Assessing the Potential of Differential Pricing Strategies ... · Assessing the Potential of Differential Pricing Strategies - Analysis of the Benefits and Pitfalls Marketing Week

Assessing the Potential of Differential Pricing Strategies

- Analysis of the Benefits and Pitfalls

Marketing Week Conference 28 May 2002

Through the Loop Assessing the Potential of Differential Pricing Strategies

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Assessing the potential of differential pricing strategies

Analysis of the benefits and pitfalls

Martin PayneStrategic Projects Director

Through the Loop

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Over the course of the last two days you have heard about many different aspects of pricing. My brief is to analyse the issue of differential pricing and to develop some ideas of where it is heading. The principal focus of this talk is consumer marketing although some aspects of business to business will be relevant at some stages.

Structure

• A contextual analysis.• Defining the elements of a differential pricing

strategy.• The consumer perspective.• Geographic pricing.• Future scenarios.• Summary.

There are a number of areas that I will be covering. After a brief contextual analysis, I will define some of the areas where differential pricing is currently operating. The consumer perspective will view the subject from the other side to identify a number of issues that should be taken into account when developing a differential pricing strategy. Geographic pricing looks at how prices may vary across regions and countries. There are three future scenarios that show ways in which differential pricing is developing and the summary shows some of the issues that will be faced in the future.

A contextual analysis

The most important factor when analysing differential pricing is to recognise that it does not exist on its own. The pricing policy for a company or brand is part of the overall marketing mix.

A contextual analysis

• Differential pricing is not a new issue.• However, it has come to the fore as a result of

substantial changes in the marketing environment:– Marketers undertaking more consumer segmentation.– Pressure on the entire value chain.– Pricing has become a major media issue.– Transparency is more important than ever.– Marketing tools are evolving fast.

• Every element of the marketing mix is being questioned under the new marketing scenario.

Furthermore, there is nothing especially new about differential pricing. Haggling has been around for ages. Nevertheless, the marketing environment is changing so rapidly that the issue has come to the fore. Marketers are rethinking their entire value change in order to focus more on the final consumer. Target market segmentation has been used as a way to develop tighter marketing strategies. The consumer has changed and is far more aware of prices that are being charged in different areas. Furthermore, marketing tools are evolving fast and are becoming more sophisticated to enable pricing to be undertaken in different ways.


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The state of the economy also plays an important role and I will return to that subject.

Defining the elements of a differential pricing strategy

As I said, differential pricing is nothing totally new. There are a number of ways in which it is being undertaken at present. I have identified four main areas although these are not necessarily exhaustive.

Defining the elements

Consumer focusedConsumer focused

Straightforwardsupply & demandStraightforward

supply & demand Promotional activityPromotional activity

Geographic pricingGeographic pricing

Differential pricingDifferential pricing

The key area is straightforward supply and demand where economic forces dictate the price. Promotional activity is the second area where prices are subject to change. Geographic pricing refers to where different prices may be charged in different areas at the same time and, finally, consumer-focused means the pricing is more dynamic and could even be varied by the consumer.


Supply & demand• Prices and determined by supply and demand for the

product or service.• Widely used in some product and service sectors:

– Utilities.– Travel.

• Higher prices tend to be charged at peak times for essentially the same product or service.– Flexible pricing policy may provide a range of service options

for travel.

The first area is where the price is dictated by supply and demand. Under this mechanism a higher level of demand for the product or service raises the price although the product or service itself may not change in nature. Examples of where this approach is used includes utilities such as telephones and electricity that have peak time and off-peak rates. Travel tickets are typically less expensive in off-peak periods for the same journey. In this case, the lower price for off-peak travel may be looking to encourage greater utilisation during these periods.


Promotional strategy• Pricing may be used frequently as a promotional tool.

– Use a low price to increase sales volume during a promotion.– Low price for a limited period to attract customers to the offer.

• The value of retailer sales can be questioned:

“Shoppers now wait for the sales and that’s the fault of retailers. The old idea that discount sales were there to get rid of shop-

soiled goods has gone. Sales of regular merchandise are crazy.”

Professor Gary Davies, Manchester Business School

The use of price as a promotional instrument is more controversial. Price-led offers such as buy one-get one free or extra product are used commonly. A low price may also be used during an introductory period after product launch or to attract new consumers. Good in theory maybe but the overuse of price as a promotional tool has had the effect of turning brands into commodities. A long-term low-price strategy changes the brand values. A brand can no longer be viewed as a premium product. Using low price as a key element of the brand is fine, EasyJet seems to be successful, but it cannot work if the


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brand positioning is intended to focus more on premium aspects. This helps to explain the difficulties that Sainsbury’s and British Airways have encountered when trying to compete in the price arena.


Geographic pricing• Pricing will often vary in two different regions.

– Within one country.• Regional pricing model may be used to target less and more

affluent parts of the country with the appropriate price level.– Across different countries.

• What price will the market pay in each country? More complex than a regional pricing model and cultural and product use differences will be greater.

Geographic pricing is another area that is frequently controversial, receiving regular negative media coverage. A different price could be charged in different regions or in different countries. This is based on the assumption that different areas are able to afford different price levels or that the costs of marketing a product or service can vary by area.


Consumer focused• An area that may be more common in business-to-

business marketing than in the consumer sector. • Price is charged according to the depth of the

customer relationship:– Better customers may receive greater discounts.– Pricing is dynamic and varies as consumers cross-purchase

more products and services. • Price is charged according to access/delivery

method.

Under customer-focused I am including prices that vary according to the actual customer. This is a common b2b scenario but is becoming more widespread in consumer marketing. A couple of examples here are rebates given to consumers who are important customers such as Tesco’s Clubcard vouchers or Sainsbury’s Reward points that effectively reduce the cost of the shopping basket. Cashback for existing customers, for example on a software purchase, may also fall within this category. The price could also vary according to the “access method.” This could mean a lower price for somebody booking a ticket via a Web site as the marketer’s costs are lower. British Airways and EasyJet are examples of companies that adopt this approach.

The consumer perspective

These four elements take the marketer perspective on differential pricing. However, in order to be successful it is vital to consider the issue for the consumer. The consumer perspective is a crucial element, even more so with the increased transparency of pricing.


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• Any differential pricing strategy has to be effective from the consumer angle.– Should work in both the long term and short term.– Has to be understood.– Should add to not undermine brand equity.– Needs to be effectively communicated.

A differential pricing strategy will not work if it cannot work from the consumer side. This means that long-term considerations are equally important as short term. An uplift in sales or the number of new customers has little worth if the brand value is undermined or existing customers are disenfranchised. Communications play an important role here. A differential pricing strategy can no longer be hidden. The media has seen to that. Therefore, the pricing options need to be communicated as something positive for the consumer. If lower prices are available then the consumer should be made aware of them prior to the purchase. Consumers also know about stealth pricing, a recent example being the extensive media coverage about last minute holidays that seem to have so many necessary extras increasing the overall cost.


• Increased pricing transparency.– Consumers are far more price aware than previously.

• Price pressure from (perceived) economic slowdown.• Influence of the media.• Government action.• Cross-border shopping.• Launch of the Euro.

Consumers have become more price aware although this does not necessarily mean more price sensitive. An anticipated economic slowdown has made consumers, not just marketers, question price more. The media has played a crucial role in this with effective PR from price-led companies such as EasyJet and Ryanair but also media “exposés” of issues such as rip-off Britain. Cross-border shopping has become more widespread. For example, the DVD of Harry Potter costs £16.99 at amazon.co.uk (a reduction of £6) but at amazon.com the price is just $19.95, equivalent to £13.73. Consumers now find it easier to shop where the price is lowest, even if means ordering overseas. This has implications for the government that is losing out on tax revenue and it has now investigated some product categories such as cars and forced the UK manufacturers to lower prices to nearer the European level. The launch of the Euro is an area that is expected to lead to greater price harmonisation in Europe although there are doubts as to whether this is actually happening. I will return to this subject later.


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• The use of pricing as a promotional strategy has become an increasingly hot topic.– Sales promotion activity uses numerous tools where the price is

temporarily reduced:• Two for one offers.• More product.

– However, overuse of such a promotional activity has the ability to cause long-term damage to the brand.

“Some brands are considered to be over-promoted, and if this is the case then no consumer ever knows what they really stand for.”

Andrew Marsden, Category Director, Britvic

In this case we are talking about the damage that could be caused to a brand by a misuse of promotional pricing. Brands normally command a price premium, indeed that is one of the key factors that differentiates a brand from merely a product. This price premium has to be continually reinforced and justified but overuse of promotional pricing is more likely to damage this premium so that consumers start the question the validity of the full priced product. The brand starts to lose its identity.


• A new value equation:– Consumers have been taught to buy on price in many

sectors.– Overused promotional activities based on price redefine the

“value” of the brand in the consumer’s perception.– Ultimate consequence is that the brand becomes a

commodity.

Net: Dangerous to mess with your price/value equation.

Furthermore, consumers may be conditioned to buying on price and will actively search out current offers. This may have the effect of promotional activity merely shifting sales rather than helping to increase them. Such a strategy may be useful, though, for shifting unsold inventory. It is interesting to note here that retailers take different approaches. Some do not like to discount ends-of line while others prefer to sell discounted merchandise through a controlled environment such as a factory outlet and maintain some control of brand values.


• The use of differential pricing to acquire potential consumers may be effective but also contains a major pitfall.– Provides a reward for promiscuous consumers while

penalising existing consumers.– Long-term customers may be subsidising disloyal

customers.

In addition, the use of promotional pricing has the ability to isolate existing customers where it is being used to attract new users. Why should long-term loyal consumers pay more than those whose patronage may be fleeting and are not loyal, even promiscuous? Those consumers who transfer their credit card balances every few months could pay nothing while the loyal consumers pay high rates of interest. This is what we are calling The Paradox of Loyalty.


• The Paradox of Loyalty– Too frequently marketers’ efforts are focused on “disloyal”

rather than loyal consumers.– Is there a tendency to reward disloyal rather than loyal

consumers?– Loyal customers may be prepared to pay for a product or

service but should receive a higher level of value.– A more focused product or service can mean premium

pricing through greater customer satisfaction.– Recognition of genuinely loyal customers can help to

encourage trading-up.

Too frequently, there appears to be too much attention focused on gaining new customers while longer-term loyal customers are seemingly almost forgotten. This extends beyond pricing although the use of differential pricing or other incentives such as Air Miles is one of the elements that shows how new customers could be rewarded while existing customers are not. While loyal consumers may be prepared to pay a higher price premium, they should receive greater value. Maybe the service they receive can be better if they have a genuine engagement with the company or brand. However, rather than operate a differential pricing policy there is clearly potential to encourage consumers to trade up or cross-purchase additional


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products and services. This is where added profitability should be generated, not by simply charging more.


• The operation of a differential pricing strategy can be fraught with pitfalls. – Consumers are price-aware (and aware of what others may

be paying.)– Potential for highly negative media coverage if differential

pricing is seen.

By this stage it should have become clear that the operation of a differential pricing policy could be fraught with difficulties. Price is only one element of the marketing mix and should work in relation to the other variables. Furthermore, charging different prices to different consumers for what may be perceived as an identical product or service has the potential to generate unfavourable media coverage.


Coke tests vending unit thatcan hike prices in hot weatherCoke tests vending unit that

can hike prices in hot weather

A few recent examples of where the press has reported in a negative way on this issue. Interestingly, a vending machine that raises prices in hot weather is presumably the same machine that lowers the price when it is cold. The Halifax Bank received extensive negative coverage when the banking ombudsman ruled that it had two standard variable rates, one for new and one for existing customers. The bank received further bad publicity when it stated that it would compensate those existing customers who had complained about the dual rates prior to the ombudsman’s decision and would pay £100 goodwill only to other customers. The Nationwide, on the other hand, decided to compensate all customers but through reducing their mortgage commitments rather than by refunding payments already made.

Geographic pricing

I would like to return to the issue of geographic pricing for a while.


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Geographic pricing

• This refers to charging different prices in different countries or regions.

• Currently receiving extensive media attention:– Car pricing in the UK versus overseas.– Grey imports (Tesco versus Levi’s)– The launch of the Euro “could” herald price equalisation.

• However, an EU report has indicated that manufacturers are continuing to operate differential pricing across Europe.

This is where the price differential depends on the region of the country or the country itself. This is an area that has been much in the news recently. There is the issue of the differential in car pricing between the UK and Europe. While the car manufacturers may argue that like-for-like is not being compared, the consumer perception, which may be media-driven, is that they are being ripped off. Difference or not, the consumer perception is that there is an issue. Grey imports have also been receiving intense coverage with the most high profile example the case of Tesco and Levi’s where Tesco had been buying Levi jeans outside the UK and selling them lower than the Levi’s recommended price. Again it is the company looking to enforce differential pricing that has to deal with the problem. This is not a case of Levi’s against Tesco, this is Levi’s against consumer perception. Guess who is likely to lose here at the end of the day. The recent launch of the Euro in many European currencies has been widely expected to lead to price harmonisation across the EuroZone as a common unit of currency will effectively hide and pricing differential. But what is happening so far?

Geographic pricing

77Greece133ItalyNescafé76Portugal/Spain126UKColgate Toothpaste81France142UKNivea Shaving Foam77Netherlands146SwedenFanta

73Germany139DenmarkCoca-Cola

73Belgium143DenmarkMars Bar

71UK152GreeceKellogg’s Cornflakes

66Germany138ItalyHeinz Ketchup

59Italy138SwedenBarilla Spaghetti

44France189FinlandEvian Mineral Water

IndexLowest CostIndexHighest CostBrand

Note: EU average = 100Source: EC Internal Market Scoreboard

The truth, albeit after five months only, is that differential pricing is being maintained. This recently published EU study shows that that there are substantial differences in price for some well-known brands. However, even on the basis of the limited list of brands shown, we can conclude that it is the laws of supply and demand that are determining some of these prices. Take a look at Barilla pasta which is substantially less expensive in Italy compared with Sweden. Could this be due to intense competition in the home of pasta? Equally Nescafé is priced relatively high in Italy, a roast and ground coffee market where, presumably, demand for instant coffee is fairly low. Similar reasoning can be applied to Evian mineral water in France and Kellogg’s Cornflakes in the UK. Conclusion: it is not as straightforward or linear as the press coverage would have you believe.


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Geographic pricing

• Within a single country there is an argument that prices should be fixed on a regional basis to account for variations in disposable income.– Retail Week reported that Sainsbury’s is considering a

value-led offer and distinct merchandising style for Northern stores.

– Tailors its offer more to shoppers on a regional basis by not appearing to be too expensive (negative impact of Jamie Oliver campaign).

– Is there a danger that Sainsbury’s will undermine its price/value relationship with such a strategy?

Differential pricing on a regional basis within one country is likely to be driven by different factors. The retail chain Sainsbury’s was reported to be looking at adopting a regional pricing policy for its northern stores so that has more of a value offer than it may have in the south. However, there is the possibility that it would compromise its brand positioning by such a move. Sainsbury’s problems in the mid-1990s may have partly resulted from this type of approach nationally as the chain undermined its core value of quality by moving towards a lower price offer when discount chains were making gains.

Geographic pricing

• What affects regional pricing?– Level of disposable income.– General level of retail prices.– Unemployment rate.– Type of employment.– Household composition.

• However, how does this affect the national brand positioning.– Marketing is more than price alone.

The factors that impact on regional pricing may be different to those operating across countries. A marketer may choose to run differential pricing to reflect varying levels of disposable income or general regional price differences. They may reduce prices in areas of higher unemployment or where the type of employment varies. Equally the local household composition could affect the prices that consumers are willing or able to pay. Pricing may also be established according to the level of local competition. In this case a retailer may reduce a price to match the competition. This may be more applicable to commodity products where the price cannot be higher than the competition. However, it cannot be classed as marketing initiative but more one of survival. Adopting a “follow the competition” policy will at best achieve parity rather than any significant competitive advantage.

Future scenarios

This has been an overview of some of the important elements and issues in differential pricing currently. The next stage is to consider where differential pricing is heading. We have analysed the different driving forces in the market together with indications of the pricing policies of some leading-edge companies to distil three possible scenarios for differential pricing.


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Future scenarios

Consumeraggregation led

Consumeraggregation led

Consumer valuedemand led

Consumer valuedemand led

Dynamic supply &demand

Dynamic supply &demand

New forms ofdifferential pricing

New forms ofdifferential pricing

These possible future scenarios are dynamic supply and demand, consumer aggregation and consumer value demand. These are not meant as an exhaustive list but an illustration of some potential ways forward. Let us consider each in turn.

Future scenarios

• Dynamic supply and demand:• The ability to provide differentiated pricing according

to fluctuating levels of consumer demand, e.g.,– Perceived value of a “refreshing” or cooling/warming product

changes according to the weather.– Road pricing that varies according to the level of demand.– Retail prices that can vary according to the time of day.– Insurance pricing that varies according to the degree of risk,

e.g. higher premiums for higher mileage drivers.

The dynamic supply and demand model moves forward from existing pricing based on supply and demand. This makes the assumption that consumer demand is not static and that the value of a product and brand can change according to different criteria. This could include factors such as the weather where a sunny day raises the value of an ice cream or a cold drink. Cooler weather has the opposite effect naturally. Road pricing could be used to charge a higher toll at peak periods thus discouraging driving at these times. Retail prices could vary according to the time of day, higher in peak periods but lower when the store is quieter. Finally should insurance risk be calculated according the driver’s mileage or the time of travel rather than where he or she lives? Progressive Insurance in the US has already developed a system where a car is tracked by satellite and the insurance charged according to mileage or time of journey. It is said to be possible at a later stage to adjust the premium according to the driver’s behaviour behind the wheel. While this system would almost certainly face a number of implementation difficulties, it does illustrate that differential pricing could be used to define the premium for the individual user.

Future scenarios

• Consumer aggregation led:– Consumers are able to reduce prices through an

aggregation of demand similar to industrial bulk buying.– This may use an auction process where consumers state the

price they are willing to pay.– Marketers are given the opportunity to bid for a consumer’s

business at their defined price level.– Recognises the power of the consumer.– Reverse auctions already operating through priceline.com

and Comet.

The second scenario is where consumer aggregation applies industrial bulk buying to the consumer sector. This enables groups of consumers to buy in bulk to force down prices. Such an approach is being used by so-called “reverse auctions” such as priceline.com or letsbuyit.com. Priceline.com allows consumers to state the price they are willing to pay and suppliers have the opportunity to bid for that consumer at that price. An answer is expected to be provided within fifteen minutes! Letsbuyit.com enables consumers to sign up for a product with the price falling as the number of buyers increases. An example of this from the


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Future scenarios

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Future scenarios

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letsbuyit.com Web site yesterday shows that you can purchase a Sony widescreen TV and Toshiba DVD for £1,055 compared with an average retail price of £1,499. This really is a buyer’s market.

Future scenarios

• Consumer value demand led:– Under this scenario the price is set for an individual

consumer based on their buying behaviour and other factors.– Potential to identify individual key price points.– Recognises individual customer profitability.– Potential to reward loyal consumers.– Examples include retailers that can alter the price for regular

customers or “redirect” them to higher value/profit items.– Financial services could vary interest rates according to

individual credit risk/financial history or level of investment.

The third scenario is based on the value of individual customers and again brings b2b pricing into the consumer arena. It uses the assumption that different consumers have different buying behaviour and price points. Loyal customers can be treated accordingly. An example of where this could be used would be to reduce the price of a product where the consumer is clearly expressing an interest but not buying. Over time the marketer is able to build a complex picture of the individual’s purchasing behaviour and develop an appropriate pricing policy. Such an approach may also be used to encourage consumers to trade up to higher value or higher profit items. As the consumer’s buying behaviour is known, perhaps through a reward scheme, he or she can be offered products and services appropriate to previous behaviour but in higher profit areas.

Summary

So what can be learned from this analysis? Firstly, the issue of differential pricing is, like the pricing, a dynamic area in itself.

Summary

• The issue of differential pricing is gaining in importance as marketers recognise the value of individual customers and consumption occasions.

• It has become possible to develop new models of differential pricing.– Reflect individual consumer behaviour.– Identify how the value of a product or service may change

with time or other factors. – Use differential pricing to alter consumer behaviour.

With the move away from purely mass marketing to a model where the importance of individual consumers is being increasingly recognised, differential pricing takes on a whole new perspective. Pricing is an essential element of the integrated marketing mix. Its role is different for different consumers and at different times. In addition, tools are now available that allow marketers to develop innovative pricing models that reflect the nature of consumers as individuals and the dynamic nature of


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the price-value equation. Pricing elasticity should be measured on an individual customer basis not for the market as a whole.

Summary

• How should a differential pricing strategy be communicated?– Impact of pricing transparency.– Potential for immense PR (positive or negative).– Identify and emphasise the benefits for consumers of flexible

pricing.• Product or service gives you more flexibility.• Possibility of exploiting off-peak rates.• Shop off-peak and save money.• Regular customers have lower prices.• Stimulate demand through price reductions at “low value”

times.

However, the issue also brings a number of factors that should be taken into account when considering a differential pricing policy. Prices cannot be hidden or disguised so assume that prices are generally known. There is a potential for massive PR both ways. The marketing communications need to emphasise genuine consumer benefits of the policy such as greater flexibility or ability to save money by shopping off-peak. Further to this, differential pricing may be used to encourage a shift in the pattern of demand. Tesco.com is testing a new way of charging for its delivery fee based on the time of delivery with higher charges at peak times. This gives the customer the opportunity to save money and helps to make the Tesco system more efficient. The store claims that the system is already proving popular with pensioners. Lower off peak transport fares are typically used to encourage greater utilisation of transport throughout the day. Would it make more sense to have lower fares for rush hour periods to firstly reward the “loyal” consumers who use public transport more often or to encourage use of public transport for travel to work? At present, higher peak time fares may act to encourage driving to work by car rather than taking a bus or train. In conclusion, I have looked to outline some of the future directions in differential pricing that take advantage of a shift towards consumer power and control, new marketing tools and perceived failings of current models. While pricing is only one element of the overall marketing mix, it is an area where there are possibilities to achieve significant differentiation and consumer connection. The operation of a differential pricing policy provides major potential for marketers to seize a very real consumer opportunity. In the age of the empowered consumer, those marketers that are best able to deliver genuine, relevant and more-highly tailored products and services are in the best position to


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guarantee real consumer engagement and satisfaction.

Through the Loop Consulting155 Lichfield Court

Sheen RoadRichmond

Surrey TW9 1AZ

020 8334 6300020 8940 1447 (fax)

[email protected]

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Assessing the Potential of Differential Pricing Strategies ... · Assessing the Potential of Differential Pricing Strategies - Analysis of the Benefits and Pitfalls Marketing Week