Automation Studio Electrical Control

Electrical ControlWorkshop User’s Guide

FAMIC Technologies 2000 Inc.

All rights reserved.

User’s Guide for the Automation Studio, Electrical Control workshop.

Document Number: FT-DOC-85103, version 3.0

REPRODUCTION

Reproduction of this manual or software, in whole or in part, is strictlyprohibited without the express written consent of FAMICTechnologies2000 Inc.

IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corp.

WINDOWS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.

PNEUSIM is a registered trademark of FAMIC Inc.

AUTOMATION STUDIO is a registered trademark of FAMICTechnologies 2000 Inc.

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Table of ContentsIntroduction.......................................................................................................................3

About the Electrical Control workshop ....................................................................4

1 Building a First Electrical Control circuit ...........................................................5

1.1 Inserting Components ....................................................................................7

1.2 Inserting Links between Components ..........................................................11

1.3 Saving the Project........................................................................................12

1.4 Electrical Control circuit Simulation ...........................................................14

2 Component Properties .........................................................................................19

2.1 Electrical Control workshop List of Components........................................19

2.2 Definition of Properties for Electrical Control Components .......................20

3 Electrical Control Exercises ................................................................................25

3.1 Exercise 1 - Circuit with Coils.....................................................................26

3.2 Exercise 2 - Jog Command Control Circuit for a Single-phaseMotor ...........................................................................................................31

3.3 Exercise 3 - Stop and go Control Circuit for Single-phase Motors..............33

4 Multi-Workshop Exercises ..................................................................................39

4.1 Exercise 1 - Simple Electropneumatic Circuit .............................................39

4.2 Exercise 2 - Control Circuit of a Drill Press ................................................45

4.3 Exercise 3 - Control Circuit of a Metering System......................................51

4.4 Exercise 4 - Control Circuit of a Stamping System .....................................59

A. Technical Specifications.......................................................................................67

A.1 Lines ............................................................................................................67

A.2 Power Sources .............................................................................................71

A.3 Output Components .....................................................................................81

A.4 Contacts .......................................................................................................90

Electrical Control Workshop User's Guide

ii

A.5 Switches...................................................................................................... 95

A.6 Counters.................................................................................................... 103

B. Glossary.............................................................................................................. 107

C. Index ................................................................................................................... 113

3

IntroductionThis Electrical Control workshop User's Guide provides theinformation required to install and use this workshop with theAutomation Studio Core System. This includes technical specificationsfor components, procedures for defining properties, the building andsimulation of a circuit and examples of Electrical Control applications.

Automation Studio is a modular simulation software package composedof a Core System to which various simulation modules can be pluggedin.

Each module, called a workshop, is a library from which you can drawcomponents to create different types of circuits - hydraulic, pneumatic,digital electronic etc. either alone or combined together.

The Core System handles the following functions: editing, simulation,file and diagram management, printing and display.


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About the Electrical ControlworkshopThe Electrical Control workshop is an optional module of theAutomation Studio application. This workshop allows you to createElectrical Controls or add Electrical Control components to circuits youdesigned using other workshops (Pneumatic, Hydraulic, DigitalElectronics or other workshops).

The Electrical Control library contains components classified indifferent categories:

The symbols used comply with two standards:

• American symbols;

• European symbols.

When this workshop is installed, both symbol libraries are added to thelibrary. They are identified as Electrical Control (US) and ElectricalControl (Europe).

Appendix A on page 67 contains the technical specifications of all thecomponents included with the Electrical Control workshop.

5

1 Building a First ElectricalControl circuit

This exercise will familiarize you with the software commands. Youwill create an Electrical Control circuit by following a step by stepmethod.


6

Description of the circuit to build

L1 N

Control circuit

NL1Functional portion of circuit

L1C N

BP-1

BP-1

B1

B1

L1

Led

MOT1

B1

This circuit allows you to control a single-phase motor. When youactivate push button BP-1, it closes toggle switch BP-1 that in turnactivates coil B1. Two NO contacts are associated to this coil. The firstcontact closes the supply circuit of single-phase motor MOT1; thesecond contact closes the circuit with the LED that indicates the statusof the motor.

List of components

Qty Component Identifier Tagname1 NO push button BP-11 NO toggle switch BP-11 Coil B12 NO Contact B11 Indicator light (LED type) L11 Single-phase motor (Power:

500 W, Rotation speed: 1800turns/min.)

MOT1

Building a First Electrical Control Circuit

7

Qty Component Identifier Tagname2 L1 power supply (Voltage: 24

V)L1C, L1P

2 Neutral N

File ELEC00.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC of this application.

1.1 Inserting ComponentsFollow these steps to construct this circuit:

1. Start the software.

2. Create a new project.

3. Create a new diagram.

4. Maximize the diagram window.

Power Supply - L1C

1. Open the library.

2. From the library’s toolbar, click on the Electrical Control (US) or(Europe) workshop button.

or

Double-click on the Electrical Control (US) or Electrical Control(Europe) workshop labels.

3. Click on the Power Sources category and on the Power Supply L1.

The Power Supply L1 appears at the bottom of the library.


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Figure 1-1 : L1 power supply US symbol

3. Click on the diagram to insert the power supply.

4. In order to display its Properties dialog box, choose the Propertiescommand from the Edit menu.

or

Click on the Properties button on the Edit toolbar. or

Double-click on the component.

or

Press ALT+ENTER.

The Properties dialog box for the power supply appears.


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5. Click on the Catalog tab.

6. In the Identifier field, type in L1C.

7. Click on OK.

Power Supply – L1P

1. Select the power supply L1.

2. Choose the Copy command, then choose the Paste command fromthe Edit menu.

or

Click on the Copy, then the Paste buttons on the Edit toolbar.

or

Type CTRL+R to re-insert the last component.

A second power supply appears.

3. Display its dialog box and type L1P in the Item Identifier field ofthe Catalog tab.

4. Click on OK.

Pushbutton – BP-1

1. From the Switches category, select and insert the Pushbutton NO..

Figure 1-2 : NO push button US symbol

2. Open its Properties dialog box.

3. In the Tagname field of the Simulation tab, type in BP-1.

4. Click on OK.

NO Toggle Switch – BP-1

1. From the Switches category, select and insert the Toggle SwitchNO.1.


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Figure 1-3 : NO toggle switch US symbol

2. Open its Properties dialog box

3. In the Tagname field of the Simulation tab, type in BP-1.

or

Select BP-1 from the dropdown list.

4. Click on OK.

Two components that have the same tagname will have the samebehavior. If one of them changes state, the other will change state too.See chapter 2 Component Properties on page 19 for more information.

NO Contact – B1

1. In the Contacts category, select and insert Contact NO.

Figure.1-4 : NO contact US symbol

2. Open its Properties dialog box.

3. In the Tagname field of the Simulation tab, type in B1.

4. Click on OK.

Duplicating Contact – B1

The Duplicate command allows you to copy an element without havingto use the Clipboard.

1. Select previously inserted contact B1 by placing the mouse pointeron it and clicking on the left mouse button.

2. Choose the Duplicate command from the Edit menu.

3. Insert the duplicated contact by clicking on the diagram..

4. Select the newly inserted B1 contact.


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5. Choose the Rotate Left 90° command from the Layout menu.

or

Click on the Rotate counterclockwise 90° button on the Drawingtoolbar.

The component will display with a 90° rotation to the left.

Remaining components

Insert the remaining components from the table on page 6 to completethe circuit making sure the tagnames and identifiers are enteredcorrectly.

1.2 Inserting Links between Components

To simplify the insertion of links between components, displayingconnections is very useful. Connections are small circles around theconnection points of components and links. These circles change colorwhen the connection is properly done. This function is accessible whenyou activate the Connections command from the View menu. (For moreinformation about this command, see the Core System User’s Guide.)

You will now link the components with lines.

Linking Components of the Control Portion

1. In the Lines category of the Electrical Control (US) workshop,select the Electric wire component.

The mouse pointer takes the shape shown on the left.

2. Move the mouse over a connector.

The mouse pointer turns black.

3. Click and release the left mouse button.

4. Move the cursor to another connector.


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5. Click and release the left mouse button.

The link is now established-B1.

5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for each of the remaining connections.

6. To stop linking components, click the right button of the mouse.

The mouse pointer reverts to its original shape.

Verify Connections

At all times, you can verify the links to see if the connections are madecorrectly.

For any given diagram, the Verify Connections command from theTools menu will give you the number of free connections for lines andcomponents.

If components are not properly connected, they will be displayed with adifferent color from the others, allowing you to easily identify them.

(For more details, see section Inserting Links in the Core System User’sGuide.)

1.3 Saving the Project1. Choose the Save command from the File menu.

The first time you save a project, the Save as dialog box appears.


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Figure 1-5 : Save As dialog box

2. Select the drive and directory you want the project to be saved inby choosing them in the Drives and Directories fields.

The path you choose is displayed above the lists.

3. In the File Name field, type the name of the project in front of thedefault .PRO extension.

Automation Studio generates files with the .PRO extension.

4. Click on OK.

The complete path and the name of the file identify the project.


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1.4 Electrical Control circuit Simulation

1.4.1 Project Simulation

To simulate your first project:

1. Choose the Start Project command from the Simulation menu

or

Click on the Simulate button on the Simulation toolbar. The Simulation mode is activated.

The elements of the diagrams will take on the simulation colors. (Youcan find a list of the simulation colors assigned by default to ElectricalControl components, see section 1.4.3 Display Colors of Componentsand Links on page 16.)

2. To activate the circuit, point and click on push button BP-1 of thecontrol portion of the circuit.

To observe the simulation process for each computation cycle:

3. Choose the Step by Step command from the Simulation menu. Acheck next to the command indicates that this speed is now ineffect.

or

Click on the Step by Step button on the Simulation toolbar. The simulation will advance a step at a time (one cycle) at eachclick of the left mouse button. At each cycle, a computation is doneto determine the new status of the components.

4. Click on push button BP-1 and release the mouse button.

The first computation cycle is done.

5. Move the pointer anywhere on the diagram and click again toperform the second cycle of computation, and the third etc.


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1.4.2 User Modifications

When simulating an Electrical Control circuit, you may modify thestatus of a component by activating it with the mouse.

You can activate the following Electrical Control components:

• NO and NC toggle switches;

• NO and NC push buttons.

To activate these components when in the Simulation mode:

1. Place the pointer on the component.

The pointer takes the shape of a hand. The hand indicates that youmay intervene during simulation.

Figure 1-6 : Example demonstrating the position of the pointer when activating a push button

2. Click on the component as indicated in part 1 of the above figure.

The Simulation mode will allow the component to respond to thecursor action as indicated in part 2 of the above figure.

Depending on which component is activated, you may have to holddown the mouse button on the command if you wish to maintainthe status of the component.

3. Release the mouse button and the component will regain its initialstatus as in part 1.


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Description of the Control Portion

When push button BP-1 is activated, toggle switch BP-1 closes and coilB1 is activated. When coil B1 is activated, it closes NO contact B1 thatsupplies indicator light L1 that then lights up.

Description of the Functional Portion

When push button BP-1 of the control portion of the circuit is activated,toggle switch BP-1 closes and coil B1 is activated. When coil B1 isactivated, it closes both NO contact B1, the one in the control portionand the one in the functional portion. Since contact B1 of the functionalportion is closed, the single-phase motor is supplied by L1P and startsrunning.

1.4.3 Display Colors of Components and Links

The color changes that components and links undergo during simulationwill allow you to identify changes in their status, and animate thesimulation.

To modify the colors or the configuration parameters of the software:

1. Choose the Configuration command from the File menu.

The Configuration dialog box appears.

2. Choose the Electrical Control (US) tab.

The Electrical Control (US) tab from the Configuration dialog boxappears.


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Figure 1-7 : Electrical Control (US) tab from theConfiguration dialog box

3. Modify, according to your preferences, the simulation colorsoffered in the Electrical Control (US) tab of the Configurationdialog box.

Automation Studio immediately modifies the configuration parametersaccording to your specifications with the exception of the selectedLanguage of the General tab. This modification will be enabled the nexttime you start Automation Studio.

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2 Component Properties

This chapter covers the following sections:

• the Electrical Control workshop list of components;

• the simulation parameters for Electrical Control components;

• the dialog boxes allowing the modifications of properties forElectrical Control components.

2.1 Electrical Control workshop List ofComponentsThe Diagram Editor contains a Library window that groups all thecomponents of active workshops from the Automation Studio software.An active workshop is an installed workshop appearing in the DiagramEditor Library. (For more information on installing or uninstalling aworkshop, see the Core System User’s Guide.)

American and European Symbols

The Electrical Control library contains component categories based ontwo different symbol libraries:

• American symbols (Electrical Control (US));

• European symbols (Electrical Control (Europe)).

These two library groups contain exactly the same components,distributed in the same categories, with the same names and properties.Only the symbols used in the diagrams differ.


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List of Components

Appendix A on page 67 contains all the technical specifications for thecomponents, their symbols (US and European), and the definition oftheir properties and complementary information.

2.2 Definition of Properties for ElectricalControl Components When inserting an Electrical Control component in a diagram, thedialog box for properties usually appears automatically. If it is not thecase, you may access the Properties dialog box by double clicking onthe component pressing ALT+ENTER

The following sections describe each of the dialog boxes. Appendix Aon page 67 contains technical specifications explaining the differentproperties for each of the components.

2.2.1 Standard Dialog Box

The Standard dialog box is the most frequently used dialog box forElectrical Control components. The following figure shows a standarddialog box. The Title bar display the name of the selected components.

Component Properties

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Figure 2-1 : Standard dialog box

This button allows you to access the External tools list and to executeany of those tools. See the Core system User’s Guide for moreinformation.

This button is only activated when the Catalog tab is selected. It allowsyou to add user-defined fields to a component. This is useful whencreating a bill of materials.

Some components allow you to enter the same tagname to two or morecomponents in order to bind their behavior. To do so, you can selectthat particular tagname in the Tagname list. This is the case for thefollowing components:

• Coil;

• Contacts;

• Solenoid;

• Jump-to label (input);

• Jump-to label (output).


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The Suffix field allows a subscript to be added to the Tagname to betterdifferentiate between two jump-to labels.

You can add a suffix to the tagname of a component. For example, ifyou type in –1 as a suffix for coil U2, its complete tagname will becomeU2-1.

Example

COIL1 COIL1-1 COIL1-2

Figure 2-2 : Labeling coils and contacts

The above figure contains a coil (COIL 1), a NO contact (COIL 1-1)and a NC contact (COIL 1-2). When the coil was inserted in thediagram, tagname COIL 1 was given to the coil. When the coil isactivated, it has to activate two contacts, one NO and one NC contact.For the coil to be able to do this task, both contacts need to have thesame tagname as the coil, (COIL 1). The Suffix field allows you to adda subscript to the tagname to better differentiate the two contacts (-1and –2 in this example).

To label components with the Tagname and Suffix, follow thisprocedure:

1. In the Output Components category of the Electrical Control (US)workshop, click on Coil.

2. In the diagram, drag the component to the position where you wishto insert the coil and click.

The Properties dialog box for the coil appears.

3. In the Tagname field, type in COIL 1.

4. Click on OK.

The tagname is displayed in the diagram.

5. In the Contacts category, click on Contact NO.

Component Properties

23

6. In the diagram, drag the component to the position where you wishto insert the contact and click.

The Properties dialog box for the contact appears.

7. Click on the arrow on the right of the Tagname field. A scroll listwill open showing the coil tagnames already in place.

8. In the list, click on COIL 1.

The selected tagname appears in the Tagname field.

9. In the Suffix field, type in –1.

10. Click on OK.

The tagname and the suffix appear in the diagram near the contact.

11. For other contacts associated with coil COIL 1, repeat steps 6 to 11by modifying the suffix according to your numbering system.

The insertion order of contacts and the coil can be inverted.

The following figure gives an example of a Standard dialog box for acomponent that has other parameter than Tagname simulationparameter. The Title bars display the name of the selected components.

Figure 2-3: Standard dialog box with other fields


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2.2.2 Specialized Dialog BoxesElectric Wire Dialog Box

Figure 2-4 : Electric Wire dialog box

The Color field of this dialog box allows the modification of the colorof the component during simulation. The Style and Width fields modifythe lines according to your selection. To modify these properties, clickon the arrows on the right of the fields and click on the chosen option.

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3 Electrical Control Exercises

This chapter contains various exercises allowing you to edit andsimulate Electrical Control circuits.

This chapter contains the following three exercises:

1. A circuits with coils.

2. A jog command control circuit for a single-phase motor.

3. A stop and go control circuit for single-phase motors.


26

3.1 Exercise 1 - Circuit with CoilsThese three examples will familiarize you with how a coil, a coil latchand a coil unlatch work. Three simple Electrical Control circuits areproposed:

1 – Circuit with a coil

This first example illustrates the use of a coil in a simple ElectricalControl circuit. It also gives a better understanding an electrical relaysfunctioning.

NL1

B1 L1

LED

B1BP-1

BP-1

NL1C

List of components

Qty Component Identifier Tagnames

1 NO push button BP-1

1 NO switch BP-1

1 Coil B1

1 NO contact B1

1 Indicator light (Type : LED) L1

1 L1 power supply (24 V) L1C

Electrical Control Exercises

27


1 Neutral N

With the components from the Electrical Control library, build theillustrated circuit.

Once the circuit is completed, you can go to the Simulation mode toverify that it works correctly.

Push button BP-1 is associated with the switch having the sametagname. Furthermore, coil B1 is associated with the contact having thesame tagname. When push button BP-1 is pushed, switch BP-1 closeswhich allows the activation of coil B1. NO contact B1, which isassociated to coil B1 closes, which allows the activation of indicatorlight L1.

Indicator light L1 stays lit as long as push button BP-1 is held down.Once push button BP-1 is released, coil B1 is no longer activated sinceswitch BP-1 opens. Consequently, contact B1 also opens and theindicator light, which is no longer activated closes.

File ELEC02A.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC.


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2 – Circuit with a coil latch

This second example allows you to create an Electrical Control circuitthat shows how a coil latch works. This example is identical to theprevious example except for the type of coil used.

NL1

B1 L1

BP-1

BP-1

NL1C

B1

List of components



1 NO switch BP-1

1 Coil latch B1

1 NO contact B1

1 Indicator light (Type : LED) L1


1 Neutral N


29



Activating push button BP-1 closes the switch having the sametagname. This activates coil latch B1 which closes contact B1. Sincethe indicator light L1 is now activated, it lights up.

Releasing push button BP-1 opens the associated switch (sametagname). The coil latch is no longer activated but NO contact B1 staysclosed and the indicator light L1 stays lit.

File ELEC02B.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC of this application.

3 – Circuit with a coil latch and a coil unlatch

This third example allows you to create an Electrical Control circuitwith a coil latch and a coil unlatch that both control the indicator lightL1.

NL1

BP-2

BP-2

B1

B1 L1

BP-1

BP-1

NL1C

B1


30

List of components


2 NO push button BP-1 and BP-2

2 NO switch BP-1 and BP-2

1 Coil latch B1

1 Coil unlatch B1

1 NO contact B1

1 Indicator light (Type: LED)

L1


1 Neutral N



As in the preceding example, activating push button BP-1 lights upindicator light L1. It stays lit even after push button BP-1 has beenreleased. In this circuit, push button BP-2 allows the closing of theindicator light.

Activating push button BP-2 closes its associated switch (with the sametagname). Coil unlatch B1 is then activated and opens NO contact B1.Since the indicator light L1 is no longer activated, it closes.

File ELEC02C.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC of this application.


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3.2 Exercise 2 - Jog Command ControlCircuit for a Single-phase MotorThis exercise allows you to create an Electrical Control circuit with ajog command control for a single-phase motor. This command is usedto make a motor turn step by step so that it is possible to precisely setthe position of an element. For example, this command is used to set theposition of a machine tool carriage. This command allows the start-upand stop of a motor with a simple push button activation.

Furthermore, this circuit has an automatic control that gives analternative to the use of activated and deactivated coils to start and stopa motor.

L1

L1 N

NBP-1 BP-2 BP-3

F110 Amp.

L1C

L1P N

N

BP-2BP-1

BP-3

M

CTR

CTR/1

CTR/2

MOT

M

List of components


3 NO push button BP-1, BP-2 and BP-3

1 NC switch BP-1

2 NO switch BP-2 and BP-3

2 Coil M and CTR


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1 L1 power supply(120 Volts)

L1P

3 NO contact MCTR (Suffix/1)CTR (Suffix/2)

1 Fuse (Max.Intensity 10 A)

F1

1 L1 power supply(24 Volts)

L1C

2 Neutral N

1 Single-phasemotor(Power: 500 W,Rotationspeed: 1800 rpm)

MOT



This circuit allows the activation of single-phase motor (MOT) inautomatic or jog command mode.

The jog command mode is available when using push button BP-2.In that mode, activating push button BP-2 closes the associated switch(with the same tagname). Coil M is then activated and closes contact M.Single-phase motor MOT is activated and starts running.

Releasing push button BP-2 opens the associated switch. Coil M is nolonger activated which opens contact M. Motor M is no longeractivated, so it stops running.

Activating push button BP-3 closes the associated switch. Coil CTR is


33

activated so it closes contacts CTR/1 and CTR/2. Contact CTR/1activates coil M which then closes contact M. The motor is thenactivated and starts turning. Contact CTR/2 controls coil CTR, so thiscoil stays activated even if push button BP-3 is released. The only wayto stop the motor is by using push button BP-1. Switch BP-1, byopening, opens the circuit deactivating coil CTR. Contacts CTR/1 andCTR/2 will then open. Coil M is no longer activated which openscontact M and the motor stops turning.

File ELEC03.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC of this application.

3.3 Exercise 3 - Stop and go ControlCircuit for Single-phase MotorsThis third exercise has two circuits that allow the control of the startand stop of two single-phase motors, in sequence. This type of controlcircuit can be used in the installation of a conveyer bank.

1 – Start Circuit

This first example shows how to start two single-phase motors, MOT1and MOT2, in sequence. The delay between the two starts is set with acontact with off delay.


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L1 N N NL1 L1L1C N N NL1P L1P

BP-1 BP-2

BP-2BP-1

M1-1 M1-2 M2

TR

M1

TR

M2MOT1 MOT2

F110 Amp.

F210 Amp.

List of components


2 NO push button BP-1 andBP-2

1 NC switch BP-1

1 NO switch BP-2

3 Coil M1, M2 andTR

3 NO contact M1 (Suffix –1)M1 (Suffix –2)M2

1 NO contact with off delay(Preset: 10 cycles)

TR

2 Single-phase motor(Power: 500 W,

Rotation speed: 3600 rpm)

MOT1 andMOT2



35


2 Fuse (Max. Intensity 10 A) F1, F2

2 L1 power supply (120 V) L1P

3 Neutral N



Activating push button BP-2 closes the associated switch (with thesame tagname). Coils M1 and TR are then activated and close contactsM1-1, M1-2 and TR. Contact M1-1 allows the activation of the coilseven if push button BP-2 is deactivated. Contact M1-2 allows theactivation of motor MOT1, which will then start running. Contact TR isa contact with off delay, so it closes 10 simulation cycles after coil TRhas been activated. Once closed, it allows the activation of coil M2which closes contact M2. Motor MOT2 is activated and startsrunning.

Stopping both motors is done simultaneously. It is done by activatingpush button BP-1 that opens the associated switch. Coils M1 and TRare no longer activated and contacts M1-1, M1-2, M2 and TR openwhich causes motors MOT1 and MOT2 to stop.

File ELEC04A.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC of this application.


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2 – Stop Circuit

This second example shows how to stop two single-phase motors,MOT1 and MOT2, in sequence. The delay between the two shut off isset with a contact with on delay (this contact is the only differentcomponent between this circuit and the preceding one).

L1L1 NNNL1

F210 Amp.

F110 Amp.

MOT2MOT1M2

TR

M1

M2M1-2M1-1

BP-1 BP-2

BP-2BP-1L1PL1P NNNL1C

TR

List of components


2 NO push button BP-1 and BP-2

1 NC switch BP-1

1 NO switch BP-2

3 Coil M1, M2 and TR

3 NO contact M1 (Suffix –1)M1 (Suffix –2)M2

1 NO contact with ondelay(Preset: 10 cycles)

TR


37


2 Single-phase motor(Power: 500 W,

Rotationspeed: 3600 rpm)

MOT1 andMOT2

2 Fuse (Max.Intensity 10 A)

F1, F2

1 L1 power supply(24 V)

L1C


L1P

3 Neutral N



Activating push button BP-2 closes the associated switch (with thesame tagname). Coils M1 and TR are then activated and close contactsM1-1, M1-2, and TR. Contact M1-1 activates the coils even if pushbutton BP-2 is released. Contact M1-2 activates motor MOT1 whostarts running. Contact TR activates coil M2 which closes contact M2.Motor MOT2 is activated and starts running.

Activating push button BP-1 opens the associated switch (with the sametagname). Coils M1 and TR are no longer activated which openscontacts M1-1, M1-2 and TR. Motor MOT1 is no longer activated andstops. Contact TR is a contact with on delay, so it opens only 10simulation cycles after the contact has been activated. Once open, coilM2 is no longer activated which opens contact M2 and consequentlystops motor MOT2.

File ELEC04B.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC of this application.

39

4 Multi-Workshop Exercises

This chapter contains four exercises allowing you to build and simulatemore complex electropneumatic circuits. These exercises are circuitsbuilt with components from two Automation Studio workshops, thePneumatic workshop and the Electrical Control workshop.

4.1 Exercise 1 - Simple ElectropneumaticCircuitThis simple electropneumatic circuit shows how an electropneumaticcontrol circuit works and how you can go from a SFC to an ElectricalControl.

Description of the functional portion

The functional portion of this exercise circuit is composed of apneumatic cylinder (A) and a double solenoid 5/2 (12) directionalvalve.

PROX-A1PROX-A0

EXT-A RET-A

A


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List of Pneumatic components

Qty Component Properties

1 Double-acting cylinder Identifier: AOpposing force: 100Rod diameter: 0,5Piston diameter: 2Stroke length: 8

1 5/2 (12) directional valve Left command:Solenoid: EXT-A

Right command:Solenoid: RET-A

2 Proximity sensor Tagname : PROX-A0 andPROX-A1

2 Exhaust

1 Pneumatic pressure source

The properties not mentioned in the list must keep their default values.

SFC

The working cycle is composed of the extension and retraction ofcylinder A's rod.

Multi-Workshop Exercises

41

1

1 START

2

2 PROX-A1

3

3 PROX-A0

A+

A-

Going from SFC to an Electrical Control

Converting a SFC to an Electrical Control is done with Booleanequations. Each step in the SFC has to be converted into a Booleanequation. The Boolean equation has the following form.

Note that for the following equations, steps are represented by the letterE and transitions by the letter R. Also, the initial step of a SFC is stepnumber zero.

E E R E En n n n n= +− • − • +( )1 1 1

In this equation, En is the active step, En-1 the preceding step and En+1the following step. Rn-1 is the transition between steps En-1 and En.

The SFC of this automatism has two steps (E1 and E2) and an initialstep (E0). The Boolean equations of each of these steps are thefollowing:

E E PROX A E E0 2 0 0 1= − +• •( )

E E START E E1 0 1 2= +• •( )

E E PROX A E E2 1 1 2 0= − +• •( )


42

E0, the initial step also has to take into account the initial conditions ofthe control circuit, i.e. when the circuit is put under voltage. Underthese conditions, all steps of the SFC have to be deactivated. That iswhy coil INIT is used. It will only be activated if all steps are notactivated when the circuit is under voltage. Once coil INIT is activated,contact INIT closes and initial step E0 is activated. The activationequation of step E0 then becomes the following.

E E PROX A E INIT E0 2 0 0 1= − + +• •( )

Control circuit

From the Boolean equations already established, it is now possible totrace the control circuit into an Electrical Control. The figuresfollowing the list of Electrical Control components show the controlcircuits in American and European symbols.

List of Electrical Control components


4 Coil INIT, E0, E1and E2


1 NO switch BP-1

2 NO proximityswitch

PROX-A0 andPROX-A1

9 NO contact INITE0 (for two)E1 (for three)E2 (for three)

6 NC contact E0 (for two)E1 (for two)E2 (for two)

2 Solenoid EXT-A and RET-A


43



L1P

1 L1 power supply (24V)

L1C

2 Neutral N (for two)

L1 N

NL1BP-1

L1P N

RET-A

EXT-AE1

E2

E2

E1

E0

INIT

BP-1

PROX-A1

PROX-A0

E0

E2

E1

E2

E1

E0

E0

INIT

E1E2

E2E1E0

NL1C

Control circuits(American symbols)


44

L1

N

N

L1

E1 E2

L1P

N

RET-AEXT-A

E2E1E0INIT

PROX-A0 PROX-A1BP-1

BP-1

E2 E0

E2E1E1E0

E1

INITE0E2

E2

E1

E0

N

L1C

Control circuits(European symbols)

Description of the control portion

The first line of this control circuit allows the initialization of the circuitwhen it is put under voltage for the first time.

Activating coil INIT closes contact INIT and initial step E0 becomesactive. It is also possible to activate step E0 by activating proximityswitch PROX-A0 when step 2 is active.

When push button BP-1 is activated, switch BP-1 closes and step 1becomes active. Solenoid EXT-A is then put under voltage and controlsthe extension of cylinders A's rod.

Steps 2 becomes active when step 1 is active and proximity switchPROX-A1 is activated. At that time, solenoid RET-A is put undervoltage and controls the retraction of cylinder A's rod.

File IELPN01.PRO containing this exercise is available in DirectoryEXERC of this application.


45

4.2 Exercise 2 - Control Circuit of a DrillPress


The drill press is composed of a horizontal cylinder (cylinder A). Thiscylinder is used to hold in place the piece to drill. A second cylinder,(cylinder B) is used to drill the piece. When you start the circuit,cylinder A's rod extends. Then cylinder B's rod extends then retracts.The cycle finishes when cylinder A's rod retracts to its initial position.Each cylinder is controlled by a 5/2 (12) directional valve controlled onboth sides by solenoids. Two mechanical position sensors, A0 and A1detect cylinder A’s rod movement. Two proximity sensors, PROX-B0and PROX-B1 detect cylinder B’s rod movement.

PROX-B1PROX-BO

A1A0

EXT-B RET-BEXT-A RET-A

BA


46



2 Double-acting cylinder Identifier : AOpposing force: 0Return friction: 10Extend friction: 10Rod diameter: 1Piston diameter: 3Stroke length: 2

Identifier : BOpposing force: 50Return friction: 10Extend friction: 10Rod diameter: 1Piston diameter: 2Stroke length: 12

2 5/2 (12) directional valve Left control:SolenoidControl iden.: EXT-A

Right control:SolenoidControl iden.: RET-A

Left control:SolenoidControl iden.: EXT-B

Right control:SolenoidControl iden.: RET-B

2 Mechanical position sensor Tagnames A0 and A1

2 Proximity sensor Tagnames : PROX-B0 andPROX-B1


47


4 Exhaust




6 Coil INIT, E0, E1,E2, E3 and E4


1 NO switch BP-1

2 NO limit switch A0 and A1

2 NO proximityswitch

PROX-B0 and PROX-B1

15 NO contact INIT 1E0 (for two)E1 (for three)E2 (for three)E3 (for three)E4 (for three)

10 NC contact E0 (for two)E1 (for two)E2 (for two)E3 (for two)E4 (for two)

4 Solenoid EXT-A andRET-AEXT-B andRET-B


L1C and L1P

2 Neutral N (for both)


48

SFC

The following SFC represents the working cycle of the drill press.

1

1 BP-1

2

2 A1

3

3 PROX-B1

A+

B+

4

4 PROX-B0

5

B-

A-

5 A0

Control Circuit

Going from the SFC to the Electrical Control gives the followingcontrol circuit (shown in both symbols).


49

NL1

NL1

NL1P

E3

E4

E2

E1

RET-B

RET-A

EXT-B

EXT-A

E4

E3

E2

E1

E0

INIT

PROX-BO

PROX-B1

A1

A0

BP-1

BP-1

E0

E4

E3

E2

E1

E4

E3

E3

E2

E2

E1

E1

E0

INIT

E0

E4

E4E3E2E1E0

NL1C

Control circuit of the drill press (American symbols)


50

N

L1

N

L1

E4E3E2E0

RET-ARET-BEXT-BEXT-A

E4E3E2E1

N

L1P

E1

E0E4E3E2

BP-1

E3E2

E1

E4

E3

E2

E1

E0

PROX-B1 PROX-BOA1A0

BP-1

E1INITE0E4

INIT

E4E3E2E1E0

N

L1C

Control circuit of the drill press (European symbols)


The first line of the control circuit allows the activating of coil INITwhen the circuit is put under voltage for the first time. This places theSFC at the initial step, step E0.

When push button BP-1 is activated, step 1 becomes active and cylinderA's rod extends. Once the rod is extended, switch A1 is activated andallows step E2 to be activated.

Step E2 is the step that makes cylinder B's rod extend. This extension isdetected by proximity sensor PROX-B1 that activates proximity switchPROX-B1.

At that time, step E3 becomes active so cylinder B's rod retracts.

Activating step E4 is possible when proximity sensor PROX-B0 isactivated, which indicated that cylinder B's rod is completely retracted.When step E4 is active, cylinder A's rod retracts and the automationcycle goes back to initial step E0.


51

For another working cycle, push button BP-1 has to be activated. If thisbutton is kept pressed down permanently, the cycle is continuous.


4.3 Exercise 3 - Control Circuit of aMetering System


This system is used to measure material against a fixed volume. Itworks with two containers whose movements are controlled by twocylinders, A and B. The lower container, controlled by cylinder A isfilled with the material supplied by a hopper. When the lower containeris filled to the brim, the top container, controlled by cylinder B, willplace itself over the lower container, blocking the material. The lowercontainer then moves to unload the measured material. The work cycleends when the top container takes back its initial position.

To simulate this system, we suppose that the volume of material isreached when the lower container has finished its stroke length. Twomechanical position sensors are used to detect the movements ofcylinder A and two proximity sensors are used to detect the movementsof cylinder B.


52

EXT-A RET-A

EXT-B RET-B

PROX-B1PROX-B0

A1A0

B

A


53



2 Double-acting cylinder Identifier: AOpposing force: 200Return friction: 30Extend friction: 30Rod diameter: 1,5Piston diameter: 4Stroke length: 18

Identifier: Bsame properties ascylinder A.

2 5/2 (12) directional valve 1) Left control:Solenoid: EXT-ARight control:Solenoid: RET-A

2) Left control:Solenoid: EXT-BRight control:Solenoid: RET-B

2 Mechanical position sensor Tagnames: A0 and A1

2 Proximity sensor Tagnames: PROX-B0 andPROX-B1

4 Exhaust



54



3 NO push button 1) CY/CY2) AUTO

BP-1

3 NO switch 1) CY/CY2) AUTO

BP-1

2 Coil INIT and R1

5 Coil unlatch E0, E1, E2, E3and E4

5 Coil latch E0, E1, E2, E3and E4

11 NO contact INITR1E0E1 (for two)E2 (for two)E3 (for two)E4 (for two)

7 NC contact E0E1 (for two)E2 (for two)E3 and E4

2 NO limit switch A0 and A1

2 NO proximity switch PROX-B0 andPROX-B1

4 Solenoid EXT-A andEXT-B

RET-A andRET-B


L1C and L1P



55

SFC

This system can work in automatic (AUTO) or cycle by cycle (CY/CY)mode. In the cycle by cycle mode, the start is controlled by push buttonBP-1. The SFC of this automation is the following.

1

1 AUTO+CY / CY.BP-1

2

2 A1

3

3 PROX-B1

4

4 A0

5

A+

B+

A-

B-

5 PROX-B0


56

Control Circuit

The control circuit of this system uses the properties of a coil latch anda coil unlatch. The following figures show the control circuits with boththe American and European symbols.

NL1

NL1

INIT

RET-A

RET-B

EXT-B

EXT-A

NL1P

E4

E1

E2

E3

E3

E4

E2

E3

E1

E2

E0

E1

E4

E0

E3

E2

E1

RE0

E2E4

PROX-B1

PROX-B0

A1

A0

RE1

AUTO

BP-1CY/CY

BP-1AUTOCY/CYINITE4E3E2E1E0

NL1C

Control circuit of a metering system(American symbols)


57

N

L1

N

L1

E4E3E2E1

N

L1P

RET-B RET-AEXT-BEXT-A

E3E4E2E3E1E2E0E1E4E0

E3E2E1

R

E0

E2

INITE4

R

E1

BP-1

AUTOCY/CY

PROX-B1 PROX-B0A1A0

BP-1AUTOCY/CY

INIT

E4

E3

E2

E1

E0

L1C

Control circuit of a metering system(European symbols)


The first line of this control circuit allows the initialization of the circuitwhen it is put under voltage for the first time. Activating coil INITcloses contact INIT and initial step E0 becomes active. It is alsopossible to activate step E0 by activating proximity switch PROX-B0when step E4 is active. Activating step E0 and deactivating step E4(coil latch E0 and coil unlatch E4) is done simultaneously.

The second line represents the receptivity associated with the transitionfrom initial step E0 and step E1. This receptivity includes the startingmodes of the circuit. The starting mode is automatic (AUTO) or cycleby cycle. With this last mode, push button BP-1 has to be activated tostart a new working cycle.

Activating coil R1 closes contact R1 and activates step E1 when stepE0 is active. Activating step E1 is done at the same time that step E0 isdeactivated.


58

Notice that this circuit is built with coil latches and coil unlatches.Activating a step is done with a coil latch and deactivating a step isdone with a coil unlatch. So, the control circuit has many lines with acoil latch and a coil unlatch built in parallel. This allows the activatingof a step and the simultaneous deactivating of the previous step. Forexample, on the third line, when step E0 becomes active, step E4becomes inactive at the same time.



59

4.4 Exercise 4 - Control Circuit of aStamping System


This exercise shows a system used to stamp coins. The functionalportion of this system consist of three double-acting cylinders; A, B andC. Cylinder A is used to position the coin on the horizontal, cylinder Bpushes the coins to where they are stamped. Cylinder C actually doesthe stamping with up and down movements of its rod. After thestamping, cylinders A and B go back to their initial position. All threecylinders are controlled by double solenoid 5/2 directional valves.

A proximity sensor detects the position of cylinder A's rod as it retracts,and a mechanical position sensor detects the rod as it extends. A secondmechanical position sensor detects cylinder B's rod as it retracts and aproximity sensor is used to detect the rod as it extends. Finally, twomechanical position sensors detect the position of cylinder C's rod as itextends and retracts.

EXT-C RET-CEXT-B RET-BEXT-A RET-A

A B C

A1

PROX-A0

B0

PROX-B1

C1C0


60



3 Double-acting cylinder 1) Identifier: AOpposing force: 5Return friction: 2Extend friction: 2Rod diameter : 0,25Piston diameter: 0,75Stroke length: 4

2) Identifier: Bsame properties ascylinder A.

3) Identifier: COpposing force: 500Return friction: 20Extend friction: 20Rod diameter : 2Piston diameter: 5Stroke length: 4

3 5/2 (12) directional valve 1) Left control:Solenoid: EXT-ARight control:Solenoid: RET-A

2) Left control:Solenoid: EXT-BRight control:Solenoid: RET-B

3) Left control:Solenoid: EXT-CRight control:Solenoid: RET-C

4 Mechanical position sensor Tagnames:A1, B0, C0 and C1


61


2 Proximity sensor Tagnames:PROX-A0 and PROX-B1

6 Exhaust




4 NO push button CY/CY, AUTO

and AU

BP-1

4 NO switch CY/CY, AUTO

and AU

BP-1

3 Coil INIT, R and S

26 NO contact INIT, R, S (4), E0(2), E1 (3), E2(3), E3 (3), E4(3), E5 (3) andE6 (3)

21 NC contact S (7), E0 (2), E1(2), E2 (2), E3(2), E4 (2), E5 (2)and E6 (2)

7 Coil E0, E1, E2, E3,E4, E5and E6

6 Solenoid RET-A, RET-B, RET-C

EXT-A, EXT-B and

EXT-C


L1C and L1P


62




63

SFC

This system can work in automatic (AUTO) or cycle by cycle (CY/CY)mode. In the cycle by cycle mode, the start is controlled by push buttonBP-1. This system also has an emergency stop (AU) that allows to stopthe system and to reset the automatism to initial step E0. The SFC ofthis automatism is the following.

1

1 (AUTO+CY / CY.BP-1)

2

2 A1

3

3 PROX-B1

4

4 C1

5

A+

B+

C+

C-

Si AU reprise à A0Si AU C-, B-, A-

5 C0

6 B-

6 B0

7 A-

7 PROX-A0


64

Control Circuit

L1 N

NL1

E0 E1

E1

EXT-C

EXT-B

EXT-A

RET-B

RET-C

E3

E2

E1

E6

S

E5

S

S

E4

E6

E5

E4

E3

E2

E6

E6

S E5 B0

E5

E4S

E4

E5C1E3S

E3

E4PROX-B1E2

E2

E3A1E1

E2

E1

RE0

S

S

S

E0

PROX-A0

E0

E6

INIT

S

R

AUTO

BP-1CY/CY

SAU

S

RET-A

E1

C0

AUBP-1AUTOCY/CY

INITE6E5E4E3E2E1E0

L1C N

NL1C

Control circuit of a stamping system(American symbols)


65

N

L1

N

L1

AUSAUTOCY/CY

NEXT-CEXT-BEXT-ARET-ARET-BRET-C

E3E2E1SE4SE4SE4

L1P

E6

E0

B0

E6E5

E5

E6

C0

E5E4

E4

E5

C1

E4E3

E3

E4

PROX-B1

E3E2

E2

E3

A1

E2E1

SSSSS

E1

E2

R

E0

S

E0

E1

PROX-A0

E0E6INITS

R

AUTO

BP-1

CY/CY

S

S

AU

NINIT

E6

E5

E4

E3

E2

E1

E0

L1C

E1

Control circuit of a stamping system(European symbols)


The first line of this control circuit allows the initialization of the circuitwhen it is put under voltage for the first time. Activating coil INIT willallow initial step E0 to become active when the circuit is under voltage.

The second line is composed of normally open switch AU and coil S.This coil is activated when push button AU is activated for anemergency stop. Activating coil S deactivates all the active steps byopening all NC contacts S. Closing NO contact S resets the automatismto initial step E0. Activating coil S also makes cylinder A, B and C rodsretract.

Activating initial step E0 is done in three ways. The first way is byinitializing the circuit by closing NO contact INIT. The second way isby using the emergency stop by closing NO contact S. The third way isby the transition from step E6 to step E0.

The starting mode can be automatic (push button AUTO) or cycle bycycle (push button CY/CY). With this last mode, push button BP-1 hasto be activated to start a new working cycle.

Files IELPN04A.PRO and IELPN04B.PRO containing these exercisesare available in Directory EXERC of this application.

67

A. Technical Specifications

A.1 LinesThe electric wire contained in the Electrical Control workshop libraryhas the following simulation parameters:

Color Allows the modification of the color of theline according to the colors supported bythe Core System.

Style Allows the modifications of the line type oflines according to the types supported bythe Core System.

Width Allows the modifications of the line widthof lines according to the widths supportedby the Core System.

A.1.1 Electric WireAmerican symbol European symbol

Electric wires are used to link two points in an electrical circuit.

Electric wires are made of a conductor covered with an insulatingsheath. The most commonly used conductor is copper. The materialused for the insulating sheath depends on the temperature the wire willbe submitted to.


68

Wires used to distribute electricity in houses and buildings have aflexible insulating sheath made of rubber, cotton or thermoplasticproducts. On the other hand, wires used in electric ovens haveinsulating sheath made from mineral materials: glass, asbestos,porcelain or mica. These materials can withstand high temperaturesvery well.

Choosing an electric wire depends on the considered use. Choicecriteria include the diameter of the conductor, the color and theconnection mode.

A.1.2 Vertical and horizontal jump

Pressure line allowing to jump over a line without being connected to it.

A.1.3 Plug (male)/Socket (female)American symbol European symbol

Plug

Socket

Using a plug and a socket to connect two components is optional. Theyare used to add information to a diagram. However, take note that aplug output can only be connected to a socket input and inversely.

Usually, plug and socket terminals are identified by their shape andsize. For example, in North America sockets in houses have two orthree terminals. In both cases, the terminals have different shapes andsizes to identify their use. The rectangular shape is used to identify thepower line or the neutral. As for the circular shape, it is used to identifythe ground.

Technical Specifications

69

In sockets with two terminals, the smallest terminal is used to connectthe power line and the largest to connect the neutral.

Sockets with three terminals are usually used when a ground terminal isobligatory. For example, electrical appliances with a metallic casing,such as an oven have three terminal plugs.

A.1.4 Jump-to Label (output)American symbol European symbol

Simulation parameters

Tagname Allows an association between jump-tolabels (Input/Output)

The jump-to label (output) can act like a transmitter or a receiver. Thestatus of the voltage at the connection point is transmitted as-is to theassociated jump-to label, i.e. that shares a common tagname.

A.1.5 Jump-to Label (input)American symbol European symbol


Tagname Allows an association between jump-tolabels (Input/Output)

The jump-to label (output) can act like a transmitter or a receiver. Thestatus of the voltage at the connection point is transmitted as-is to theassociated jump-to label, i.e. that shares a common tagname.


70

A.1.6 Connection Block


Total numbers (1..40) Total number of connections

First number (0..99) Number of the first connection

A connection block is composed of a certain number of connections.Each connection makes it possible to connect in full safety 2 conductorsof an electric circuit. During the insertion of the connector block, theuser must specify the number of the first connection as well as thenumber of connections.

A.1.7 FuseAmerican symbol European symbol

10 Amp. 10 Amp.


Max. Amps (A) Represents the maximum current (A) that thefuse is capable of withstanding. The intensitythat the fuse can withstand has no effect onthe simulation. This parameter is used forinformation purposes.

A fuse is a protection device. It can shut down a circuit in which thecurrent going through is too high (for example, in a short circuitsituation). The fuse is calibrated to support a maximum intensity for thecircuit. As long as the intensity does not go over the set intensity value,the fuse acts as a wire and does not influence the circuit. If the intensityof the current goes over the set value, the internal element of the fusemelts rapidly, opening the circuit. All the voltage goes to the terminalsof the fuse and no current can circulate in the circuit.


71

Fuses are usually made of a zinc or silver filament enclosed in a glass,ceramic or fiber tube. The heat generated from the current goingthrough the circuit provokes, if it goes over the maximum intensity setfor the fuse, the melting of the filament and consequently, the openingof the circuit.

Fuses are often used in control circuits of motors.

A.2 Power Sources

A.2.1 Power SupplyAmerican symbol European symbol

L1 L1

L2 L2

L3 L3


Voltage Represents the voltage value (V). Thisparameter has no incidence on thesimulation.

A power supply line is characterized by its voltage and supplies theelectrical power to circuits and motors. For example, a triple-phasemotor supply needs three power lines, one for each of the phases.


72

In industrial and domestic electrical installations, power supply isavailable from the local power company. The electrical companysupplies many types of power sources, mainly a triple-phase 600 Voltssystem with three lines and a triple-phase 208/120 Volts system withfour lines.

The 600 Volts supply with three lines is used in industrial installationsas a motive force for the drive of triple-phase motors.

The 208/120 Volts supply system with four lines supplies three powerlines with 208 Volts line to line and a neutral. A line to neutralconnection is used to supply a 120 Volts single-phase voltage.

All three lines can be used to supply 208 Volts line to line triple-phasemotors. Each 208 Volts line to line bus can be combined with theneutral to supply 120 Volts lighting circuits.

In triple-phase power circuits, the line to neutral voltage is equal to theline to line voltage divided by 1,73. For example, from a line to line208 Volts triple-phase supply it is possible to obtain a 208/1,73 = 120Volts line to line single-phase supply.

A.2.2 NeutralAmerican symbol European symbol

N N

The neutral is used in electrical power circuits as a reference for thevoltage on a single-phase or triple-phase line. It is also used in triple-phase supply circuits to supply a smaller voltage than the line to linevoltage.

In triple-phase power circuits, the combination of a power line with aneutral allows the supply of a smaller voltage than the line to linevoltage. For example, the combination of a 208 Volts triple-phase lineto line power line with the neutral, has an output supply of 120 Voltsline to neutral.


73

In triple-phase circuits, the line to neutral voltage is equal to the line toline voltage divided by 1,73. For example, with a triple-phase supply of208 Volts line to line, it is possible to obtain a single-phase supply of208/1,73 = 120 Volts line to neutral.

Sockets for ordinary domestic current are composed of two terminals.One terminal is connected to the single-phase 120 or 240 Volts line(depending on the country) and the other terminal is connected to theneutral.

A.2.3 GroundAmerican symbol European symbol

The ground is equal to 0 Volts. It represents the reference by which thevoltages are measured.

The term ground is used because one of the wires of a supply cord inelectrical installations is always linked to the ground by a low resistancewire. In reality, in the case of commercial and residential buildings, thisconnection is done by the water supply pipe located at the entrance ofthe building. In certain cases, the ground is also called the common.

In electrical installations, the main objective of the ground is to reducethe danger of electrical shocks.

Domestic electrical appliances with a metallic casing are required tohave a ground wire on their casing. Such is the case for electric stoves,and water heaters for example. In that type of appliance, the plugsocket, has a third terminal used to connect the casing to the ground.

In industrial installations, the ground is usually achieved through a gridstuck in the ground. All motors and machines in factories are fitted witha ground.

Also see sections A.2.1 Power Supply on page 71 and A.2.2 Neutral onpage 72.


74

A.2.4 Power supply 24VAmerican symbol European symbol

24V 24V

The power supply 24V is a source of 24 Volts.

A.2.5 Common (0 volt)American symbol European symbol

0V 0V

The common component is the equivalent to the Ground component butit is for circuits in DC current.

A.2.6 TransformerAmerican symbol European symbol

220:24 220:24


Primary Voltage Allows the specification of the amplitudeof the alternate voltage to transform. Thisparameter has no effect on the simulation.

Secondary Voltage Allows the specification of the alternatevoltage at the transformer outputs. Thisparameter has no effect on the simulation.

The transformer allows the modification of the amplitude of an alternatevoltage. It is made of two coils, the primary and the secondary.


75

The main parameters of a transformer are the nominal voltage at theprimary coil terminals (H) and the voltage at the secondary coilterminals (X). For example, using an alternate 120 Volts voltage, it ispossible to obtain, by using a transformer, an alternate 24 Volts voltage.

The transformer works because of a magnetic induction phenomenon.Supplying a voltage on the primary coil induces a magnetic field in thesecondary coil. This results in an induced voltage at the terminals of thesecondary coil.

In practice, the amplitude of the induced voltage at the secondary coildepends on the voltage supplied on the primary coil and the number ofturns ratio that exist between the two coils.

Also see section A.2.7 DC Power Supply on page 75.

A.2.7 DC Power SupplyAmerican symbol European symbol

220:24 220:24


Primary Voltage Allows the specification of the amplitudeof the alternate voltage that has to betransformed into DC power.

Secondary Voltage Allows the specification of the amplitudeof DC voltage that the DC power supplyoutputs.

The DC power supply is used to obtain DC power from an alternatevoltage. Its main parameters are the amplitude of the alternate voltageat the input (˜) and the amplitude of the DC voltage at the output (+/-).

In practice, transforming alternate voltage into DC voltage is done withan electrical device called a power supply.


76

A power supply is composed of a transforming stage, a rectificationstage and a regulating stage.

The transforming stage has a transformer that lowers the amplitude ofthe alternate voltage coming from the input. The rectification stage willrectify the negative parts of the alternate voltage. Finally, the regulatingstage has capacitors that stabilize the output voltage to the desiredvalue.

Also see section A.2.6 Transformer on page 74.

A.2.8 Multi. I/O transformerAmerican symbol European symbol

H4 H3 H2 H1

X3X2X1220:24 220:40

H4 H3 H2 H1

X3X2X1220:24 220:40


Primary Voltage Allows the specification of the amplitudeof the alternate voltage to transform. Thisparameter has no effect on the simulation.

Secondary Voltage Allows the specification of the alternatevoltage at the transformer outputs. Thisparameter has no effect on the simulation.

Secondary Voltage 2 Allows the specification of the alternatevoltage at the transformer outputs. Thisparameter has no effect on the simulation.

The Multi I/O transformer behave like the regular transformer exceptthat it can induce two different alternative tensions.


77

X1

X2

X3

H4

H3

H2

H1

Vh13

Vh24

Vh14

Vh12

Vh23

Vh34

Vx23

Vx12

Vx13

Here are some examples on how to use it :

• Vh12 primary supply :


78





79



• Transformer supplying a rectifier:


80

Note: Generally, when there is a primary tension, tension is alsoinduced in the secondary. Only one tension can be induced in thesecondary. The following example is impossible:

If the primary tension is 220 volts, the secondary tension 1 is equal to100 volts and the secondary tension 2 is equal to 50 volts. Thetransformer should have the following notation:


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A.3 Output ComponentsThe various types of output components (except for the diode and theLED) contained in the Electrical Control workshop library have thefollowing simulation parameters:

Tagname Allows the specification of a label toestablish an association with thecomponents with which it interacts.

A.3.1 CoilAmericansymbol

Europeansymbol

Coil

Coil latch

Coil unlatch

A coil is made of a rolled up copper wire. When the coil has currentgoing through it, an electro-magnetic force is generated in its core. Thecoil is used in many electrical applications, in contact relays forexample. In contact relays, the electro-magnetic force generated by thepassage of the current in the coil opens or closes the contacts of therelay that are associated with the coil.

Three types of coils are available in the Electrical Control workshop,they are the coil, the coil latch and the coil unlatch.

When a coil in under voltage, the normally open contacts associatedwith it close whereas the normally closed contacts associated with itopen. When the coil is no longer under voltage, the contacts take backtheir initial status.


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The coil latch works as the coil except that the contacts that areassociated with it stay in their activated status even if the coil latch is nolonger under voltage. That way, when the coil latch is under voltage,the normally open contacts close and the normally closed contacts open.

The coil unlatch allows the contacts that were activated by a coil latchto take back their initial status. When the coil unlatch is activated, thenormally open contacts become open again and the normally closedcontacts become closed again. The contacts will remain in that statuseven if the coil unlatch is no longer under voltage.

In Automation Studio, the coil has to have the same tagnames than thecontacts to which it is associated. Also see section A.4 Contacts onpage 90.

A.3.2 Coil with OFF delayAmerican symbol European symbol

1 2SR 1

2



Preset Time delay from 1 to 99.

The Coil with OFF delay deactivates its associated contacts whencurrent is applied, but only after the preset delay.


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A.3.3 Coil with ON delayAmerican symbol European symbol

1 2SA 1

2


Tagname Allows the specification of a label toestablish an association with the componentswith which it interacts.


The Coil with ON delay activates its associated contacts when current isapplied, but only after the preset delay.

A.3.4 Flashing coilAmerican symbol European symbol

1 2 1

2





84

The Flashing coil activates and deactivates its associated contacts whenas long as current is applied. The preset delay specifies that delaybetween the activation and the deactivation.

A.3.5 SolenoidAmerican symbol European symbol

A solenoid is made of a wire evenly wrapped around in a helix shape toform a long coil into which is placed a iron core. When the coil has acurrent going through it, it generates a magnetic field that has its linesparallel to the axis of the solenoid. This magnetic field develops a forcethat will attract the floating core.

The movement of the core is used to control many devices such aspneumatic and hydraulic directional valves. A return force is necessaryto bring back the floating core to its rest status. This force can begenerated by a spring, a push button, a lever or another solenoid. Inpneumatic directional valves, the return of the floating core can also bedone with a pressure pilot.

A solenoid has to have the same tagname than the solenoid of thepneumatic or hydraulic directional valve to which it is associated.

Pneumatic and hydraulic directional valves controlled by a solenoid areavailable in their corresponding workshops.

A.3.6 Indicator LightAmerican symbol European symbol


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Color Allows the specification of the coloremitted by the indicator light.

Type The indicator light can be of three types:electro-luminescent, neon or incandescent.This parameter has no effect on thesimulation.

The indicator light is used to indicate the status of a component in acontrol system. Its color is usually associated with the task to be done.For example, red can be used for the indicator light of a push buttonused as an emergency stop button. Also, the indicator light of a pushbutton authorizing the start of an automatism’s cycle is usually green.

The indicator light can work with voltages varying between 6 and 120Volts, in AC as well as DC current. Models supporting a small currentuse LED (light emitting diode). They occupy a small space and have alonger life span; they consume little energy and have a low maintenancecost compared to neon or incandescent type lights.

In some applications, (a current limiting device) allows the indicatorlight to work under a lower current than the one in the control circuit.This device can a transformer or more commonly a resistor.

The working principle behind the indicator light using LEDs relies onan important characteristic of electronics. It uses a special p-n junctionthat emits light when it is under direct current (when the anode-cathodevoltage is positive).

Also see sections A.3.9 Three-phase motor on page 88 and A.3.11 LED(light emitting diode) on page 89.


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A.3.7 Heating ElementAmerican symbol European symbol


Power Allows the specification of the amount of energythat can be dissipated by the heating element(watts). This parameter has no incidence on thesimulation and is there for information purposes.

The heating element is a resistance that can support very hightemperatures. A heating element can operate under a workingtemperature varying between 275°C and 500°C. Its main parameter isits power.

The resistance wire in a heating element is usually made of a nickel andchrome alloy. This alloy is wrapped around a ceramic tube, formingturns. The whole thing is covered with a ceramic enamel that keeps thewire in place and protects it against oxidation and humidity.

In the heating element, the release of heat is done with the convectionprinciple. The fluid that is in contact with the heating element heats upand creates convection currents that make the cold fluid circulate to theheating element.

A.3.8 Single-Phase MotorAmerican symbol European symbol



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Power Allows the specification of the maximumpower of the motor (watts). This power is aparameter that has no effect on thesimulation, it is for information only.

Rotation Speed Allows the specification of the maximumrotation speed of the motor (t./min.). Thisrotation speed is a parameter that has noeffect on the simulation, it is forinformation only.

The single-phase motor transform electrical energy into mechanicalrotative energy. The main parameters of the motor are its power androtation speed. The single-phase motor can be connected between twopower lines of 120 or 240 Volts or, between a power line and a neutral.

The single-phase motor is made of a mobile part called the rotor and astatic part called a stator.

The stator has a main coil turned to form poles. The number of polesgives the rotation speed of the motor and they always come in an evennumber.

The rotor is composed of a cylinder made of sheet metal that has beenpunctured at the ends to form notches destined to receive conductors.The conductors of the rotor are made of bare copper bars that are fittedin the notches.

When a voltage is applied on the stator’s coil, an alternate magneticflux is generated. The variation of this magnetic flux induces alternatecurrent in the conductors of the rotor. The presence of this inducedcurrent in the magnetic field created by the stator’s turn, produces anelectro-magnetic force that makes the rotor turn.

In industrial applications, the power of motors is usually expressed inhorsepower (HP). Finding its equivalent in the International System isdone by the relation 1HP = 746 W. The single-phase motors are used inapplications that require little power, like machine tool and fans. Inthose applications, the power generated by the motor varies from afraction of HP to a few HP.


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A.3.9 Three-phase motorAmerican symbol European symbol

The three-phase motor requires a tri-phase current. It is very sturdy andreliable but its power output tends to be poor under small load.

A.3.10 DiodeAmerican symbol European symbol

+

-

+

-

direct

inverse

+

-

+

-

direct

inverse

The diode is an element that lets electrical current flow in one directiononly. In the « right » direction the diode offers little resistance to thepassage of current. This resistance provokes a light voltage drop at theterminals of the diode, called threshold voltage. This voltage is of 0.2Volts for diodes made of germanium, and of 0.6 volts for the ones madeof silicone. The passage of a current induces heat that can be damagingif the cooling is not correct.


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In the reverse direction, the diode blocks the passage of the current. Ifthe voltage at the terminals is too high, the diode will be destroyed.

A.3.11 LED (light emitting diode)American symbol European symbol

A LED (light emitting diode) allows the visual indication of the logicalstatus at one point of a circuit. The color of the component changesdepending on the logical status (0 or 1) of the input signal. In anelectrical circuit, the LED acts as a diode.

A.3.12 ResistorAmerican symbol European symbol


Resistance Resistor level in ohms.

This parameter is not taken intoconsideration during simulation.

A.3.13 Overload relayAmerican symbol European symbol


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Connection type Can be connected to single-phase, diphasicand triphasic tensions. This parameter isnot taken into account during simulation.

The thermal relay of overload uses a heating resistance connected inseries to the engine supply. The quantity of heat produced increasesalong with the current intensity. In the event of an overload, the heatproduced cuts the circuit. The threshold can be set to whatever value.This kind of protection is very effective because when the threshold hasbeen reached the resistance temperature takes some time to cool downpreventing an immediate restart.

A.4 ContactsThe various types of contacts contained in the Electrical Controlworkshop library have the following simulation parameters:


A.4.1 Contacts NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Contacts are used in association with coils in contact relays.


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They can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). These twotypes characterize the electrical behavior of contacts when they are notactivated, i.e. when the coil to which they are associated is notactivated. As soon as the coil has a current going through it, contacts towhich it is associated change their status. Normally open (NO) contactsclose, and normally closed (NC) contacts open.

These two contacts work as opposites. A normally open (NO) contactblocks the passage of current in a circuit when not activated. Onceactivated, the contacts allow the passage of electrical current. On theother hand, a normally close (NC) contact allows the passage ofelectrical current when not activated and blocks it when activated.

When the coil is under voltage, the contacts to which it is associatedchange their status instantly. For this reason, they are sometimes calledinstant contacts to differentiate them from delay contacts.

A contact has to have the same tagname than the coil to which it isassociated. Also see section A.3.1 Coil on page 81.

A.4.2 Rising/Falling Edge ContactsAmerican symbol European symbol

Rising edge

Falling edge

Rising andfalling edge

Rising edge and falling edge contacts are associated with a coil.


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A rising edge contact is a normally open contact that acts on the risingedge of the intensity of the current that travels along the coil to which itis associated. When the current starts traveling the coil, the rising edgecontact closes momentarily, for a time equivalent to 1 simulation cycle.

A falling edge contact is a normally open contact that acts on the fallingedge of the intensity of the current that travels along the coil to which itis associated. When the current stops traveling the coil, the falling edgecontact closes momentarily, for a time equivalent to 1 simulation cycle.

A rising edge or falling edge contact has to have the same tagname thanthe coil to which it is associated. Also see section A.3.1 Coil on page81.


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A.4.3 Delay ContactsAmerican symbol European symbol

ONdelay

NO

ONdelay

NC

OFFdelay

NO

OFFdelay

NC

ON/OFFdelay

NO

ON/OFFdelay

NO


Preset Time required, in number of simulationcycles, for the change of status of thecontact. The minimum value is 1 and themaximum value is 9999.

A delay contact works in the same way as an instant contact with theexception that its change of status is done after an adjustable presetperiod of time. A delay contact is associated with a coil.


94

Delay contacts are divided in two groups, contacts with ON delays andcontacts with OFF delays. In each group, contacts can be normally open(NO) or normally closed (NC).

The delay period of the NC contacts with ON delay and NO contactswith OFF delay starts at the moment the coil is supplied with voltage.Once the period of time has elapsed, the NC contacts with ON delaycloses and the NO contacts with OFF delay opens. At the moment thecoil is no longer supplied, the contacts take back their initial value.

01

Coil

NO contact withOFF delay

NC contact withON delay

01

01

Delay

NC contacts with OFF delay and NO contacts with ON delay instantlychange status when the coil is supplied. However, when the coil is nolonger supplied, the contacts take back their initial value only after thetime delay has elapsed.

Coil

NO contact withON delay

NC contact withOFF delay

10

10

10

Delay


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A.5 SwitchesThe various types of switches contained in the Electrical Controlworkshop library have the following simulation parameters:


Some types of switches have to be used in conjunction with sensorsavailable in other workshops. For example, a pressure sensor from thePneumatic or Hydraulic workshop library has to be used with thepressure switch contained in the Electrical Control workshop.

A.5.1 Push Buttons NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Push buttons do the same thing as switches activated by finger pressure.They constitute the link between the user and the circuit. Push buttonscan be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).

Usually, push buttons have a return spring i.e. a spring that brings backthe push button to its initial position as soon as the button is released.That is why push buttons are said to be momentary contact switches.


96

Push buttons are made of a manual actuator and a contact. The type ofpush button depends on the type of contact. Contacts can be normallyopen (NO) or normally closed (NC). If the push button is normally open(NO), activating the switch closes the contact. However, if the pushbutton is normally closed (NC), activating the switch opens the contact.

In simulation diagrams, push buttons can be associated with switchesthat have the same tagname. This association can be done with sametype switches or opposite type switches.

A.5.2 Toggle Switches NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Toggle switches are components that authorize or prohibit the passageof current in an electrical circuit.

They can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). The type oftoggle switch determines its behavior at rest status, i.e. when it is notactivated. A normally open (NO) toggle switch blocks the electricalcurrent whereas a normally closed (NC) toggle switch allows it.

Toggle switches can be associated with push buttons that have the sametagname. This association is possible with same type push buttons oropposite type push buttons.

Toggle switches change status each time the push buttons to which theyare associated are activated. The changing of status is characterized bya behavior opposite the one in rest status. So, a normally closed toggleswitch opens when the push button to which it is associated is activated.However, a normally open toggle switch closes when the push button towhich it is associated is activated.


97

Also see section A.5.1 Push Buttons NO/NC on page 95.

A.5.3 2 positions switchAmerican symbol European symbol

1 21 2



The 2 position switches make it possible to connect the line 1 (initialposition) or the line 2. The change of state is triggered by a click on thepushbutton. The arrow of the symbol indicates the conducting line.

A.5.4 3 positions switchAmerican symbol European symbol

1 2 31 2 3



The 3 position switches make it possible to connect the line 1 or the line2. Initially, the switch is in the neutral position 3. The change of state istriggered by a click on the pushbutton. The arrow of the symbolindicates the current conducting line or the neutral position.


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A.5.5 Multiposition switchAmerican symbol European symbol



Total positions Number of switch position, the value mustbe between 3 and 20.

A Multiposition switch makes it possible to connect a line (connectorNo 1) with an output line. The possible number of output line isconfigured at insertion time. To change the switch position insimulation, click on the desired output line.


99

A.5.6 Limit Switches NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Limit switches are associated with mechanical position sensors.

They can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). They aremade of two contacts, a mobile one and a fixed one. At rest status, theNO limit switch is open and blocks the current. However, the NC limitswitch is closed allowing the passage of current.

Limit switches allow the detection of a position or the limitation of atranslation movement. For example, when a cylinder rod comes incontact with the roller of the position sensor to which it is associated,the mobile contact of the switch changes position, provoking the statuschange for the limit switch. In fact, for a NO limit switch, the mobilecontact presses against the fixed contact and the switch closes. In thecase of a NC limit switch, the mobile contact moves away from thefixed contact and the switch opens.

Once the position sensor is no longer activated, the mobile contact ofthe limit switch takes back its initial position, under the action of areturn spring. The switch takes back its rest status.

Limit switches need to have the same tagname that the mechanicalposition sensors to which they are associated. Mechanical positionsensors are components from other workshops.


100

A.5.7 Proximity Switches NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Proximity switches are associated with proximity sensors. They can benormally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).

Usually, proximity sensors can be of inductive or capacitive type.

In an inductive sensor, the rest status of the proximity switch ismaintained by the magnetic field created by a high frequency oscillatorlocated on the face of the sensor. When a metallic object penetrates thisfield, the oscillations are reduced and the variation of current of theoscillator provokes a status change of the switch.

In a capacitive sensor, highly sensitive electrode condensators arelocated on the face of the sensor. The sensitivity of these electrodesallows the proximity sensor of the capacitive sensor to detect non-metallic objects. When an object passes in front of the sensor, itchanges the coupling capacities which provokes a status change of theswitch.

Proximity switches need to have the same tagname than proximitysensors to which they are associated. Proximity sensors are componentsfrom other workshops.


101

A.5.8 Pressure Switches NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Pressure switches are associated with pressure sensors. They can benormally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). They are use to detect aset pressure threshold.

Pressure switches are made of a mobile contact that moves between twopairs of terminals from fixed contacts. One pair represents terminalsfrom normally open contacts while the second pair represents terminalsfrom normally closed contacts. As long as the sensor is not activated,the mobile contact stays pressed against the normally open contactterminals for the NO switch and stays pressed against the normallyclosed contact terminals for the NC switch.

When pressure becomes equal to or greater than the set pressure, thesensor spool moves by compressing its spring. This movement pressesthe contact against the normally closed contact terminals for a NOswitch or against the normally opened contact terminals for a NCswitch. Once pressure becomes lower than the set pressure, the mobilecontact goes back to its rest position.

Pressure switches need to have the same tagname than the pressuresensors to which they are associated. Pressure sensors are componentsfrom other workshops.


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A.5.9 Thermal Switches NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Thermal switches are not functional, they serve as graphic symbols tobe incorporated in your diagrams.

Thermal switches can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).

Thermal switches are associated with thermal sensors. Their actiondepends on the type of detection used by thermal sensors.

Two types of detection are usually used in thermal sensors. The firsttype is by resistance variation and the second type is by thermocoupledetection.

A.5.10 Level Switches NO/NCAmerican symbol European symbol

NO

NC

Level switches are not functional, they serve as graphic symbols to beincorporated in your diagrams.

Level switches can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).


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Level switches are associated with level sensors. They allow thedetection of the level reached by a fluid in a tank. Their action dependson the type of detection used by level sensors.

The sensor detection is a mechanical, resistance modification orcapacity modification type.

A.6 CountersThe various types of counters contained in the Electrical Controlworkshop library have the following simulation parameters:

Maximum Value Allows the specification of a maximumvalue that a counter up will reach or theinitial counting value for a counter down.The value must be a positive integerbetween 1 and 9999.

This category has two types of components that can be used in controlcircuits. The counter up counts starting at 1 to the maximum value inincreasing order. The counter down counts starting at the maximumvalue to 1 in decreasing order.

American symbol European symbol

Counter up CTU

100 0

CTU

100 0

Counter down CTD

100 100

CTD

100 100

The counter up has an input signal (upper left line on the symbol), areset signal (lower left line on the symbol) and an output. Each inputimpulse increments the counter of one unit starting from the initial nullvalue. The main parameter of a counter up is its maximum countingvalue. Once this value is obtained, the output of the counter is instantlyunder voltage. The output can be canceled with the reset signal.


104

The counter down has an input signal, a reset to the maximum valuesignal and an output. The main parameter of a counter down is itsmaximum value. This value is the starting or initial value of thecountdown. Each input impulse at the input of the counter down makesthe value go down one unit. When this value reaches zero, the output ofthe counter down is under voltage. This output can be canceled byactivating the reset signal.

A.6.1 Thumbwheel

12345

The thumbwheel needs to be supplied in current at port 1. Itconverts the decimal value it contains in a binary value of 4 bits. Theleast significant bit is at port 2.

The thumbwheel assigns the converted four bits to the Input componentof the Ladder diagram workshop connected to it.

During simulation, click on the top arrow to increase the thumbwheel'svalue and click on the bottom arrow to decrease it.


Initial value Starting value during simulation.


105

A.6.2 LED display

12345

The LED display converts a binary value received by ports 2 to 5 ( 2being the least significant bit) in a decimal value. Port 1 must beconnected to the ground.

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B. Glossary

Active Workshop

Installed workshop whose components are displayed in the DiagramEditor library.

Component

One of the three basic elements used for creating diagrams. Eachcomponent represents a behavior or a function that is animated duringsimulation. Components are part of the Library and are provided by theworkshops.

Connection

A connection binds to components and/or links together. There are twotypes of connections: connectors and mechanical contacts.

A connection from one technology can not be connected to aconnection from another technology. I.e. a pneumatic line cannot beconnected to a hydraulic component and vice-versa. For a hydraulic lineto activate a pneumatic valve it must get its source from a hydraulicline. The contrary is also true.

Connection Number

A number designated for each point where components are connected.

Connector

A connector connects two components, two links or one component andone link, to allow the flow of fluids (pressurized air or oil) or electricalcurrent. Symbolized by a circle when on a component, it is a pointwhere links or components are connected together. The connectors aredisplayed in the same color as the components if they are connected,


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and in a different color if they are not connected. When a connector isinserted on a link, it is represented in the form of a black dot. It can beinserted on a link in order to identify specific connection points ormultiple connections.

Core System

Set of common functions in Automation Studio including all the editcommands and simulation commands of the application.

Diagram

A document which graphically represents a circuit or a model by meansof elements and components drawn from the Automation Studioworkshop libraries.

Display Tools

Designates the design accessories in the Diagram Editor: grid, rulers,connections, and connection numbers. You can specify their displayfrom the View menu.

Diagram List

The contents of a Project Manager window for a given project. TheDiagram List displays all the diagrams in the project.

Edit Mode

A mode of operation in Automation Studio during which projectdiagrams can be created and modified. There is another mode ofoperation, the Simulation mode.

GRAFCET/SFC

GRAphe Fonctionnel de Commande Étape Transition. Also calledSequential Function Chart (SFC). Graphic control language based onthe concepts of steps and transitions. A sequence of commands is

Glossary

109

divided into a series of steps, each containing one or more commandactions. A transition separates two steps and contains the logicconditions authorizing the execution of the immediately preceding stepand the activation of the immediately following step.

Graphic Object

An element of the Library which cannot be simulated. Graphic objectsare inserted into diagrams strictly as non-functional elements. Theycome in four types: rectangle, ellipse, line and text.

Grid

A network of horizontal and vertical dotted lines which cover theworkspace in the Diagram Editor and on which the elements of adiagram are aligned.

Library

One of the tools provided by the Diagram Editor. It is a windowcontaining the basic elements used for designing circuits or simulationmodels. There are three types of elements: components, links andgraphic objects. They are provided by the workshops, which areplugged into the Core System.

Link

An element of the Library used to connect the components of adiagram. During simulation a link will transmit signals from onecomponent to another.

Map Locator

Solid horizontal and vertical lines displayed in the workspace whichshow the physical breaks in the pages of a diagram.


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Mechanical contacts

The mechanical contacts are connections that connect a sensor and areceiver making it possible for a component to modify the behavior ofanother component. They are represented by a rhombus that appears atthe point of contact. Contrary to the connectors, the color of therhombuses is not influenced by the state of connection.

Menu Bar

A horizontal bar located above the application title bar. The menu bardisplays the various menus and commands which are available for theactive window.

Project

A group of diagrams forming a cohesive whole. A Project is managedby the Project Manager.

Project Label

A brief description of a project, displayed in the project summary.

Project Manager

An utility which you use to create, edit and manage project files inAutomation Studio. The Project Manager workspace for a given projectcontains the Diagram List, which shows all the diagrams contained inthat project.

Properties

Characteristics or parameters of a component. You can change or viewthe properties by opening the component Properties dialog box.

Rulers

Rulers are displayed at the edges of the window and indicate the unit ofmeasurement being used for the diagram. They serve as references for

Glossary

111

diagram size and the relative position of elements.

Shape of the Link

Path followed by a link between two connection points.

Simulation Cycle

One step in the calculation which determines the status of eachcomponent.

Simulation Mode

Mode of operation in Automation Studio during which a project or adiagram is simulated. Unlike the Edit mode, the Simulation mode, whenit is active, does not allow any change to the project.

Sort Key

The criteria used to classify items of the List in alphanumeric order.The sort keys are specified in the Sort box of the Tools menu in theProject Manager. The alphanumeric order is the following:0,1,2...9,A,B,C....Y,Z.

Status Bar

A horizontal bar located at the bottom of all the utility windows inAutomation Studio. It displays information such as comments, zoomfactor, pointer coordinates, etc.

Title Bar

Horizontal bar located at the top of a window and displaying the title ofthis window.

Toolbar

A bar located under the menu bar, which contains icons for the most


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frequently used commands.

User Interface

An environment made up of windows, dialog boxes, menus, commands,mouse, buttons, etc., which allow the user to interact with the computer.

Utility

A general designation for the different types of windows in AutomationStudio. The Core System contains two utilities: the Project Managerand the Diagram Editor.

Worksheet

The entire surface available in Automation Studio for generatingdiagrams.

Workshop

A module which plugs into the Automation Studio Core System. Eachworkshop contains elements, diagrams and functions relating to its owntechnological specialty and to the type of diagrams it can generate.

Workspace

The portion of the window which displays your work.

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C. Index

Coil with OFF delay, 82

Coil with ON delay, 83

Coils, 81

Common (0 volt), 74

Connection block, 70

Connections

Verify Connections, 12

Contact NO/NC, 90

Contacts

Delay Contacts, 93

Counter Down/Counter Up, 103

Counters, 103

DC Power Supply, 75

Delay Contacts, 93

Dialog Box

Standard, 20

Dialog Box

Lines, 24

Diode, 88

Electric Wire, 67

Falling Edge Contact, 91

Flashing coil, 84

Fuse, 70

Ground, 73

Heating Element, 86

Indicator Light, 85

Jump-to Label (input), 69

Jump-to Label (output), 69

LED, 89

Neutral, 72

Overload relay, 89

Plug male, 68

Power Supply, 71

Power supply 24V, 74

Properties

Definition, 20

Push Button NO/NC, 95

Resistor, 89

Rising Edge Contact, 91

Rotate 90° Counterclockwise, 11

Simulation

Start Project, 14

Step by Step, 14

Single-Phase Motor, 87

Socket, 68

Solenoid, 84

Switch

2 positions switch, 97

3 positions switch, 98

Multiposition switch, 98


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Switches

Level Switches NO/NC, 102

Limit Switch NO/NC, 99

Pressure Switch NO/NC, 101

Proximity Switch NO/NC, 100

Thermal Switches NO/NC, 102

Three-phase motor, 88

Toggle Switch NO/NC, 96

Transformer, 75

Multi I/O transformer, 76

Vertical and horizontal jump, 68

Documents

Automation Studio Electrical Control