Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Brief Life History

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Atal Bihari Vajpayee

अटल बह ारǳ वाजपेयी

10th Prime Minister of India

In office

19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004

President K. R. Narayanan

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Deputy L.K. Advani

Preceded by I. K. Gujral

Succeeded by Manmohan Singh

In office

16 May 1996 – 1 June 1996

President Shankar Dayal Sharma

Vice President Kocheril Raman Narayanan

Preceded by P. V. Narasimha Rao

Succeeded by H. D. Deve Gowda

Minister of External Affairs

In office

26 March 1977 – 28 July 1979

Prime Minister Morarji Desai

Preceded by Yashwantrao Chavan

Succeeded by Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra

Atal Bihari VajpayeeFrom Wikipedia, the f ree encyclopedia

Atal Bihari Va jpayee (born 25 December 1924) is an

Indian statesman who was the 10th Prime Minister of

India, first for 13 days in 1996 and then from 1998 to2004. A leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he

is the first Prime Minister from outside the Indian

National Congress party to serve a full five-year term.

A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee

was elected to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of

India's Parliament) nine times, and twice to the Rajya

Sabha (upper house). He also served as the Member

of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009,

when he retired from active politics due to healthconcerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder

members of erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which he

had also headed. He was also the Minister of External

Affairs in the ca binet of Morarji Desai. When Janata

government collapsed, Vajpayee restarted the Jana

Sangh as the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1980.

On 25 December 2014 the office of President of India

announced the Bharat Ratna award, India's highest

civilian honour, to Vaj payee. In a special gesture, thePresident of India conferred Bharat Ratna to Atal

Bihari Vajpayee in his residence on 27 March 2015.[1]

His birthday, 25 December, was declared "Good

Governance Day".[2][3]

Contents

1 Early life and education2 Early political career (1942–1975)3 Political career (1975–1995)4 As prime minister of India

4.1 First term: May 19964.2 Second term: 1998–1999

4.2.1 Nuclear tests4.3 The Lahore summit

4.3.1 Kargil War 4.4 Third term: 1999–2004

4.4.1 Indian Airlines hijack 4.4.2 National highway project,

foreign policy andeconomic reforms

4.4.3 2001 attack on Parliament

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Personal details

Born 25 December 1924

Gwalior State

Nationality Indian

Political party Bharatiya Janata Party (1980–

present)

Other political

affiliations

Janata Party (1977—1980)

Bharatiya Jana Sangh (before 1977)

Alma mater Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj

University

Profession Poet

Journalist

Political activist

Religion Hinduism

Awards Bharat Ratna (2015)

Padma Vibhushan (1992)

Signature

4.4.4 2002 Gujarat violence4.4.5 Remainder of term

5 2004 general election6 Travel and diplomatic assignments7 Later career 8 Personal life and interests9 Health issues10 Awards

11 Positions held12 Works

12.1 Social and political12.2 Books12.3 Poetry12.4 Speeches

13 References14 Further reading15 External links

Early life and education

Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna

Bihari Vajpayee on 25 December 1924 in Gwalior.

His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had

migrated to Morena, Gwalior from his ancestral

village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh. His father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster

in his hometown. Vajpayee studied from the Government Higher secondary school, Gorkhi, Gorkhi,

Bara, Gwalior. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College) and graduatedwith distinction in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his post-graduation with an M.A. in

Political Science from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College, Kanpur, and was awarded a first-class

degree.[4][5]

His activism started with the Arya Kumar Sabha of Gwalior, the youth wing of the Arya Samaj, of which

he became the General Secretary in 1944. He also joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) as a

swayamsevak in 1939. Influenced by Babasaheb Apte, he attended the Officers Training Camp of the

RSS during 1940-44 and became a "full-time worker" in 1947, technically a pracharak. He gave up

studying law due to the partition riots. He was sent as a vistarak (probationary pracharak ) to Uttar

Pradesh and quickly began working for the newspapers of Deendayal Upadhyaya, Rashtradharma (aHindi monthly), Panchjanya (a Hindi weekly) and the dailies Swadesh and Veer Arjun. Vajpayee never

married and has remained a bachelor his entire life.[5][6][7]

Early political career (1942–1975)

Vajpayee's first exposure to politics was in August 1942, when he and his elder brother Prem were

arrested for 23 days during the Quit India movement, when he was released only after giving a written

undertaking, expressly declaring not to participate in any of the anti-British struggle.[8]

In 1951, he was seconded by the RSS, along with Deendayal Upadhyaya, to work for the newly formed

Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a Hindu right-wing political party associated with the RSS. He was appointed as a

national secretary of the party in charge of the Northern region, based in Delhi. He soon became a

follower and aide of party leader Syama Prasad Mookerjee. In 1954, Vajpayee was with Mookerjee

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Foreign Minister Vajpayee (far right)

and Prime Minister Morarji Desai

(third from right, front row) with US

President Jimmy Carter during his

1978 visit to India.

when he went on a fast-unto-death in Kashmir to protest against perceived inferior treatment of non-

Kashmiri Indian visitors to the state. Mookerjee died in prison during this strike. In 1957, Vajpayee lost

to Raja Mahendra Pratap in Mathura[9][10] for the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament, but

was elected from Balrampur. There, his oratorial skills so impressed Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru

that he predicted that Vajpayee would someday become India's Prime Minister.[11]

By virtue of his oratorical and organizational skills, he became the face of the Jana Sangh. After the

death of Deendayal Upadhyaya, the mantle of the leadership of Jana Sangh fell on the shoulders of aoung Vajpayee. He became the national president of the Jana Sangh in 1968 and, along with Nanaji

Deshmukh, Balraj Madhok and L. K. Advani, led the Jana Sangh to national prominence.

Political career (1975–1995)

From 1975 to 1977, Vajpayee was arrested along with several

other opposition leaders during the Internal Emergency imposed

by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of the Indian National Congress

party. In 1977, heeding the call of social reformer Jayaprakash Narayan for all the opposition parties to unite against the

Congress, Vajpayee merged the Jana Sangh into the newly

formed grand-alliance, the Janata Party.[12]

Following Janata's victory in the 1977 general elections, he

became the Minister of External Affairs in Prime Minister

Morarji Desai's cabinet. As foreign minister, that year Vajpayee

became the first person to deliver a speech to the United Nations

General Assembly in Hindi. By the time the Janata government

crumbled in 1979, Vajpayee had established himself as an experienced statesman and a respected political leader.[12]

The Janata Party was dissolved soon after Morarji Desai resigned as Prime Minister in 1979. The Jana

Sangh had devoted its political organisation to sustain the coalition and was left exhausted by the

internecine political wars within the Janata Party.

Vajpayee joined many of his Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh colleagues,

particularly his long-time friends L. K. Advani and Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, to form the Bharatiya

Janata Party (BJP) in 1980. He became the BJP's first President. He emerged as a strong critic of the

Congress (I) government that followed the Janata government.

While the BJP opposed the Sikh militancy that was rising in the state of Punjab, it also blamed Prime

Minister Indira Gandhi for her "divisive and corrupt politics that fostered such militancy at the expense

of national unity and integrity."[13] The BJP did not support Operation Blue Star and strongly protested

against the violence towards Sikhs in Delhi that broke out in 1984 following the assassination of Indira

Gandhi by two of her Sikh bodyguards.[14] The BJP was left with only two parliamentary seats in the

1984 elections. During this period, Vajpayee remained at the centre-stage as party President and Leader

of the Opposition in the Parliament.

The BJP became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir Movement, which was led by

activists of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and the RSS, and which sought to build a temple

dedicated to Lord Rama in Ayodhya.

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Victory in the assembly elections in Gujarat and Maharashtra in March 1995, and a good performance in

the elections to the Karnataka assembly in December 1994, propelled the BJP to greater political

prominence. During a BJP conference in Mumbai in November 1995, BJP President L.K. Advani

declared that Vajpayee would become the Prime Minister of India. The BJP won in the May 1996

parliamentary elections.[15]

As prime minister of India

Vajpayee served as the Prime Minister of India between 1996 to 2004 in three non-consecutive terms.

First term: May 1996

The BJP grew in strength in the early 1995s riding on pro nationalistic sentiments. In the 1996 general

elections, the BJP emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha. The then president Shankar

Dayal Sharma invited Vajpayee to form the government. Vajpayee was sworn in as the 10th Prime

Minister of India, but the BJP failed to muster enough support from other parties to obtain a majority. He

resigned after 13 days, when it became clear that he could not garner a majority.

Second term: 1998–1999

After the fall of the two United Front governments between 1996 and 1998, the Lok Sabha was

dissolved and fresh elections were held. The 1998 general elections again put the BJP ahead of others.

This time, a cohesive bloc of political parties joined the BJP to form the National Democratic Alliance

(NDA), and Vajpayee was sworn in as the Prime Minister.[16]

The NDA proved its majority in the parliament. The government lasted 13 months until mid-1999 when

the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) under J. Jayalalitha withdrew its support

to the government.[17] The government lost the ensuing vote of confidence motion in the Lok Sabha by a

single vote on 17 April 1999. As the Opposition was unable to come up with the numbers to form the

new government, the Lok Sabha was again dissolved and fresh elections were held. Vajpayee remaining

the Prime Minister until the elections were held.

Nuclear tests

In May 1998, India conducted five underground nuclear tests in Pokhran desert in Rajasthan, 24 yrs after

India conducted its first nuclear test Pokhran-I in 1974. This test is called Pokhran-II. The tests wereheld just a month after the government had been in power. Two weeks later, Pakistan responded with its

own nuclear tests making it the newest declared nation with nuclear weapons.

While some nations, such as Russia and France, endorsed India's right to defensive nuclear power,[18]

others including the United States, Canada, Japan, Britain and the European Union imposed sanctions on

information, resources and technology to India. In spite of the intense international criticism and the

steady decline in foreign investment and trade, the nuclear tests were popular domestically. Effectively

the international sanctions failed completely in swaying India's decision to weaponize their nuclear

capability, something that was planned for and anticipated by the Vajpayee administration. [19]

The Lahore summit

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Prime Minister Vajpayee flashes

the V sign after the Parliamentary

elections in which his coalition

emerged the victors. His handling

of the Kargil crisis is believed to

have played a big part in

garnering the votes.

In late 1998 and early 1999, Vajpayee began a push for a full-scale diplomatic peace process with

Pakistan. With the historic inauguration of the Delhi-Lahore bus service in February 1999, Vajpayee

initiated a new peace process aimed towards permanently resolving the Kashmir dispute and other

conflicts with Pakistan. The resultant Lahore Declaration espoused a commitment to dialogue, expanded

trade relations and mutual friendship and envisaged a goal of denuclearised South Asia. This eased the

tension created by the 1998 nuclear tests, not only within the two nations but also in South Asia and the

rest of the world.

The Vajpayee-led government was faced with two crises in mid-1999. The AIADMK had continually

threatened to withdraw from the coalition and national leaders repeatedly flew down from Delhi to

Chennai to pacify the AIADMK chief J. Jayalalitha. However, in May 1999, the AIADMK did pull the

plug on the NDA, and the Vajpayee administration was reduced to a caretaker status pending fresh

elections scheduled for October 1999.

Kargil War

It was revealed that militants and non-uniformed Pakistani soldiers

(many with official identifications and Pakistan Army's customweaponry) had infiltrated into the Kashmir Valley and captured

control of border hilltops, unmanned border posts and were

spreading out fast. The incursion was centred around the town of

Kargil, but also included the Batalik and Akhnoor sectors and

artillery exchanges at the Siachen Glacier.

Indian army units were swiftly rushed into Kashmir in response.

Operation Vijay, launched in June 1999, saw the Indian military

fighting thousands of militants and soldiers in the midst of heavy

artillery shelling and while facing extremely cold weather, snow andtreacherous terrain at the high altitude. Over 500 Indian soldiers

were killed in the three-month-long Kargil War, and it is estimated

around 600-4,000 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well. India

pushed back the Pakistani militants and Northern Light Infantry

soldiers. Almost 70% of the territory was recaptured by India. With

news of Pakistan planning to launch a nuclear attack in the face of a

loss in the war with India, Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif

was summoned to the US by Bill Clinton and warned against any

such action.[18]

After Pakistan suffered heavy losses, and with both the United States and China refusing to condone the

incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations, General Musharraf was recalcitrant and Nawaz

Sharif asked the remaining militants to stop and withdraw to positions along the LoC. The militants were

not willing to accept orders from Sharif but the NLI soldiers withdrew.[18] The militants were killed by

the army or forced to withdraw in skirmishes which went beyond the announcement of withdrawal by

Pakistan. The victory in Kargil bolstered the image of Vajpayee and he was hailed across the country for

his bold and strong leadership. On 26 July 2012, designated as 'Kargil Vijay Diwas', BJP President Nitin

Gadkari unveiled a wax statue of Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Mumbai. The statue is to be put up at a wax

museum in Lonavala.[20]

Third term: 1999–2004

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A.B.Vajpayee meeting President Bush in

the White House in 2001.

In the 1999 general elections, the BJP-led NDA won 303 seats out of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha, in

the aftermath of the Kargil operations,[21] thereby securing a comfortable and stable majority. On 13

October 1999, Atal Bihari Vajpayee took oath as Prime Minister of India for the third time.

Indian Airlines hijack

A national crisis emerged in December 1999, when Indian Airlines flight IC 814 from Kathmandu to

New Delhi was hijacked by five terrorists and flown to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan.[22] The hijackersmade several demands including the release of certain terrorists like Maulana Masood Azhar from

prison. Under extreme pressure, the government ultimately caved in. Jaswant Singh, the Minister for

External Affairs at the time, flew with the terrorists to Afghanistan and exchanged them for the

passengers.

National highway project, foreign policy and economic

reforms

During his administration, Vajpayee introduced manydomestic economic and infrastructural reforms, including

encouraging the private sector and foreign investments,

reducing governmental waste, encouraging research and

development and privatisation of some government owned

corporations.[23] The UPA Government on 1 July 2013

accepted before Supreme Court that National Democratic

Alliance Government led by Vajpayee has developed half

the roads in last 32 years in their 5-year term.[24]

Vajpayee's pet projects were the National Highway Development Project and Pradhan Mantri GramSadak Yojana.

In March 2000, Bill Clinton, the President of the United States, paid a state visit to India. His was the

first state visit to India by a US President in 22 years. President Clinton's visit to India was hailed as a

significant milestone in the relations between the two countries. Since the visit came barely two years

after the Pokhran tests, and one year after the Kargil invasion and the subsequent coup in Pakistan, it

was read to reflect a major shift in the post-Cold War U.S. foreign policy. The Indian Prime Minister and

the U.S. President discussed strategic issues, but the major achievement was a significant expansion in

trade and economic ties. The Historic Vision Document on the future course of relations between the

two countries was signed by Prime Minister Vajpayee and President Clinton during the visit.

Domestically, the BJP-led government was under constant pressure from its ideological mentor, the RSS,

and the hard-line VHP to enact the Hindutva agenda. But owing to its dependence on coalition support,

it was impossible for the BJP to push items like building the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya,

repealing Article 370 which gave a special status to the state of Kashmir, or enacting a uniform civil

code applicable to adherents of all religions. On 17 January 2000, there were reports of the RSS and

some BJP hard-liners threatening to restart the Jan Sangh, the precursor to the BJP, because of their

discontent over Atal Bihari Vajpayee rule. Former president of the Jan Sangh Balraj Madhok had written

a letter to the then RSS chief Rajendra Singh for support. [25] The BJP was however accused of

affronising (saffron being the colour of the flag of the RSS, symbol of the Hindu nationalism

movement) the official state education curriculum and apparatus. Also, Home Minister L.K. Advani and

Human Resource Development Minister Murli Manohar Joshi were indicted in the 1992 Babri Mosque

demolition case for inciting a mob of activists. Vajpayee himself came under public scrutiny owing to

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babri_Mosquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Singh_(RSS)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_civil_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_370https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._foreign_policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Gram_Sadak_Yojanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Development_Projecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaswant_Singhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Masood_Azharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmanduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_Vajpayee_Oval_Office.jpg


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Atal Bihari Vajpayee with Russia's

president Vladimir Putin.

his controversial speech one day prior to the mosque demolition.[26] The RSS also routinely criticised

the government for free-market policies which introduced foreign goods and competition at the expense

of 'swadeshi' industries and products.

Vajpayee's administration earned the ire of many trade unions and government workers for its aggressive

campaign to privatise government owned corporations. Vajpayee promoted pro-business, free market

reforms to reinvigorate India's economic transformation and expansion that were started by the former

PM Narasimha Rao but stalled after 1996 due to unstable governments and the 1997 Asian financialcrisis. Increased competitiveness, extra funding and support for the information technology sector and

high-tech industries, improvements in infrastructure, deregulation of trade, investments and corporate

laws —- all increased foreign capital investment and set in motion an economic expansion.

These couple of years of reform however were accompanied

by infighting in the administration and confusion regarding

the direction of government. Vajpayee's weakening health

was also a subject of public interest, and he underwent a

major knee-replacement surgery at the Breach Candy

Hospital in Mumbai to relieve great pressure on his legs.

In March 2001, the Tehelka group released the sting

operation video named operation west end showing videos

of the BJP President Bangaru Laxman, senior army officers

and NDA members accepting bribes from journalists posing

as agents and businessmen. The Defence Minister George

Fernandes was forced to resign following the Barak Missile

Deal Scandal, another scandal involving the botched supplies of coffins for the soldiers killed in Kargil,

and the findings of an inquiry commission that the Government could have prevented the Kargil

invasion.[27]

Vajpayee again broke the ice in the Indo-Pak relations by inviting Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf

to Delhi and Agra for a joint summit and peace talks. His second major attempt to move beyond the

stalemate involved inviting the man who had planned the Kargil invasions. But accepting him as the

President of Pakistan, Vajpayee chose to move forward. But after three days of much fanfare, which

included Musharraf visiting his birthplace in Delhi, the summit failed to achieve a breakthrough as

President Musharraf declined to leave aside the issue of Kashmir.

In 2001, the Vajpayee government launched the famous Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, which aimed at

improving the quality of education in primary and secondary schools.

2001 attack on Parliament

On 13 December 2001, a group of masked, armed men with fake IDs stormed the Parliament building in

Delhi. The terrorists managed to kill several security guards, but the building was sealed off swiftly and

security forces cornered and killed the men, who were later proven to be Pakistan nationals. Coming just

three months after the September 11 attacks upon the United States, this fresh escalation instantly

enraged the nation. Although the Government of Pakistan officially condemned the attack, Indian

intelligence reports pointed to a conspiracy rooted in Pakistan.

Prime Minister Vajpayee ordered a mobilisation of India's military forces, and as many as 500,000

servicemen amassed along the international boundary bordering Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and

Kashmir. Pakistan responded with the same. Vicious terrorist attacks and an aggressive anti-terrorist

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campaign froze day-to-day life in Kashmir, and foreigners flocked out of both India and Pakistan,

fearing a possible war and nuclear exchange. For as long as two years, both nations remained perilously

close to a terrible war.

The Vajpayee administration also passed the Prevention of Terrorist Act against vigorous opposition of

non-NDA parties. Human rights groups have condemned the act which gives wide authority to the

government to crack down and hold anybody. Its repeal was advocated by human rights

organisations.[28]

But the biggest political disaster hit his government between December 2001 and March 2002: the VHP

held the Government hostage in a major standoff in Ayodhya over the Ram temple. At the 10th

anniversary of the destruction of the Babri mosque, the VHP wanted to perform a shila daan, or a

ceremony laying the foundation stone of the cherished temple at the disputed site. Tens of thousands of

VHP activists amassed and threatened to overrun the site and forcibly build the temple. A grave threat of

not only communal violence, but an outright breakdown of law and order owing to the defiance of the

government by a religious organisation hung over the nation.[12] But to the relief of Vajpayee, his

government was able to tide over this crisis rather smoothly.

2002 Gujarat violence

In 2002, Hindu-Muslim violence in the state Gujarat killed more than 1,000 people. Vajpayee officially

condemned the violence.[29]

Later, Vajpayee made controversial remarks: "Wherever there are Muslims in large numbers, they do not

want to live in peace."[30] The remarks were clarified by the Prime Minister's Office as being taken out

of context.

Vajpayee was accused of doing nothing to stop the violence, and later admitted mistakes in the handling

the events.[31] K.R. Narayanan, then president of India, also blamed Vajpayee's government for failing to

quell the violence.[32]

Remainder of term

In late 2002 and 2003 the government pushed economic reforms, and the country's GDP growth

accelerated at record levels, exceeding 6–7%. Increasing foreign investment, modernisation of public

and industrial infrastructure, the creation of jobs, a rising high-tech and IT industry and urban

modernisation and expansion improved the nation's international image. Good crop harvests and strong

industrial expansion also helped the economy.

The government reformed the tax system, increased the pace of reforms and pro-business initiatives,

major irrigation and housing schemes and so on. The political energies of the BJP shifted to the rising

urban middle-class and young people, who were positive and enthusiastic about the major economic

expansion and future of the country. He faced stiff opposition from other equally strong organisations in

the RSS family such as the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh and the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh. However, he

continued with his aggressive economic reform policy.

In August 2003, he announced before the parliament his "absolute last" effort to achieve peace withPakistan. Although the diplomatic process never truly set-off immediately, visits were exchanged by

high-level officials and the military stand-off ended. The Pakistani President and Pakistani politicians,

civil and religious leaders hailed this initiative as did the leaders of America, Europe and much of the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sanghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sanghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangh_Parivarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.R._Narayananhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(India)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorist_Act,_India


9/15



world. In July 2003, Prime Minister Vajpayee, visited China, and met with various Chinese leaders. He

recognised Tibet as a part of China, which was welcomed by the Chinese leadership, who in the

following year, recognised Sikkim, as a part of India. Sino-Indian Relations, improved greatly, in the

following years.

In November–December 2003, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won three major state elections, fought

mainly on development issues, without ideological campaigns. A major public relations campaign was

launched to reach out to Muslims and stop the 2002 communal riots controversy from haunting the

party's future. But the attention of the media and of millions now moved from Vajpayee to his more

possible successor, L.K. Advani, although the question was never directly raised or contested in any

way. Vajpayee's age, failing health and diminished physical and mental vigour were obvious factors in

such speculation.

Advani assumed greater responsibilities in the party, and although no perceivable conflict has been

known to arise between the longtime friends and political colleagues, several embarrassing statements

were made. Once Vajpayee said "Advani would lead the BJP in the elections," prompting Advani to

clarify that he would merely lead the election campaign, not the party. And then the BJP President

Venkaiah Naidu used mythological references to depict Vajpayee as Vikas Purush (Man of Progress) andAdvani as Loh Purush(Iron Man).

As the BJP prepared for general elections in 2004, Vajpayee was still the choice of the BJP and of the

wider NDA, for the Prime Minister's job.

On 29 June 2002 Atal Bihari Vajpayee while dedicating his collection of poems translated in Tamil,

recalled his friendship with C.N. Annadurai and claimed that he was not opposed to Hindi and

appreciated Vajpayee's language skills.[33][34] Annadurai however, was against imposition of the

language.[35]

2004 general election

The NDA was widely expected to retain power after the 2004 general election. The 13th Lok Sabha had

been dissolved before the completion of its term to capitalise on the perceived 'feel-good factor' and

BJP's recent successes in the Assembly elections in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The

BJP hoped to capitalise on the slogan "India Shining" and released many ads touting the economic

growth of the nation.

However, the coalition lost almost half its seats, with several prominent cabinet ministers being defeated.

The Indian National Congress, led by Sonia Gandhi, became the single largest party and, along with

many minor parties, formed the United Progressive Alliance. With the conditional support of the leftist

parties from the outside, the UPA formed a government under Dr Manmohan Singh. Vajpayee resigned

as Prime Minister and promised co-operation to the new government.[36] Accepting moral responsibility

for the defeat, he decided not to take up the position of the Leader of the Opposition and passed on the

leadership mantle to Lal Krishna Advani. However, he retained his post as Chairman of the NDA.

Travel and diplomatic assignments

Vajpayee has visited several countries, first in 1965 as a member of the Parliamentary Goodwill Mission

to East Africa. He was also part of the Parliamentary Delegations to Australia in 1967, the European

Parliament in 1983, and Canada in 1987. He was part of the official Indian Delegation to

Commonwealth Parliamentary Association meetings held in Canada in 1966 and 1994, Zambia in 1980,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Manmohan_Singhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Gandhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Lok_Sabhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2004https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.N._Annaduraihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkaiah_Naiduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_Relationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet


10/15



and the Isle of Man in 1984. He was in the Indian delegation to the Inter-Parliamentary Union

Conference, Japan in 1974, Sri Lanka in 1975; and Switzerland in 1984. He was a regular at the UN

General Assembly, having been part of the Indian Delegations in 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994

and 1996. He led the Indian Delegation to the Human Rights Commission Meeting at Geneva in 1993

and the Delegation of Standing Committees of External Affairs to Gulf countries i.e. Bahrain, Oman and

Kuwait.

Later career

In December 2005, Vajpayee announced his retirement from active politics, declaring that he would not

contest in the next general election. In a famous statement at the BJP's silver Jubilee rally at Mumbai's

historic Shivaji Park, Vajpayee announced that "Henceforth, Lal Krishna Advani and Pramod Mahajan

will be the Ram-Laxman (the two godly brothers much revered and worshipped by Hindus) of the

BJP."[37]

Vajpayee was referred to as the Bhishma Pitamah of Indian Politics by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan

Singh during his speech in the Rajya Sabha.

[38]

Vajpayee was hospitalised at AIIMS for chest infection and fever on 6 February 2009. He was put on

ventilator support as his condition worsened but he eventually recuperated and was later discharged.[39]

Unable to participate in the campaign for the 2009 general election due to his poor health, he wrote a

letter urging voters to back the BJP. His protege Lalji Tandon was able to retain the Lucknow seat even

though the NDA suffered electoral reverses all over the country. The tall apolitical image of Vajpayee

was said to be the main reason behind Lalji's success in Lucknow even though BJP's performance was

poor elsewhere in Uttar Pradesh.[40]

Personal life and interests

Vajpayee has an adopted daughter, Namita. He is fond of Indian music and dance. He loves nature and

one of his favourite retreats is Manali in Himachal Pradesh.[41]

Vajpayee has said about his poetry, "My poetry is a declaration of war, not an exordium to defeat. It is

not the defeated soldier's drumbeat of despair, but the fighting warrior's will to win. It is not the

despirited voice of dejection but the stirring shout of victory."[42]

Health issues

Vajpayee underwent knee replacement surgery at Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai in 2001. He

suffered a stroke in 2009 which impaired his speech.[43] His health has been a major source of concern

and those in the know say he is often confined to a wheelchair and fails to recognise people. He is said to

be suffering from dementia and long-term diabetes. He is not known to have attended any public event

in recent years. He rarely ventures out of the house, except for checkups at the All India Institute of

Medical Sciences.[44]

Not many people visit him these days. The only regular visitors are N M Ghatate, Vajpayee's friend of nearly six decades, Advani and B C Khanduri, who come to sit by his side or ask his daughter about his

health. Dr. Manmohan Singh makes regular inquiries about his health and never misses wishing

Vajpayee personally on his birthday.[43]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalji_Tandonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2009https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Manmohan_Singhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhishmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramod_Mahajanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji_Park


11/15



Prime Minister Narendra Modi and

Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj (far

right) hand over the Liberation War

award to Vajpayee's family members.

Awards

1992, Padma Vibhushan[45]

1993, D. Lit. from Kanpur University[46]

1994, Lokmanya Tilak Award[46]

1994, Best Parliamentarian Award

1994, Bharat Ratna Pandit Govind Vallabh Pant Award[45]

2015, Bharat Ratna2015, Liberation War award (Bangladesh MuktijuddhoSanmanona)

Positions held

1951 – Founder-Member, Bharatiya Jana Sangh (B.J.S) [47]

1957 – Elected to 2nd Lok Sabha1957–77 – Leader, Bharatiya Jana Sangh Parliamentary

Party1962 – Member, Rajya Sabha1966-67- Chairman, Committee on Government Assurances1967 – Re-elected to 4th Lok Sabha (2nd term)1967–70 – Chairman, Public Accounts Committee1968–73 – President, B.J.S.1971 – Re-elected to 5th Lok Sabha (3rd term)1977 – Re-elected to 6th Lok Sabha (4th term)1977–79 – Union Cabinet Minister, External Affairs1977–80 – Founder- Member, Janata Party

1980 – Re-elected to 7th Lok Sabha (5th term)1980-86- President, Bharatiya Janata Party (B.J.P.)1980-84, 1986 and 1993–96 – Leader, B.J.P. Parliamentary Party1986 – Member, Rajya Sabha; Member, General Purposes Committee1988–90 – Member, House Committee; Member, Business Advisory Committee1990-91- Chairman, Committee on Petitions1991– Re-elected to 10th Lok Sabha (6th term)1991–93 – Chairman, Public Accounts Committee1993–96 – Chairman, Committee on External Affairs; Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha1996 – Re-elected to 11th Lok Sabha (7th term)16 May 1996 – 31 May 1996 – Prime Minister of India1996–97 – Leader of Opposition, Lok Sabha1997–98 – Chairman, Committee on External Affairs1998 – Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (8th term)1998–99 – Prime Minister of India; Minister of External Affairs; and also in charge of Ministries/Department not specifically allocated to the charge of any Minister 1999 – Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (9th term)13 Oct.1999 to 13 May 2004– Prime Minister of India and also in charge of theMinistries/Departments not specifically allocated to the charge of any Minister 2004 – Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (10th term)

Works

Social and political

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_honours_system#Special_Decorationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ratnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Vibhushanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushma_Swarajhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_hands_over_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War_Honour_to_family_members_of_recipient_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg


12/15



National Integration. (1961). Dynamics of an Open Society. (1977). New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy. (1979). Heal the Wounds: Vajpayee's Appeal on Assam Tragedy to the Parliament . (1983).When Will atrocities on Harijans stop?: A.B. Vajpayee's speech in Rajya Sabha. (1988).

Kucha Lekha, Kucha Bhashana. (1996).Sekyularavada: Bharatiya parikalpana (Da. Rajendra Prasada Smaraka vyakhyanamala). (1996).

Bindu-bindu Vicara. (1997).

Rajaniti Ki Rapatili Rahem. (1997). Na Dainyam Na Palayanam (Hindi Edition). (1998). Back to Square One. (1998). Decisive Days. (1999).Sakti Se Santi. (1999).Vicara-bindu (Hindi Edition). (2000). ISBN 978-81-7016-475-3.

Nayi Chunauti, Naya Avasara (Hindi Edition). (2002). ISBN 978-8170165019. India's Perspectives on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Region. (2003). ISBN 978-981-230-172-7.

Books

Atal Bihari Vaj mem tina dasaka. (1992). Pradhanamantri Atala Bihari Vajapeyi, chune hue bhashana. (2000).Values, vision & verses of Vajpayee: India's man of destiny. (2001).

India's foreign policy: New dimensions. (1977). Assam problem: Repression no solution. (1981).

Poetry

Twenty-One Poems. (2003). ISBN 978-0-670-04917-2.

Kya khoya kya paya: Atal Bihari Vajapeyi, vyaktitva aura kavitaem (Hindi Edition). (1999). ISBN978-81-7028-335-5.

Meri ikyavana kavitaem. (1995). Meri ikyavana kavitaem (Hindi Edition). (1995).Sreshtha kabita. (1997).

Nayi Disha – an album with Jagjit Singh (1999)Samvedna – an album with Jagjit Singh (2002)

Speeches

Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, selected speeches. (2000). ISBN 978-81-230-0834-9. President's addresses, 1980–1986 . (2000). Presidential address. (1986). Presidential address: Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha session, Bhagalpur (Bihar), 5 6 & 7 May 1972.(1972).

Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pokhran

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http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020203/editoria.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2002/06/30/stories/2002063001331100.htmhttp://articles.cnn.com/2002-04-30/world/india.censure_1_gujarat-muslim-mob-censure-vote?_s=PM:asiapcfhttp://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD26Df03.htmlhttp://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=8625http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/09/22/india9370.htmhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fernandes-offers-to-quit/articleshow/33942023.cmshttp://www.hindu.com/2004/04/25/stories/2004042501941200.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Expresshttp://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000118/ina18037.htmlhttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-02/india/40328372_1_national-highways-state-highways-total-road-networkhttp://news.in.msn.com/National/independenceday09/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3131559&page=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://web.archive.org/web/20150428185904/http://www.indianembassy.org/archive/IC_814.htm#Identity%20of%20hijackershttp://www.indianembassy.org/archive/IC_814.htm#Identity%20of%20hijackershttp://www.indianembassy.org/inews/Nov_99/inews_11_99.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/20120402173754/http://www.indianembassy.org/inews/Nov_99/inews_11_99.pdfhttp://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Gadkari-unveils-Vajpayee-s-wax-statue-in-Mumbai/Article1-900369.aspxhttps://web.archive.org/20120727015458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Gadkari-unveils-Vajpayee-s-wax-statue-in-Mumbai/Article1-900369.aspxhttp://cns.miis.edu/other/indbomb.pdfhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/621705/Atal-Bihari-Vajpayeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_datehttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/322065.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_datehttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/india_elections/61761.stmhttp://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_will-the-rath-yatra-bring-lk-advani-back-in-rss-good-books_1597360https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://web.archive.org/web/20050411025143/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr162004/d10.asphttp://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr162004/d10.asphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://web.archive.org/web/20150610120758/http://www.indianembassy.org/special/cabinet/vajpayee.htmhttp://www.indianembassy.org/special/cabinet/vajpayee.htmhttp://www.indiamatters.in/atal.htmhttps://web.archive.org/20121117012059/http://indiamatters.in:80/atal.htmhttp://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/explained-battleground-amu-a-raja-and-his-legacy/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1503/15031150.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850653011https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/outliers-prime-minister-narendra-modi-rss-pracharak-indira-gandhi-p-v-narashima-rao-atal-bihari-vajpayee/1/355731.htmlhttp://samvada.org/2012/news/the-sangh-rss-is-my-soul-writes-atal-behari-vajpayee/


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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Atal Bihari

Vajpayee.

Wikisource has original

Further reading

L.K. Advani. My Country My Life. (2008). ISBN 978-81-291-1363-4.M.P. Kamal. Bateshwar to Prime Minister House – An Interesting Description of Different Aspectsof Atalji's . (2003). ISBN 978-81-7604-600-8.G.N.S. Raghavan. New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP .(1996). ISBN 978-81-212-0539-9.P. R Trivedi. Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The man India needs : the most appropriate leader for the

twentyfirst century. (2000). ISBN 978-81-7696-001-4.Sujata K. Dass. " prem k jain ". (2004). ISBN 978-81-7835-277-0.Chandrika Prasad Sharma. Poet politician Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A biography. (1998). ASIN:B0006FD11E.Sheila Vazirani. Atal Bihari Vajpayee; profile & personal views (Know thy leaders). (1967).ASIN: B0006FFBV2.Dr. C.P. Thakur. India Under Atal Behari Vajpayee: The BJP Era.(1999). ISBN 978-81-7476-250-4Sita Ram Sharma. Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee: Commitment to power . (1998). ISBN978-81-85809-24-3.

Bhagwat S. Goyal Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man of Destiny 2001 SrijanPrakashan R-6/233 Rajnagar Ghaziabad 201002 ISBN 81-87996-00-5.Darshan Singh. Atal Behari Vajpayee: The arch of India. (2001). ISBN 978-81-86405-25-3.Yogesh Atal. Mandate for political transition: Reemergence of Vaypayee. (2000). ASIN:B0006FEIHA.Sujata K. Das. Atal Bihari Vajpayee. (2004). ISBN 978-8178352770

External links

Profile (http://pib.nic.in/profile/bajpayee.html) Govt. of

IndiaProfile (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/463000.stm)at BBC News

35. Annadurai & Hindi

(http://hindu.com/2002/07/09/stories/2002070900

281005.htm). The Hindu (2002-07-09). Retrieved

on 2013-07-16.

36. "Vajpayee moves to new home". The Daily Star . 6

July 2004.

37. "Vajpayee to retire from politics". BBC News. 29

December 2005. Retrieved 2005-12-29.

38. "Manmohan calls Vajpayee 'Bhishma Pitamah' of politics". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 6 March

2008. Archived from the original on 10 May

2011.

39. "Vajpayee showing signs of improvement". The

Indian Express. Retrieved 2009-02-05.

40. "Vajpayee writes to Lucknowites for support".

The Times of India. 18 April 2009. Retrieved

2009-04-18.

41. "Read the Short biography of Atal Bihari

Vajpayee". Preservearticles.com. Retrieved

2012-11-24.

42. Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man

of Destiny page – iii

43. "A peek into the life Vajpayee now leads".

44. Vajpayee turns 88 amid health concerns

(http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vajpayee-

turns-88-amid-health-concerns_748305.html). Zee

News (2011-12-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.

45. [5] (http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_atal.htm) Archived

(https://web.archive.org/web/20120109000122/htt p://pmindia.nic.in/pm_atal.htm) 9 January 2012 at

the Wayback Machine.

46. "Prime Minister of India Bio-Data".

Parliamentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 2012-11-24.

47. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

(http://www.atalbiharivajpayee.in/aboutvajpayeeji.

aspx)

http://www.atalbiharivajpayee.in/aboutvajpayeeji.aspxhttp://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13UP20.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://web.archive.org/web/20120109000122/http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_atal.htmhttp://pmindia.nic.in/pm_atal.htmhttp://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vajpayee-turns-88-amid-health-concerns_748305.htmlhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-peek-into-the-life-Atal-Bihari-Vajpayee-now-leads/articleshow/32683790.cmshttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106117790/read-the-short-biography-of-atal-bihari-vajpayee.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Indiahttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Vajpayee-writes-to-Lucknowites-for-support/articleshow/4416114.cmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Expresshttp://www.indianexpress.com/news/vajpayee-showing-signs-of-improvement/419597/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200803060324.htmhttps://web.archive.org/20110510083032/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200803060324.htmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4567802.stmhttp://www.thedailystar.net/2004/07/06/d407061309102.htmhttp://hindu.com/2002/07/09/stories/2002070900281005.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/463000.stmhttp://pib.nic.in/profile/bajpayee.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178352770https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186405253https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187996005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaziabad,_Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185809243https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174762504https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178352770https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176960014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121205399https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176046008https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129113634https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Country_My_Lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisourcehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee


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Documents

Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Brief Life History