Asam Nukleat Farmasi 2012

8/10/2019 Asam Nukleat Farmasi 2012

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Struktur & Fungsi

ASAM NUKLEAT

I Nengah Wirajana

Email : [email protected]

MK. Biokimia untuk Jurusan Farmasi)

Universitas Udayana


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OUTLINE

Pendahuluan

Struktur &Fungsi DNA

Struktur & Fungsi RNA

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PENDAHULUAN:

ALIRAN INFORMASI GENETIKA

Gen ?

Unit fundamental informasi dalam sistem kehidupan adalah

gen.

Gen secara biokimia didefinisikan sebagai

segmen DNA (atau dalam sedikit kasus berupa

RNA) yang mengkode informasi yang

diperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu produk

biologi fungsional (produk final biasanya suatu

protein).

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PENDAHULUAN: ALIRANINFORMASIGENETIKA

Gen

Dogma sentralmenunjukkan aliran umum informasimelalui replikasi, transkripsi, dan translasi.

Catatan: Kata dogma di sini adalah istilah yang kurang tepat.

Diperkenalkan pertama oleh Francis Crick pada saat ketika sedikit

bukti mendukung ide ini, dogma telah menjadi suatu prinsip yang

berkedudukan kuat.

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DNA

RNA

Perkecualian:virus tertentu

mempunyai enzim

reverse transkr iptase


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Diskusikan apakah hubungan antara

gen, DNA, RNA, dan protein ?

Untuk memahami dengan seksama hubungannya, marilah kita pelajari

STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA DAN RNA.


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1. Kromosom dan DNA Kromosom tdd : protein dan molekul-molekul asam

nukleat tempat menyimpan informasi genetikorganisme, merupakan molekul terbesar dalam sel

dan mungkin mengandung ribuan genbegitu juga

DNA intergenik.

Kromosom bakteri Hampir semua DNA dalam kromosom bakteri, khususnya

prokariot seperti E. coliterkandung dalam ukuran tunggal

besar/panjang yg terkompleks dg protein dan berada

bebas dalam sitosol.

Ada juga DNA sirkuler superkoil yg jumlahnya sedikit danberada di luar kromosom yng disebut plasmid.

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DNA MOLECULESAREMUCHLONGERTHANTHECELLULARPACKAGES

THATCONTAINTHEM

DNA > panjang daripada sel (lihat tabel dan gambar)


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Kromosom eukariot

Genome sel-sel eukariot terbagi

dalam beberapa atau banyakkromosom, masing-masing

mengandung molekul DNA linier,

tunggal amat besar. Molekul DNA ini (dalam kromosom)

biasanya memiliki panjang bervariasi

107- 109bp.Jelaskan maksudnyasetelah disampaikan struktur DNA!

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Kromosom eukariot

Jumlah kromosom eukariotik antara 1

(pada semut Australia) sampai 190 (dalamspesies kupu-kupu).

Manusia berapa jumlah kromosomnya?

Bagaimana DNA tersusun dalamkromosom?

Pada sel yg tidak dalam keadaan

membelah, kromosom tersegresi dalam

nukleus sebagai serat yg kompak antarakompleks DNAprotein yg disebut

kromatin.

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2. Asam Nukleat sebagai Material Genetik

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Tugas

kelompok


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3. STRUKTUR DNA

DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) is called thegenetic material because it contains the genetic

information for every cell and tissue in an organism.

DNAis a component of the chromosomes (proteins

are the other component). DNAis one of two types of nucleic acid.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the other.

DNAis a polymer of deoxyribonucleotideslinked

through phosphodiester bonds

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Deoxyribonucleotidescontain threecomponents :

a phosphate group,

a modified sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine,

cytosine, or thymine). Adenine and guanine are

called purinebases, whereas cytosine and

thymine are called pyrimidinebases.

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STRUKTUR DNA
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dribose.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dribose.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htm


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Deoxyribose(more accuratey named 2-

deoxyribose) is a five carbon sugar contained in

deoxyribonucleosides. Deoxyribosediffers from ribosein lacking a

hydroxyl at position 2.

Deoxyribonucleotides are the monomeric units

(building blocks) of DNA.

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STRUKTUR DNA
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/ribose.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/ribose.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htm


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Adenineis a purinebase found in DNAand RNA.

In nucleosides and nucleotides, adenineis linked

to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond betweennitrogen #9 of adenineand carbon #1 of the sugar.

The ribonucleoside containing adenineis called

adenosine. The deoxyribonucleoside containing

adenineis called deoxyadenosine.

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STRUKTUR DNA
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenosin.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dadenos.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dadenos.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenosin.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htm


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Guanineis a purinebase found in DNAand RNA.

In nucleosidesand nucleotides, guanineis linked

to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond betweennitrogen #9 of guanineand carbon #1 of the sugar.

The ribonucleoside containing guanineis called

guanosine. The deoxyribonucleoside containing

guanineis called deoxyguanosine.

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STRUKTUR DNA
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanosin.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dguanos.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dguanos.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanosin.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htm


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Cytosineis a pyrimidinebase found in DNAand

RNA. In nucleosidesand nucleotides,cytosineis

linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent bondbetween nitrogen #1 of cytosineand carbon #1 of

the sugar.

The ribonucleoside containing cytosineis called

cytidine. The deoxyribonucleoside containingcytosineis called deoxycytidine.

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STRUKTUR DNA
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytidine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dcytidin.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dcytidin.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytidine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htm


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STRUKTUR DNA


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base: thymine(pyrimidine)

sugar: 2-deoxyribose

monophosphate

no 2-hydroxyl

(5 to 3)

5

3

base:adenine

(purine)

12

4

3 linkage

5 linkage

DNA STRUKTUR DNA

STRUKTUR DNA


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In cells, DNAconsists of two strands wound around each

other in a double-helical structure such that the

phosphate-deoxyribose backbone is on the outside and

the bases are on the inside. (see next Figure).

The polarity of the two strands in a DNAmolecule is

opposite; that is, the 5' end of one strand matches up to

the 3' end of the other strand.

Thus, the strands are said to be "antiparallel.

5 3

3 5

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STRUKTUR DNA

STRUKTUR DNA


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The arrangement of bases in double-stranded

DNAis not random.

Adenine on one strand is always arranged

adjacent to a thymineon the other strand and

vice-versa.

Guanineis similarly paired with cytosineandvice-versa.

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STRUKTUR DNA


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DNAis found in three predominant forms in cells -

called B-DNA, A-DNA, and Z-DNA(next Figures).Of these, the B-DNAform predominates

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RNA

The bases in RNAare adenine(A), guanine(G),

cytosine(C), and uracil(U). These are the same

bases as DNA except that the base uracil is used in

place of thymine(T).

Unlike DNA, RNAis rarely composed of twostrands base paired with each other.

Instead, RNAexists as a single-stranded entity,

though extensive regions of many RNAsmay form

double helices within themselves by the basepairing rules.

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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/uracil.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/uracil.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htm


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7. Struktur dan Fungsi tRNA

In the universal genetic code, 61 codons specify 20

amino acids.

There are not 61 different tRNAsmolecules,

however, because some tRNAscan recognize

more that one codon (especially when thedifference is in the wobble position).

The generalized cloverleaf-like structure of a tRNA

molecule (without its corresponding amino acid) is

shown in Figure a. Variations on the theme areshown in Figures b, and c.

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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/trna.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch05/aminoac.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/fi27p6.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/fi27p6.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/fi27p6.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/fi27p6.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/fi27p6.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/fi27p6.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch05/aminoac.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/trna.htm


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Figure : Translation of an RNA message into a protein


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Figure : Translation of an RNA message into a protein.

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It always ends in the sequence 5'-CCA-3'.

When the amino acid is attached, the amino acid is

referred to as "charged."

Other features of tRNAsinclude the D loop, the TC

loop, and the variable loop.

The three-dimensional structure of tRNAsis held

together by the hydrogen bondsthat result from

intramolecular base pairing.

In some cases, the base pairings are unusual .

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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch02/c02hb.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch02/c02hb.htm


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RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)

rRNAis a type of RNAthat is a component of

ribosomesand plays a role in the process of

translation(making proteinfrom nucleic acid

sequence).

Jadi apa fungsi rRNA?

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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/c27r.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04tral.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch05/c05pr.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucacids.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucacids.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch05/c05pr.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04tral.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch27/c27r.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htm


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Asam Nukleat Farmasi 2012