asad (Autosaved)

8/6/2019 asad (Autosaved)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/asad-autosaved 1/22

MISSILE TECHNOLOGY

OF PAKISTANDifferent types of

� Cruise missiles

A cruise missile is a guided missile that carries an explosive payload and is propelled, usually by a jet engine, towards a land-based or sea-based target. Cruise missiles are designed todeliver a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy. Modern cruise missiles cantravel at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and can fly on a non-

ballistic, extremely low altitude trajectory. They are distinct from unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV) in that they are used only as weapons and not for reconnaissance. In a cruise missile,the warhead is integrated into the vehicle and the vehicle is always sacrificed in the mission.

Cruise missile designs fundamentally derive from the German V-1 of World War II.Advances in transistor and computer technology allowed self-correcting avionic andaeronautical designs that allowed missiles to be guided in flight, as opposed to only atlaunch. These advances developed into guided missiles and guided bombs, and later into themodern cruise missile.

In 2011, it was estimated that a single cruise missile costs £500,000 (US$830,000).

History

In 1916, Lawrence Sperry patented and built an "aerial torpedo", a small biplane carrying a TNTcharge, a Sperry autopilot and a barometric altitude control. Inspired by these experiments, theUS Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug. In the period between theWorld Wars the United Kingdom developed the Larynx (Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine)which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s. [citation needed ] In the Soviet Union, Sergey Korolevheaded the GIRD-06 cruise missile project from 1932±1939, which used a rocket-powered boost-glide design.[citation needed ] The 06/III (RP-216) and 06/IV (RP-212) contained gyroscopicguidance systems.

Germany first deployed cruise style missiles, during World War II. The V-1 contained agyroscopic guidance system and was propelled by a simple pulse-jet engine, the sound of whichgave it the nickname of "buzz bomb". Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very largetargets (the general area of a city). The V-1 and similar early weapons are often referred to asflying bombs.



Immediately after the war the United States Air Force had 21 different guided missile projectsincluding would-be cruise missiles. All were cancelled by 1948 except four: the Air MaterialCommand BANSHEE, the SM-62 Snark, the SM-64 Navaho, and the MGM-1 Matador. TheBANSHEE design was similar to Operation Aphrodite; like Aphrodite it failed, and wascanceled in April 1949.[2]

During the Cold War period both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented further with the concept, deploying early cruise missiles from land, submarines and aircraft. The mainoutcome of the U.S. Navy submarine missile project was the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile, basedupon the V-1.

The U.S. Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile was the winged, mobile, nuclear-capable MGM-1 Matador, also similar in concept to the V-1. Deployment overseas began in1954, first to West Germany and later to the Republic of China (Taiwan) and South Korea. On November 7, 1956 U. S. Air Force Matador units in West Germany, whose missiles werecapable of striking targets in the Warsaw Pact, deployed from their fixed day-to-day sites to

unannounced dispersed launch locations. This alert was in response to the crisis posed by theSoviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.

Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well-funded program todevelop a nuclear-powered cruise missile, Project Pluto. Categories

Cruise missiles can be categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), and range, andwhether launched from land, air, surface ship, or submarine. Often versions of the same missileare produced for different launch platforms; sometimes air- and submarine-launched versions are

a little lighter and smaller than land- and ship-launched versions.

Guidance systems can vary across missiles. Some missiles can be fitted with any of a variety of navigation systems (Inertial navigation, TERCOM, or satellite navigation). Larger cruisemissiles can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead, while smaller ones carry onlyconventional warheads.Although the concept was proven sound and the 500 megawatt enginefinished a successful test run in 1961, no airworthy device was ever completed. The project wasfinally abandoned in favor of ICBM development.

While ballistic missiles were the preferred weapons for land targets, heavy nuclear andconventional tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy U.S.naval carrier battle groups. Large submarines (for example, Echo and Oscar classes) weredeveloped to carry these weapons and shadow U.S. battle groups at sea, and large bombers (for example, Backfire, Bear, and Blackjack models) were equipped with the weapons in their air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) configuration..

General design





Eff iciency in modern warf are

Currently cruise missiles are among the most expensive of single-use weapons, up to severalmillion dollars apiece. One consequence of this is that its users face difficult choices in targeting,to avoid expending the missiles on targets of low value. For instance during Operation Enduring

Freedom the United States attacked targets of very low monetary value with cruise missiles,which led many to question the efficiency of the weapon. However, proponents of the cruisemissile counter that the same argument applies to other types of UAVs: they are cheaper thanhuman pilots when total training and infrastructure costs are taken into account, not to mentionthe risk of loss of personnel. As demonstrated in the ongoing Operation Odyssey Dawn and prior conflicts, cruise missiles are much more difficult to detect and intercept than other aerial assets,making them particularly suited to attacks against static air defense systems

Ballistic missile

Diagram of V-2, the first ballistic missile.



A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target. The missile is only guided during therelatively brief initial powered phase of flight and its course is subsequently governed by thelaws of orbital mechanics and ballistics. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during powered flight by chemical rocket engines of various types.

History

The first ballistic missile was the A-4, commonly known as the V-2 rocket, developed by NaziGermany in the 1930s and 1940s under direction of Wernher von Braun. The first successfullaunch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942 and began operation on September 6, 1944 against Paris,followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II, May 1945, over 3,000 V-2s had been launched.

A total of 30 nations have deployed operational ballistic missiles. Development continues, witharound 100 ballistic missile flight tests (not including those of the US) in 2007, mostly by China,

Iran and the Russian Federation.[citation needed

] In 2010 the US and Russian governments signed atreaty to reduce their inventory of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) over a seven year period (to 2017) to 1550 units each.

Flight

A ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: the powered flight portion, the free-flight portion which constitutes most of the flight time, and the re-entry phase where the missile re-enters the Earth's atmosphere.

Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles(transporter erector launchers, TELs), aircraft, ships and submarines. The powered flight portioncan last from a few tens of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple rocket stages.

When in space and no more thrust is provided, the missile enters free-flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles the highest altitude (apogee) reached during free-flight is about1200 km.

The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric drag plays a significant part in missiletrajectory, and lasts until missile impact.





Abdali-I

abdali-I (named after the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali, the founder of the Durrani Empire)

is a short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) , developed by Pakistan and currently in service of Pakistan's armed forces. The Abdali-I was originally designed as the two-stage version of theHatf-I, essentially a solid-propellant stage was attached to the bottom of a Hatf-I. However, the program was canceled in 1994, likely due to the purchase of the M-11 missiles from the People¶sRepublic of China. A new design for the Abdali-I was started in 1995.

Design and Specification

Its accuracy is sufficient for use against military targets such as bases or airfields. It is carried ona road mobile Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicle. The use of solid propellant and theTEL vehicle make the missile easy to store, transport and fire.

The Abdali-I has a range of 180 km and an accuracy of 15 m CEP. It is equipped with an inertialguidance system with terminal guidance. It can be equipped with a variable payload up to500 kg, and can carry single HE explosive or cluster sub-munition warheads. It has a launchweight of 1,750 kg. It uses a single-stage solid propellant engine and has a length of 9.75 m and awidth of 0.56 m. Abdali is nuclear capable.

Development History and Current Status

The original Abdali-I missile started development in 1987 and was first displayed in 1989.Another consideration may have been the purchase from China of the M-11 missiles with similar capabilities. Since the program was restarted with a new design in 1997, it has been flight testedin 2002, 2005 and 2006. Abdali is currently deployed and under production.

Criticism

In 2006, the Afghan Minister of Information and Culture criticized Pakistan for naming its lethal ballistic missiles and other weaponry after Afghan kings and rulers (i.e. Abdali, Ghaznavid andGhorid rulers) arguing that their names should be bracketed with academic, cultural and peace- promoting institutions, not with tools of destruction and killing. Pakistan declined to change themissiles' names stating that these Muslim rulers are considered heroes in Pakistan as well, and

naming missiles after them is not controversial.

Ghauri-II

The Ghauri-II is a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM). A longer ranged variant of theGhauri-I, it was developed by increasing the length of the motor assembly and using improved propellants.

[1][2] The missile is Pakistan's equivalent to the US PGM-19 Jupiter but with a muchlonger range.



Development

The Ghauri-I started development at the Khan Research Laboratories in 1993, with the first flighttest occurring in 1998. The first flight test of the Ghauri-II took place in 1999 and the missilewas handed over to the armed forces. Flight testing and improvements for both missilescontinued into 2004. Ghauri-II missile is currently operational with Pakistan's Armed forces.

Design

The Ghauri-II missile has a maximum range of 2,000 km (1,250 miles). It is 18.0 m in length,has a diameter of 1.35 m and a launch weight of 17,800 kg. Its payload is a single separatingwarhead weighing 1,200 kg, or as low as 750 kg for use at its maximum range. This may used tocarry a 250 kg warhead of a 15 to 30 kt yield nuclear, HE or sub-munition warhead. The missile

uses a single-stage liquid propellant rocket motor.

The Ghauri-II design improves accuracy by a employing mechanisms that spin the single booster stage and warhead combination approximately 10 seconds before the termination of the poweredflight phase at 110 seconds.. At this point, the warhead is then separated from the booster stageto fly on a re-entry trajectory that remains stable to its target, greatly enhancing the missile'saccuracy. With the addition of GPS targeting the warhead accuracy is further enhanced.

Like most Pakistani missile systems, transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles are used totransport and launch Ghauri II.

Shaheen-II

The Shaheen-II is an medium range ballistic missile (MRBM) developed by NESCOM's National Defence Complex (NDC) of Pakistan. The Shaheen missile series is named after awhite eagle that lives in the mountains of Pakistan. The missile is considered to be Pakistan'sequivalent to the US Pershing II.

Description

The Shaheen-II is an medium range ballistic missile (MRBM), a longer ranged variant of theShaheen-I missile and currently the most advanced ballistic missile in service with the PakistaniArmed Forces. It uses a two-stage solid propellant rocket motor designed to carry conventionalor nuclear payloads. The missile is stated to have a CEP of 50 m, achieved through the use of a post separation booster to provide terminal course correction.It is transported and launched by a6-axle transporter erector launcher (TEL). According to U.S. based analysts, a satellite image of



a Pakistani missile production facility taken on 5 June 2005 shows fifteen 6-axle TELs beingfitted out for the Shaheen 2 missile.

Shaheen-II was successfully test fired for the first time on March 9, 2004. At that time, the National Engineering and Science Commission (NESCOM) chairman Samar Mubarakmand

stated that the missile was a two-stage rocket with diameter of 1.4 m, length of 17.5 m, weight of 25 tons and a range of 2,500 km.

In February 2001 it was reported by Pakistan's Jang newspaper that the range of Shaheen II had been increased from 2,500 km to 3,500 km.

[edit] Re-entry vehicle

The re-entry vehicle carried by the Shaheen-II missile has a mass of 1050 kg, which includes themass of a nuclear warhead and a terminal guidance system.The terminal guidance system is mostlikely a radar correlation terminal seeker, which allows the warhead to achieve a CEP in the

range of 30±50 m (similar to the Pershing II missile ).

This re-entry vehicle is unlike that of the Shaheen-I in that it has four moving delta control fins atthe rear and small solid/liquid-propellant side thrust motors, which are used to orientate the re-entry vehicle after the booster stage is depleted or before re-entry to improve accuracy by providing stabilization during the terminal phase. This can also be used to fly evasivemanoeuvres, making it immensely problematic for existing anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defencesystems to successfully intercept the missile. The Shaheen-II warhead may change its trajectoryseveral times during re-entry and during the terminal phase, effectively preventing ABM radar systems from pre-calculating intercept points. The re-entry vehicle is also stated to utilise a GPSsatellite guidance system to provide updates on its position, further improving its accuracy and

reducing the CEP.

Future developments

According to Usman Siddique Sidhu, since deployment of the 2,500 km range Shaheen-II, amultiple independently targeted re-entry vehicle (MIRV) warhead system which may be firstfielded on the Shaheen-II are under development.

Ghauri-III

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ghauri-III / Hatf-VIII

TypeIntermediate-Range Ballistic

Missile (IRBM)

Place of origin Pakistan





Shaheen-III

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shaheen-III

TypeIntermediate Range Ballistic

Missile (IRBM)

Place of origin Pakistan

Production history

Manufacturer NESCOM

Specifications

Warhead Conventional or nuclear warhead

Engine Solid fuel rocket motor

Operational

range4000-4500 km

Guidance

systemInertial, satellite guided

Launch

platformTransporter erector launcher (TEL)

Shaheen-III (White Falcon) is an intermediate-range ballistic missile developed by Pakistan's NESCOM. Development started around 2002 with the missile having a range of 4,000 to4,500 km.

R ef erences

1. ^ a b

"Pakistan Pushes To Improve Missile Strike Capability". Defense News. 2008-11-17.

Retrieved 2011-03-28.



Conclusion

Pakistan made these missile to improve thier defence.i think these missiles are

sufficient to crush our enemies if they interrupt our soverignity



Documentaion on

Missiles technology of pakistan

Submitted to

Mam Fatima Saeed

Submitted by

Asad Munir

M. Mudassir

M. Qadeer Qasim



















Documents

asad (Autosaved)