Aula Cranio 1

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Head Features

Skull= bones of cranium (enclose cranial cavity) + bones of face (includes the mandiblNotes: calvaria = roof of cranial cavity (intramembranous bones, e.g., frontal, pa

middle ear & inner ear are situated within the temporal bone (petrous part

dorsal & ventral conchae subdivide nasal cavity, into dorsal, middle, ventral &

Joints: joints of the skull are fibrous for the most part; the calvaria has suture

mandibular symphysis = fibrocartilaginous joint uniting right & left m

temporomandibular joint= a synovial that contains a meniscus

also: atlanto-occipital synovial joint ("yes" motion)axio-atlantal synovial joint features dens ("no" motion)

Paranasal sinuses = diverticula of nasal cavity lined by nasal mucosa

(named for the bone that contains them; more prominent in herbivores)

frontal sinus (lateral, medical, & rostral compartments)

maxillary recess (sinus) contains lateral nasal gland

Hyoid apparatus = chain of bones attached to the skull


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Salivary Glands:

saliva moistens food to facilitate swallowing& contains amylase to disassembl

secretion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic & sym

glands :

1) parotid duct goes to upper buccal vestibule(beside upper 4th premolar)

2) zygomatic [carnivores] ducts go to upper buccal vestibule (beside last

Zygomatic

Salv.G.

ParotidLym.N.

Fourth

premolar

Sublingual

caruncle

polystomatic

monostomaticSublingual Salv.G.

Mand

Lym.N

Parotid Salv.G.

Mandibular Salv.G.


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Regurgitation (vomition) and eructation (belching):

- increased intra-abdominal pressure & stomach contraction;

- chest expansion with closed glottis;

- esophageal reverse peristalsis & reflex laryngeal closure (regurg

Esophagus:

extends from pharynx (pharyngoesophageal ridge) to stomach

entirely striated in dog; only cranial 2/3's striated in cat

Larynx:

composed of: paired mobile cartilages [right & left arytenoid] &

three wall cartilages [epiglottis, thyroid, & cricoid]intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles are innervated by vagus n. (vagus

glottis = vocal folds & the intervening cleft (closes to seal the opening into

Note: the dog has a true vocal fold (a laryngeal ventricle); the cat has only

Lymphatics:A) Lymph nodes mandibular (several); parotid; medial & lateral retropharyng

Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node wa tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce


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Esophagus:



Larynx:








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medialretropharyngeal

parotid

lateral retropharyngeal

mandibular

axillary

superficial

cervical

axillary

superficialcervical

medialretropharyngeal

Carnivore Lymphatic System

thoracic

brachiocephalic v.

(Dorsal View)

deep

cervical

tracheal(jugular)

duct

trachealduct

right

duct


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Esophagus:



Larynx:








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Esophagus:



Larynx:






Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node w

a tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce


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Esophagus:



Larynx:






Nodes & tonsils drain into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node node w

a tracheal (jugular) lymph duct (which terminates in the brachioce


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Conjunctival sac: lined by palpebral & bulbar conjunctiva (mucosa of eyelids & scle

Note: Officially the third eyelid is called the semilunar conjunctival fold; it is also called nictita

Conjunctiv

Palpebral

Bulbar c


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Conjunctival sac: lined by palpebral & bulbar conjunctiva (mucosa of eyelids & scl

Note: Officially the third eyelid is called the semilunar conjunctival fold ; it is also called nictita

Conjunctiv

Palpebral

Bulbar c


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Conjunctival sac: lined by palpebral & bulbar conjunctiva (mucosa of eyelids & scle

Note: Officially the third eyelid is called the semilunar conjunctival fold ; it is also called nictita

Conjunctiv

Palpebral

Bulbar c


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Aula Cranio 1