1.1. Clasificara !"rf#ril$r .................................................................................................4
CAPITOLUL %. CONINUTUL& ROLUL 'I FUNCIILE DISTRI(UIEI MRFURILOR ........)
%.1. C$*+i*#,#l -is,ri#+ii !"rf#ril$r…………………………………………..…………….)
%.% .R$l#l /i f#*,iil -is,ri#+ii………….……………………….......................…………...10
%.3. Ti$l$2ia ca*all$r - -is,ri#+i……………………………………….………………1)
CAPITOLUL 3. STUDIU DE CA…………………………….……………………………….......1 I. Circ#i,l - -is,ri#+i *,r# #*#ril - c$*s#! i*-i5i-#al& r$-#s -
#,ili6ar r$-#c,i5" & r$-#s a2ric$l /i sr5icii………………………………........1
1. (#*#ril - c$*s#! i*-i5i-#al……………………...…………………….1
%. Pr$-#sl i*-#s,rial…………………………………...………………….17
II. PARTICULARITI ALE CIRCUITELOR DE DISTRI(UIE……………….……....%1
CONCLUII ……………………………………………..…………………………………………%%
(I(LIOGRAFIE……………………………………………………...………….……………….....%3
ARGUMENT
Ec$*$!ia - ia+"& rr6i*," acl ,i - c$*$!i 8* car ia+a /i c$*c#r*+a
9$,"r"sc c #*#ri /i sr5icii s r$-#c& 8* car ra$r,#l -i*,r crr /i $fr," -,r!i*"
 ri*ciiil - ri$ri,a, 8* r$-#cra #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r /i 8* car& 8* 2*r& ia+a& c#
l2i,"+il i& :$ac" r$l#l -cisi5 8* r2lara 8*,r2ii ac,i5i,"+i c$*$!ic -i* s$ci,a,. S c$*si-r"
-ci c" s*+ial#l 8* -fi*ira c$*$!ii - ia+" s, -ac" ia+a& sc9i!#l& 8* 2*ral& s,a# la
,!lia $r2a*i6"rii c$*$!ic a #*i +"ri. ;* siri,#l acs,$r *$i i*,rr,"ri& ac,i5i,a,a
c$!rcial" -s!*a,"& 8*,r<$ c$*$!i - ia+"& ri* =-is,ri#+i /i 5>*6ar?& c$*s,i,#i $ 5ri2"
i!$r,a*," 8* 5ia+a c$*$!ic"& *,r# c" a la2" r$-#c+ia c# c$*s#!#l.
C# al, c#5i*, -is,ri#+ia leag,  8* sa+i# /i 8* ,i!& producor!! #! co$%u&aor!!. T$,$-a,"& a$r->*- ac,i5i,a,a fic"ri 8*,rri*-ri r$-#c",$ar 8*,r<$ $,ic" *$#"& ri* ris!a
c$*$!ii - ia+a& -is,ri#+ia !"rf#ril$r aar ca $ f#*c+i i*-is*sail" c asi2#r" -r#!#l
$,i! al r$-#sl$r 8*,rri*-rii sr l$c#ril #*- l 8*,>l*sc crra.
 N# $ si*2#r" -a," !i s<a 8*,>!la, ca& i*,r>*- 8*,r<#* !a2a6i*& s" 5"- $ i*scri+i$*ar -
2*#l @a-a$s c$!rcial 30<)0B. M" 8*,ra! !r# @- c ,r#i s" l",sc 5>*6a,$r#l#i #*
s#rl#s - 30& -$ar *# fac *i!ic al,c5a -c>, s"<!i -a r$-#s#l - raf,B.
'i& ,$,#/i l",i! acs, 30.
;*,r<$ 6i& -isc#,>*- c# ci*5a de%pre l#cr#l acs,a& i*,l$c#,$r#l !# !<a f"c#, s" 8*+l2
!$,i5#l& -ar *# ra! c$*5i*s c" acs,a ra a-5"r#l. Mi<a s#s c5a l2a, - $li,ica -
-is,ri#+i& *$+i#* car *# 8!i ra f$ar, clar -li!i,a,"& a/a c" a! 9$,"r>, s" ar$f#*-6 acs,
s#ic, 8* l#crara - fa+".
A! afla, c"& 8* ri!#l r>*-& l",sc *,r# c" farica*,#l s $a, afla #*-5a la )<000 !
-is,a*+". Dr#!#l >*" ac$l$ ,i! /i a*i s, !ai c$s,isi,$r -c>, a-a$s#l - 30. Pri* fa,#l
c" r-#c -is,a*+a -i*,r 5>*6",$r /i c#!"r",$r& cra6" #,ili,a, - ,i! /i sa+i#& al,fl s#s
cra6" 5al$ar. ;* al -$ila r>*-& a! afla,& c" l",i! *,r# c" -is,ri#i,$r#l fac !#l, !ai !#l, l#cr#ri *,r# a * -sr5i& l>*2" acla c" * -" r$-#s#l - raf,. I!lici, ar $ !#l,i,#-i*
- c$s,#ri& car& la $ ri5ir s#rficial"& ar *s!*ifica,i5.
Sc$#l l#cr"rii s, - a cra $ rsc,i5" -,alia," as#ra !$-#l#i - $r2a*i6ar /i
f#*c+i$*ar a r+li - -is,ri#+i.
3
  Cla%!)!carea &r)ur!lor
  Mar)a, ca r$-#s al !#*cii& ar $ a*#!i," 5al$ar a c"ri !"ri! s, -,r!i*a," -
5al$ara !a,riil$r ri! /i a#Hiliar i*,r$-#s 8* faricar& - #6#ra aara,l$r /i a i*s,ala+iil$r 
,9*$l$2ic f$l$si,& - ,i!#l - !#*c" *csar *,r# r$-#cra i& - 5al$ara a!ala:l$r 
f$l$si, ,c.
T$a, acs,a& 8*s#!a,& -,r!i*" 5al$ara !"rfii /i s Hri!" ri* pre*( 
M"ri!a 5al$rii Hri!a," ri* r+ s, 8*s" s,aili," /i 8* f#*c+i - !$-#l c#! !arfa
sa,isfac $ a*#!i," *csi,a, a $!#l#i& a-ic" 8* f#*c+i - 5al$ara - 8*,r#i*+ar.
M"rf#ril s#*, 2r#a, -#" a*#!i, cri,rii
• -#" fl#l !a,riall$r #,ili6a,& $, fi *a,#ral /i si*,,icJ
• -#" s,a-i#l - rl#crar /i f$l$sir& $, fi !a,rii ri!& r$-#s s!ifarica, /i
 r$-#s fi*i,J
• -#" -s,i*a+i $, fi 8!r"c"!i*,& !a,rial s$r,i5& - #6 cas*ic& ,c.
Clasificara !"rf#ril$r c#ri*-
•   %ecorul < alc",#i, -i* r$-#s c# carac,ris,ici si!ilar - H!l#& sc,$r#l =r$-#s
ali!*,arB
•   grup < $ ar, -i* sc,$r - H!l#& 2r#" =car* /i r$-#s -i* car*B
•   %u+grup < $ ar, -i* 2r#" - H!l#& s#2r#" =r$-#sl$r -i* car*B $ f$r!a6"
=rara,l -i* car*B.
4
('( CONINUTUL DISTRIBUIEI MRFURILOR 
  Proce%ul de d!%r!+u*!e  rr6i*," $ c$!$**+a i!$r,a*," a ac,i5i,"+ii car a2*+ii
c$*$!ici $ -sf"/$ar" 8* ca-r#l i+i. Da,a fii*- i!$r,a*+a sa& #* as!*a r$cs s cr s" fi
as,fl $ri*,a, 8*c>, s" r"s#*-" *csi,"+il$r - rali6ar ca 5al$ar a fic"r#i r$-#s& 8* f#*c+i -
c$*-i+iil scific 8* car ac+i$*a6" ficar fir!" sa# s$ci,a, c$!rcial" 8* ca-r#l i+i& -
*a,#r" /i #,ra c$*c#r*+i& - s,r#c,#r" !i:l$acl$r - -sfacr& rc#! /i - #*l l!*,
c$*:#*c,#ral scific fic"ri ri$a-.
O as,fl - $ri*,ar i!lic" 8*s" c#*$a/,ra ralail" a #*$r asc, ri5i*- r$l#l
-is,ri#+ii 8* ca-r#l ac,i5i,"+ii fic"ri #*i,"+i& l!*,l c$*s,i,#,i5 al acs,#i r$cs& l!*,l
scific -ifri,l$r s,r#c,#ri - ia+"& rc#! /i $ sri - cri,rii c $, s,a la a6a $r2a*i6"rii
rla+iil$r - -is,ri#+i.
Dfi*ira c$*c,#al" a -is,ri#+ii ,r#i f"c#," -i* -$#" #*29i#ri - 5-r al c$*$!ii
- a*sa!l#& - $ ar, /i al 8*,rri*-rii& - al," ar,. ;* s*s 2*ral& ri5i, -i* #*c, -
5-r !acr$c$*$!ic& -fi*i+ia -is,ri#+ii s a6a6" sis,!#l - rla+ii 8*,r cl ,ri -$!*ii
i!$r,a*, car s,r#c,#ra6" ia+a
•  r$-#c+ia& rsc,i5 rali6ara - #*#riJ
• c$*s#!#l - #*#ri *,r# sa,isfacra *!i:l$ci," a *5$il$r #,ili6a,$r#l#i fi*alJ
• -is,ri#+ia& rsc,i5 ,ra*s!i,ra - #*#ri& ri* ,ra*6ac+ii c$!rcial& - la r$-#c",$r la
c$*s#!a,$r.
Tr!*#l - -is,ri#+i -s!*a6" a*sa!l#l !i:l$acl$r /i al $ra+i#*il$r car asi2#r"
 #*ra la -is$6i+ia #,ili6a,$ril$r sa# a c$*s#!a,$ril$r fi*ali a #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r rali6a, -
c",r 8*,rri*-ril r$-#c",$ar. Dis,ri#+ia rr6i*," r$cs#l ri* car #*#ril /i sr5iciil s#*,
 #s la -is$6i+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$r < i*,r!-iari sa# fi*ali < asi2#r>*-#<li<s acs,$ra facili,"+il -
l$c& ,i!& !"ri! ,c.& $,ri5i, cri*+l$r car l !a*ifs," 8* ca-r#l i+i.
)
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D!%r!+u*!a co&erc!al  c$*s," 8* a ,ra*sf$r!a ,i,l#l - r$ri,a, as#ra r$-#s#l#i - la
 r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r. Dis,ri#+ia rsc,i5" $a, fi asi2#ra," ri* i*,r!-i#l a2*+il$r -
-is,ri#+i. Ac/,ia $, fi i*-i5i-#ali& ca - H!l# 5>*6",$rii -i* 8*,rri*-r& sa# $, fi
8*,rri*-ri - c$!r+& s$ci,"+i c$!rcial c s $c#" c# c$!r+#l ri* c$rs$*-*+a sa# -
c$!r+#l c# a!"*#*,#l ,c. D!%r!+u*!a )!.!c& la r>*-#l s"#& c$*s," 8* a #*& -i* #*c, - 5-r !a,rial& #*#ril /i
sr5iciil la -is$6i+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$r& c# a:#,$r#l !i:l$acl$r - ,ra*s$r, /i al s,$ca:#l#i.
Dis,ri#+ia fi6ic" !ai s, 8*,>l*i," 8* li,ra,#ra - sciali,a, /i s# -*#!ira - l$2is,ic"
c$!rcial".
;* c$*$!ia !$-r*"& a c"ri 5$l#+i s, a6a," $ f#*c+i$*ar lir" a !ca*is!#l#i -
 ia+"& r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i ar 8* 5-r #* r$cs car ,r#i s" c$*,ri#i la r$!$5ara
 r$2rs#l#i c$*$!ic 2*ral. ;*,r<#* as!*a ca-r# - i*,rr,ar& -is,ri#+ia -"//, li!i,l
#*i si!l 59ic#l"ri - !"rf#ri& a-"#2>*- sa# as$cii*- acs,ia $ 2a!" - sr5icii 8* c$*,i*#"
cr/,r& rc#! /i $ i*fl#*+ar ac,i5" a r$-#c+ii& a6a c#*$a/,rii a!"*#*+i, a
c$*s#!a,$ril$r.
Dr, #r!ar& c$*c,#l - -is,ri#+i *# ,r#i c$*f#*-a, c# !i/cara !"rf#ril$r. ;* ,i! c
!i/cara !"rf#ril$r ar 8* 5-r -lasara fi6ic" a !"rf#ril$r - la r$-#c+i la c$*s#!& c$*c,#l
- -is,ri#+i ar 8* 5-r #* r$cs !ai lar2& car 8*c 8* !$!*,#l 8* car r$-#s#l s, 2a,a
 *,r# a fi la*sa, ia+" /i s sf>r//, $-a," c# c$*s#!ara ac,#l#i - 5>*6ar la c$*s#!a,$r#l
fi*al. ;* acs, i*,r5al - ,i! /i sa+i# a# l$c $ sri - ac,i5i,"+i c$*$!ic& c#! ar fi
< li5rara !"rf#ril$r& ,ra*s$r,#l acs,$ra& -$6i,ara /i c$*sr5ara l$r& s,$cara /i 5>*6araJ
< !$ili6ara rs#rsl$r !a,rial& fi*a*ciar /i #!a* *csar rali6"rii r$cs#l#i rsc,i5J
< s,ailira !$-ali,"+il$r - ,ra*sfr a ,i,l#ril$r - r$ri,a, /i asi2#ara rac,ic" a acs,$r 
,i,l#ri.
T$a, acs,a a# -r, sc$ sa,isfacra c$rs#*6",$ar a *5$il$r c$*s#!a,$ril$r /i& ri*
acas,a& cr/,ra cifri - afacri& 2*ra,$ar - r$fi,& a fic"ri fir! i!lica, 8* ,ra*6ac+iil
c$!rcial.
;* s*s ar,ic#lar& al Hl$a,"rii c$*$!ic la *i5l#l #*i 8*,rri*-ri& r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i
,r#i s" c#ri*-" ac,i5i,"+i scial - !ar,i*2& l2a, - ,ra*sfr#l #*#ril$r. O -fi*i+i
sa,isf"c",$ar a -is,ri#+ii& -i* acas," rsc,i5"& ar la a6" rla+iil - i*,rc$*-i+i$*ali,a, 8*,r

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i*,2ra6" a*sa!l#l ,9*icil$r& !,$-l$r /i !i:l$acl$r - car 8*,rri*-ra -is#* *,r# a
i*fl#*+a ia+a<+i*,".
Di* !ar,i*2#l !iH fac ar, ,$a, l!*,l s#sc,iil - a a5a #* i!ac, as#ra
c$!$r,a!*,#l#i c#!"r",$r#l#i. Mc Car,9K a r$#s 2r#ara acs,$r l!*, 8* a,r# ca,2$rii
  car l<a *#!i, ci @/ PB r$-#s#l& r+#l sa# a-#cra r$-#s#l#i la l$c#l $,ri5i, -is,ri#+ia /i r$!$5ara r$-#s#l#i.
  P*,r# ficar c$!$**," a !ar,i*2#l#i !iH& -i* rsc,i5a #*i 8*,rri*-ri
 r$-#c",$ar& s #* #r!",$arl 8*,r"ri
Produ%ul0 < C r$-#s a# i!$r,a*+" *,r# s,ra,2ia - -65$l,ar a 8*,rri*-rii C
a-a,"ri ,r#i s" fi rali6a, /i c !"s#ri *$i s#*, *csar s" s a-$,
Pre*ul 0 < C r+ s $a, rac,ica J Car s#*, a/,,"ril i+i 8* ca c ri5/, r+#l J
Car 5a fi fc,#l car 8l 5a a5a as#ra al,$r i+ rac,icara #*$r r+#ri -ifr*+ia, 8* f#*c+i
- ia+"
D!%r!+u*!a 0  < U*- s 5>*- r$-#sl 8*,rri*-rii /i car s#*, ca*all - -is,ri#+i
a-c5a, J D c fl - s,r#c,#ri - 5>*6ar /i - !ar,i*2 s, *5$i J C !,$- /i !i:l$ac -
,ra*s$r, ,r#i s" s #,ili66
Pro&o1area 0  < Car s, cli*,la 5i6a," J Car s#*, !,$-l /i ,9*icil - r$!$5ar
-is$*iil /i c#! 5$r fi #,ili6a,
Pri*cii#l f#*-a!*,al al !iH#l#i - !ar,i*2 c$*s," 8* fa,#l c" ficar l!*, s afl"
8*,r<$ a*#!i," i*,r-*-*+" c# cllal,. Dis,ri#+ia s,& - H!l#& i*fl#*+a," - ,i#l -  r$-#s c s, c$!rciali6a,. Pac9,#l - sr5icii rs,a, - i*,r!-iarii /i a:#,",$rii 8* r$cs#l -
-is,ri#+i #r!"r/, !*+i*ra #*#i r$-#s ia+" 8* c$*-i+ii - fici*,".
P*,r# a 5al$rifica c>, !ai !#l, ficar l!*, al !iH#l#i - !ar,i*2& acs,a ,r#i
 la*ifica, as,fl 8*c>, s" c$$r6. Sc$#l s, - a cra $ si*r2i.
P - al," ar,& r$-#c",$r#l ,r#i s" s,ailasc" -r,#ril /i $li2a+iil c r5i*
 ar,icia*,il$r la sis,!#l - -is,ri#+i.
 Pri*ciall c$!$**, al !iH#l#i - rla+ii c$!rcialB s#*,
2 pol!!ca de pre* < 8l $li2" r$-#c",$r s" 8*,$c!asc" lis,a - r+#ri /i sc9!a -
ac$r-ar a raa,#ril$r& 8* a/a fl 8*c>, i*,r!-iarii s" l c$*si-r ca fii*- s#fici*, /i c9i,ail.
2 co$d!*!!le de co&erc!al!.are < s rfr" la c$*-i+iil - la," /i la 2ara*+iil ac$r-a, -
 r$-#c",$r.
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Ma:$ri,a,a r$-#c",$ril$r ac$r-" -is,ri#i,$ril$r ra+aur! *,r# la," 8* *#!rar a !"rfii la
$ -a," c>, !ai ar$ia," - !$!*,#l c#!"r"rii i. D as!*a& r$-#c",$rii $, 2ara*,a
-is,ri#i,$ril$r li5rara - !"rf#ri c$rs#*6",$ar -i* #*c, - 5-r cali,a,i5 /i c$*,r$l#l
 r+#ril$r *,r# a r5*i sc"-ra l$r. Gara*+ia 8!$,ri5a #*i sc"-ri a r+#ril$r 8i -,r!i*"
-is,ri#i,$ri s" c#!r ca*,i,"+i !ai !ari - !"rf#ri. 2 drepur!le er!or!ale ale d!%r!+u!or!lor < rr6i*," $ al," c$!$**+a a !iH#l#i - rla+ii
c$!rcial.
Dis,ri#i,$rii -$rsc s" /,i #*- 8/i -sf"/$ar" ac,i5i,a,a cilal+i -is,ri#i,$ri c# car 5a
c$la$ra r$-#c",$r#l /i s" l 8*cr-i*+6 8*,r2a ac,i5i,a, - c$!rciali6ar *,r# ,ri,$ri#l 8*
car $ra6"& i*-ifr*, - caaci,a,a l$r - a fac sa# *# acs, l#cr#.
2 %er1!c!!le #! o+l!ga*!!le rec!proce < ,r#i -,r!i*a, c# f$ar, !ar 2ri:"& !ai als 8* ca6#l
-is,ri#+ii Hcl#si5 /i a cli a6" - fra*ci6".
D H!l#& McD$*al-s a 8*c9ia, c$*,rac, - fra*ci6" *,r# c$*s,r#c+ia - #*i,"+i -
sr5ir& sri:i* 8* ac,i5i,a,a - r$!$5ar& 8*r2is,rara /i s,$cara i*f$r!a+iil$r& r2",ira
 rs$*al#l#i& a-!i*is,rar 2*ral" /i asis,*," ,9*ic". ;* sc9i!& *ficiarii c$*,rac,l$r ,r#i
s" rsc, s,a*-ar-l c$!a*ii c# ri5ir la caaci,"+il - sr5ir& la c$$rara 8* ca-r#l #*$r 
*$i r$2ra! - r$!$5ar& la f#r*i6ara i*f$r!a+iil$r s$lici,a, /i la ac9i6i+i$*ara a*#!i,$r 
 r$-#s ali!*,ar.
(( ROLUL -I FUNCIILE DISTRIBUIEI MRFURILOR 
  Pr$-#c",$rii /i c$*s#!a,$rii& 8* ca-r#l $ric"ri s$ci,"+i& s#*, sara+i ri* -is,a*+"& ri*
i2*$rara rcir$c" a !i:l$acl$r /i *5$il$r& ri* -isr$$r+ii 8*,r ca*,i,"+il $fri, - ficar
 r$-#c",$r /i cl cr#, - ficar c$*s#!a,$r& rc#! /i ri* ri$a-l - rali6ar a r$-#sl$r 
/i !$!*,#l !a*ifs,"rii *5$il$r. C$!r+#l& ca fa6" i*,r!-iar" s*+ial" 8*,r f#*c+ia -
 r$-#c+i /i ca a c$*s#!#l#i sa# a #,ili6"rii& ,r#i s" asi2#r c9ilir#l *csar 8* ca-r#l i+i /i
fl#i-i,a,a ac,l$r - 5>*6ar<c#!"rar. P$r*i*- - la acs, c$*si-r*,& -is,ri#+ii 8i r5i* r$l#l - a r2#lari6a !i/cara
 #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r 8*,r r$-#c+i /i c$*s#! /i - a sa,isfac *5$il c$*s#!a,$ril$r&
f#r*i6>*-#<l $ sri - sr5icii ca r$Hi!i,a,a r+#l#i - 5>*6ar& $siili,a,a - a al2 -i*,r<

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  ;* 5-ra rali6"rii c9ilir#l#i *csar 8* ca-r#l i+i& ri* r2#lari6ara !i/c"rii
 #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r 8*,r r$-#c+i /i c$*s#!& -is,ri#+ia r#*/, #* a*sa!l# - f#*c+ii
c$*$!ic s*+ial a,>, *,r# r$-#c",$ri& c>, /i *,r# c$*s#!a,$ri& r!i+>*- sc#r2ra
 r$-#c+ii sr l$c#ril - c$*s#!& 8* cl !ai #* c$*-i+ii $siil.
;*,r ri*ciall f#*c+ii al -is,ri#+ii& li,ra,#ra - sciali,a, c$*s!*a6" • Sc9i!ara r$ri,"+ii as#ra r$-#s#l#i& rsc,i5 fc,#ara ,ra*sfr#l#i s#ccsi5 al
-r,#l#i - r$ri,a, - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r& ri* i*,r!-i#l ac,l$r - 5>*6ar<
c#!"rarJ
• Dlasar r$-#sl$r - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r ri* i*,r!-i#l ac,i5i,"+il$r -
,ra*s$r,& s,$car& -$6i,ar /i c$*-i+i$*ar& !a*i#lar& -!$*,ar sa# asa!lar& a!alara
acs,$ra& ,alar& 5>*6arJ
• I*f$r!ara&c$*silira /i $r2a*i6ara sr5ic<#l#i -#" 5>*6ar& 8* 5-ra asi2#r"rii #*i
 #* i*f$r!"ri a cli*,li c# ri5ir la $siili,"+il - sa,isfacr a -i5rsl$r ,r#i*+& facili,"rii
$ra+i#*il$r - al2r a r$-#sl$r *csar /i a:#,"rii 8* r$cs#l - 8*,r+i*r /i #,ili6ar a
-i5rsl$r #*#ri ac9i6i+i$*a,J
• Fi*a*+ara #*$r $ra+i#*i c$!rcial. Pri* acas," f#*c+i s ar 8* 5-r His,*+a #*$r
ca6#ri 8* car a2*+ii - -is,ri#+i fi*a*+a6" 8*,rri*-ril - r$-#c+i 8* r$cs#l - c#!"rar
/i s,$car a r$-#sl$r& #*l ri$a- 8* car !"rf#ril 5$r fi r$-#s /i *# 5$r fi 5>*-#,
i!-ia, cli*,#l#i fi*al.
F#*c+iil *#!ra, sc$, 8* 5i-*+" c" r$l#l -is,ri#+ii s, !#l,il# /i *fic a,>, *,r#
 r$-#c",$r& c>, /i *,r# c$*s#!a,$r. Fa+" - r$-#c",$r& -is,ri#+ia $ra6" $ r2#lari6ar a
ac,i5i,"+ii - farica+i& r!i+>*-#<I acs,#ia $ /al$*ar a r$-#c+ii arc#rs#l 8*,r2#l#i a*
2s,i$*ar& ri* c$!*6i 8* a5a*s /i ri* s,$ca:& $rra,i#*i car fac ca fc,l $scila+iil$r s6$*ir
sa# c$*:#*c,#ral al crrii s" fi a*i9ila,& -is,ri#+ia ar,ici>*- la f$r,#ril fi*a*ciar al
 r$-#c",$ril$r& l",i*- #*#ril car l s,$c9a6" f"r" a a5a cr,i,#-i*a 5>*6"rii l$r.
D as!*a& -is,ri#+ia& ri* f#*c+iil sal& r!i, r$-#c",$r#l#i s"</i $ri*,6 r$-#c+ia
/i s"</i ,ri!i," s, ,$, r$-#sl sal& a6" i*,rsl$r rcir$c& ri* ar,iciara la $r2a*i6ara /i rali6ara $ra+i#*il$r #lici,ar& -s,i*a, asi2#r"rii #*i !ai #* 5>*6"ri a r$-#sl$r sa#
sr5iciil$r.
;* ca c ri5/, c$*s#!a,$r#l& -is,ri#+ia ar& - as!*a& #* r$l s*+ial. Ea #* la
-is$6i+ia acs,#ia& ac$l$ #*- l s 2"s/, /i c>*- -$r/,& #*#ril *csar& 8* ca*,i,"+il
s$lici,a,. Pri* as!*a facili,"+i& -is,ri#+ia 8l sc#,/, c$*s#!a,$r - !ari -las"ri& - f$r,#ri
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 *,r# fc,#ara #*$r c#!"r",#ri !ari /i i!$ili6"ri - s#!& car -is$*iili6a, $, fi f$l$si, 8*
al, sc$#ri.
 N$+i#*a - d!%r!+u*!e c#ri*- ,$a, ac,i5i,"+il car r!i, ,rcra #*$r #*#ri !a,rial
/i i!a,rial - la #* a2*, c$*$!ic r$-#c",$r& la al+i a2*+i c$*$!ici #,ili6a,$ri sa# la
c$*s#!a,$r#l fi*al. Acs,a a$r-ar c$*c,#al"& car -fi*/, -is,ri#+ia 8* rla+i c# a*sa!l#l c$*$!ic 8* car s i*,2ra6"& sc$a, 8* 5i-*+a r$l#l car<l ar -is,ri#+ia& /i a*#!
• - a r2#lari6a !i/cara #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r 8*,r r$-#c+i /i c$*s#!& ar!$*i6>*-&
a,#*ci c>*- aar& fc,l *2a,i5 al f*$!*l$r c$*:#*c,#ral al i+iJ
• - a i*f$r!a r$-#c",$r#l as#ra *5$il$r /i -$ri*+l$r cli*,liJ
• - a sa,isfac cli*,la& f#r*i6>*-#<i #* a*#!i, *#!"r - sr5icii.
Pri* #r!ar& -is,ri#+ia !"rf#ril$r rr6i*," #* -#l# c#r*,
2 cure$ul '  producor %pre co$%u&aor rr6i*," sr5iciil rs,a, - -is,ri#+i  *,r# a #* #*#ril /i sr5iciil la -is$6i+ia #,ili6a,$r#l#i fi*al /i
< cure$ul   co$%u&aor %pre producor s, #* c#r*, si9$l$2ic car ,ra*s!i,
-$ri*+l& *5$il c$*s#!a,$ril$r /i& c>,$-a,"& i*sa,isfac+iil acs,#ia. Acs, -i* #r!" c#r*,&
 r!i, r$-#c",$r#l#i s" r"s#*-" la #r!",$arl 8*,r"ri
ce3 4ce 1rea cl!e$ul56
c73 48$ ce ca$!*!56
c!$e3 4c!$e co$%u& produ%ele %ale56
cu&3 48$ ce &a$!er %e 1!$de produc*!a propr!e5(
 Ncsi,a,a /i $$r,#*i,a,a r6*+i i*,r!-iaril$r 8* circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i s#*,
 :#s,ifica, ri* f#*c+iil car i l 8*-li*sc.
Pri*,r<$ !aHi!" 2*rali6ar& f#*c+iil scific -is,ri#+ii $, fi r-#s la
•   Fu$c*!a de d!%po$!+!l!.are < rsc,i5 crara #,ili,"+il$r - ,i!& - sa+i# /i - $ssi& c#
al, c#5i*, a-#cra r$-#s#l#i 8* fa+" c$*s#!a,$r#l#i& 8* !$!*,#l 8* car acs,a ar *5$i - l&
8* l$c#ri accsiil& 8*,r<$ !$-ali,a, car s" r!i," i*,rara 8* $ssia l#i.
•   Fu$c*!a de !$)or&are < rali6a," ri* fl#H#l - i*f$r!a+ii al 8*,rri*-rii& 8* -#l# s*s
- la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r /i - la c$*s#!a,$r c",r r$-#c",$r.
•   Fu$c*!a de creare de cerere < s#s+i*#,"& ri* ac$r-ara - sr5icii c$!rcial& ri*
asi2#rara #*#i *i5l c$rs#*6",$r - sr5ir a cli*+il$r& ri* #,ili6ara !,$-l$r - c$*5i*2r&
8* s*s#l ac9i6i+i$*"rii r$-#sl$r fir!i rsc,i5.
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/atestat-distributia-marfurilor 11/24
P#*c,#l - lcar 8* -scrira f#*c+iil$r -is,ri#+ii& -fi*i, 8* acc+i#*a
!acr$c$*$!ic"& a c$*$!ii - a*sa!l#& s, r!is" aari+ii #*$r -isf#*c+i$*ali,"+i ,*si#*i
a,#*ci c>*- r$-#c+ia /i c$*s#!#l *# a# l$c 8* acla/i *,i,"+i c$*$!ic. D aca& ri* a*#!i,
•
  Fu$c*!! o+l!gaor!! < asi2#r" $fr,a -i* #*c, - 5-r ca*,i,a,i5& cali,a,i5 /i s,r#c,#ralJ i*5s,i2ara i+i 8* sc$#l 2"sirii - ar,*ri - afacri a,>, 8*,r r$-#c",$ri /i c$!rcia*+i& c>, /i
8*,r c$!rcia*+i /i c$*s#!a,$riJ i*5s,i2ara /i slc,ara #*$r ar,*ri - afacri.
•   Fu$c*!! co&ple&e$are < 8*,r+i*ra -$6i,l$r& c" $ ar, a #*i f#*c+ii - a6"& -
$ri*,arJ ,ra*sfr#l& c" f#*c+i - ,ra*s$r, car $ ria #* ,ra*s$r,a,$r sciali6a,J asi2#rara
cr-i,l$r& f#*c+i car *# $a, fi rl#a," - c",r #*l 8*,rri*-ri *c$!rcial "*ci.
Plc>*- - la acs, f#*c+ii !acr$c$*$!ic al -is,ri#+ii& s $a, s,aili $ 2ril" a
f#*c+iil$r car 5i6a6" -is,ri#+ia la *i5l !icr$c$*$!ic& rsc,i5 la *i5l#l #*i 8*,rri*-ri ri*
•  r2",ira 5>*6"ril$r c# a:#,$r#l s,ailirii i+i& 5al$rific"rii Hri*+i - 5>*6ar /i al
 la*ific"rii 5>*6"ril$rJ
• i!#lsi$*ara 5>*6"ril$r ri* r$!$5ar& #lici,a, /i r6*,ara $fr,iJ
• !*+i*ra - s,$c#ri *,r# 5>*6"ri& ri* $r2a*i6ar - -$6i, 8* 8*,rri*-ri& -$6i,
- H-i+i& -$6i, c$!rcialJ
• rali6ara 5>*6"ril$r& c$*cr,i6a," 8* 8*c9ira ,ra*6ac+iil$r c$!rcial /i fc,#ara
5>*6"ril$r ri* rl#ara c$!*6ii& a!alar& H-i+i& li5rarJ • -r#lara fi*a*ciar" a 5>*6"ril$rJ
• rla+ii c# cli*,la& !*+i*#, ri* rs,ara #*$r sr5icii& rc#! /i c#l,i5ara i*,rs#l#i
acs,$ra *,r# c#!"r"ri.
Di* rsc,i5a a*ali6i ,9*$l$2ic a -is,ri#+ii& *,r# #* r$-#c",$r s #* r$l!a
-ac" $a, sa# *# rl#a f#*c+ia c$!rcial" a acs,ia. Acas," r$l!" - -ci6i a f$s, a*ali6a,"
- c",r R$s*l$$! 8* % ,a.
;* pr!&a eap a 5i-*+ia, a5a*,a:l sciali6"rii& iar 8* a -$#a ,a"& fici*+a c$*,rac,l$r 
-i*,r ar,*rii car ar,ici" 8* r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i. As,fl& a6a a*ali6i -i5i6i#*ii !#*cii&
R$s*l$$! i-*,ific" ac,i5i,"+i car s r2"ssc 8* -*#!ira -is,ri#+ii& 8* f#*c+i - car
8*,rri*-ril $, fi sciali6a, 8* ,$, a,>,a ,i#ri c#!"r"ri& 5>*6"ri& ,ra*sfr - r$ri,a,&
,ra*s$r,& -$6i,ar& rs,"ri - sr5icii /i asi2#rar - i*f$r!a+ii - ia+".
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/atestat-distributia-marfurilor 12/24
;* ca -<a doua eap& R$s*l$$! a ar2#!*,a, a5a*,a:#l His,*+i 8*,rri*-rii
c$!rcial ri* a*ali6a ?fici*,i c$*,rac,#l#iB. El 8*+l2 c" ri* ?c$*,rac,#al ffici*cKB *i5l#l
f$r,#ril$r *,r# sc9i!#ri 8*,r 5>*6",$r /i c#!"r",$r cr/,& 8* rla+i c# a,i*2ra sc$#ril$r 
-is,ri#+ii.
Pr$-#c",$r#l s c$*fr#*," c# ,ri al,r!a,i5 f#*-a!*,al& a,#*ci c>*- ,r#i s" -ci-" as#ra $li,icii - -is,ri#+i 5>*6ara -irc,"& 5>*6ara ri* i*,r!-iari /i $ $li,ic" a -#alaB&  
c$!i*>*- 5>*6ara -irc," c# 5>*6ara ri* i*,r!-iari. A5a*,a:l /i -6a5a*,a:l as$cia, al
acs,$r al,r*a,i5 $, fi r6#!a, -#" c#! #r!a6"
Pr!$c!palul a1a$a9  al 5>*6"ril$r -irc, s, acla c" r!i, 5>*6"ril$r s" "s,r6
c$*,r$l#l as#ra 8*,r2#l#i r$cs - c$!rciali6ar. U,ili6ara sa s, fa5$ri6a," - His,*+a #*#i
*#!"r li!i,a, - $,*+iali c#!"r",$ri& - #* 2ra- ri-ica, - c$*c*,rar 2$2rafic" a
c#!"r",$ril$r $,*+iali& - #* 2ra- ri-ica, - c$!lHi,a, ,9*$l$2ic"& s$lici,>*- rs,ara -
sr5icii /i - *i5l#l ri-ica, al i*$5a+ii ,9*$l$2ic.
Oricar -i* ac/,i fac,$ri& l#a+i sara,& s, s#fici*, *,r# a s#s+i* a-$,ara #*i $li,ici
- 5>*6ar -irc,". T$,#/i& #* c$*flic, 8*,r *#!"r#l - c#!"r",$ri /i -isrsia l$r 2$2rafic" $a,
fac ca 5>*6ara -irc," s" fi $ al,r*a,i5" ,$,al *c$*$!ic".
A,#*ci c>*- a*ali6a c$s,#ril$r l-a6" 8!$,ri5a rc#r2rii la 5>*6ara -irc,"& r$-#c",$r#l
#,ili6a6" 8* !$- frc5*,& #* i*,r!-iar car& ac+i$*>*- 8* *#!l #*#i *#!"r - c#!"r",$ri /i
5>*6",$ri& s, caail s" 8*-li*asc" 8*,r<#* !$- !ai c$*$!ic f#*c+iil *csar.
A1a$a9ele #,ili6"rii #*#i i*,r!-iar s#*, #r!",$arl • C$*-#c la !i*i!i6ara c$s,#ril$r l2a, - $r2a*i6ara 5>*6"ril$r& -$6i,ar& fi*a*+ar
s,$c#ril$r& ir-ril ri* 8*5c9ira s,$c#ril$r /i cra*+ *rc#rail.
• Facili,a6" c$*,ac,#l r$-#c",$r#l#i c# ,$+i $,*+ialii cli*+i& f"r" a i!lica c$s,#ril fiH
car ar fi *csar *,r# 5>*6ara -irc,"J
• Asi2#r"& 8*,r<#* !$- !ai fici*,& -is$*iili6ara i!-ia," a r$-#s#l#i& rc#! /i
sr5iciil 8*ai*, /i -#" 5>*6ar& -ifr*+ia, 8* f#*c+i - scific#l l$cal.
U*#l -i*,r -6a5a*,a:l #,ili6"rii #*#i i*,r!-iar as, acla al ir-rii c$*,r$l#l#i as#ra 5ri2il$r car f$r!a6" ca*al#l - -is,ri#+i al r$-#s#l#i sa#.
Di* -$ri*+a - a rc$*cilia c$*flic,#l -i*,r a5a*,a:#l c$*,ac,#l#i -irc, /i c$*$!iil $fri,
- 5>*6ara ri* i*,r!-iar& !#l+i r$-#c",$ri a# a-$,a, $ s$l#+i - c$!r$!is& -*#!i," 8* !$-
c#r*, -is,rii,i ? -#alaB. ;* acs,a al,r*a,i5"& r$-#c",$r#l 8/i 5i*- $ ar, -i* r$-#s 8* !$-  
-irc,& -ar 8*cr-i*+a6" calal," ar, a 5>*6"ril$r sal #*#i i*,r!-iar.
1%
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Acas," $li,ic" s, fa5$ri6a," - His,*+a f*$!*#l#i ?:#!a,a,ii 2rlB& 8* car #* *#!"r 
li!i,a, - #,ili6a,$ri c$*s,i,#i ca !ai i!$r,a*," ar, a crrii& c# c9ilir#l rar,i6a, #* !ar
*#!"r - #,ili6a,$ri !ici sa# acci-*,ali. Pri*cial#l -6a5a*,a: as$cia, -is,ri#+ii -#al c$*s," 8*
-ific#l,a,a i*,ri*sc" a -,r!i*"rii #*i 8!"r+iri :#s, a i+i 8*,r r$-#c",$r /i i*,r!-iar.
(:( TIPOLOGIA CIRCUITELOR DE DISTRIBUIE
M$-ali,"+il - ,rcr al #*#i r$-#s -i* sfra r$-#c+ii 8* sfra r$cs#l#i - c$*s#!
f$r!a6" circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i al acs,#ia. Circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i<sa# circ#i,#l c$!rcial<i*cl#-
a,>, r$-#c",$r#l c>, /i c$*s#!a,$r#l& rc#! /i ,$+i i*,r!-iarii c# carac,r c$!rcial& i!lica+i 8*
,ra*sfr#l rsc,i5.
S,#-i#l circ#i,l$r - -is,ri#+i c$!$r," a*ali6a i*,r!-iaril$r /i a -i5rsl$r $r2a*is!
i*,rsa, 8* !i/cara !"rf#ril$r sr #,ili6a,$ri& rc#! /i a r$l!l$r rfri,$ar la $ri*,ara
fl#H#l#i acs,i !i/c"ri. ;* acs, c$*-i+ii& circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i *# ,r#i 5a6#, ca #* i,i*rari# -
,ra*sfr#ri a ,i,l#l#i - r$ri,a, al r$-#s#l#i si -ifri, 5ri2i c$!$**, al la*+#l#i -
-is,ri#+i.
Dfi*ira circ#i,l$r - -is,ri#+i ar& - as!*a& 8* 5-r c" acs,a rr6i*," #*
$r2a*is! c$!lH& c ar -i!*si#*i l2a, - l#*2i!& l"+i! /i a->*ci!.
 Lungimea  circ#i,#l#i - -is,ri#+i s, -a," - *#!"r#l 5ri2il$r i*,r!-iar& car
 ar,ici" s#ccsi5 la rali6ara fl#H#l#i - r$-#s - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r. i*>*- sa!" -
acs, cri,ri#& rac,ica c$!rcial" a i!#s a,*+ii #r!",$ara s,r#c,#r" a circ#i,l$r - -is,ri#+i
• circ#i, f$ar, sc#r,& 8* ca-r#l c"r$ra *# i*,r5i* *ici #* i*,r!-iar& 5>*6ara fii*-
rali6a," -irc, - c",r fir!" r$-#c",$ar sa# - rr6*,a*+ii r$rii ai acs,ia& la c#!"r",$rii
fi*aliJ
• circ#i, sc#r,& car *# c$!$r," 8*,r r$-#c",$r /i cli*,#l fi*al -c>, #* i*,r!-iar& car
8* !$- frc5*, s, #* -,ailis, r$-#c",$r<-,ailis,c$*s#!a,$r . ;* ca-r#l acs,#i ,i - circ#i, c$!rcial& ca !ai !ar ar, a !#*cii - c$!rciali6ar ca- 8* sarci*a r$-#c",$r#l#iJ
• circ#i, !-ii& #*- r$-#c",$r#l 5i*- r$-#sl sal #*i c*,ral - c#!"rar& car l
-is,ri#i a$i la r$riil sal #*c, - 5>*6ar r$-#c",$r<c*,ral" - 5a*6ar#*c,l r$rii
- 5>*6ar<c$*s#!a,$rJ
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• circ#i, l#*2i& car c#ri*- !ai !#l+i i*,r!-iari r$-#c",$r& 2r$sis,& -,ailis,&
c$*s#!a,$r.
Es, - !*+i$*a, fa,#l c" #* r$-#s $a, #r!a -i5rs circ#i, *,r# a a:#*2 la
-s,i*a,ar#l sa#. S#*, 8*s" si,#a+ii 8* car& -a,$ri," *a,#rii r$-#sl$r& 8* scial c>*- s, 5$ra -
cl a2ric$l& circ#i,l c$!rcial ,r#i s" ca, $ !ar c$!lHi,a,& a*,r*>*- *#!r$/i i*,r!-iari /i !#l,il !#,a+ii - r$-#s 8* ca-r#l fl#H#l#i r$-#c",$r<c$*s#!a,$r.
 Limea sa# a!l$ara circ#i,#l#i - -is,ri#+i s, -a,a - *#!"r#l #*i,"+il$r ri* car s
asi2#r" circ#la+ia #*#i r$-#s 8* ca-r#l aclia/i ,a -i* s,r#c,#r" circ#i,#l#i rsc,i5. U*
as!*a asc, *# aar 8* ca6#l circ#i,#l#i sc#r,& #*- a# l$c li5raril -irc, al r$-#s#l#i - la
8*,rri*-ra r$-#c",$ar& la c$*s#!a,$ri. ;* sc9i!& 8* ,$a, cllal, ca6#ri& f*$!*#l aar
!a,riali6>*-#<s 8* *#!"r#l - 2r$si/,i& c*,ral - c#!"rar& a2*+i c$!rciali& -,aili/,i ,c.
   Adâncimea  circ#i,#l#i - -is,ri#+i& sa# 2ra-#l - ar$ir a circ#i,#l#i rsc,i5 -
 #*c,l 8* car a# l$c r$csl - c$*s#! al r$-#sl$r& ar 8* 5-r !"s#ra 8* car r$cs#l -
-is,ri#+i asi2#r" $ r$Hi!i,a, - l$c c>, !ai a-c5a,"& -i* #*c, - 5-r al c$*s#!a,$r#l#i.
;* acs, c$*,H,& $a, fi arcia, ca -$si, - #,il circ#i,#l f$ar, sc#r,& car asi2#r"
li5rara -irc," a r$-#sl$r& c$*s#!a,$r#l i*,r>*- as,fl 8* $ssia r$-#sl$r s$lici,a,& -irc, la
l$c#l - c$*s#!. D as!*a& 8* ca-r#l circ#i,l sc#r,& c$!r+#l ri* c$rs$*-*+" asi2#r" #*
2ra- - ar$ir ri-ica,.
Es, - !*+i$*a, 8*s" fa,#l c" /i cllal, ,i#ri - circ#i, $, asi2#ra #* 2ra- - ar$ir
ri-ica,& ri* f$l$sira #*$r f$r! - c$!r+ c>, !ai a-c5a,& c#! ar fi c$!r+#l !$il& sa# al>*- la -ifri, !,$- - 5>*6ar la -$!icili#l c$*s#!a,$ril$r.
 N#!"r#l /i c$!lHi,a,a r$l!l$r - -is,ri#+i a# *csi,a, rc#r2ra la i*,r!-iari.
;*,r farica*+i /i cilal+i a2*+i - -is,ri#+i His," $ -i5i6i#* a !#*cii& car $a, fi !ai !#l, sa#
!ai #+i* a->*ci,". I*,r!-iarii 8/i as#!a $ ar, sa# ,$,ali,a,a f#*c+iil$r /i rs$*saili,"+il$r 
-is,ri#+ii /i s#*, r!#*ra+i& *,r# sr5iciil l$r& ri*,r<$ !ar:" c$!rcial" car $ 8!ar, c#
 r$-#c",$r#l.
D r2#l"& r$-#c",$r#l /i c$*s#!a,$r#l fi*al f$r!a6" #*c,l H,r! al #*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i& alc",#i, -i*,r<#* la*+ - 5ri2i ri* car !"rf#ril ,rc s#ccsi5. U* ca*al - -is,ri#+i
c#ri*- i*,r!-iarii a5>*- aca/i *a,#r" /i aca/i sciali6ar& car ar,ici" la fl#H#l #*#i
 r$-#s - la l$c#l sa# - r$-#c+i& >*" la l$c#l - c$*s#!.
D#" $u&rul repelor !$er&ed!are s -$ssc -$#" ,i#ri - a6" al ca*al#l#i -
-is,ri#+i ca$alul d!rec  r$-#c",$r<c$*s#!a,$r /i ca$alul !$d!rec& car s, - !ai !#l,
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fl#ri c# $ si*2#r" ,ra,a r$-#c",$r<c$!rcia*,<c$*s#!a,$r c# a!"*#*,#l /i c# !ai !#l,
,r, - i*,r!-ir c# -$#" ,r, /i c# ,ri ,r,.
Circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i rr6i*," a*sa!l#l -r#!#ril$r arc#rs - c",r #* r$-#s *,r# a
•
Ca*all #*#i circ#i, i*,r!-iarii a5>*- aca/i *a,#r" /i aca/i sciali6arJ • M"ri!a circ#i,#l#i - -is,ri#+i *#!"r#l i*,r!-iaril$r car i*,r5i* 8* circ#i,#l -
-is,ri#+i
Ac,i5i,a,a #*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i s, 2#5r*a," - #r!",$arl pr!$c!p!!
• I*s,i,#+iil ca*al#l#i - !ar,i*2 $, fi li!i*a, sa# s#s,i,#i,J
• F#*c+iil car acs, i*s,i,#+ii l 8*-li*sc *# $, fi s# *ici $ f$r!" li!i*a,J
C>*- a*#!i, i*s,i,#+ii s#*, li!i*a,& f#*c+iil l$r s -lasa6" 8* a!$*, sa# 8* a5al& -<a
l#*2#l ca*al#l#i - -is,ri#+i& fii*- as#!a, - al+i !!ri.
1)
CAPITOLUL :( STUDIU DE CA;
I( CIRCUITELE DE DISTRIBUIE PENTRU BUNURILE DE CONSUM INDI<IDUAL, PRODUSE DE UTILI;ARE PRODUCTI< , PRODUSE
AGRICOLE -I SER<ICII
'(Bu$ur!le de co$%u& !$d!1!dual& 8* 2*ral& $, fi #s la -is$6i+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$r ri*
i*,r!-i#l $ric"r#i circ#i, - -is,ri#+i. Da," fii*- *a,#ra f$ar, -ifri," a acs,$r #*#ri& !ara l$r 
-i5rsi,a, a,>, 8* ca c ri5/, r$5*i*+a& c>, /i 8* ca c ri5/, -s,i*a+ia 8* c$*s#!&
li,ra,#ra - sciali,a, r$c-a6"& la $ a*#!i," s,r#c,#rar a #*#ril$r rsc,i5& r$#*>*-
circ#i, -ifri,& 8* f#*c+i - carac,ris,icil 2r#l$r c$*,#ra,.
;*,r<#* as!*a c$*,H,& *,r# -ifri, 2r# - r$-#s -i* ca,2$ria #*#ril$r - c$*s#!
i*-i5i-#al& $, fi a5#, 8* 5-r #r!",$arl circ#i, - -is,ri#+i
•   Bu$ur!le de co$%u& cure$& car 8* 2*ral s#*, r$-#s - ri!a *csi,a,& a# #* r+
rla,i5 #+i* ri-ica, /i 2*ra6" c#!"r"ri f$ar, frc5*, r$-#s ali!*,ar c#r*,& ,#,#*&
!rcri& ,c.& rcla!" circ#i, - -is,ri#+i car ,r#i s" asi2#r c$*s#!a,$ril$r r$Hi!i,a,&
rai-i,a,& facili,a,. ;* acs, s*s& s#*, rc$!a*-a, circ#i,l sc#r,& ri* i*,r!-i#l -,ailis,il$r /i circ#i,l
!-ii& ri* i*,r!-i#l c*,rall$r - c#!"rar.
•   Bu$ur!le de $ece%!ae &ed!e sa# ?de $ouaeB car& 8* cl !ai frc5*, ca6#ri a# r+
f$ar, ri-ica, 8* ra$r, c# 5al$ara l$r ral"& sa,isf"c>*- *5$i - $r-i* si9$l$2ic sa# l2a, - #*
a*#!i, !!*,& rcla!"& la r>*-#l l$r& #* r$cs - -is,ri#+i !ai c$!lH.
D!%r!+u*!a l$r s fac& 8* 2*ral& ri* !a2a6i* ,i @$#,iQ#B sa# @!ari s#raf,B& 8*
f#*c+i - cali,a,a sa# scific#l fic"r#i r$-#s.O as!*a -is,ri#+i $a, fi asi2#ra," - circ#i,l sc#r,& !-ii /i l#*2i& ri* i*,r!-i#l slc,"rii -,ailis,il$r /i al -,r!i*"rii acs,$ra&
 ri* !i:l$ac scific !ca*is!#l#i - ia+"& s" cr6 #*i,"+il rcla!a, - -is,ri#+ia r$-#sl$r 
rsc,i5.
•   Bu$ur!le de )olo%!$* 8$delu$ga sa# a/a<6isl ?#*#ri - c9ia!*, al fa!iliiB& ri*
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scific#l l$r 8* ca c ri5/, -#ra,a - 5ia+" /i r+#l !ai ri-ica, /i& 8* cl !ai frc5*,
ca6#ri& rcla!a r6*," #*#i 5>*6",$r califica,& - -$ri, c9iar #* ,9*icia*.
P*,r# acs,a& #*ii farica*+i -is,ri#i -irc, r$-#sl -i* ca,2$ria rsc,i5"& ri* i*,r!-i#l
#*i r+l - rr6*,a*+i& sri:i*i, - !a2a6i* - -!$*s,ra+ii /i H$6i+ii& rc#! /i ri*
$r2a*i6ara #*i #,r*ic r+l - sr5ic& car s" ac$r- asis,*," - sciali,a, a,>, 8* ri$a-l - 2ara*+i& c>, /i $s,2ara*+i.
(Produ%ele !$du%r!ale sa# #*#ril - #,ili6ar r$-#c,i5" a# $ s,r#c,#r" f$ar, -ifri,"& l
c#ri*6>*- !a,rii ri! /i c$*s#!ail& #*#ri - c9ia!*, ri*cial& #*#ri - c9ia!*,
sc#*-ar& is - sc9i! /i f#r*i,#ri -i5rs. D as!*a& r$-#sl rsc,i5 s carac,ri6a6"
 ri*,r<$ $arcar ,9*ici,a, /i ,r#i s" r"s#*-" #*$r *$r! rcis /i s,a*-ar-i6a,.
Dr, #r!ar& ia+" acs,$r #*#ri s, #,r*ic ar,ic#lari6a," ficar -i* ca,2$riil -
 r$-#s c$!$**,& cr>*- as,fl /i circ#i, scific. ;* ca-r#l #*$r as!*a c$$r-$*a,&
-is,ri#+ia l$r s $a, asi2#r" ri* i*,r!-i#l #r!",$arl$r circ#i,
• Circ#i, f$ar, sc#r, sa# -irc,& 8* ca-r#l c"r$ra r$-#c",$r#l *2$cia6" /i li5ra6" -irc,
 r$-#s#l sa# c",r #,ili6a,$r& f$l$si*-& 8* acs, sc$& rr6*,a*+ii sa# i*2i*rii ,9*ic$<c$!rciali.
U,ili6ara #*#i as!*a circ#i, i!lic" $li2a+ia r$-#c",$r#l#i - a</i $r2a*i6a 5>*6"ril
/i s,$ca:#l 8*,r2ii r$-#c+ii& #r!>*- a li5ra r$-#sl a6" #*$r c$!*6i i*-i5i-#al.
•   C!rcu!e %cure& f$l$si*-#<s ca i*,r!-iari a/a<6i/ii a a2*,i - faricaB& i*-*-*+i  
a,>, fa+" - r$-#c",$ri& c>, /i fa+" - #,ili6a,$ri& r!#*ra+i ri*,r<#* c$!isi$* r$$r+i$*al c# cifra
l$r - afacriJ
•   C!rcu!ele lu$g!& 8* ca6#l #*#ril$r -s,i*a, #,ili6"rii r$-#c,i5& $, 8!r"ca f$r! 5aria,
/i c$!lH.
:(Produ%ele agr!cole& -a,$ri," scific#l#i r$cs#l#i - farica+i& carac,ris,ic acs,#i ,i
- r$-#s& 5$l#+ia crrii /i a !$-#l#i - $r2a*i6ar a !-i#l#i r#ral& 2*ra6" #* r$cs -
c$!rciali6ar f$ar, -ificil& r$cs car& la r>*-#l sa#& 8/i #* a!r*,a /i s,r#c,#ra circ#i,l$r 
- -is,ri#+i.
;* 5-ra s,ailirii #*$r ,i#ri - circ#i, c$!rcial& rc$!a*-ail *,r# r$-#sl a2ric$l& s, *csar s" s a*ali66& 8* ralail& $ sri - asc,& car ri* *a,#ra l$r 8/i $, #*
a!r*,a as#ra s,r#c,#rii circ#i,l$r rsc,i5.
;*,r as!*a asc,& $ -$si," i!$r,a*," $ a# #r!",$arl
• Pr$-#c+ia a2ric$l" s, l$cali6a,"& a,>, 8* ,i! c>, /i 8* sa+i#& 8* !$- *r2#la, /i f$ar,
-isrsa,.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/atestat-distributia-marfurilor 18/24
• Pr$-#sl s#*, per!%a+!le /i& 8* ca !ai !ar ar,& aar ia+" 8* acla/i ,i!. Crra
i*-i5i-#al" s, carici$as" /i i*las,ica& iar crra i*-#s,rial" s, sc#la,i5"& a!>*>*-
s#rar$-#c+ia *,r# a $+i* $ sc"-r a r+#l#i& car s" r!i," $ ar$5i6i$*ar f$ar,
 r$fi,ail".
•
Pr$cs#l - ac9i6i+i$*ar a r$-#sl$r s, l#*2 /i c$s,isi,$r ca #r!ar a -isrs"rii /i -i5i6"rii Hl$a,"ril$r a2ric$l. C$*sr5ara r$-#sl$r risail *csi," i*5s,i+ii c$s,isi,$ar& la
fl ,ra*s$r,#l /i s,$ca:#l s6$*ir.
S,a,#l s, *5$i, s" i*,r5i*" ri* -i5rs ac+i#*i& 8* !ai !#l, -irc+ii. Acs, -irc+ii s
c$*cr,i6a6" 8* fiHara r+#l#i !aHi! *,r# r$,c+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$rJ r2lara i+i ri*
i*,r!-i#l -i5rsl$r $r2a*is! - sciali,a,& r$!$5ara 5>*6"ril$r 8* s,r"i*",a,& crara #*$r 
 i+ - i*,rs *a+i$*al& 8* 5-ra ra+i$*ali6"rii -is,ri#+ii /i sc"-ra c9l,#ilil$r -
c$!rciali6ar& ri* si!lificara f#*c+ii - 2r$s /i a ar$5i6i$*"rii -,ailis,il$rJ crara #*$r 
s$ci,"+i c$!rcial c# carac,r !iH<rl#ar& rl#crar /i c$!rciali6ar a r$-#sl$r<car s"
 r!i," a2ric#l,$ril$r $ /al$*ar& a,>, a f$r,#ril$r i*5s,i+i$*al& c>, /i a 5*i,#ril$r.
D!%r!+u*!a produ%elor agr!cole $a, fi 8!#*","+i," ri* i*,r$-#cra #*$r !,$- *$i -
5>*6ar& rfc+i$*ara circ#la+ii r$-#sl$r sr i+l i*,r*a+i$*al.
i*>*- sa!" - ,$a, acs, asc,& 8* ca-r#l c$!r+#l#i c# r$-#s a2ric$l& s, *csar 
s" fi f$l$si, a,>, circ#i,l f$ar, sc#r, /i si!l& c>, /i circ#i,l l#*2i /i f$ar, c$!lH. As,fl
- as!*a circ#i, s#*, circ#i,l f$ar, sc#r,. Acs,a a"r 8* !$- frc5*,& 8* ca6#l r$-#sl$r 
a2ric$l& 8*,r#c>, !a:$ri,a,a r$-#c",$ril$r a2ric$li 8/i 5>*- r$-#sl 8* !$- -irc,
c$*s#!a,$r#l#i fi*al& 8* i+ #lic sa# c9iar la -$!icili#l acs,#ia.
C!rcu!ele %cure s#*, #,ili6a, /i l -s,#l - -s& 8*,r#c>, #*ii c$!rcia*+i a# $siili,a,a
a s ar$5i6i$*a& -irc, - la Hl$a,"ril a2ric$l& c# $ sri - r$-#s car a$i l $fr"
c$*s#!a,$ril$r ri* i*,r!-i#l -ifri,l$r f$r! - 5>*6ar.
C!rcu!ele &ed!! $, fi f$l$si, 8* c$*-i+iil 8* car $ c*,ral" - c#!"rar ar $siili,a,a
s"</i as#! rs$*saili,a,a ac9i6i+i$*"rii - la Hl$a,"ril a2ric$l a #*$r r$-#s car s" l
-$6i,6 /i c$*-i+i$*6 8* ri$a-l scific - s,$ca:& *,r# ca a$i s" l -iri:6 sr  #*c,l r$rii - 5>*6ar.
C!rcu!ele lu$g!  aar 8* c$*-i+iil 8* car -i5rs s$ci,"+i c$!rcial sciali6a, 8*
ac,i5i,"+i - 8*sil$6ar /i c$*-i+i$*ar a r$-#sl$r a2ric$l& ri$a- 8*-l#*2a, - ,i!& ria#
 r$-#sl rsc,i5 - la r$-#c",$ri& l s,$c9a6" /i a$i l 5>*- fi c",r -i5r/i a*2r$si/,i -i*
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-$!*i#l rsc,i5& fi c",r c$!rcia*+ii c# a!"*#*,#l& car a$i l #* la -is$6i+ia
c$*s#!a,$ril$r.
As!*a circ#i, $, fi a5#, 8* 5-r& 8* #*l ca6#ri& /i *,r# r$-#sl car circ#l" ri*
i*,r!-i#l s$ci,"+il$r c$!rcial c# carac,r !iH. Acs,a& a5>*- c" $ic, - ac,i5i,a, rl#ara&
 rl#crara /i c$!rciali6ara r$-#sl$r rsc,i5& 8* !#l, ca6#ri 8/i $, as#!a rs$*saili,a,a i*sil$6aril$r /i a 5>*6"ril$r /al$*a, c",r a*2r$si/,i sa# c$!rcia*+ii - a*#!i, i+ sa# c9iar 
H,r*.
 
O+!ec!1ele d!%r!+u*!e!  5$r ,r#i Hri!a, 8* ra$r, c# a1a$a9ele  a/,,a, -
c#!"r",$rii 5i6a+i. A/a c#! afir!" L.P.(#cli*& 8* c$*-i+ii - c$*c#r*+"& $r2a*i6a+iil !!r al
#*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i ,r#i s"</i 8*-li*asc" sarci*il f#*c+i$*al 8* a/a fl 8*c>, s" c$*,ri#i
la !i*i!i6ara c9l,#ilil$r ,$,al al ca*al#l#i& +i*>*- c$*, 8*s" - a5a*,a:l a/,,a, - c",r
c#!"r",$ri.
EHis," c>,5a ca,2$rii - c$*s#!a,$ri car s -ifr*+ia6" ri* *i5l#l a5a*,a:l$r a/,,a,
- la #* sis,! - -is,ri#+i. Crara #*#i ca*al fici*, rs##* -,r!i*ara s2!*,l$r -
 ia+" car 5$r fi -sr5i,& rc#! /i al2ra c$rs#*6",$ar fic"r#ia.
Oic,i5l -is,ri#+ii -ifr" 8* f#*c+i - caracer!%!c!le r$-#s#l#i.
 Produ%ele per!%a+!le *csi," $ -is,ri#+i -irc,"& -a,$ri," fc,l$r *2a,i5 car l<ar   #,a r$-#c 8*,>r6iril /i !a*i#lara l$r r,a,".
  Pr$-#sl li5ra, 8* ca$!*! &ar!, - 2*#l !a,riall$r - c$*s,r#c+i /i al "#,#ril$r 
r"c$ri,$ar& *csi," ca*al car s" r-#c" la !i*i! -is,a*+" - ,ra*s$r, /i *#!"r#l - !a*i#l"ri al
 r$-#sl$r 8* -lasara l$r - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r.
  Pr$-#sl $e%a$dard!.ae& - 2*#l !a/i*il$r #,ili6a, - $ fir!"& s 5>*- -irc, - c",r
rr6*,a*+l c$!rcial al fir!i r$-#c",$ar& -a,$ri," fa,#l#i c" i*,r!-iarii *# -+i*
i*f$r!a+iil *csar c# ri5ir la acs,a. Pr$-#sl car *csi," pre%area de %er1!c!! - !$*,ar sa# - 8*,r+i*r s#*, 5>*-#, /i
8*,r+i*#,& - $ici& - c",r fir!a r$-#c",$ar sa# - c",r -is,ri#i,$rii Hcl#si5i ai acs,ia.
For&a ca$alulu! de d!%r!+u*!e ,r#i s" +i*" sa!a - sl"ici#*il /i #*c,l f$r, al
-ifri,l$r ca,2$rii - i*,r!-iari. D H!l#& rr6*,a*+l r$-#c",$ril$r s#*, caail s"
c$*,ac,6 cli*+i c# c9l,#ili r-#s *,r# ficar rs$a*" 8* ar,& -$arc c$s,#l ,$,al al
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c$*,ac,"rii s 8!ar, la #* *#!"r !ai !ar - cli*+i. ;*s" f$r,#l - 5>*6ar -#s *,r# ficar
cli*, 8* ar, s, !ai !ic -c>, -ac" 5>*6ara ar fi f$s, fc,#a," - c",r a2*+ii - 5>*6"ri ai
fir!i.
D as!*a& f$r!a ca*al#l#i s, i*fl#*+a," - ca*all c$*c#r*+il$r. Ea ,r#i s" s
a-a,6 la !-i#l 8* car</i -sf"/$ar" ac,i5i,a,a fir!a. C>*- c$*$!ia arc#r2 $ ac,i5i,a, - s,a2*ar& r$-#c",$rii #r!"rsc s"</i a-#c" #*#ril ia+" c# c9l,#ili c>, !ai !ici& acas,"
8*s!*>*- #,ili6ara #*$r ca*al !ai sc#r, /i r*#*+ara la sr5icii s#li!*,ar - i!$r,a*,"
sc#*-ar"& al c"r$r c$s, ra i*cl#s 8* r+#l #*#ril$r.
R2l!*,"ril /i rs,ric+iil i!#s - l2 i*fl#*+a6" /i l f$r!a ca*al#l#i. L2a
-fa5$ri6a6" acl ca*al - -is,ri#+i c>, ,i*- s" rs,r>*2" f$ar, !#l, c$*c#r*+a sa# s" cr6
#* !$*$$l.
C!rcu!ul lu$g& *#!i, /i circ#i, ?,ra-i,i$*alB& s, 8* !$- $i/*#i, #,ili6a, *,r# r$-#s
ali!*,ar& - 8*,r+i*r& ,H,il& lc,ric& f#r*i,#ri i*-#s,rial. Acs, circ#i, r6i*," $ sri -
a5a*,a: *,r# r$-#c",$r c" - H!l# rali6ara #*i s$l#+ii $,i! a 5>*6"ril$r c# !i*i! -
c9l,#ili& -ac" 2r$sis,#l 8/i 8*-li*a f#*c+iil sal 5i6a5i - r$-#c",$r& la*sara !ai rai-" a
 r$-#sl$r *$i& rl#*2ira -<a l#*2#l circ#i,#l#i a sr5iciil$r c$!rcial /i a ,9*icil$r 
 r$-#c",$r#l#i& c$*c*,rara cr-i,#l#i #* *#!"r rs,r>*s - cli*+i /i ar,iciara 2r$si/,il$r la $
!ai #*" c#*$a/,r a i+i.
Pri*,r de.a1a$a9ele acs,#i ,i - circ#i, s 8*scri#
• s, #* sis,! #+i* s#l# /i -*-*, 5i6a5i - 2r$sis,J
• 2*ra6" c9l,#ili - -is,ri#+i !ai ri-ica,J
•  r$-#c",$r#l ir- c$*,ac,#l c# cli*,la fi*al"& c# -,aili/,ii /i c# $ #*" ar, -i* ia+"J
• s, -ificil a s asi2#ra #* sr5ic -#" 5>*6arJ
• -ac" 2r$si/,ii *#</i 8*-li*sc 8* ,$,ali,a, f#*c+iil l$r& 8*,r2#l sis,! - -is,ri#+i -5i*
*fici*,.
C!rcu!ul %cur  s, f$ar, #,ili6a, *,r# #*l 2r# - r$-#s rac,ica*-#<s 8*
Hcl#si5i,a, a#,$!$ill& aara,l lc,r$*ic& !$il"& ar,ic$ll f$,$ ,c.Acs, circ#i, ar c"
a5a*,a: c$*$!isira !ar:i 2r$sis,#l#i& c$*,ac,#l /i l2",#ril -irc, c# ia+a& #* c$*,r$l !ai #*
al -is,ri#+ii& rc#! /i r6*,ara -,ail/,il$r 8* r$Hi!i,a,a l$c#ril$r - c$*s#!.
P l>*2" acs,a s !ai a-a#2" sa,isfacra !ai rai-" a cli*+il$r /i rs,ara #*$r sr5icii -#"
5>*6ar. ;* ca,2$ria de.a1a$a9elor acs,#i circ#i, s 8*ca-ra6"
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• *asi2#rara #*#i s,$c - !"rf#ri s#fici*, - -i5rsifica,J
• -,aili/,ii ,r#i s" fi a:#,a+i& 5*,#ala lis" a -i*a!is!#l#i l$r $li2>*- r$-#c",$r#l s"
i*i+i6 ac+i#*i r$!$+i$*al 8* r>*-#l c$*s#!a,$ril$rJ
• *csi,a,a #*#i *#!"r !ar - rr6*,a*+i c$!rciali *,r# c$*,ac,#l c# *#!"r#l rla,i5
!ar al -,aili/,il$rJ
• frac+i$*ara c$!*6il$r /i $r2a*i6ara - li5r"ri !#l,il& ca c a*,r*a6" #* !ar *#!"r
- ac,i5i,"+i c$*,ail.
C!rcu!ele !$egrae  c$*s,a# 8* fa,#l c" !aril !a2a6i* /i s$ci,"+i c$!rcial c#
s#c#rsal !#l,il s#*, $r2a*i6a, as,fl 8*c>, s" $a," 8*-li*i c$*c$!i,*, cl -$#" f#*c+ii
c$!rcial al -is,ri#+ii - 2r$s /i c# a!"*#*,#l.
As,fl& $ si*2#r" 8*,rri*-r asi2#r" ar$5i6i$*ara c# !"rf#ri& 2s,i#*a s,$c#ril$r /i
c$*,aili,a,a 5>*6"ril$r ri* *#!r$as #*c, - 5>*6ar& -a,$ri," fa,#l#i c" $s-" -$6i, /i !i:l$ac - $r2a*i6ar a !a*i#l"rii /i li5r"rii car aar+i* f#*c+ii #*#i 2r$sis,.
U* al, ,i - circ#i, - -is,ri#+i s, 17$.area d!rec& i*-ica," 8*-$si *,r# a*#!i,
 r$-#s& 8* scial *,r# cl - 8*al," ,9*ici,a,. >*6ar -irc," rs##* -i!i*#ara& 8*
 ri*cii#& a c9l,#ilil$r - -is,ri#+i& ri* c$*,ac,#l -irc, al r$-#c",$r#l#i c# c$*s#!a,$r#l&
facili,>*- as,fl c#*$a/,ra cali,a,i5" /i ca*,i,a,i5" a i+i.
Pri* acs, ,i - 5>*6ar r+#ril s !*+i* 8* li!i, r6$*ail& s 2ara*,a6" cali,a,a
 r$-#sl$r 5>*-#, /i s asi2#r" cl !ai #* sr5ic cli*,#l#i& !ai als *,r# r$-#sl - !ar
,9*ici,a,. Ca /i cllal, circ#i,& 5>*6ara -irc," r6i*," /i $ sri - de.a1a$a9e
• cri*+a #*$r rs#rs fi*a*ciar i!$r,a*,& !ai als c>*- r$-#c",$r#l 8/i -65$l," $ r+a
 r$ri - !a2a6i*J
• a*2a:ara #*#i rs$*al - 5>*6ar f$ar, *#!r$sJ
• c$$r-$*ara ac,i5i,"+ii r+li - -sfacr /i -$6i,arJ
• $r2a*i6ara ac,i5i,"+ii -#" 5>*6ar.
Dci6iil l2a, - -is,ri#+i s afl" ri*,r cl !ai c$!lH /i !ai -ificil -ci6ii car ,r#i
s" l a-$, $ fir!" arc#rs#l ac,i5i,"+ii sal. Ficar sis,! - -is,ri#+i 2*ra6" 5*i,#ri /i
*csi," c$s,#ri -ifri,. Di* clia 8* car $ fir!" 8/i al2 ca*al#l - -is,ri#+i& a s, $li2a," s"
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$r6 c# l $ ri$a-" !ai 8*-l#*2a,". D as!*a& ca*al#l als 5a i*fl#*+a /i 5a fi i*fl#*+a,
- cllal, l!*, al !iH#l#i - !ar,i*2.
I$er&ed!ar!! s#*, #,ili6a+i a,#*ci c>*- s -$5-sc caaili - a Hc#,a $ra+i#*il -
-is,ri#+i 8*,r<#* !$- !#l, !ai fici*, -c>, r$-#c",$rii. Cl !ai i!$r,a*, $ra+i#*i /i
fl#H#ri car a# l$c 8* ca-r#l #*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i s#*, r$!$5ara& i*f$r!ara& *2$cira&  rl#*2ira /i $*$rara c$!*6il$r& fi*a*+ara& rl#ara risc#l#i& $ssia fi6ic" a !"rf#ril$r& la,a /i
,ra*s!i,ra -r,#l#i - r$ri,a,. Acs,a His," i*-ifr*, - *#!ar#l -,aili/,il$r /i a*2$si/,il$r 
car $ra6" la #* !$!*, -a,.
A-!i*is,rara ca*all$r - -is,ri#+i *csi," al2ra a*#!i,$r i*,r!-iari /i !$,i5ara
l$r& ri* alicara #*#i !iH al rla+iil$r c$!rcial& fici*, -i* #*c, - 5-r al c$s,#ril$r. Pri*
acs,a s #r!"r/, crara #*#i si,! - ?c$!#*i#*B /i rali6ara #*i -is,ri#+ii r$2ra!a, la
*i5l#l 8*,r2#l#i sis,!.
Ca$alele de d!%r!+u*!e s carac,ri6a6" ri*,r<$ c$*,i*#" /i& #*$ri& r$f#*-" 5$l#+i.
Di*,r ,*-i*+l car s !a*ifs," 8* acs, -$!*i#& !ai s!*ifica,i5" s, a!l$ara ,$, !ai !ar
%%
CONCLU;II
;* c$*,H,#l c$*$!ii - ia" !$-r*& a6a, f#*c,i$*ara lir" a ii& r$cs#l
- -is,ri#,i ,r#i c$*si-ra, ca #* r$cs car c$*,ri#i la r$!$5ara r$2rs#l#i c$*$!ic
2*ral.
Pri* #r!ar& -is,ri#,ia *# $a, fi c$*si-ra,a $ si!la 59ic#lar sa# !iscar - !arf#ri -
la r$-#ca,$r la c$*s#!a,$r& ci ,r#i as$cia, acs,ia $ 2a!a - sr5icii afla, i*,r<$ c$*,i*#a -i5rsificar& rc#! si $ i*fl#*,a ac,i5a as#ra r$-#c,ii a6a c#*$as,rii a!a*#*,i, a
c$*s#!a,$ril$r.
Fl#H#l !arf#ril$r - la r$-#ca,$r la c$*s#!a,$r#l fi*al s, 8*s$i,& rc-a, sa# #r!a, si
- al, fl#H#ri i!$r,a*, car ii c$*c,a6a ,$,i ar,icia*,.
Ca ac,i5i,a, - i*,r!-ir i*,r r$-#ca,$r si c$*s#!a,$r& -is,ri#,ia ar #* r$l i!$r,a*,
si -$si, - c$!lH& a,a, la* c$*$!ic ca, si la* s$cial.
Pri* i*,r!-i#l -is,ri#,ii s fi*ali6a6a ac,i5i,a,a c$*$!ica a i*,rri*-ril$r si s i*c9i cicl#l c$*$!ic al r$-#sl$r.
Pr$-#ca,$r#l r-$a*-s,& as,fl& i* f$r!a a*asca& rs#rsl i*5s,i, *,r# r$-#cra
 #*#ril$r si ,$,$-a,a #* r$fi, *,r# ac,i5i,a,a -sfas#ra,a& iar c$*s#!a,$r#l& i*,ra i* $ssia
 #*#ril$r *csar *,r# sa,isfacra ,r#i*,l$r sal& *ficii*- ,$,$-a,a - $ sri - sr5icii ca
i*f$r!ara si $siili,a,a - a al2 -i*,r<#* s$r,i!*, lar2 #*#ril si sr5iciil c c$rs#*- cl
!ai i* *5$il$r si Hi2*,l$r& sr5icii $s,<5a*6ar& i la r$cs#l - -is,ri#i.
C$*,ri#,ia si r$l#l -is,ri#,ii !arf#ril$r i* 5ia,a c$*$!ica a s$ci,a,ii !$-r* $a, fi
arcia,a si ri* $*-ra i* car sfra c$*$!ica a -is,ri#,ii a*,r*a6a f$*-#ril !a,rial si
rs#rsl #!a* al s$ci,a,ii& rc#! si ri* $*-ra car $ -,i* i* r,#l fi*al al r$-#sl$r.
O r$c#ar i!$r,a*,a i* -$!*i#l -is,ri#,ii $ c$*s,i,#i asi2#rara #*i c$*c#r*,
c$rs#*6a,$ar car sa c$*,ri#i a,a, la i!#*a,a,ira c$*,i*#a a s,r#c,#rii si cali,a,ii r$-#sl$r si
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sr5iciil$r ca, si la !*,i*ra #*$r r,#ri c9i,ail& asi2#rara #*$r facili,a,i - c#!arar&
-65$l,ara 2l$ala a c$!r,#l#i i* ca-r#l i,i #*ic #r$*.
I*,r<#* as,fl - c$*,H,& fir!l - -is,ri#,i s#*, $li2a, sa -65$l, i* r!a**,a
s,ra,2ii - i*$5ar si -i5rsificar a ac,i5i,a,il$r -sfas#ra,& a r$-#sl$r $fri,& a r,#ril$r si
i*f$r!a,iil$r *csar -ial$2#l#i c# c$*s#!a,$rii.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. D.Pa,ric9& M.Gri2$rsc# < ?(a6l C$!r,#l#iB& E-. Di-ac,ic" /i P-a2$2ic"&
(#c#r/,i& 177)
%. P9ili $,lr <?Ma*a2!*,#l !ar,i*2#l#iB& E-. T$ra& (#c#r/,i& 1777
3. Mirca Pis,$l <?(a6l C$!r+#l#iB& *$, - c#rs& U*i5rsi,a,a
  BSir# ar,B& (#c#r/,i& 177
4. D.Pa,ric9 <?Ec$*$!i C$!rcial"B& E-. Ec$*$!ic"& (#c#r/,i&
  177
). C. asili#& M. Fla <BDis,ri#ia i l$2is,ica !"rf#ril$r& E-i,#ra P$lir$!&
(#c#r,i& %003