41
logo1 Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2) Autonomous Differential Equations Bernd Schr ¨ oder Bernd Schr¨ oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science Autonomous Differential Equations

Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    28

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Autonomous Differential Equations

Bernd Schroder

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 2: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Autonomous Differential Equations

1. A differential equation of the form y′ = F(y) isautonomous.

2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x, the equationis autonomous.

3. Autonomous equations are separable, but ugly integralsand expressions that cannot be solved for y makequalitative analysis sensible.

4. The slopes in the direction field will only depend on y.5. Solutions are invariant under horizontal translations.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 3: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Autonomous Differential Equations1. A differential equation of the form y′ = F(y) is

autonomous.

2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x, the equationis autonomous.

3. Autonomous equations are separable, but ugly integralsand expressions that cannot be solved for y makequalitative analysis sensible.

4. The slopes in the direction field will only depend on y.5. Solutions are invariant under horizontal translations.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 4: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Autonomous Differential Equations1. A differential equation of the form y′ = F(y) is

autonomous.2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x, the equation

is autonomous.

3. Autonomous equations are separable, but ugly integralsand expressions that cannot be solved for y makequalitative analysis sensible.

4. The slopes in the direction field will only depend on y.5. Solutions are invariant under horizontal translations.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 5: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Autonomous Differential Equations1. A differential equation of the form y′ = F(y) is

autonomous.2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x, the equation

is autonomous.3. Autonomous equations are separable, but ugly integrals

and expressions that cannot be solved for y makequalitative analysis sensible.

4. The slopes in the direction field will only depend on y.5. Solutions are invariant under horizontal translations.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 6: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Autonomous Differential Equations1. A differential equation of the form y′ = F(y) is

autonomous.2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x, the equation

is autonomous.3. Autonomous equations are separable, but ugly integrals

and expressions that cannot be solved for y makequalitative analysis sensible.

4. The slopes in the direction field will only depend on y.

5. Solutions are invariant under horizontal translations.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 7: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Autonomous Differential Equations1. A differential equation of the form y′ = F(y) is

autonomous.2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x, the equation

is autonomous.3. Autonomous equations are separable, but ugly integrals

and expressions that cannot be solved for y makequalitative analysis sensible.

4. The slopes in the direction field will only depend on y.5. Solutions are invariant under horizontal translations.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 8: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Equilibrium Solutions of AutonomousDifferential Equations

1. Values y0 with F(y0) = 0 give rise to constant solutionsy(x) = y0. These solutions are called equilibriumsolutions.

2. Equilibrium solutions y(x) = y0 are called stable if andonly if solutions near them converge to y(x) = y0.Otherwise they are called unstable.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 9: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Equilibrium Solutions of AutonomousDifferential Equations

1. Values y0 with F(y0) = 0 give rise to constant solutionsy(x) = y0.

These solutions are called equilibriumsolutions.

2. Equilibrium solutions y(x) = y0 are called stable if andonly if solutions near them converge to y(x) = y0.Otherwise they are called unstable.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 10: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Equilibrium Solutions of AutonomousDifferential Equations

1. Values y0 with F(y0) = 0 give rise to constant solutionsy(x) = y0. These solutions are called equilibriumsolutions.

2. Equilibrium solutions y(x) = y0 are called stable if andonly if solutions near them converge to y(x) = y0.Otherwise they are called unstable.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 11: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Equilibrium Solutions of AutonomousDifferential Equations

1. Values y0 with F(y0) = 0 give rise to constant solutionsy(x) = y0. These solutions are called equilibriumsolutions.

2. Equilibrium solutions y(x) = y0 are called stable if andonly if solutions near them converge to y(x) = y0.

Otherwise they are called unstable.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 12: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Equilibrium Solutions of AutonomousDifferential Equations

1. Values y0 with F(y0) = 0 give rise to constant solutionsy(x) = y0. These solutions are called equilibriumsolutions.

2. Equilibrium solutions y(x) = y0 are called stable if andonly if solutions near them converge to y(x) = y0.Otherwise they are called unstable.

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 13: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 14: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)6

y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 15: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

0

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 16: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

0

2

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 17: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

0

2

4

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 18: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

y′ > 0, increasingfor y < 0

0

2

4

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 19: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

y′ > 0, increasingfor y < 0

0

2

4

6

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 20: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

y′ > 0, increasingfor y < 0

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 21: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

y′ > 0, increasingfor y < 0

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 22: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 23: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 24: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for y > 4

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 25: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for y > 4

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6

6y

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 26: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for y > 4

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6

6y

stable

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 27: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for y > 4

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6

6y

stable

unstable

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 28: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for y > 4

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6

6y

stable

unstable(semi-stable)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 29: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

?

?

y′ < 0, decreasing

y′ > 0, increasing

y′ > 0, increasing

for 2 < y < 4

for y < 0

for y > 4

for 0 < y < 2y′ < 0, decreasing

0

2

4

6

6

6y

stable

unstable

unstable

(semi-stable)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 30: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 31: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 32: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 33: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 34: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 35: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 36: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 37: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 38: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 39: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 40: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations

Page 41: Autonomous Differential EquationsAutonomous Differential Equations 1. A differential equation of the form y0 =F(y) is autonomous. 2. That is, if the right side does not depend on x,

logo1

Definition Equilibrium Solutions An Example (Take 1) An Example (Take 2)

Find and Classify the Equilibrium Solutions of y′ =12

y(y−2)2(y−4)

Bernd Schroder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Autonomous Differential Equations