Avoiding Plagiarism in Academic Writing

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    Todays Agenda

    How to avoid plagiarism in academicwriting

    Harvard referencing stylePractice exercises

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    How to Avoid Plagiarism inAcademic Writing?

    M odified and Presented by:Gautam Chapagain

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    W hat is plagiarism?

    Academic misconduct

    Presenting other peoples workas if it were your ownCheating and Deceiving

    It is a form of intellectual property theft.

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    K eywords Associated W ith

    PlagiarismCheating

    Academic dishonesty

    Copying and pasting

    Intellectual property theft

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    Academic Honesty

    Academic honesty involves :

    Clearly articulating our own ideas

    Giving credit to the sources of information we drawfrom

    Accurately documenting those sources

    Presenting research materials in a fair and truthfulway

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    Using specific information from a particular source without referencing it

    Paraphrasing information without citing

    Using direct quotations without citing theauthor

    (Taken from the Office of Judicial Affairs Flier)

    W hat is meant by stealing someonesidea?

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    How to give credit to sources?

    Putting others words in quotation marks

    Citing your source(s)

    Giving citations when using others ideas, evenif those ideas are paraphrased in your own

    words, unless such information is recognized ascommon knowledge

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    U nintentional vs IntentionalPlagiarism

    Internet plagiarism (Cyberplagiarism)

    Can take various forms:

    Downloading or ordering papers from theweb/commercial papermills, which are often of poor quality, and research could be outdated etc.

    Copying and pasting pictorial representations or

    works of art, facts, statistics, graphs, or phrasesfrom the web or an electronic database &submitting it as your own

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    U nintentional vs Intentional Plagiarism

    Copying and pasting either text or graphics

    Collaborating on a graded assignment withoutthe instructors approval

    Turning in the same paper to two classes unless

    permission is granted by both instructors

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    U nintentional vs Intentional Plagiarism

    Summarizing/paraphrasing without proper documentation

    Submitting another students work previouslygraded in another course or the same course.

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    W ays to Avoid Plagiarism

    ParaphrasingSummarizing

    Quoting

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    Paraphrasing

    Clarify difficult material by using simpler language,

    Use another writers idea but not his or her exact words,Create a consistent tone for your paper as a whole, or Interact with a point that your source hasmade.

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    How to Paraphrase

    State the idea in your words.Use about the same number of words as

    the original source.Give a citation.

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    Summarizing

    Convey ideas efficiently by reporting awriters main idea

    most important give your support toideas

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    How to Summarize

    State the idea in your own words.Use fewer words than the original source.

    Cite the source.

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    Quotations

    To retain the beauty or clarity of someones words

    To reveal how the reasoning in a specificpassage is flawed or insightful. or To discuss the implications of the quotedmaterial.

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    How to Quote

    Use the exact wording and punctuation of the original source.

    Enclose the passage in quotation marks.Cite the source.

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    How to use a sourceQuote: repeat exact words (written or spoken)

    as evidence, illustration, cant possibly say it better

    Summarise: give shortened version of original(written or spoken)to give background information

    Paraphrase: present original (written or spoken)

    in your own wordswh en original idea is more important t h an original w ording, to avoid direct quotes, to demonstrate your understanding of t h e issue

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    Adopted from Student Learning Advisory Service (University of K ent)

    Giving References

    in the Harvard Style

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    W hy do you need to Reference?

    To develop good academic practiceTo show which ideas are not your own

    To demonstrate your reading/researchTo demonstrate understanding of the topicTo let the reader know where the facts and

    ideas have come fromTo allow tutor to check detailsTo avoid the charge of Plagiarism!

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    W hat to Reference ?

    Basically, everything in detail..

    Books, articles, ideas & concepts,audio-visualmaterial, performance media/art, statistics/data,lectures, student work (including your own),designs, plans, interviews/questionnaires

    Primary sources (books, journals, newspapers,websites, TV, film, novel, report, etc.)

    Secondary sources ( review, analysis, critiqueevaluation of primary sources )

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    Always Give a Reference!

    Show clearly, for the benefit of the reader, the sourceof the material you have studied and.

    quotedparaphrasedsummarised

    analysed

    This is simply normal professional academic practice

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    Elements of Referencing

    Style or format depends on conventions, butyou will al w ays need information about:

    author date of publicationplace of publication

    publisher full titlePAGE numbers

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    Elements of Referencing

    Since you know you w ill need this information ALW AYS keep detailed notes as you

    research your assignment topic

    Author, date, title, publisher, page numbers

    Trying to retrace this information can be very time-consuming and frustrating.

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    R eferencing Styles

    Author DateAPA (psychology)

    M LA (languages)Harvard (social sciences)

    FootnotesM HRA (humanities)OSCOLA (law)

    Chicago (Politics/IR)

    www.kent.ac.uk/uelt/ai

    NumberedIEEE (computing &

    electronics)

    Vancouver (biomedical)

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    Harvard Style (Author-Date)

    In text:Under the states of emergency, however, the policedetained many labour leaders, and in February 1988Cosatu was prohibited from engaging in politicalactivities (Baskin, 1991).

    In bibliography:Baskin J. (1991) S triking Back: A History of Cosatu

    (Johannesburg: Ravan)

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    Harvard Style (Author-Date)Basic approach two components:1. Short reference in brackets in main body of text:

    - Authors name- Date of publication- (sometimes!) Page numberse.g. (Bloggs, 2003), pp.21-35

    2. Alphabetical bibliography or reference list giving:- Authors name, Date of publication, full title, place of

    publication, and publisher e.g Bloggs, G. (2003) F ig h ting Toot h and Nail ,

    Chatham, M edway University Press

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    Harvard Style (Author-Date)There are several variations:

    Journal articles- Author, date, title, Journal, volume, issue number, page(s)

    Chapters in edited book- Author, date, title, in editors, book, place, publisher, pages

    W eb articles- Author, date, title [Internet], place, publisher, available

    from [web address] accessed on [date]

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    Harvard Style (Author-Date)So:

    Journal articlesK aplan, J (2008). Historical Changes. E ducational Psyc h ologist . 42 (6), pp.536-9

    Chapters in an edited bookCrane, A (1991) How Biochemistry Changes inW .Hudson & C. French (eds) Living Bioc h emistry.Massac h usetts M IT Press, pp.80-83

    W eb articlesBBC (2009) Netanyahu to form Israel cabinet [Internet]http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7901486.stmaccessed 20/02/09

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    Harvard Style (Author-Date)Other important conventions include:

    If the author is already named in text, give date onlye.g. In text: Bloggs argues that blue is green (1998)

    In list: Bloggs, J. (1998) Colours , etc.M ultiple authors: In text - up to three name them all

    - more than 3, first three, then et ale.g. In text: (Smith, Bloggs & Jones, 2004)

    In list: Smith, A. Bloggs, J. & Jones, W . (2004)

    or In text (Smith, Bloggs & Jones, et al, 2007)In list: Smith, A. Bloggs, J. Jones, W . & Old, M . (2004)

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    Harvard Style (Author-Date)Other important conventions include:

    M ultiple publications in same year by same author:e.g. In text: (Bloggs, 2002a)

    In list: Bloggs, J. (2002a) R ainbo w World . etc.(2002b) Painting R eality . etc.

    (2002c) Pictures in Words . etc.M ultiple sources for similar ideas, evidence, data:

    e.g. In text: It has been suggested (Jones, 1994, Bloggs 2003)In list: Both authors/books need full entries

    Date of publication unknown:e.g. In text: (Bloggs, no date)

    In list: Bloggs, J. (no date), W h at a w onderful w orld .. etc.

    Secondary referencing: (Bloggs, 2008, cited in Jones, 2001)In list: only cite books you have actually read (in this case, Bloggs).

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    References or Bibliography ?

    1.List of references : only material cited inessay

    2.Bibliography : all works used (even if notcited)

    Place both at the end of an essayBegin each source on a new line

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    W hat should I include in areference?

    That depends! See the table below:

    Author Year of publicati

    on

    Title of article /

    chapter

    Title of publicati

    on

    Issueinformati

    on

    Place of publicati

    on

    Publisher Edition Pagenumber(

    s )

    URL Dateaccesse

    d

    Book

    Chapter

    Journalarticle

    Officialdoc

    Internetsite

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    Alphabetical ListingRE FERE NC E S

    Asness, C. (1997), The interaction of value and momentum strategies. F inancial Analysts Journal , (M arch/April): 29-36.Basu, S. (1973) "Investment performance of common stocks in relation to their priceearning ratios: A test of efficient market hypothesis," Journal of F inance , 1963, 221-

    231.Black, F. (1993) Beta and return, Journal of Portfolio Management , Fall 1993, 8-18.Capaul, C., Rowley, I. and W . F. Sharpe (1993) International value and growth stockreturns, F inancial Analysts Journal , 27-36.Chan, L. K .C., Jegadeesh, N. and J. Lakonishok (1996), " M omentum strategies,"Journal of F inance , 1681-1713.

    Fama, E. (1970) "Efficient capital market: A review of theory and empirical work,"Journal of F inance , 383-417.Jegadeesh, N. and S. Titman (1993), Returns to buying winners and selling losers:Implications for Stock M arket Efficiency. Journal of F inance , 65-91.K ahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1986) "Choices, values, and frames," AmericanPsyc h ologist , 341-350

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    Checking your understanding-books

    Look at the reference elements belowand put them into the correct order:

    Handbook of Diabetes / W illiams, G/Blackwell Publishing/ 3 rd ed/ Pickup, J.C./

    (2004)/ and/ Oxford

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    Did you get it right?W illiams, G. and Pickup, J.C. (2004) Handbook of F inance. 3 rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    L ook closely at the punctuation and italics.

    W illiams , G. and Pickup , J .C. (2004 ) Handbook of F inance . 3 rd ed . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .

    (hypothetical example)

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    Now, put the correct punctuationinto the reference below

    These are the missing punctuation marks:

    : : . . . . , , ( )

    Seedhouse D 2004 Healt h Promotion P h ilosop h y Prejudice and Practice 2nd edn Chichester W iley

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    W ere you correct?Seedhouse, D. (2004) Healt h Promotion: P h ilosop h y,Prejudice and Practice. 2nd edn. Chichester: W iley.

    Now try the practice exercises on the followingpage.

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    W rite a reference for this chapter and journal article

    For a chapter Fund management(1999)

    F oundations of Management PracticeM acmillanChambers, N.pp. 240-266BasingstokeHogston, R. andSimpson, P. M . (eds)in

    For a journal articleLearning S tandard Roberts, D.Learning experiences of

    international students20 (36)(2006)pp. 41-45

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    Now, check your answersChapter Chambers, N. (1999) Fund management, in Hogston, R.and Simpson, P. M . (eds) F oundations of Management Practice.Basingstoke: M acmillan, pp. 240-266.

    J ournal articleRoberts, D. (2006) Learning experiences of international students,

    Learning S tandard, 20 (36), pp. 41-45.

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    W rite a reference for this officialdocument and internet site

    DocumentCompre h ensive Critical Care: a revie w of adult Care servicesDepartment of Health(2000)LondonDepartment of Health

    Publications

    Internet sitewww.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/basic01.htm(2005)

    Action on Smoking andHealth(Accessed: 5 June 2006)Available at:Basic F acts One:S moking S tatistics

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    Bibliography

    Harris R., A.(2001) T h e plagiarism Handbook: S trategiesfor Preventing, Detecting and dealing w it h Plagiarism .Los Angeles: Pyrczak.

    Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite t h em R ig h t: t h eE ssential Guide to R eferencing and Plagiarism . 2nd ed.Newcastle: Pear Tree Books.