Asia and Africa in the 20th Century

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Africa and Asia in 1900

Africa & Asia:The Road to Independence

Road to Independence Pre-World War I

Nationalism Indian National Congress

& Muslim League Egyptian Nationalism

Dinshawai Incident “Save the King”

movement in Vietnam Violence

Boer Wars Islamic Fundamentalism

the Mahdi in Egypt Guerilla Warfare in

Vietnam

Top: The members of the 1st Indian National CongressBottom: Muhammad Ahmad “the Mahdi”

Road to Independence: World War I Promises of Self-

Determination India wanted self-

government Rowlatt Act (1920)

Arabs wanted independence Mandate System (right) Balfour Declaration

Locals fill colonial posts Economic strain of the war Treaty of Versailles

Increased nationalism Gandhi and satyagraha Ho Chi Minh May Fourth Movement

Road to Independence: Interwar Years Egypt

Continued nationalism England withdrawal began

1922 Left khedival regime in power

South Africa Self-government granted in

1910 Part of commonwealth in 1933

India The Great Depression

Anti-government protests Gandhi’s Salt March (1931)

Government of India Act (1935)

Road to Independence: World War II Cost of Empire

Need to rebuild home country

Declining support for colonialism Atlantic Charter (1941) Soviets “loathe”

colonialism Except for Latvia, Estonia,

Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia, etc.

Japan conquers colonies in East Asia

The Atlantic Charter was drafted by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt (left) and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (right). In it they voiced support for "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live."

Post-World War II Independence Three routes to independence

Negotiated Independence Parts of Asia and Africa gained their independence

without much bloodshed India & Pakistan Japan & Korea Ghana & the Congo

Incomplete Independence Places with sizeable settler populations or Cold War

importance struggled to gain their independence South Africa, Kenya, & Algeria Vietnam

Civil War China resumed civil war between nationalists and

communists

Negotiated Independence: India India & Pakistan gained their

independence August 1947 Communal violence ensued as

millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India

Violence broke out over Kashmir Jawaharlal Nehru (right)

became the first prime minister of India

Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first prime minister of Pakistan

Negotiated Independence: Japan United States occupied Japan from August

1945-1952 Feared Soviets would influence Japan Japanese cooperated with the U.S.

Political and social changes Military disbanded and military spending limited Shintoism was abolished as state religion New parliamentary system with constitution Women received the right to vote Large estates were divided and redistributed to

farmers Zaibatsu combines were temporarily dissolved

Negotiated Independence: Korea, et al. Korea was divided at 38th

parallel Korean War resulted in a

Soviet backed North Korea and U.S. backed South Korea

Hong Kong remained a British colony until 1997

Singapore gained independence from Britain in 1959

Chiang Kai-shek established the Republic of China on Taiwan

Negotiated Independence: Africa African “nationalism”

Negritude movement Pan-Africanism

World War II West built factories in Africa Africans migrated to cities

looking for work Kwame Nkrumah gained

independence for Ghana in 1957 First successful mass

movement 1960 is known as the “Year

of Africa”

Incomplete Independence: South Africa

Gained home rule in 1910 Had over 4 million white residents Denied civil rights to black

population Whites institute apartheid in 1948

Reserved best jobs for whites Reserved 87% of land for whites Black Africans & Indians couldn’t

vote ANC led mass protests against

apartheid Sharpeville Massacre (1960) ANC leader Nelson Mandela arrested

and sentenced to life in prison in 1964

Incomplete Independence: South Africa

Black protests of apartheid increased in the 1980s Bishop Desmond Tutu encouraged

international embargo of South Africa

Gained worldwide attention due to TV

End of Apartheid Nelson Mandela freed in 1990 Apartheid laws repealed in 1990-

1991 First free election occurred in 1994

New constitution passed in 1996 Includes U.S. style Bill of Rights

Incomplete Independence: Kenya White coffee planters felt

ethnic Kenyans were not ready for self-government Called rebels the Mau Mau

Violence erupted in the 1950s British captured native

fighters and resettled them in camps Jomo Kenyatta & other leaders

were imprisoned for eight years

Kenyatta negotiated Kenyan independence in 1961 Elected president in 1964

Incomplete Independence: Algeria Algeria was viewed as an extension of France

One million settlers created a maintain at all costs attitude

France dependent upon Algerian oil & gas fields and vineyards

National Liberation Front (FLN) made up of Berbers and Arabs demanded independence

Settlers and rich Arabs and Berbers continue fight against the FLN Form the Secret Army Organization (OAS)

After 8 years of violence and thousand of casualties, France eventually negotiated independence in 1962 Millions of French settlers and wealthy Arabs and Berbers

emigrated to France

Incomplete Independence: Vietnam World War II

Viet Minh (communists) successfully resisted Japanese occupation Provided assistance during famine Instituted communist reforms

Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent from France in 1945

French refused to recognize independence and tried to reoccupy the region Defeat the French at Dien Bien

Phu in 1954

Leaders of the Viet Minh: Vo Nguyen Giap (left) and Ho Chi Minh (right)

Vietnam War (1954-1973) France leaves after being defeated at Dien Bien Phu

Ho Chi Minh agrees to divide Vietnam into two parts Communists dominated northern Vietnam

Elections were promised within two years to decide who should rule a united Vietnam

U.S. sends in “advisors” to help South Vietnam in 1954 U.S. viewed conflict as part of the Cold War

U.S. supported anti-communist dictator Ngo Dinh Diem Diem attempted to suppress communists in South

Vietnam Viet Minh (Viet Cong) sent military supplies to aid

southern communists (National Liberation Front)

Vietnam War (1954-1973) Richard Nixon continued to

escalate U.S. presence in Vietnam Resort to carpet bombing &

chemical warfare Some historian argue the

bombing of Cambodia triggered the Khmer Rouge Pol Pot killed approximately 20%

of the Cambodian population

U.S. ended involvement in 1973

Communists unite Vietnam in 1975

Some Buddhist monks expressed opposition to the war by practicing self-immolation. This monk, Thich Quang Duc is a national hero in Vietnam

The Khmer Rouge

Africa & Asia After Independence

Asia & Africa After Independence

Challenges facing independent states Political Instability

Most countries end up one-party states or military dictatorships

The Cold War Colonial Legacy The Population “Bomb” Parasitic Cities & Endangered ecosystems Women’s Subordination Neocolonialism

Dictatorships in the 20th Century

One Party States

Democracy in 20th Century

Military Dictatorships Why military dictatorships?

Military is more resistant to religious and ethnic rivalries Military used to suppress

ethnic and religious tensions A monopoly of force A degree of technical

training Most are staunchly

anticommunist Military dictatorships often

bring political stability but economic development is rare

Clockwise from top left: Idi Amin of Uganda, Mobutu Sese Seko of the Congo, Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya

Military Dictatorship: Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser

Seized power in 1952 Embarrassed by defeat in Arab-

Israeli War of 1948 Instituted a series of reforms

Land reform, education, subsidized food costs, emphasized industrial growth

Reforms foiled by corruption, lack of foreign investment, & population growth

Supported Pan-Arabism Opposed Israel

Built the Aswan Dam

One-Party State: Ghana Kwame Nkrumah

Originally committed to social & economic reform

Reforms hindered by lack of education, industrialization, and decline of cocoa prices

Leftist (socialist) leanings won support from Soviets & alienated Western investors

Ruled as a authoritarian dictator Crushed political opposition,

staged “events”, manipulated history, etc.

Democracy: Botswana Democratic since

gaining independence in 1966

Stable economy based upon diamonds, tourism, & manufacturing Per capita GDP: $12,500 World average: $7,400

Predominantly Christian AIDS/HIV rate was 24%

in 2006

Democracy: India Advantages

Military defends secular democracy Came to independence with a larger industrial and

scientific center, better communication systems, and a larger, more skilled middle class

Disadvantages Population growth, poverty, unemployment,

religious & ethnic diversity, and natural disasters Military conflicts with Pakistan over Kashmir

Early Government Reforms to help lower castes and women Spearheaded the nonalignment movement

Democracy: India Indira Gandhi

Tried to limit freedom of press Proposed involuntary sterilization to

slow population growth Indian Economy

Mix of private and state initiatives Green Revolution

Introduced improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation

Credited for averting a global famine

Growing middle class World’s largest film industry

The Cold War U.S. and Soviet Union attempted to influence new

states Bandung Conference 1955

Conference participants claimed to be “non-aligned” Nasser and Nkrumah attended the conference

Many independence movements received help from the Soviet Union or Cuba United States often interfered in these nations

The Congo and the Cold War Nkrumah overthrown by C.I.A. in 1966

Proxy wars fueled ethnic tension & genocide Hutus in Rwanda massacred 750,000 ethnic Tutsis in

1995

Colonial Legacy All new nations were “artificial nations”

European colonial boundaries rarely took into account the ethnicities, interests, and histories of the people

European control often intensified existing divisions Minority Tutsi were favored over the majority Hutu in Rwanda

Europe often “cut-and-run” at the end of colonial rule Often led to ethnic strife in new nations

India, Nigeria, the Congo, Palestine, etc. Pakistan quickly divided into two nations – Pakistan &

Bangladesh New rulers create a national identity

Separatist movements emerged and led to civil war in Morocco, India, the Sudan, & Nigeria

Population Bomb

Why? Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange),

colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates

Population Density

Population Cartogram

AIDS in the Twentieth Century

Parasitic Cities Massive post-independence urbanization

occurred in most countries No expanding industrial centers meant few jobs & low

wages Urban poor could become politically volatile Little or no urban planning

Slum areas with no electricity, running water, or basic sewage

Cities are not productive thus “parasitic” Puts pressure on rural areas

Draw food and resources from depleted countryside Contributes to soil depletion, deforestation,

desertification, etc.

Percentage of Arable Land

Global Soil Degradation

Women’s Subordination New nations often supported women’s suffrage,

equal legal rights, education, & occupational opportunities (in theory)

In reality, most societies remained patriarchal Men dominated most political positions

Prominent female leaders were often related to powerful men Indira Gandhi, Benazir Bhutto, Corazon Aquino

Arranged marriages, early marriage ages, and large families

Dietary customs increase chances of malnutrition Female infanticide is common in many places

China, India, East Africa Religious revivalism erodes women’s rights

Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, the Sudan

Neocolonialism Most nations continued to rely upon trading cash

crops or raw materials to industrialized nations in return for manufactured goods Price of commodities (cash crops and minerals) often

fluctuate One or two bad years could destroy an emerging nation’s

economy Some organizations have been formed to limit fluctuation

OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Government corruption and lack of reforms also contribute to neocolonialism

Nations turn to international organizations or industrial nations for help International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank

Middle East after World War II

Arab Independence Saudi Arabia became

independent after World War I

Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained independence after World War II with little difficulty

Complete autonomy was difficult Egypt due to Suez Canal Cold War tensions Other states due to oil

OPEC

Creation of Israel Israel was created by

a UN mandate in 1947

Israel seized control of Jerusalem & all of Palestine except the West Bank & Gaza Strip in 1949

Israel easily wins the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War in 1973

Arab Nationalism Problems facing Arab nationalism

Cold War splits nations as some allied with the U.S. and others the USSR

Differing government types (monarchy, military dictatorships, Islamic revolutionary)

Sunni-Shi’a split Anwar Sadat facilitated peace process

between Arab world & Israel (1978-1980) His reward? He was assassinated in 1981

Sadat’s assassination made Saddam Hussein leader of the Arab world

Palestinian Liberation Organization Created in 1964 by

Yasser Arafat to promote Palestinian rights

Often resorted to “terrorism” against Israel

Negotiated limited Palestinian self-rule in 1993 and 1995 PLO was replaced by

Hamas as the leading anti-Israeli organization in Palestine

Yasser Arafat, founder of the PLO, and Yitzak Rabin, Israel’s prime

minister, shake hands after signing the Olso Accords in 1994

Iranian Revolution Preliminary Phase

Iran was never colonized Shah Reza Pahlavi ruled as a

dictator Used oil profits to modernize Iran Reforms angered the middle

class, religious leaders, merchants, rural poor, urban laborers, and the army

The Event In the late 1970s a decline in oil

prices caused massive unemployment and rural unrest

Iranian Revolution Initial Phase

Sit-ins, riots, urban protests Government exiled religious leaders Military was unwilling to defend the

Shah Radical Phase

Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile in France & overthrew the Shah in 1979

Ayatollah proclaimed himself “jurisprudent”

Ayatollah quickly repressed constitutional & leftist revolutionaries

Images of the Revolution

Images of the Revolution

Recovery Phase Shiite Fundamentalism

Purge Iran of the “satanic” influences of the U.S. & Europe Banned alcohol, coeducational classrooms, mixed swimming, &

western entertainment Institute Sharia law

Iran Hostage Crisis Iranians stormed the U.S. embassy taking 70 Americans

captive Government Reforms Nationalized banks, insurance companies, & large

farms Attempts at land reform and economic development

were minimal due to the Iran – Iraq War (1980-1988)