqvifrsm;tm; cRif;csufr&Sd vTwfay;a&;?(7) =rl*sm[pf+ygwDtzGJU0ifrsm;twGufvGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihfay;a&;wdkU yg0ifonf/++ [kqdkonf/

txufwGif az:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; 4if;xJwGif =dk[if*sm+vlxktwGuf taxGaxGrauseyfcsufwpfck &SdcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif OD;at;csrf;onf 4if;rauseyfcsufudk ododESih f rnfod kUrQ rajzqdk

xm;ay/ tb,faMumih f xdkod kU rauseyfcJh&oenf;/ tb,faMumihf jynfolU&JwyfzGJUwpfa,mufyifvQif olpdrf;wpf&HuJhodkU qufqHcHcJh&oenf;/ taMumif;t&if;rS m =dk[if*sm+wdkUtay:wGifbufaygif;pHkrS taxGaxGrw&m;rItaygif; usihfoHk;cJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\awmif;qdkcsufonf w&m;0if&ydkifcGihfwpfckjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmhwyfrawmfESihf &cdkiftrsdK;om;0g'DwdkUonf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsmay;&ef ta&;rBuD;oabmaqmifcJhonf/0efBuD;csKyf=OD;Ek+vufxuf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;xJrS wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkwpfrsdK;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhNyD; wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,f0ifwdkUESihf aygif;pyfEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ odkU&mwGif 1962 ckESpfwGif Armhwyfrawmfonf OD;EkxHrS tmPmodrf;,lcJhNyD; aemufydkif;rSpwif =dk[if*sm+wd kU\ taxGaxG vlUtcGihfta&;rsm; csdK;azmufcH&onfhtjyif

=dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; tquffrjywf ajAmifwif;wif;? rw&m;ojzihf vlom;csif;rpmempGmjzihf ESdyfpufuvljyK tkyfcsKyfvmcJhawmhonf/

1942 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom =dk[if*smrsdK;jzKwfokwfoifa&;+BudK;yrf;rI vHk;0eD;yg;rNyD;ao;[k ,lqaecJhaom ESpfzuftiftm;pk(ArmA[dktpdk;&ESihf&cdkifvlrsdK;)wdkUonf 1962 ckESpfrSpwif =dk[if*sm+wdkUonf jrefrmEdkifiHom;aomifrS rjzpfEdkifa&; bufaygif;pHkrS BudK;yrf;rI txGwftxdyfodkU a&mufcJhonf/ vlrsdK;a&; t"dukPf;tedXmHk tusdK;qufrsm;aMumihf tjypfrJh dk;dk;omrefvlrsm;onfom &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefonfholrsm;xuf xdcdkufqHk;HI;epfemcJhonf/ t"dukPf;jzpfyGm;&ef aoG;xdk;vHIYaqmfolrsm;onf t"duvlowfw&m;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif jzpfyGm;

cJhaom vlrsdK;a&;y#dyuwGif vlrsdK;a&;tmCmww&m;BuD;rm;aom =taemufwdkif;acwfynmwwf+&cdkiftrsdK;om;wpfcsdKUvnf; =aemufuG,frS BudK;udkif+cJhaMumif;od&onf/

OD;at;csrf;az:jyonfrS m ==awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwufNyD; (2)ESpfwmumvtwGif;tdEd,vlrsd K; wpfodef;cefUESihf ygupwefvlrsdK;(120000)cefUwdkUonf olwdkUwdkif;jynfodk U toD;oD;xGufcGmcJhMuonf/ jynfolydkifodrf;cH&aom tdEd,vlrsdK;wdkUonf 1964 ckESpfwGif tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf xGufajy;cJh Muonf/ ( Donison 1970:199-200 ) odkU&mwGif &cdkifajrmufydkif;a'orS 'kwd,

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urmppfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHvl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;XmerS xkwfay;xm;aom trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;udk udkifaqmifxm;onfh rGwfqvifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;onftxufaz:jyygtdEd,ESihf ygupwefvlrsd K; jynfolydkifodrf;cH&NyD;aemufydkif; xGufajy;olrsm;uJhod kU r[kwfay/odkU&mwGif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdk Utm; 1982 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfu jyKpka&;om;cJhNyD; 1987 wGif

4if;udk w&m;0ifoufa&mufapcJhaom EdkifiHom;jzpfrIqdkif&m yk'fxD;?yk'fr trsdK;rsdK;jzihf =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm; EdkifiHom;trsdK;rsdK; cGJjcm;owfrSwfapcJhonf/++ (pm-26)OD;at;csrf;taejzihf vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;XmerS xkwfay;cJhaom trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwif

u'fjym;rsm;udk udkifaqmifxm;onf h rsm;pG maom tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'orS rGwfqvifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfudkifolrsm;onf ,cktcsdeftxd jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;r[kwfao;ojzihf olwdkU

onf jrefrmEdkifiHydkifeuf e,ferdwf{&d,m EnclavetwGif;odkU w&m;r0if vma&mufaexdkifolrsm;jzpfaomaMumih f tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'oudk pGefUcGmoGm;&efjzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;em;vnfatmif axmufjy&vQif =OD;at;ausmf+uJhodkU =&cdkifArm+vlrsdK;wpfOD;onf taemufEdkifiH

wpfckEdkifiHom;wdkif;&if;om;jzpf&ef (10)pkESpfwpfckawmif rvdktyfvQif =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK; wdkUonfolwd kU\ bdk;bG m;tpOftvm acwftpOftqufuwnf;uyif aexdkifvmcJhaom (AncestralLand)wGif rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumihf jrefrmEdkifiHom;rjzpf&rnfenf;/ =OD;Ek+acgif;aqmifaom'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&onf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUtm; vlrsdK;rcGJjcm;bJ EdkifiHom;rSwfyHkwifu'fjym; xkwfay;cJhNyD; ESpf(40)aomumv Mum&SnfNyD;aemufydkif; jrefrmhwyfrawmftpdk;&u EdkifiHom;jzpfrIqdkif&mOya'yk'fxD;?yk'frtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh =dk[if*sm+wdkU udkifaqmifcJhaom trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;udk=w&m;r0if+aMumif; aMujimowfrSwfvdkjim; rnfodkUaom taMumif;t&mrsm; ay:aygufcJhoenf;/odomxif&Sm;onfrS m ,ckuJhod kU EdkifiHawmfydkif;\ BudK;yrf;rIonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGifaexdkifaom =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;tm; rvdktyfaom =vlrsdK;tkyfpk+tjzpf xm0&okwfoifvdkaom

oabmxm;jzihf =vlrsdK;wkef;rsdK;jzKwfa&;+ pDrHudef;yifjzpfonf/ xdkod kU EdkifiHawmf\ r[mAsL[mudp&yftm; ,ckuJhodkUaom OD;at;csrf;\ ta&;tom;rsm;aMumihf =dk[if*smrsdK;jzKwf pDrHudef;+udkOD;at;csrf;u wpfzufwpfvrf;rS yHhydk;ulnDaeaom =rD;avmif&mavyifh+ay;aeolwpfOD;[k rSwf,l&rnf/

OD;at;csrf; yHkjyifajymaeyHkOD;at;csrf; qdkvdkonfrSm ==Oya'topft& tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGifESpf(100)t&ifuwnf;u aexdkifvmcJ haom rGwfqvifrsm;tm; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;uJhod kU qufqHcJhonf/ 1983

ckESpfwGif aumufcH&&Sdaom oef;acgifpm&if;t& tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif rGwfqvifvlOD;a&onf 24.3 &mcdkifEIef;&SdNyD; 4if;wdkUtm;vHk;tm; Bangladeshi(ac:)b*Fvm;EdkifiHom;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;onf/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif &cdkifAk'bmomvlOD;a&onf (67.8)&mcdkifEIef;&Sdonf/ (vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESihfjynfolUtiftm;OD;pD;Xme? 1987 1-14)++ (pm-27)

OD;at;csrf;onf wyfrawmftpdk;&u aumufcHaom oef;acgifpm&if;t& =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wd kU b*Fvm;EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[laom &nf&G,fcsufudk udk;um;xm;onf/ olUudk;um;

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csufwGif acwftqufquftpdk;&\ zdESdyfrI'PfrS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;NyD; urmtESHU ysHUESHUaexdkifaeaom =dk[if*sm+vlOD;a& (1)oef;ausmfudk raz:jyxm;ay/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'o&Sd=dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; tMurf;zuftpdk;&u b*Fvm;EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf wHqdyfdkufajymqdkaejcif;tay: pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMunfhvQif tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifajrmufydkif;a'owGif xlxyfpG m aexdkifvsuf

&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;=dk[if*sm+rsm; aexdkif&ma'otm; rdrdydkifeufe,fajr(Enclave)twGif;wpfbufEdkifiHrS w&m;r0if 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifaom vlrsdK;tjzpf =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; pGyfpGJa&;om;ajymqdkaeaom OD;at;csrf;\ trlt&mtajymtqdkrsm;ESihf wpfax&mwnf;jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/

OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrS m ==1988 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDta&;tcif; xdkrGwfqvifrsm;onf =dk[if*sm+tvHwvlvlvTif hxl wpfausmhjyefxvmcJhonf/4if;aemuf wyfrawmftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; zGJUpnf;cGihfay;onfhtcgwGif xkdrGwfqvifwdkUonf olwdkUzGJUpnf;vdkaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; =dk[if*sm+[laom trnftm;jzihf rSwfyHkwif

cGihf&&Sda&; awmif;qdkcJhonf/ odkUawmif;qdkcsuftm; EkdifiHawmftpdk;&u cGihfrjyKcJhaomaMumihfolwdkUonf National Democratic Party for Human Rights(NDPHR)(ac:)trsd K;om; vlUtcGihfta&;ESihf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDtjzpf ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 1990 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif 4if;ygwDonf ta&G;cs,fcH e,fajr(4)ckrS a&G;aumufcHcJh&NyD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf(ac:)ALDonfta&G;cs,fcHe,fajr(7)ckrS a&G;aumufcHcJh&onf/++ (pm-27)

OD;at;csrf;onf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;ae =dk[if*sm+rsm;tm; tvGeftE&m,f&Sdaom vlrsdK;tjzpf kyfvHk;az:jyvdkaomfvnf; 1990 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJwGif=dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf trwfae&m(4)ae&mwGif tEdkif&&Sdjcif;ud k Munhfjcif;tm;jzihf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;rsm;onf Democratic-minded people(ac:)'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;aomolrsm;om jzpfaMumif;xif&Sm;pG m odomaeonf/ =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wdkUonf 'Drdkua&pDoabmobm0udk ,HkMunfhonfhtavsmuf =dk[if*sm+wkdU &ifqdkifae&aom rnfonfhjyemudkrqdk twlwpfuG SdEIdif;aqG;aEG;wdkifyif trsm;oabmwl ajz&Sif;vdkaom pdwf"gwf&Sdolrsm;omjzpfonf/ =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ oabmobm0udk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm&Sdaeaom Ak'bmom0if jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;wdkUonf =dk[if*sm+vlrsdK;wd kUtm; rnfodkUrQ aMumuf&GUHp&mrvdkay/ taMumif;rlum;olwdkUonf OD;at;csrf;ajymovdk EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;r[kwfonfhtjyif tE&m,f&Sdaom vlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfaomaMumihfvnf; jzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf;ajymqdkdkonfrS m ==rnfodkUyifqdkapumrl 1991 ckESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJ

aumfr&Sifonf =&cdkif'Drdkua&pDygwD+ ESihf =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ NDPHR ygwDudk zsufodrf;cJhonf/ygwD0ifxJrS wpfcsdKUyk*dKvfwdkUonf ajratmuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf vIyf&Sm;olrsm;jzpfvmNyD; wpfcsdKUvnf; axmifeef;pHcJhonf/ ajratmufvIyf&Sm;olrsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm =dk[if*sm+wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wd kU\ t&Sdw&m;(ac:)ethnic entity tay: wkdif;&if;om;vlrsd K;pk tm;vHk;wd kUu wnDwGwfwnf; todtrSwfjyKa&;ESihf equal status(ac:)wef;wlnDwl tcGihfta&;rsm; cHpm;cGihf&&Sda&;wdkUjzpfonf/ odkU&mwGif wpfcsd KU qefUusifzuftjrifusOf;ajrmif;olrsm;onf A Separate

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Muslim State(ac:)oD;jcm;rGwfqvifEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;jzpfonf/ atmufaz:jyyg =dk[if*sm tzGJUtpnf;+rsm;onf jrefrm-b*Fvm;e,fpyfwpfavQmufwGif ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;aeMuonf/ ( Mya Win1992:3)1/ RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organization)

2/ ARIF (Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front)3/ RPF (Rohingya Patriotic Front )4/ RLO (Rohingya Liberation Organization)5/ IMA (Itihatul Mozahadin of Arakan) wkdUjzpfonf/++

,ckwpfBudrfvnf; OD;at;csrf;onf taMumufw&m;vTrf;rdk;[ef taumufMuHvDq,fxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrSm =tcsdKUqefUusifzuf tjrifusOf;ajrmif;olrsm;onf oD;jcm;rGwfqvifEdkifiH xlaxmifvdkonf+ OD;at;csrf;qdkvdk&if;udk t&if;ppfvdkufaomtcg 1990 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif =dk[if*sm+wdkU &cdkiftaemufajrmufa'owGif trwf

ae&m(4)ck tEdkif&jcif;tay: Trend xGifNyD; taMumufw&m; vTrf;rdk;aejcif;jzpfonf/=dk[if*sm+wdkUonf trwf(4)ae&m &oG m;aomtcg olwdkUonf oD;jcm;e,fajrxlaxmif&efawmif;qdkvdrfhrnf/ oD;jcm;orm;rsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqa

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txufaz:jyyg OD;at;csrf;\ wifjycsufonf ,HkMunf&aom owif;&yfuGufur[kwfonfhtjyif &nfTef;udk;um;csufudkvnf; raz:jyxm;ay/ ol\ oHk;oyfcsuf vHk;0rSm;,Gif;aeaMumif; awGU&onf/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf OD;at;csrf;udk,fwdkifonf =dk[if*smEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;+tm; =dk[if*sm+qdkaom trnfjzihf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u jiif;y,fonfhMum;rS rSwfyHkwifcGihf&&Sda&;

awmif;qdkcJhonf[k qdkonf/ OD;at;csrf;wGif r[mAsL[musaom tajccH,lqcsufwpfck&Sdonf/4if;rSm ol\ rl&if;oabmqdkvdk&if;udk xkwfaz:jyoEdkif&eftwGuf tudk;tum; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk jzwfSyfwifjyxm;NyD; ,HkMunf&avmufaom cdkifrmonf h trsm;vufcHaom tajccH,lqcsufrsm;udkvnf; raz:jyEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/

OD;at;csrf;qdkxm;onfrS m ==olwdk Uonf =twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexdkifvdkonfh+ EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfcsufudk jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&uwnf;u ESpfaygif;(50)txd pdwf0ifwpm; jyocJhaomfvnf; olwdk U\ EdkifiHa&;ESihf,Ofaus;rItcGihfta&;rsm;udk ,ckxufwdkiftodtrSwf jyK tmrrcHao;ay/ qefUusifbuftjriftm;jzih f olwdkUawmif;qdkaeaom vlUtcGihfta&;rsm;tm; tod

trSwfjyKa&;onf =udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf+udk OD;wnfaom =wdkufdkufpdefac:rI+ oabmaqmifonfhtjyiftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfwGif&cdkifvlrsd K;rsm; touf&Sifqufvufaexdkifa&;twGufaMumufrufzG,fyHkjyifwpfckuJhodkU jzpfEdkifonf/++ (pm-28)

OD;at;csrf; wifjyygtcsuftvuftm; awGU&Sdjcif;tm;jzihf =vlenf;pktcGihfta&;twGuf todtrSwfjyKa&; w&m;0ifawmif;qdkcsuf(ac:)the legitimate demand+ tm; =wdkufdkufpdefac:rI+oabm[k ,lqvQif &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUonf =dk[if*sm+wdkUtay: genocide (ac:) =vlom;trsdK;tEG,f rsdK;jzKwfokwfoifa&; pDrHudef;+udk &nf&G,fjcif;yifjzpfonf/ OD;at;csrf;rSefygonf/=dk[if*sm+wdkUonftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfwGif ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&a'otwGuf olwdkU\ w&m;0if

tcGihfta&;tm; =wdkufdkufpdefac:rI+[k OD;at;csrf;u ,lqxm;onf/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynfonf rnfolwdkU\ e,fajrjzpfoenf;/ tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oonf 4if;a'oae jynfoltm;vHk;wdkU\ home land (ac:) arG;&yfa'or[kwfygavm/

OD;at;csrf;uJhodkU tvGefw&mwaZmufuef; &cdkiftrsdK;om; tpGef;a&muf0g'D\ rlv&nf&G,fcsufonf =Armrif;+odrf;ydkufcJhaom tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifjynftm; =vGwfvyfaom udk,fhrif;?udk,fhcsif;? udk,fhxD;? udk,fheef;? udk,fhMuiSef; bk&ifhEkdifiHxlaxmifa&; pdwful;pdwfoef;+ jzpfonf/&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUtwGuf =&cdkifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&a'o+[laomoabmonf tjriftm;jzihf &cdkifvlrsdK;tm; tcGihfta&;tm;vHk; ray;xm;onfhtjyif tmrcHcsufvnf; enf;yg;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;eSihf omwlnDrQwef;wlnDwltcGihfta&;ESifh w&m;Oya'a&SUarSmufwGif tm;vHk;

wpfom;wnf;[laom oabmudkaqmifonfh vlrItzGUJtpnf;wpfck xlaxmifjcif;jzihf &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkU tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'owGif wpfzufowf 4if;a'o\ rlvydkif&Sifrsm;oabmtjzpfESihf tcGihfxl;cHolrsm;tjzpf vufvTwfqHk;IH;oGm;&rnfudk txl;pdk;&drfaeMuonf/ OD;at;csrf; ed*Hk;tcsKyf=dk[if*sm+wdkUonf onf;cHjcif;w&m; vufudkifxm;vQif =dk[if*sm+wdkUtm;vnf; &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkUu&S m;yg;aom a&cH? ajrcH? obm0o,HZmwrsm;ud k rQa0cHpm;&ef&Sdonf/ tpGef;a&muf &cdkiftrsdK;om;bkef;BuD;wpfyg;jzpfaom =t&Sifem,u+uvnf; Influx Viruses (ac:) tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf

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a&muf&Sdvmaom taumifyavmifrsm;+pmtkyfed'gef;wGif tpcsDa&;om;xm;onfrS m =dk[if*sm+wdkU\ ajray:? ajratmuf vIyf&Sm;rIonf tm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'oESihf 4if;xufausmfvGef jcdrf;ajcmufrIESih f pdefac:rIrsm;udk jzpfapcJhonf+[kqdkcJhonf/(22)oHo,jzpfzG,fr&SdonfrSm ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif; y#dyuonf a'owGif;&Sd t"dutqDtESpft&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; vlrsm;

pkwdkUu vuf0g;BuD;tkyf pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fxm;jcif;jzihf vlenf;pkwdkUtm; rQa0rcHpm;apcsifaomaMumihfvnf;aumif;? tusdK;r&Sdonfh wdrfovmzHk;aom bmomw&m;tay: tajccHoa,mift,lonf;yHkjyifrsm;\ tpGJtvrf;aMumihf vlenf;pkrsm;tm; wdkufcdkufa0zefjcif;aMumihfESih f aemufqHk;xkdvlrsdK;wdkUtm; EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;tjzpf qufqHvmjcif;aMumihfjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumihf

OD;at;csrf; &;om;aom Influx Virusespmtkyfonf wyfrawmftpdk;&u cdkifcdkifrmrm ausmaxmufaemufcHay;xm;onfh bmomw&m;t,lpGJ yHkjyifwpfcktay:wGif tajccHonfh &cdkiftrsdK;om; touf&Sifoefa&; r@dKifwpfckomvQifjzpfaMumif; rSwfom;&onf/

OD;at;csrf; qufvufqdkxm;onfrS m == A symbiotic coexistence (ac:)ouf&Sdrsm;

yl;aygif;aexdkifvdkrIoabmonftm(&f)um(ef)&cdkifa'otwGif;&SdvlrsdK;pkESpfpktMum; jzpfwnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfcsufESihfvlrsdK;pktcsif;csif; wpfpktay:wpfpk ,HkMunfrI rwnfaqmufEdkifcJhjcif;aMumihfESihf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&\ ay:vpDaMumihfvnf;aumif; twlwuG ,SOfwGJyl;wGJaexdkif&efrawG;awmEdkifay/++ (pm-26)

ta&SUawmiftm&SESihf awmiftm&Sa'oMum;wGif wnf&