jamyang.wikispaces.comASSIGN... · Web viewI. Integumentary system. Scabies. Definition: Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by an infestation by the itch mite . Sarcoptes

I. Integumentary system

Scabies

Definition: Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by an infestation by the itch mite Sarcoptes

scabies.

Causes

Scabies is caused by a microscopic mite called Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis.

The scabies mite causes symptoms when it digs a little tunnel below the skin and causes a

type of allergic reaction.

If the person has never been exposed to scabies before, he or she may not show

symptoms until four to six weeks after the initial infestation.

Individuals who have been exposed in the past usually show symptoms within a few

days.

Spread

Scabies is almost always spread by protracted skin-to-skin contact with the infected

person.

Scabies infestation can happen through the sharing of clothes and bedding. Theoretically,

you can get scabies from touching something that the mite is on.

Treatment

Self-Care at Home

Wash all clothing, towels, and bed linens that are used in the last three days.

Use hot water.

Use the dryer at high heat rather than air drying.

Place the objects that are not machine washable into a bag and store for a week.

Use the medication as prescribed and instructed.

You can also treat itching with antihistamine medications.

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Cut your nails, and clean under them thoroughly to remove any mites or eggs that

may be present.

Thoroughly vacuum your rugs, furniture, bedding, and car interior and throw the

vacuum-cleaner bag away when finished.

Try to avoid scratching. Keep any open sores clean.

Prevention

safely keep the clothes of an infected person

Avoid the contact with the infected person.

Breast cancer

Definition: Breast cancer is cancer of the breast. Cancer is a disease in which cells begin to grow

rapidly and out of control. Cancer cells can travel through the body by way of blood or lymph

nodes. They can then come to rest and start growing in other parts of the body.

Symptoms of breast cancer

A change in how the breast or nipple feels

A lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm area

A change in how the breast or nipple looks

A change in the size or shape of the breast

A nipple turned inward into the breast

The skin of the breast, areola, or nipple may be scaly, red, or swollen. It may have

ridges or pitting so that it looks like the skin of an orange.

Causes

Researchers do not know how normal cells suddenly become cancerous. Thus, the fundamental

cause or causes of breast cancer are still a puzzle. They know that certain risk factors are related

to the development of breast cancer. These factors include:

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Family history of breast cancer occurring in mother or sister.

Early onset of menstruation and late menopause.

Reproductive history. Women who have no children or have children late in life have

increased risk.

Women who have never breast-fed also have increased risk.

History of abnormal breast biopsies

Treatment

Biopsy:-Your doctor may refer you to a surgeon or breast disease specialist for a biopsy.

Fluid or tissue is removed from your breast to help find out if there is cancer.

Doctors can remove tissue from the breast in different ways:

Fine-needle aspiration: Uses a thin needle to remove fluid from a breast lump. If the

fluid appears to contain cells, a pathologist at a lab checks them for cancer with a

microscope. If the fluid is clear, it may not need to be checked by a lab.

Core biopsy: uses a thick needle to remove breast tissue. A pathologist checks for

cancer cells.

Surgical biopsy: removes a sample of tissue. A pathologist checks the tissue for

cancer cells.

An incisional biopsy takes a sample of a lump or abnormal area.

An accessional biopsy takes the entire lump or area.

Prevention

There is no way to prevent breast cancer. The best way to deal with the disease is to

perform regular self-examinations and have regular mammograms. For women who have

had breast cancer, tamoxifen treatments appear to be a promising factor in preventing

reoccurrence of the disease.

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Skin cancer

Definition: Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the outer layer of the skin.

Causes

Heredity is thought to be an important factor in the development of melanomas.

Exposure to sunlight is probably the most important environmental factor.

People who work with certain chemicals may be at risk for the disease.

People with weakened immune systems, such as those who have AIDS, may be more

likely to develop some kinds of skin cancer.

Symptoms

The first sign of a cancer is usually a change in the appearance of an existing mole, the

presence of a new mole, or a change in the appearance of an area of the skin.

Basal cell cancer usually appears as a small lesion in the skin that lasts for at least three

weeks.

A squamous cell cancer generally begins as a small raised bump on the skin. It usually

does not itch or cause pain.

A common symptom of melanoma is a change in an existing mole.

Prevention

The less one is exposed to sunlight, the less the risk of skin cancer.

At the least, one should avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day, between 11 A.M.

and 1 P.M when one is in the sun.

He or she should use sunscreen.

Regular self-examinations can also be helpful.

Treatment

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Treating any form of skin cancer is surgery.

Radiation treatments are sometimes recommended for older people or in cases where

surgery is not possible or desirable.

Surgical removal of a cancer may be followed by cosmetic surgery.

II. SKELETAL SYSTEM

Fracture

Definition: A break in bone or cartilage.

Causes

Usually it is the result of trauma.

A fracture can be caused by an acquired disease of bone such as osteopoesis

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of a fracture are:

Swelling around the injured area

Loss of function in the injured area

Bruising around the injured area

Deformity of a limb

Treatment

Initial treatment for fractures of the arms, legs, hands and feet in the field include

splinting the extremity in the position it is found, elevation and ice.

Immobilization will be very helpful with initial pain control.

Once the fracture has been diagnosed, the initial treatment for most limb fractures is a

splint.

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Surgery

Prevention

Wear protection while participating in adventurous activities/driving. The protection can

be in the form of helmets, elbow pads, knee pads, and shin pads.

Ensure a safe atmosphere.

Stairways should be gated if possible.

Any liquid spilled should be swabbed and the area must be wiped dry.

The use of handrails on staircases and non-skid mats near bathrooms and other places is

recommended.

Prevent falls by not standing on chairs, counter tops, or other unstable objects.

Osteomyelitis

Definition: Osteomyelitis is an acute or chronic bone infection. Usually, the original site of

infection is elsewhere in the body, and spreads to the bone by the blood.

Symptoms

Some of the most common symptoms of osteomyelitis are:

Pain in the bone Local swelling Redness, and warmth High fever Nausea An abscess at the site of infection. Restriction of movement

Causes

Bacteria or fungus may cause the infection. It occurs through open fractures, penetrating wounds, or surgical operation.

Infecting microorganisms may also reach the bone via the bloodstream.

Treatment

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Use of Antibiotics: - If the infection is caused by the bacteria, it's often treated with antibiotics.

The most commonly used antibiotics are: Nafcillin (Nafcil, Unipen) Cefazolin (Ancef) Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Ceftazidime (Fortaz, Ceptaz) Clindamycin (Cleocin) Vancomycin (Vancocin) Surgery: - Surgery is usually necessary, especially if the infection is chronic or if a

patient has some hardware implanted such as metal plates or artificial joints.

Prevention

Reducing your risk of infection will also reduce your risk of developing osteomyelitis. In general, be careful and take precautions to avoid cuts and scrapes, which give germs

easy access to your body. If you do get any cuts and scrapes, clean the area immediately and apply a clean bandage.

Check wounds frequently for signs of infection.

Gout

Definition: Gout is a kind of arthritis. It can cause an attack of sudden burning pain, stiffness,

and swelling in a joint, usually a big toe.

Causes

Gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood.

Many people with high levels in their blood never get gout.

When uric acid levels in the blood are too high, the uric acid may form hard crystals in

your joints.

Your chances of getting gout are higher if you are overweight, drink too much alcohol, or

eat too much meat and fish that are high in chemicals called purines. Some medicines,

such as water pills (diuretics), can also bring on gout.

Symptoms

Nighttime attack of swelling, tenderness, redness, and sharp pain in your big toe.

It attacks in your foot, ankle, or knees.

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Last a few days or many weeks before the pain goes away.

Treatment

Take a shot of corticosteroids.

The doses will get smaller as your symptoms go away and relief from a gout attack often

begins within 24 hours if you start treatment right away.

. Taking ibuprofen or another anti-inflammatory medicine can also help you feel better.

Prevention

To prevent future attacks, your doctor can prescribe a medicine to reduce uric acid

buildup in your blood. If your doctor prescribes medicine to lower your uric acid levels,

be sure to take it as directed. Most people continue to take this medicine for the rest of

their lives.

Paying attention to what you eat may help you manage your gout.

Eat moderate amounts of a healthy mix of foods to control your weight and get the

nutrients you need.

Avoid regular daily intake of meat, seafood, and alcohol (especially beer).

Drink plenty of water and other fluids.

Leukemia

Definition

Leukemia is a form of cancer in which the body produces too many white blood cells. Many forms of

leukemia have been identified. They are divided into two general types: acute and chronic. An acute

condition comes on fairly quickly. A chronic disorder develops more slowly over time.

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Causes:

Smoking and tobacco use. Being exposed to large amounts of radiation. Exposure to certain chemicals in the work place. Past chemotherapy or radiation for another cancer.

Symptoms:

Fevers and night sweats. Frequent or unusual infections. Weakness and fatigue. Headaches Joint pain Bond pain Swelling in the belly or pain on the left side of the belly or in the left shoulder from a

swollen spleen. Swollen lymph nodes in the armpit neck or groin. Decreased appetite.

Preventions:

Avoid high doses of radiation. Exposure to the chemical benzene and smoking should be abstained. Other tobacco use or certain types of chemotherapy use to treat other types of cancer.

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III. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Gastritis

Definition: Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach. It can

occur suddenly or gradually.

Causes

Irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain

medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs.

Helicobacter pylori: lives in the mucous lining of the stomach. It leads to ulcer, and in

some people, stomach cancer.

Pernicious anemia: A form of anemia that occurs when the stomach lacks a naturally

occurring substance needed to properly absorb and digest vitamin B12.

Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract.

If gastritis is left untreated, it can lead to a severe loss in blood, or in some cases increase

the risk of developing stomach cancer.

Symptoms

Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many people there are no symptoms. The

most common symptoms include:

Nausea or recurrent upset stomach

Abdominal bloating

Abdominal pain

Vomiting

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Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach between meals or at night

Loss of appetite

Vomiting blood or coffee ground-like material

Black, tarry stools

Treatment

Treatment for gastritis usually involves:

Taking antacids and other drugs to reduce stomach acid, which causes further irritation to

inflamed areas.

Avoiding hot and spicy foods.

For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, take a prescribe regimen of several antibiotics

plus an acid blocking drug.

If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.

Prevention

The mainstay of gastritis prevention is to avoid those things that irritate or inflame your

stomach's lining.

Aspirin

NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen Smoking

Caffeine and other caffeine like substances

Alcohol

The medication may be very important for your health

Diarrhea

Definition: frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food

poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor

Causes

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Short-term diarrhea is usually a symptom of gastroenteritis, which is an infection of the bowel.

Gastroenteritis may be caused by:

A virus, such as nor virus or rotavirus, Food poisoning Bacterial infection Antibiotics Contaminated food or water Emotional upset or anxiety, Drinking too much alcohol and coffee The side effect from some medicines. A bacterial or viral infection, laxatives and poor diet

Symptoms

The main symptom of diarrhea is having loose, watery stools. Going to the toilet more often than normal.

You may also get:

Vomiting Stomach cramps A fever. Feeling thirsty Not needing to urinate as often Having dark-colored urine Having dry skin Feeling sleepy.

Treatment

Diarrhea often goes away without treatment after a few days, because your immune system will automatically fight the infection.

Don't become dehydrated:- You can avoid becoming dehydrated by drinking lots of fluids.

Rehydration drinks: - Rehydration drinks do not help to cure diarrhoea, but can prevent or treat dehydration.

Eat as soon as you can: - The old advice was to not eat anything for a day or two, but now it is recommended that you eat foods high in carbohydrates and other foods as soon as you feel like it. Salty foods such as soup can help replace salt lost from your system.

Anti-diarrhoea medicines: - like loperamide. Continue breastfeeding or bottle-feeding Painkillers

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. Prevention

Washing hands regularly, using soap and hot water after using the toilet or potty. After playing with pets, After gardening, and Before touching food.

You can also prevent germs from spreading by:

Cleaning the toilet with disinfectant after using it. Not sharing towels.

Stomach ulcer

Definition: An area of tissue erosion, for example, of the skin or lining of the gastrointestinal

tract.

Symptom

A constant discomfort in the stomach.

The pain will subside once you have eaten something.

2 to 3 hours after you have eaten, the pain will gradually start again.

There is no pain just after you have had your dinner, but the pain reoccurs in the middle

of the night / towards morning.

The pain will subside immediately after taking an antacid.

A sudden, sharp, stinging pain in the stomach that will not go away.

Suddenly with vomit fresh blood, or blood of a dark brown color.

Stools contain blood.

Treatment

Treated with over-the-counter medications.

Protective drugs are also used to treat ulcers.

One direct method for treating ulcers is to kill the bacteria that is responsible for most the

vast majority of deaths caused by ulcers

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Prevention

Elimination of the Helicobacter pylori bacterium

Avoiding unnecessary use of aspirin and other NSAIDs

Giving up smoking.

Cutting down on alcohol, tea, coffee, sodas, and other products that contain caffeine

IV Circulatory System

Hypertension

Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues.

Causes: Main causes of are:

Arteriosclerosis, obesity and overweightness, physical, mental or emotional stress like fear, worry, anxiety, etc.

Increased secretion of rennin or epinephrine or aldosterone. High intake of alcohol or caffeine Intake of certain drugs, smoking, etc. It may be primary or essential.

(When causes is unknown and accounts for 90% of all cases) Or secondary (when causes is known and accounts for 10% of all cases)

Symptoms:

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A condition of persistent high blood pressure is called hypertension e.g. a condition of persistent 150/90 mmhg.

Mean arterial systolic pressure greater than 110 mmhg under rest is called hypertension.

In malignant hypertensive condition, the mean arterial pressure may be as high as 130 mmhg and systolic arterial pressure as 250 mmhg

Preventions: Diet related measures like reducing alcohol consumptions, moderate sodium

intake, correcting obesity, etc. Encourage regular exercise programmes Stop Smoking Testing blood pressure level of cholesterol and triglycerides. A number of anti-hypertensive drugs are known e.g.1. Diuretics like thiazides, bendrotluazide, spironoluctone etc.These diuretics reduce

the reabsorptionof salt and water by the renal tubules of the kidney.2. B-Blockers, like Pindolol, oxprenolol, windoxide, etc. which act as vasodilators

and increase he blood flow in the blood vessels.3. Angiotensin converting enzymes(ACT) inhibitors which inhibit the conversion of

angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II

Anemia

Definition: Anemia refers to a low red blood cell count.

Causes

The three main causes of anemia are:

Blood loss Lack of red blood cell production High rates of red blood cell destruction

Signs and Symptoms

Common symptom of anemia is fatigue.

Other signs and symptoms of anemia include:

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Shortness of breath Dizziness Headache Coldness in the hands and feet Pale skin Chest pain

Treatment of Anemia.

Dietary Changes and Supplements: - Low levels of vitamins or iron in the body can cause some types of anemia. To raise your vitamin or iron levels, you have to change your diet or take vitamin or iron supplements. Common vitamin supplements are vitamin B12 and folic acid.

Iron: - body needs iron to make hemoglobin. Body can more easily absorb iron from meats than from vegetables or other foods. To treat your anemia, eating more meat—especially red meat, such as beef or liver.

Vitamin B12:- Low levels of vitamin B12 can lead to pernicious anemia. This type of anemia is often treated with vitamin B12 supplements and other food sources.

Folic Acid:-Folic acid is a form of vitamin B that’s found in foods. Body needs folic acid to make and maintain new cells.

Vitamin C: - Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron. Good sources of vitamin C are vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits.

Medicines: - Medicines can increase the number of red blood cells your body makes or to treat an underlying cause of anemia.

Surgery: -If you have serious or life-threatening bleeding that’s causing anemia, you may need surgery.

Heart attack

Definition: A sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function.

Causes

Increased in the Cholesterol buildup in the blood vessel.

Symptoms

Chest pain or chest discomfort. Chest pressure Loss of consciousness Cyanosis Shortness of breath

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Vomiting

Treatment

Surgery can treat the heart attack.

Arteriosclerosis

A chronic disease in which thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation. It develops with aging, and in hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other conditions.

Causes:

It is most common type of caretiovascular diseases caused by deposition of calcium salts of cholesterol in the walls blood vessels or increase fibrous tissue in their walls.

Symptoms:

Arteries become hard, narrow and less elastic so they blood supply to visceral organs is decreased which leads to hypertension which sometimes cause haemorrhage of blood vessels of the brain.

Visceral organs causing cerebral haemorrhage or visceral haemorrhage.

Preventions:

Oat bran increases the conversion of liver cholesterol into bile acids and their ingestion with faeces.

Mevinolin decreases the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

Treatment

Coronary arteries damaged by atherosclerosis can be surgically passed with parts of

vein or artery taken from else.

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Atheroma:

An atheroma, also referred to as a plague, develops due to a process called atherosclerosis. An atheroma is an accumulation of inflammatory cells (like macrophages), and other lipids in the inner wall of arteries.

Causes:

Risks factors of atheroma are divided into two categories: Fixed sedentary age, male sex and family history and modifiable (e.g. smoking,

hypertension, obesity, sedentary life style, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorder, etc.)

Symptoms:

It is characterized by the formation of fibro lipid plague called angina in the arterial intima.

Coronary arteries. Atheroma generally leads to stable angina which is characterized by severe and persistent

chest pain which spreads to left arm and shoulder but may extend towards the neck. Usually, the pain lasts for only a few minutes but in some cases, the patient suffers from severe chest pain, breathless, restlessness, nausea and vomiting.

Preventions:

Avoid smoking and hypercholesterolemia. Take regular exercises. Maintain ideal body weight. Fat mixed diet with fruits and vegetables as well as meat and diary products.

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V. Respiratory System

Asthma

Definition: Asthma is a chronic lung condition that causes breathing difficulties and wheezing

when air passages narrow and become inflamed.

Causes

What causes asthma is not clear, but several environmental "triggers" have been identified.

They are: -

Allergens (animal dander and saliva, pollens, molds, dust mites, cockroaches, some

medications and certain foods.)

viral infections( colds and influenza; exercise; breathing cold, dry air;

environmental pollutants, such as cigarette smoke, wood smoke, paint fumes and

chemicals; strong odors; and emotional stress. )

Genetic and hereditary.

Symptoms

Wheezing (a whistling sound as air is forcibly expelled)

Difficulty breathing

Chest tightness

A persistent cough

A chronic cough is the main symptom. A rapid pulse

Sweating.

Flared nostrils and pursed lips

A need to sit upright

A bluish discoloration of the lips and fingernails (cyanosis)

Prevention

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Avoiding or minimizing exposure to triggers (environmental triggers such as cigarette

smoke, environmental pollutants and strong chemicals.)

If exercise triggers your asthma, you can prevent an attack by breathing warm,

humidified air.

Preventive medicine also can be used before an anticipated exposure to animals.

Use air conditioning and keep windows closed during high pollen season.

Treatment

Several types of medication are available to treat asthma. Some treat acute attacks, while

others prevent attacks from happening.

Use of Bronchodilators.

Take regularly anti-inflammatory medications.

Immunotherapy for asthma appears to be most effective

Severe asthma attacks must be treated in a hospital, where oxygen can be

administered, and drugs may be given either intravenously or with a nebulizer.

Emphysema

Definition: Emphysema is a lung disease that involves damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the

lungs.

Causes

Cigarette and tobacco smoking is the most common cause of emphysema.

Symptoms

Shortness of breath

Chronic cough with or without sputum production

Wheezing

Decreased ability to exercise

Anxiety

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Unintentional weight loss

Ankle, feet, and leg swelling

Fatigue

Treatment

Only quitting smoke.

Medications used to improve breathing using different devices.

Antibiotics may be prescribed when respiratory infections occur.

Vaccines against the flu and pneumonia are recommended.

Lung transplantation is an option for patients with severe disease.

Surgery.

Bronchitis

Definition: The swelling of the airways leading to the lungs.

Causes

Virus

Exposure to the smoke and from pollutants such as household cleaners and smog.

Acid from our stomach

When acid from the stomach gets into food pipe and few drops go into your upper way

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exposure to the irritant

Symptoms

Coughing most days for at least three months a year in two consecutive years.

Production of mucus, either clear or white or yellowish-gray or green in color

Shortness of breath, made worse by mild exertion

Wheezing

Fatigue

Slight fever and chills

Chest discomfort

Tuberculosis (TB)

An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is transmitted through inhalation and is characterized by cough, fever, shortness o f breath, weight loss, and the appearance of

Inflammatory substances and tubercles in the lungs

Causes: TB is caused by bacillus bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis (first

Discovered by Robert Koch in 1882). Attack any parts of body (including the brain, skin, bone marrow, lymph nodes,

intestine, spinal cord and eyes), but most commonly affected organs are lungs called pulmonary tuberculosis.

Symptoms:

Pulmonary TB is characterized by fever, coughing, chest pain and blood sputum.

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If cough persists beyond three weeks the sputum of the patients should be examined.

Prevention: Isolation of TB patients. Immunization by doctors and nurses. Health education e.g. avoiding indiscriminate spitting or spitting only in spittoons

containing germicides. BCG (Bacilus-Calmette- Guarin) Vaccination therapy.

1. Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a potentially fatal, contagious disease that usually involves the nose, throat, and air passages, but may also infect the skin. Its most striking feature is the formation of a grayish membrane covering the tonsils and up per part of the throat

Causes: It is caused by a gram positive bacillus bacterium, corynebacterium diphtheria It generally affects the children up to the age of 5 years.

Symptoms: Diphtheria is characterized by inflammation of mucus membrane of nose, throat and

tonsils leading to appearance of grey spots and blood-tinged nasal discharge. In severe cases, the respiratory tract is blocked causing difficult in breathing and even

death are due to choking.

Prevention: DPTC Diphtheria, Pertusis and treatment vaccine within six months of birth. Infected babies should be isolated and their articles and clothes should be disinfected Penicillin and erythromycin antibiotics are recommended.

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Vi. Muscular system.

Chronic muscle syndrome

Definition: Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition that causes extreme tiredness. People with

CFS are so tired that they are unable to carry on normal activities.

Causes

Clear cut cause for chronic fatigue syndrome is not known. Some factors that are thought to be

responsible for the disease are:

Viral infections

Chemical toxins (poisons)

Allergies

Abnormalities in the immune system

Psychological disorders

Symptoms

A person may become so tired.

CFS can also cause problems with sleeping. A person may wake up being just as tired

as before he or she went to sleep.

Muscle pain (myalgia)

joint pain (arthralgia)

Treatment

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The first treatment most doctors recommend is a combination of rest, exercise, and

proper diet

Counseling and stress reduction (learning how to better handle the pressures of

everyday life) can also be helpful.

Many medicine and vitamins are there to treat chronic fatigue.

Prevention

There are currently no recommended ways of preventing CFS.

Leg cramp

Definition: Nocturnal leg cramps are sudden contractions of the lower leg and foot muscles.

They often awaken you from sleep. The calf muscles are most often involved. The cramps are

harmless. They do not mean that you have a serious disease.

Causes

Standing on hard surfaces

Prolonged sitting

Certain leg positions while sedentary

Dehydration

Diabetes

Hormone disorders (e.g., thyroid imbalance )

Chemical imbalances (e.g., calcium, potassium, magnesium)

Blood pressure medicines

Overexertion of muscle

Symptoms

Sudden nighttime calf (or foot) cramps

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Treatment

When cramps occur, pull against them with your leg muscles. Also, grab your foot and

pull up.

Standing on the affected leg often stops the cramping.

Massage and hot or cold treatments will help the muscles relax.

Medications.

Prevention

Stretch three times a day and just before going to bed.

Exercise feet and legs regularly.

Drink plenty of liquids.

Eat plenty of potassium-rich foods. This includes bananas, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli,

cantaloupe, oranges, and grapefruit.

Wear comfortable, supportive shoes.

Sleep with toes up, not pointed downward.

Muscle sprain

Definition: A sprain is an injury to a ligament. A ligament is a thick, tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones together. The most commonly injured ligaments are in the ankle, knee, and wrist. The ligaments can be injured by being stretched too far from their normal position.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of a sprain are:

Pain, swelling, and bruising of the affected joint.

Causes

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A sprain is caused by a ligament being stretched too far

Prevention

Unfortunately, not all sprains and strain can be prevented. Some helpful hints on how to avoid strains and sprains are listed below.

Stretch before you exercise or workout. Wear proper shoes for the activity. Warm up properly before activities. Do not run on icy or uneven surfaces.

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http://www.mamashealth.com/exercise/

http://www.mamashealth.com/exercise/exstretch.asp

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Rastogi, V.B. (1999).Complete Course in ISC Biology.Udyog Nagar, Rohtak Road, Printers

Publisher Pvt.Ltd.

Jones, M.and Jones, G. (1999). Biology Ansari Road, Fountain Books.

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Retrieved on 25/05/09

http://www.faqs.org/health/Sick-V4/Skin-Cancer.html

http://www.faqs.org/health/Sick-V1/Breast-Cancer.html


http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteomyelitis/DS00759/DSECTION=prevention

http://www.mamashealth.com/bodyparts/fracture.asp

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3513http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/gout-topic-overview http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/

Diarrhoea/Pages/Prevention.aspx

Retrieved on 21/ 05/09

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http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Diarrhoea/Pages/Prevention.aspx

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Diarrhoea/Pages/Prevention.aspx

http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/gout-topic-overview

http://www.mamashealth.com/bodyparts/fracture.asp

http://www.faqs.org/health/Sick-V1/Breast-Cancer.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/scabies/article.htm

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America, Pacific Press Publishing Association.

ttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/gastritis/page11_em.htmon.

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-gastritis

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Diarrhoea/Pages/Treatment

http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/organ/circulatory_system.htm

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/brnchi/brnchi_whatis.html.

http://coldflu.about.com/od/bronchitis/g/bronchitis.htm


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http://coldflu.about.com/od/bronchitis/g/bronchitis.htm

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-gastritis

tones.html#Integumentary system

(1) Acne

Definition

Acne is a skin condition that occurs due to the overproduction of oil by the oil glands of the skin. The oil that normally lubricates the skin is trapped in blocked oil ducts and results in what we know as pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads on the surface of skin. Sometimes it also includes deeper skin lesions that are called cysts.

Causes

A bacterium, known as Propionibacterium acnes, is a normal inhabitant of the skin. It uses

sebum as a nutrient for growth, therefore increases in follicles during puberty. People with acne

have more Propionibacterium acne in their follicles than people without acne. The presence of

bacteria attracts white blood cells to the follicle. These white blood cells produce an enzyme that

damages the wall of the follicle, allowing the contents of the follicle to enter the. This process

causes an inflammatory, which leads to acne disease

30

Symptoms

Acne is characterized by the presence of one or more of the following:

Papules. These are small raised bumps that signal inflammation or infection in the hair follicles. Papules may be red and tender.

Pustules. Similar to papules, pustules are red, tender bumps with white pus at their tips.

Nodules. These are large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface of the skin. They're formed by the build up of secretions deep within hair follicles.

Cysts. These are painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface of the skin. These boil-like infections can cause scars.

Treatment

. The most common oral medications used to treat acne are tetracycline, minocycline,

doxycycline and erythromycin.

Prevention

Avoiding fat-laden junk foods like cheeseburgers is definitely a step in the right direction for

other health-related reasons. However, it will do little by ways of acne prevention. Skin hygiene

is important, and one can prevent acne to a certain extent by increased and regular cleansing.

However, one tends to go overboard and resort to using extreme measures like a face wash of

strong toothpaste and other harsh compounds. This will only aggravate the problem by

encouraging increased compensatory oil production in the skin.

31

(2) Athlete's foot disease

Athlete's foot is a rash on the skin of the foot. It is the most common fungal skin infection. There

are three main types of athlete's foot. Each type affects different parts of the foot and may look

different

Cause

Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal infection of the skin of the foot. Most athlete's foot is

caused by one of two types of fungus.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes often causes toe web or vesicular (blister like) infections. The

infection appears suddenly, is severe, and is easily treated.

Trichophyton rubrum often causes moccasin-type infections. This condition lasts for a long time

(chronic) and is difficult to treat.

You get athlete’s foot when you come in contact with the fungus and it begins to grow on your

skin.

Symptoms

. Common symptoms include:

Peeling, cracking, and scaling of the feet.

32

Redness, blisters, or softening and breaking down (maceration) of the skin.

Itching, burning, or both.

Often begins with skin that seems soft and moist and pale white. May cause itching, burning, and

a slight odour.

May get worse. The skin between the toes becomes scaly, peels, and cracks. If the infection

becomes severe, a bacterial infection is usually present, which causes further skin breakdown

and a foul odour.

Treatment

How you treat athlete’s foot depends on its type and severity. Most cases of athlete's foot can be

treated at home using an antifungal medicine to kill the fungus or slow its growth.

Non prescription antifungal usually is used first. These include terbinafine (Lamisil AT),

miconazole (Micatin), clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF), and tolnaftate (Tinactin). Nonprescription

antifungals are applied to the skin (topical medicines).

Prescription antifungals may be tried if nonprescription medicines are not successful or if you

have a severe infection. Some of these medicines are topical antifungal which are put directly on

the skin.

Prevention

You can prevent athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) by:

Keeping your feet clean and dry.

o Dry between your toes after swimming or bathing.

o Wear leather shoes or sandals that allow your feet to breathe.

o When indoors, wear socks without shoes.

o Wear cotton socks to absorb sweat. Change your socks twice a day. (White socks do not prevent

athlete's foot, as some people believe.)

o Use talcum or antifungal powder on your feet.

o Allow your shoes to air for at least 24 hours before you wear them again.

33

Wearing shower sandals in public pools and showers.

5, Dermatitis disease

The simple definition of dermatitis is inflammation of the skin.

Causes

Contact dermatitis results from direct contact with one of many irritants or allergens.

Common irritants include laundry soap, skin soaps or detergents, and cleaning products.

Possible allergens include rubber; metals, such as nickel; jewellery; perfume; cosmetics;

weeds, such as poison ivy; and neomycin, a common ingredient in topical antibiotic

cream

Neurodermatitis typically develops when something has created an itchy sensation in a

specific area of your skin. This irritation may lead you to rub or scratch your skin

repeatedly in that area.

Symptoms

The main symptoms of dermatitis are;

The itching can be severe and persistent, especially at night. Scratching the affected area of skin

usually causes a rash. The rash is red and patchy and may be long-lasting (chronic) or come and

go (recurring). The rash may:

Develop fluid-filled sores that can ooze fluid or crust over. This can happen when the skin is

rubbed or scratched or if a skin infection is present. This is known as an acute (sudden or of short

duration), oozing rash.

34

Be scaly and dry, red, and itchy. This is known as a sub acute (longer-duration) rash.

Become tough and thick from constant scratching .

Treatment

Avoiding dry skin.

Avoiding irritants that cause a rash or make a rash worse.

Avoiding possible allergens that cause a rash or make a rash worse.

Controlling itching and scratching.

Prevention

These steps may help prevent a rash or reduce its severity:

If possible, breast-feed your baby for at least 6 months to boost his or her immune system. Talk

to your doctor about your diet if you are breast-feeding.

When you are ready to give your child solid foods, talk with your doctor about whether your

child should avoid foods that frequently cause food allergies, such as eggs, peanuts, milk, soy,

and wheat.

Muscular system

1, muscle cramp disease

What is muscle cramp?

35

A muscle cramp is a painful spasm of your muscle. It's caused by a prolonged tightening of that

muscle, leading to it being shortened. The spasm can last from a few seconds to 15 minutes.

Causes

There are many causes of muscle cramps. You can get them if you have worked out too hard,

especially if you don’t stretch first. They also can result if you’ve used a specific muscle group

or muscle, much more often than you normally do. For instance you could get cramps in your

arms or fingers after extensive raking of a yard. Kids may occasionally get cramps in the fingers

from too much writing at school, especially if their pencil grip is too tight.

Another common cause of muscle cramps is dehydration. If you fail to drink enough water,

especially when you’re being physically active, and particularly if the weather is warm or hot,

you may suffer from cramps immediately after or even during activity. Sometimes people have

cramps that occur at night instead.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a muscle cramp include:

Sudden sensation of uncontrollable and painful spasms in the muscle

Muscle twitching.

Gently stretch the effected muscle or muscle group.

Keep the effected areas moving with light activity and gentle massage?

Continue to apply heat and massage to help promote blood flow.

Treatment

Treatment includes the following:

36

Warm-Up

Stretching.

Hydration

Nutrition

Prevention

One of the most useful things you can do to help prevent muscle cramps is to work on

improving your overall general health and fitness. Improving your cardiovascular fitness

will improve the delivery of blood to your muscles, which will ensure that they have

adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to function properly.

Another key activity that will help to prevent cramps is stretching. Keeping your muscles

loose and flexible will help to stop them from tightening up and cramping. Be sure to

stretch the muscles groups that are most prone to cramping both before and after exercise

or strenuous physical activity.

Stretching is one of the most under-utilized techniques for improving athletic

performance and getting rid of those annoying sports injuries. Don't make the mistake of

thinking that something as simple as stretching won't be effective.

2, Polymyositis

What is Polymyositis?

Polymyositis is one of a group of muscle diseases known as the inflammatory myopathies, which

are characterized by chronic muscle inflammation accompanied by muscle weakness.

Causes

37

The cause of polymyositis is not known, but there are indications that heredity plays a role in the

disease.

Symptoms

The following are some symptoms of polymyositis. These symptoms might come and go:

Muscle weakness

Difficulty getting up from chairs, climbing stairs, or lifting objects

Difficulty swallowing

Muscle ache

Fatigue

Shortness of breath due to heart and lung involvement

Treatment

Polymyositis is an autoimmune disease and therefore therapy is directed at altering a patient’s immune system. All of

these therapies therefore have some significant risk of side effects and Polymyositis treatment needs to be

undertaken only with physicians accustomed to using these medications and to monitoring their side effects.

Corticosteroids are often used as a first line therapy to treat polymyositis because they decrease the muscle

inflammation.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent myositis, except to avoid exposure to those environmental agents that may be

associated with some cases.

3, cardiovascular disease

38

What is cardiovascular disease?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an abnormal function of the heart or blood vessels. It can cause an increase in risk

for heart attack, heart failure, sudden death, stroke and cardiac rhythm problems, thus resulting in decreased quality

of life and decreased life expectancy.

Causes

The causes of cardiovascular disease range from structural defects, to infection, inflammation, environment and

genetics.

Symptoms

Chest pain or chest discomfort

Pain in one or both arms, the left shoulder, neck, jaw, or back

Shortness of breath

Dizziness

Faster heartbeats

Abnormal heartbeats

Feeling very tired.

Treatment

Many of the treatment modalities for cardiovascular disease are similar irrespective of

whether diabetes is present or not. However specific issues related to diabetes include the

difficulty of diagnosing silent cardiovascular disease, the need for the aggressive

management of all risk factors, and the use of insulin therapy to achieve blood glucose

control when a heart attack occurs.

Prevention

39

Fortunately, there are many things you can do reduce your chances of getting heart disease. You should

Know your Blood pressure and keep it under control

Exercise regularly

Don't smoke

Get tested for diabetes and if you have it, keep it under control

Know your cholesterol and triglyceride levels and keep them under control

Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables

Maintain a healthy weight.

4, Myositis disease

What is myositis?

Myositis is a rare disease in which the muscle fibers and skin are inflamed and damaged, resulting in muscle

weakness. There are several types of myositis that affect different parts of the body.

Causes

Myositis is thought to be an autoimmune disease. The body normally fights infections and

disease by producing antibodies and white blood cells called lymphocytes in a process called the

immune response. In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is overactive, and the

immune system attacks and destroys the body's own normal healthy tissues. There is no known

cause to the autoimmune response that results in myositis.

Symptoms

Early indications of inflammation of the muscles may include difficulty in rising from a chair,

climbing steps or lifting the arms; falling; becoming exceedingly fatigued after prolonged

standing or walking; loss of strength throughout the body; and sometimes difficulty in

swallowing and labored breathing.

40

http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/446739


Treatment

1. Rest. Getting enough rest is an important component of managing myositis. Take

frequent breaks during the day and limit your activity.

2. Nutrition. What you eat can affect your overall health. At the Myositis Center, a

trained nutritionist is on hand to help design a diet that’s right for you and your

lifestyle. Learn more about our Nutritionist. (link to Nutrition)

3. Reduction of Stress. It is imperative that myositis patients find outlets for the daily

stress that most of us have in our lives. To that end, your doctor may suggest exercise

as a form of relaxation, like yoga, or biofeedback exercises.

Prevention

. To help prevent these illnesses:

Get a flu shot each year.

Thoroughly cook pork and other meats.

Never inject illegal drugs under your skin or into your muscles. With prescription drugs that are injected, the

injection site should be as clean as possible.

Keep your skin clean.

Take the lowest number and lowest doses of medications that are necessary. Routine blood tests may be

helpful as well.

5, Paralysis disease

What is Paralysis?

Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. Paralysis can cause loss of feeling

or loss of mobility in the affected area.

41

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

Causes

Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes

are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and

Guillain-Barré syndrome. Temporary paralysis occurs during REM sleep, and deregulation of this system can lead to

episodes of waking paralysis. Drugs that interfere with nerve function, such as curare, can also cause paralysis.

Many causes of this are varied, and could also be unknown.

Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of paralysis will depend upon what caused the paralysis, as well as

what parts of the body are affected. Loss of movement and feeling can be sudden and immediate,

such as with trauma or stroke, or it can begin with muscle weakness and gradually progress,

particularly when it is caused by certain diseases or illnesses.

Treatment

Be treated through a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Rehabilitation includes:

· Physical therapy. The physical therapist focuses on mobility. Physical therapy helps develop

strategies to strength and control that remain in the affected muscles, and helps maintain range of

motion in the affected adaptive equipment such as braces, canes, · Occupational therapy. The

occupational therapist focuses on daily activities such as eating and bathing.

Prevention

Prevention of paralysis depends on prevention of the underlying causes.

Risk of stroke can be reduced by controlling

Accidents and falls. Good prenatal care can help prevent premature birth, which is a

common cause of cerebral palsy. Or paralysis that occurs only in the arms and legs may

indicate demyelinating disease.

Fluctuating symptoms in Different parts of the body may be caused by multiple Sclerosis.

42

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curare

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REM_sleep

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain-Barr%C3%A9_syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spina_bifida

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system

Sudden paralysis is most often caused by injury or stroke.

Spreading paralysis may indicate degenerative disease,

html#4a.co.uIntegumentary system

(2) Acne

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49

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50

Symptoms


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Causes


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Shortness of breath

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Treatment






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52





4, Myositis disease

What is myositis?



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53









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html#4a.co.uk/ /Kidney_sk/ /Integumentary system

(3) Acne

Definition


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57



different

Cause








skin.

Symptoms






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58

Treatment








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62












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63

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genetics.

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4, Myositis disease

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66









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html#4a.co.uk/ /Kidney_sKidney_

Introduction

Every individual wishes to keep healthy and diseases-free. This requires several things, some at personal level and some at community level. At personal level one has to keep his body clean and hygienic by washing, bathing, brushing teeth, utensels clean and so forth. At the community level, our surrounding and environment should be kept clean with no accumulation of garbage or insects and pests do not thrive.

With the passage of time, many new diseases are originating and it is very wise to know its cause and its preventions as well. The term disease is a condition in which the normal functioning of the body is disturbed in any way.

Fairly mankind looks at the diseases as an act of God or Spirits, and employed magical methods and sorcery for the treatment of the diseases. Today science investigates at every diseases to be agent which has a definite cause and it should be possible to prevent it cure it.

This assignment is mainly on the diseases on the specific organ system, its definition, causes, symptoms and its prevention. It incorporates all the information related to the particular disease and this assignment will definitely make differences in our day to day life.

69

Respiratory systems

1) Tuberculosis ( TB)

An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is transmitted through inhalation and is characterized by cough, fever, shortness o f breath, weight loss, and the appearance of

Inflammatory substances and tubercles in the lungs

Causes: TB is caused by bacillus bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis (first

discovered by Robert Koch in 1882). Attack any parts of body (including the brain, skin, bone marrow, lymph nodes,

intestine, spinal cord and eyes), but most commonly affected organs are lungs called pulmonary tuberculosis.

Symptoms:

Pulmonary TB is characterized by fever, coughing, chest pain and blood sputum. If cough persists beyond three weeks the sputum of the patients should be

examined.Prevention:

Isolation of TB patients. Immunization by doctors and nurses. Health education e.g. avoiding indiscriminate spitting or spitting only in spittoons

containing germicides. BCG (Bacilus-Calmette- Guarin) Vaccination therapy.

2) Diphtheria

70

Diphtheria is a potentially fatal, contagious disease that usually involves the nose, throat, and air passages, but may also infect the skin. Its most striking feature is the formation of a grayish membrane covering the tonsils and up per part of the throat

Causes: It is caused by a gram positive bacillus bacterium, corynebacterium diphtheria It generally affects the children up to the age of 5 years.

Symptoms: Diphtheria is characterized by inflammation of mucus membrane of nose, throat and

tonsils leading to appearance of grey spots and blood-tinged nasal discharge. In severe cases, the respiratory tract is blocked causing difficult in breathing and even

death are due to choking.

Prevention: DPTC Diphtheria, Pertusis and treatment vaccine within six months of birth. Infected babies should be isolated and their articles and clothes should be disinfected Penicillin and erythromycin antibiotics are recommended.

3) Asthma

Asthma is a chronic (long-lasting) inflammatory disease of the airways in the human body. The inflammation causes the airways to narrow from time to time. This narrowing can produce wheezing and breathlessness. In extreme cases, the asthma patient may need to gasp to get enough air to breathe. Occasionally, a severe asthma attack can be fatal..

Causes:

Most common allergen of asthma is house dust, pollen grains of lower plants and drugs like aspirin, pollutants like SO2, CO2, smoke, etc.

Symptoms:

71

It is characterized by narrowing of bronchi, bronhciospasm and difficulty in breathing. It is a systemic allergic reaction affecting all the body tissues and may be due to some poisons like bee-sting or some drugs like penicillin or some food taken orally.

Preventions or Treatment:

The treatment of allergy by desensitization is called immunotherapy. The total duration of the course is nearly three years

As allergy is mainly caused by histamine, so antihistamine pill gives relief by nullifying the histamine.

Steroids, especially glucocorticoids are also recommended against allergies but there have no side effects.

4) Influenza

Influenza is a highly infectious disease that affects the respiratory (breathing) tract. It is also known as the flu or grippe. The disease is caused by a virus. When inhaled, the virus attacks cells in the upper part of the respiratory system and causes symptoms such as fatigue, fever and chills, a hacking cough, and body aches. Influenza can also lead to other, mo re serious infections

Causes: It is caused by RNA-containing myxoivrus influenza. It is a pandemic disease.

Symptoms:

It is characterized by bronchitis, sneezing bronchoprenmonia, leucopenia, coughing, etc.

Prevention:

Isolation of infected persons. Use of antibiotics

72

Circulatory System

1) Hypertension

Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues.

Causes: Main causes of are:

Arteriosclerosis, obesity and overweightness, physical, mental or emotional stress like fear, worry, anxiety, etc.

Increased secretion of rennin or epinephrine or aldosterone. High intake of alcohol or caffeine Intake of certain drugs, smoking, etc. It may be primary or essential.

(When causes is unknown and accounts for 90% of all cases) Or secondary (when causes is known and accounts for 10% of all cases)

Symptoms:

A condition of persistent high blood pressure is called hypertension e.g. a condition of persistent 150/90 mmhg.

Mean arterial systolic pressure greater than 110 mmhg under rest is called hypertension.

73

In malignant hypertensive condition, the mean arterial pressure may be as high as 130 mmhg and systolic arterial pressure as 250 mmhg

Preventions: Diet related measures like reducing alcohol consumptions, moderate sodium

intake, correcting obesity, etc. Encourage regular exercise programmes Stop Smoking Testing blood pressure level of cholesterol and triglycerides. A number of anti-hypertensive drugs are known e.g.4. Diuretics like thiazides, bendrotluazide, spironoluctone etc.These diuretics reduce

the reabsorptionof salt and water by the renal tubules of the kidney.5. B-Blockers, like Pindolol, oxprenolol, windoxide, etc. which act as vasodilators

and increase he blood flow in the blood vessels.6. Angiotensin converting enzymes(ACT) inhibitors which inhibit the conversion of

angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II

2) Arteriosclerosis

A chronic disease in which thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation. It develops with aging, and in hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other conditions.

Causes:

It is most common type of caretiovascular diseases caused by deposition of calcium salts of cholesterol in the walls blood vessels or increase fibrous tissue in their walls.

Symptoms:

Arteries become hard, narrow and less elastic so they blood supply to visceral organs is decreased which leads to hypertension which sometimes cause haemorrhage of blood vessels of the brain.

Visceral organs causing cerebral haemorrhage or visceral haemorrhage.

Preventions:

74

Oat bran increases the conversion of liver cholesterol into bile acids and their ingestion with faeces.

Mevinolin decreases the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

3) Atheroma:

An atheroma, also referred to as a plague, develops due to a process called atherosclerosis. An atheroma is an accumulation of inflammatory cells (like macrophages), and other lipids in the inner wall of arteries.

Causes:

Risks factors of atheroma are divided into two categories: Fixed sedentary age, male sex and family history and modifiable (e.g. smoking,

hypertension, obesity, sedentary life style, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorder, etc.)

Symptoms:

It is characterized by the formation of fibro lipid plague called angina in the arterial intima.

Coronary arteries. Atheroma generally leads to stable angina which is characterized by severe and persistent

chest pain which spreads to left arm and shoulder but may extend towards the neck. Usually, the pain lasts for only a few minutes but in some cases, the patient suffers from severe chest pain, breathless, restlessness, nausea and vomiting.

Preventions:

Avoid smoking and hypercholesterolemia.

75

Take regular exercises. Maintain ideal body weight. Fat mixed diet with fruits and vegetables as well as meat and diary products.

Skeletal system

1) Leukemia

Leukemia is a form of cancer in which the body produces too many white blood cells. Many forms of

leukemia have been identified. They are divided into two general types: acute and chronic. An acute

condition comes on fairly quickly. A chronic disorder develops more slowly over time.

Causes:

Smoking and tobacco use. Being exposed to large amounts of radiation. Exposure to certain chemicals in the work place. Past chemotherapy or radiation for another cancer.

Symptoms:

Fevers and night sweats. Frequent or unusual infections. Weakness and fatigue.

76

Headaches Joint pain Bond pain Swelling in the belly or pain on the left side of the belly or in the left shoulder from a

swollen spleen. Swollen lymph nodes in the armpit, neck or groin. Decreased appetite.

Preventions:

Avoid high doses of radiation. Exposure to the chemical benzene and smoking should be abstained. Other tobacco use or certain types of chemotherapy use to treat other types of cancer.

Conclusion

I firmly believe that, learning through doing is far better than learning through reading. By undertaking such as enriching endeavor and to some extent, it really reshaped my understanding of the world around. After completion of this assignment, when I retrospect on my coverage and knowledge in this issue, it is much more advanced and now I am well accustomed with this peril which takes away tolls of population of world.

In fact, the topic itself was much related to our day to day lives and I acquired paramount values which will be indispensible for the healthy life. All the assignment allotted by concerned tutor is all related to our profession and such topic really tamed our mundane mind and it makes the mind clearer and more visible too.

77

At length, I placed my sincere thank to one and all, my concerned tutor who have given valuable topic which was solely related to one day to day lives activities. The experience that I derived from the assignment is most educative and useful to me and for the future generation in particular.

Name of the book: English Fiction of the Victorian Period.

Author: Michael Wheeler.

Publisher: Long men Group Limited.

Date of Publication: 1985.

Summary

The Longman literature in English Series provides students of literature with a critical introduction to the major genres in their historical context. As well as studies on all periods of English and American Literature, the series includes books on criticism and literary theory, the intellectual and cultural contest, and other literature in English. Each of the forty six volumes contains an extensive reference section. When complete, the series will offer a practical and comprehensive guide to literature written in English from Anglo- Saxon times to presents.

The unprecedented richness of its friction is one of the glories of the Victorian Age, and Michael Wheeler’s critical introduction does justice both to its wealth and to its diversity. Both characteristics are well displayed in the writers to whom he devotes separate section. Although written primarily for students of English Literature, Dr. Wheeler’s lively and informed book will also interest the countless other readers who still enjoy Victorian Fiction for its own Sake.

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By reading such an enriching book I really gained lots of insights on literature and literature during the Victorian Period. I firmly believe that this book is very much essential to those who want to learn more about literature and those who take their subject as language. Reading such a rich book I acquired indispensible information on literature of Victorian Period which will be very much useful to my career.

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Documents

jamyang.wikispaces.comASSIGN... · Web viewI. Integumentary system. Scabies. Definition: Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by an infestation by the itch mite . Sarcoptes