Army, Marine Corps, Navy

8/14/2019 Army, Marine Corps, Navy

1/91

FM 90-40

MCRP 3-15.8

NWP 3-07.31

USCG PUB 3-07.31

NLW

MULTISERVICE PROCEDUR

FOR THE

TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT

NONLETHAL WEAPONS

OCTOBER 1998

DISTRIBUTIONRESTRICTION:Approved

for public release; distribution is unlimited.

ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY

AIR LAND SEA

APPLICATION

CENTER

MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES

MARIN

E CORPS COMBATDEVELOPMENT CO

MMAN

D


2/91

FOREWORD

This publicat ion ha s been pr epared un der our direction for use by our r espective

comma nds an d oth er comma nds as appr opriat e.

WILLIAM W. HARTZOG

General, USA

Commander

Training an d Doctrine Comma nd

J. E. RHODES

Lieut enan t General, USMC

Commanding General

Marine Corps Combat

Development Comma nd

G. S. HOLDER

Rear Admiral, USN

Commander

Naval Doctrine Command


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i

PREFACE

employment of NLW during exercises and

contingencies.

b. T h e U n it e d S t a t e s (U S ) Ar m y,

M ar i ne Corps , Navy , and Coas t Guardapproved this multiservice publication.

4. Implementation Plan

Participating service command offices

o f p r i m ary r e s pons i b i l i t y (OPRs ) w i l l

r e v i e w t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n , v a l i d a t e t h e

informa tion, a nd reference an d incorporat e

i t i n s e rv i ce m anua l s , r egu l a t i ons , and

curricula as follows:

Army. The Army will incorporate theprocedures in this publication in US Army

t r a i n i n g a n d d o c t r i n a l p u b l i c a t i o n s a s

d i r e c t e d b y t h e c o m m a n d e r , U S A r m y

T r a i n i n g a n d D o c t r i n e C o m m a n d

(TRADOC). Distribution is in accordance

with DA Form 12-11E.

Marine Corps. The Marine Corps willi n c o r p o r a t e t h e p r o c e d u r e s i n t h i s

publication in US Marine Corps training

and doctrinal publications as directed by

th e comma nding general, US Mar ine CorpsCombat Development Command (MCCDC).

Distribution is in accordance with MCPDS.

Navy. The Navy will incorporate thesep r o c e d u r e s i n U S N a v y t r a i n i n g a n d

doctrinal publications as directed by the

commander, Navy Warfare Development

Comma nd (NWDC). Dis t r ibu t ion is in

accordance with MILSTRIP Desk Guide

and NAVSOP Publication 409.

Coast Guard. The Coast Guard wil li n c o r p o r a t e t h e p r o c e d u r e s i n t h i s

publication in US Coast Guard doctrinal

an d tr aining publicat ions a s directed by the

a s s i s t a n t c o m m a n d a n t f o r o p e r a t i o n s ,

Director of Operations Policy, US Coast

Guar d. Distribution of th is publicat ion is

in accordance with Coast Guard standing

operating procedures.

1. Scope

This publication describes multiservice

tactics, techniques, and procedures (MTTP)

f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d u s e d u r i n g t h etactical employment of nonlethal weapons

(NLW) in support of warfighting personnel

conducting tr aining a nd tactical operations.

This publication

a. Provides an overview of NLW.

b. Provides NLW system descr ip t ion /

interoperabili ty.

c. Describes the capabili t ies of NLW.

d . Dis cus s es t r a i n i ng w it h t he NLW

capability set.

e . Discusses the t act i ca l employment

of NLW.

f . Discusses l essons l ear ned f rom

previous NLW use.

2. P urp os e

a. This publ icat ion provides a s ingle-

s o u r c e , c o n s o l i d a t e d r e f e r e n c e o n t h e

t a c t i c a l e m p l o y m e n t o f N L W a n d

s u p p o r t i n g s y s t e m s o n t h e n o n l i n e a r

battlefield of today. Additionally, it will fill

the void that currently exists about MTTP

for the tactical employment of NLW.

b. This publicat ion is not intended to

rest r ict the authori ty of the commander

from organ izing th e force an d execut ing th e

mission in a manner deemed appropriate.

3 . Ap plic at io n

a. T h is p u b li ca t i on p r o vi de s

commanders and their staffs unclassified

g u i d a n c e f o r N L W e m p l o y m e n t a n d

planning. Comma nders and staffs can use

t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n t o a i d i n t h e t a c t i c a l

Marine Corps: PCN 14300005700


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ii

5. User Information

a . The TRADOC-M CCDC-NWDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Application (ALSA)

Center developed th is publicat ion with t he

j o i n t pa r t i c i pa t i on o f t he app rov i ng

ser vice comm ands. ALSA will review an d

update this publication as necessary.

b. We e n cou r a g e r e com m e n d e d

changes for improving this publ icat ion.

Key your comm ent s t o the specific page a nd

paragraph and provide a rationale for each

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . S e n d c o m m e n t s a n d

recommendation directly to

Army

Commander

US Army Training and Doctrine CommandATTN: ATDO-A

Fort Monroe VA 2365l-5000

DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153

Marine Corps

Commanding GeneralUS Marine Corps Combat Development Command

ATTN: C42

3300 Russell RoadQuantico VA 22134-5021

DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234

Navy

Navy Warfare Development CommandATTN: N31540 Gilbert St

Norfolk VA 23511-2785

DSN 565-0563 COMM (757) 445-0563E-mail: [email protected]

ALSA

ALSA Center

ATTN: Director114 Andrews Street

Langley AFB VA 23665-2785DSN 574-5934 COMM (757) 764-5934

E-mail : [email protected]


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iii

FM 90-40

MCRP 3-15.8

NWP 3-07.31

USCG PUB 3-07.31

FM 90-40 US Army Training and Doctr ine CommandFort Monroe, Virginia

MCRP 3-15.8 Marin e Corps Com bat De ve lopme n t Com mand

Quantico, Virginia

NWP 3-07.31 Navy Warfare De ve lopme n t Comm and

Norfolk, Virginia

USCG P UB 3-07.31 US Coast Guard

Washington, D.C.

6 October 1998

NLWMultiservice Procedures for the

Tactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER I OVERVIEW OF NONLETHAL WEAPONSBa ckgr ound ................................................................................................. I-1

Defin it ion .................................................................................................... I-1

Con cep t Descr ip t ion .................................................................................. I-1

Ba ckgroun d on Developm ent a nd Em ployment ..................................... I-1Relat ions hip of NLW to Deadly F orce .................................................... I-2

Advan ta ges of Employing NLW ............................................................... I-3Policy Per Office of the Secretary of Defense Instructions on

Em ploymen t of NLW .............................................................................. I-3

CHAPTER II PURPOSE, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, AND ORGANIZATIONP u r pos e ...................................................................................................... II-1Syst em Descr ipt ion ................................................................................. II-1

Or ga n iza t ion ............................................................................................. II-2


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CHAPTER III CAPABILITIES OF NONLETHAL WEAPONSApplicability Across th e Ran ge of Milita ry Opera tions ..................... III-1

Cor e Ca pa bili t ies .................................................................................... III-1

Lim it a t ions .............................................................................................. III-3

CHAPTER IV TRAINING WITH THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY SETFu nda ment al Concepts an d Training Requirements .......................... IV-1

Tra inin g of In st ructors ........................................................................... IV-1Nonlet ha l Tra inin g Topics for Deploying Unit s .................................. IV-2

Un it Tra inin g ........................................................................................... IV-4

Lea der Tra in ing ...................................................................................... IV-5Su mm ary .................................................................................................. IV-5

CHAPTER V EMPLOYMENT OF THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITYBa ckgr ound ................................................................................................ V-1Mission Pla nn ing Fa ctors ........................................................................ V-1

NLW Task s ................................................................................................. V-2

St a ff P lannin g/Respon sibilit ies ............................................................. V-10

Tacti cs .......................................................................................................V-11

Em ployme n t Object ives ......................................................................... V-13

E nvir onmen t ............................................................................................ V-14

RO E ..........................................................................................................V-14Logistic Considerations Including Maintenance and

Trans port a tion ..................................................................................... V-14

CHAPTER VI LESSONS LEARNEDBa ckground .............................................................................................. VI-1

Force Con t inuum .................................................................................... VI-1

Em ploymen t ............................................................................................. VI-1Publicity and Media ................................................................................ VI-2

Capa bilities an d Impa ct on Mission Accomplishm ent ........................ VI-2Kn owing Your Adver sa ry ....................................................................... VI-3

Su mm ary .................................................................................................. VI-3

APPENDIX A NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY SET INDIVIDUAL ...................... A-1

APPENDIX B SPECIALTY IMPACT MUNITIONS ........................................................... B-1

APPENDIX C NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS INSTRUCTOR COURSE ..........C-1

APPENDIX D SAMPLE UNIT TRAINING SCHEDULE ................................................... D-1

REFERENCES......................................................................................................

References-1

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ Glossary-1

INDEX ................................................................................................................................ Index-1

FIGURES V-1 Ban ds of Em ployment of Various N LW System s ..................... V-12B-1 No. 15-"St inger Team" Grena de ................................................... B-1


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v

B-2 No. 40F-Foam Ru bber Mult iple Bat on Roun d ............................ B-2

B-3 No. 23BR-Bea n Bag Roun d ........................................................... B-3

B-4 No. 23HV-Rubber Pe llet Roun d H igh Velocity ........................... B-4

B-5 No. 23WB-Single Wood Ba ton Round .......................................... B-5

B-6 No. 40B-St inger Tea m Roun d ....................................................... B-6

B-7 No. 23RP-Rubber Pellet Round .................................................... B-7

B-8 No. 40W-Wood Mu ltiple Ba ton Round ........................................ B-8

B-9 No. 40A-Stin ger Team Round ....................................................... B-9B-10 No. 23F B-Diver siona ry Device .................................................. B-10

B-11 No. 23FS -Rubber F in St abilized Roun d ................................... B-11

TABLES IV-1 40mm Foam Ba ton Round ............................................................ IV-3IV-2 40m m Wood Ba ton Round ............................................................ IV-3IV-3 40mm St inger Round (60 Ca liber) ............................................... IV-3IV-4 12-ga Bea n Bag Roun d ................................................................. IV-3IV-5 12-ga Wood Ba ton Round ............................................................. IV-4IV-6 12-ga Rubber Pe llet Round .......................................................... IV-4IV-7 St in ger Gr en ade ............................................................................ IV-4V-1 Crowd Control................................................................................ V-2

V-2 In capa cita t e Per sonnel .................................................................. V-4V-3 Deny Area to Pe rs onnel ................................................................ V-5V-4 Den y Area to Vehicles ................................................................... V-6V-5 Deny/Neut ra lize Vehicles, Aircraft, Vessels, a nd Fa cilities .... V-7V-6 Se ize P er son nel .............................................................................. V-8V-7 Clear Fa cilities of Per sonn el ....................................................... V-9


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

NLW

Multiservice Procedures for the

Tactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons

No longer can force be viewed as eith er on or off (leth a l force or n o force) becau se

whole spectru ms of th rea ts a re pr esent t oday. NLWs' options allow force to be viewed as

a cont inuu m. Much like a rh eosta t switch where power can be dialed up or down as desired,

NLW provide tools to allow a comma nder to emp loy sufficient force t o accomplish a n objective

without requiring the destr uction of an enem y or th e habita t. The intent of employing

NLW is not to add an other st ep in th e progression of escalation with a n adversar y but to

add an oth er tool to use an ywhere along tha t cont inuu m. This publication provides initia l

guidan ce for th e employment of NLW in a ta ctical environm ent .

Overview of NLW

Cha pter I describes th e concept of NLW an d provides the backgroun d on developmen t

an d employmen t of NLW. The chapt er goes on to explain t he rela tionsh ip of NLW to

dead ly force capa bilities. The fina l port ion of th e cha pter reviews policy per Office of th e

Secreta ry of Defense inst ru ctions on employmen t of NLW.

Purpose, System Description, and Organization

Chapter II describes the purpose of NLW and gives a brief description of the currently

available commercial or government off-the-shelf (COTS/GOTS) equipment and munitions.

The chapter goes on to expla in the curren t ly an t ic ipa ted d i s t r ibu t ion of nonle tha l

equipment for t he Un ited Sta tes Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force units. The fina l port ion

of the chapter addresses personnel requirements, organizational structure requirements,

and mission requirements/tactical structure.

Capabilities of NLW

Chapter III describes capabilities of NLW and missions across the range of military

operat ions. Additionally, a deta iled discussion of mu nitions an d nonmu nitions capabilities

is presented.

Training With the NLW Capability Set

Chapter IV describes training requirements, methods, locations, and a program of

instruction currently available for NLW options.


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Employment of NLW Capability

Chap t e r V des c r i bes em p l oym en t p re requ i s i t e s , m i s s i on -p l ann i ng f ac t o r s , and

pers onnel requirem ent s needed to employ NLW options. The cha pter a lso discusses

employing NLW as augmentation to lethal weapons and provides logistic and safety

considerations.

Lessons Learned

Cha pter VI focuses on lessons learn ed from recent opera tions. The cha pter discusses

how nonlethal technology has changed the way we look at our adversary, the force

continuum, mission accomplishment, and media interaction.


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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The following comman ds a nd agencies part icipat ed in t he developmen t of this pu blication:

J o i n t

US Atla nt ic Comma nd , J35/J75, J TASC, Suffolk, VA

US E ur opean Comma nd, J 3/J 5, APO AE

US Pa cific Comman d, J 3832, Cam p H. M. Smith, HI

US Cent ra l Comm an d, J 3, MacDill Air Force Base, FL

US Southern Command, SCJ5-PS, Miami, FL

US Spa ce Comman d, SPJ 5X, Peter son AFB, CO

US Special Opera tions Comm an d, J SOFI, SOFI-D, Fort Bra gg, NC

J oint Nonletha l Weapons Directorat e, Quan tico, VA

Army

Headqu ar ter s, Depart ment of th e Arm y, ODCSOPS (DAMO-FDT), Penta gon, Washington, D.C.

US Arm y Train ing a nd Doctr ine Comm an d, DCSDOC (ATDO-A), Fort Monroe, VA

US Arm y Tra inin g an d Doctr ine Comm an d, DCSCD (ATDO-MM), Fort Monroe, VA

US Arm y Infant ry Cent er, DCD, Fort Ben ning, GA

US Arm y Milita ry Police School, ATTN: ATZN-MP-CBI, Fort McClella n, AL

Manu ever Supp ort Ba tt le Lab, Bldg 3200, USAEC, Fort Leona rd Wood, MO

Head qua rt ers, 7th Army Trainin g Center, APO AE 09114

Marine Corps

Marin e Corps Combat Developmen t Comm an d, J oint Doctr ine Bra nch (C427), Quan tico, VAMarin e Corps Deta chm ent Militar y Police and Chemical School, Fort McClellan, AL

Special Opera tions Trainin g Group (G-7), I Mar ine Expeditionar y Force, Camp Pend leton, CA

N a v y

Comm an der, Navy War fare Developmen t Comm an d, Norfolk Na val Bas e, Norfolk, VA

Air Force

Detachmen t, Hea dqua rt ers Air Force Doctr ine Cent er, Lan gley Air F orce Base, VA

Head qua rt ers Air Comba t Comman d (SFXR), Lan gley Air F orce Base, VA

Head qua rt ers Air Force Special Operat ions Comma nd (DOXT), Hur lburt Field, FL

Hu ma n Syst ems Cent er, Brooks Air Force Base, TX

Coast Guard

Comm an dan t, US Coast Gu ar d, (G-OPD), Wash ington, D.C.


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Chapter I

OVERVIEW OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS

1. Background

a . Today i n an ope ra t i ona l env iron -

ment, United States (US) forces regularly

p e r f o r m m i s s i o n s t h a t w e r e a l m o s t

inconceivable a few decades a go. In th is

new environment, firepower or the threat

of i t s use may no longer be the defaul t

solution to all crises or pr oblems . Sen ior

l eade r s f ace a new l eve l o f pub l i c

sens i t iv i ty and scru t iny concern ing the

proper role of th e militar y as an inst ru ment

of na tional power. Field comm an ders mus tunderstan d th ese sensit ivit ies and att empt

to achieve measured military force. Junior

leaders must apply the resulting decisions

wi s e l y , o f t en i n s i t ua t i ons f i l l ed w i t h

uncertainty and danger.

b. T h r o u g h ou t h i s t or y , ch a n g es i n

cu l t u re and t echno l ogy i n f l uenced t he

character of military force and the manner

in which it is employed. These cha nges ar e

a n a t t e m p t t o m a x i m i z e t h e u t i l i t y o f

military force in a new operational regime.

Promising new nonlethal weapons (NLW)

p r o p o s a l s r e p r e s e n t a d v a n c e s i n

techn ology. In the complex an d chan ging

political and social domain of the modern

world, nonlethal capabilities may offer the

opportunity to increase the uti l i ty of the

m i l i t a r y a s a n i n s t r u m e n t o f n a t i o n a l

power.

2. Definition

NLW are defined as weapons that are

e x p l i c i t l y d e s i g n e d a n d p r i m a r i l y

employed, at a minimum, to discourage or

at most, incapacita te personnel or m at eriel

while minimizing fatalities and undesired

damage to property and the environment.

NLW achieve these benefits by employing

means o ther than ca tas t rophic phys ica l

dest ruct ion to incapaci tate their targets .

The term nonlethal should be understood

as a function of intent; zero mortali ty or

p e r m a n e n t d a m a g e a r e g o a l s n o t

guar an tees of th ese weapons. NLW add

f l ex i b i l i t y t o com ba t ope ra t i ons and

enhance force protection by providing an

environment in which friendly troops can

engage th rea ten ing target s wi th l imi ted

r i s k o f n o n c o m b a t a n t c a s u a l t i e s a n d

collateral damage.

3. Concept Description

Nonl e t ha l capab i l i t i e s m ay p rov i de

armed forces with the necessary means to

con t ro l t he f l ow o f r e fugees , en fo rce

m a n d a t e s , a n d p r o t e c t t h e m s e l v e s i n

cons onance w i t h t he s pec i f i ed ru l e s o f

engagement (ROE) for a specific operation.

The food relief effort in Somalia is a super b

example where use of lethal weapons, with

t he excep t i on o f fo rce p ro t ec t i on , was

inconsistent with the mission.

4. Background on Development andEmployment

a . M i li t a r y fo r ce s h a v e lon g u s e d

nonlethal force to influence behavior of

people and na tions, defeat adversar ies with

minimum use of lethal capabi l i t ies , and

weaken adversar ies to defea t them wi th

convent iona l ar ms. Exa mples of class ic

nonlethal means include a show of force;

phys i ca l obs t ac l e s ; no i s e t o c rea t e o renhance psychological effects; smoke and

obscurants to mask operat ions or defeat

homing and guidan ce mechan isms; an d light

used to disorient comba ta nt s. These classic

nonlethal means wil l remain relevant in

f u t u r e o p e r a t i o n s a n d a r e a p a r t o f a n

evo l u t i ona ry p roces s o f weapons

development.


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b. Inc reas ed in t e ra ct i on be t ween US

forces and civilian populations has become

a feature of the contemporary operational

landscape that is likely to remain the case

for the foreseeable futu re. Two factors

account for this forecast:

(1 ) Worldwide pat tern s of popula-tion growth a nd migrat ion h ave resulted in

an expansion of urban culture within the

established industrialized nations and also

in many preindustrial and emerging Third

Wor l d s oc i e t i e s . The p reva l ence o f

urbanization in many crisis-prone regions

of the world creates the potential for large,

vulnerable groups of noncombatants to be

c a u g h t u p i n v o l a t i l e c o n f r o n t a t i o n s

involving t he deployment of militar y forces.

(2) US forces increasingly operat e in

t he cha l l eng i ng env i ronm en t known as

m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s o t h e r t h a n w a r

(MOOTW); a category that includes such

m i s s i o n s a s h u m a n i t a r i a n a s s i s t a n c e ,

disaster relief, noncombatant evacuations,

and the various types of peace operations.

These operations commonly involve close

an d cont inual int eraction between US forces

an d noncomba ta nt civilians . Some MOOTW

s c e n a r i o s i n c l u d e t h e p r e s e n c e o f

parami l i t a ry forces , a rmed fac t ions , o rrogue elements t hat present a constan t but

un certa in thr eat to our forces . In these

situations, the mission of mili tary forces

includes preventive ta sks. In oth er words,

US forces enh an ce mission accomplishm ent

by preventing individuals or factions from

c a r r y i n g o u t s p e c i f i e d u n d e s i r a b l e

ac t i v i t i e s , s uch a s r i o t i ng , l oo t i ng ,

a t t a c k i n g , h a r a s s i n g , o r t h r e a t e n i n g .

Sometimes, the adversary blends in with

the local population of innocent cit izens.

Other times, sectors of the local populationmay r ise against our forces and become

act ive par t i c ipan t s in ac t s o f v io lence .

Factional alignments, the level of violence,

and the threat to mission accomplishment

ma y cha nge frequent ly and with little or n o

warn ing. Under such circumsta nces, th e

identity of our adversar ies is un certa in an d

the use of deadly force for purposes other

than sel f-defense may be constrained by

R O E o r t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e o n - s c e n e

commander.

5. Relationship of NLW to Deadly Force

a. The commitm ent of milita ry power to

resolve crises has traditionally involved theus e of dea dly force or t he im plicit or explicit

threat of th e us e of dea dly force. Milita ry

units are trained, organized, and equipped

for th is purpose. A force arm ed only with

traditional military weapons normally has

t wo op t i ons fo r en fo rc i ng com pl i ance :

threats of deadly force and application of

deadly force. Th is l imi ta t ion crea tes a

critical vulnerability that belligerents may

quickly discern an d use t o their advan ta ge.

b. N o n l e t h a l ca p a b i li t i e s p r ov id e a

wider r an ge of options th at au gment but do

not replace t rad i t ional means of dead ly

force. Th e option to resort to deadly force

mus t a lways remain avai lab le when the

comma nder believes it is appr opriate to the

m i s s i on . T h e D e p a r t m e n t of D e fe n s e

Di rec t i ve (DODD) 3000 .3 , Policy for

Nonlethal Weapons, 9 July 1996, states

tha t the availability of NLW will not limit

a Com m and ers inh eren t au th ori ty and

ob l i ga t i on t o u s e a l l neces s ar y meansavailable and to take all appropriate action

in self-defense. The existen ce of nonleth al

c a p a b i l i t i e s d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e

p o t e n t i a l f o r n o n l e t h a l w a r , a n d

un realistic expecta tions to th at effect mu st

be v igorous ly avoided . Noncombat a n t

casualties, to include serious injuries and

fatalities, will continue to be a regrettable

b u t o f t e n u n a v o i d a b l e o u t c o m e w h e n

military power is employed, regardless of

NLW availability. This principle, au gment

d e a d l y f o r c e , i s f u n d a m e n t a l t o t h e

planning and execution of any operation

w h e r e t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f n o n l e t h a l

capabilities is contemplated.

c. ROE must be clearly articulated and

understood to establish the role of NLW as

an additional means of employing force for

t h e p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e o f l i m i t i n g t h e


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probabi l i ty of death or serious injury to

noncomba ta n t s o r be l ligeren t s . Use of

d e a d l y f o r c e m u s t a l w a y s r e m a i n a n

inherent right of individuals in instances

when they , the i r fe l low serv icemen, o r

personnel in their charge are threatened

with death or serious bodily ha rm . NLW

add flexibil i ty to combat operations andenhance force protection by providing an

e n v i r o n m e n t w h e r e U S f o r c e s c a n

permissively engage threatening targets

w i t h l i m i t e d r i s k o f n o n c o m b a t a n t

casualties and collateral damage.

d . C om m a n d e r s a n d p u b l i c a f fa i r s

officers must prepare personnel to address

media questions a nd concerns regar ding the

ro l e o f NLW. Opera t i ona l expe r i en ce

indicates that novel capabilities give rise

to s ignifican t media int eres t . Per sonn el

par t i c ipa t ing in in terv iews or b r ief ings

must be prepared to address the role of

NLW. They must make i t clear th at the

p res ence o f NLW i n no way i nd i ca t e s

abandoning the opt ion to employ deadly

force in appropriate circumstances.

6. Advantages of Employing NLW

N L W p r o v i d e c o m m a n d e r s t h e

f l ex i b i l i t y t o i n f l uence t he s i t ua t i onf a v o r a b l y w i t h r e d u c e d r i s k o f

n o n com b a t a n t fa t a l it i e s a n d c ol la t e r a l

dam age. Some adva nt ages follow:

a . T h e y ca n b e m or e h u m a n e a n d

cons i s ten t wi th the po l i t i ca l and socia l

implications implicit in humanitarian and

peacekeeping missions.

b. T h e f or c e t h a t p r op e r l y e m p l oy s

nonlethal opt ions gains advantages over

those who re ly on le tha l op t ions a lone ,

because the degree of provocation required

to employ these opt ions is substant ial ly

less . This advant age resu l t s in a more

proactive posture and quicker response as

well as a diminished likelihood of having a

situation escalate to a point where deadly

force is required to resolve the conflict.

c. N L W op t i o n s a r e l e s s l ik e l y t o

provoke others; however, the use of NLW

may, in fact, provoke a negative response.

d . D em on s t r a t e d r e s t r a i n t g r e a t ly

diminishes feelings of anger and remorse

w h e n d e a d l y f o r c e i s r e q u i r e d a f t e r

nonlethal options fail.

e . N L W ca n f a ci li t a t e p os t i n c i d e n t

s t a b i l i z a t i o n b y r e d u c i n g p o p u l a c e

alienation and collateral damage.

7. Policy Per Office of the Secretary ofDefense Instructions on Employmentof NLW

a. By Depart ment of Defense (DOD)

policy, all developmental weapon systemsmust be submit ted for legal review and

must receive favorable findings before they

can be incorpora ted into th e force. This

r e v i e w i n c l u d e s e x a m i n a t i o n f o r

consistency with applicable international

and domestic laws, including the laws of

war , var ious arms cont ro l t rea t i es , and

protocols. US forces can be assur ed tha t

any NLW they are given have passed this

cr i t i ca l t es t . Any legal res t r i c t ions on

employment will also be incorporated into

applicable ROE.

b. Some capabilities, although designed

to minimize fatalities and serious injuries,

m a y h a v e e f f e c t s t h a t c o u l d a c t u a l l y

discour age their use. Those based on the

controlled use of pain, for example, could

prove distasteful to the troops employing

them, par t i cu lar ly when the t a rget a rea

i n c l u d e s c h i l d r e n , t h e e l d e r l y , t h e

handicapped, or others subject to special

p r o t e c t i o n w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f o u r

cultur al herita ge. This concept of social

acceptability also extends to the domestic

an d intern at iona l public. J ust as the basic

decision to employ military force in defense

of national interests is usually a matter of

i n t ens e pub l i c conce rn , t he m anner i n

w h i c h t h a t f o r c e i s e x e r c i s e d i s a l s o

subjected to the sa me scrutiny. Speculat ion


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I-4

as to the employment (or nonemployment)

of NLW creat es a geomet rically expan ding

ma tr ix of options. As with a ll weapons th e

US military uses, the effects of NLW must

be gener ally accepta ble to our society. In

some cases, the same considerations will

e x t e n d t o t h e l a r g e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l

c om m u n i t y . F o r ex a m p l e , s om e N L Weffects could prove offensive to certain

allies for religious or cultural reasons.

c. N e it h e r t h e p r e s en ce n or t h e

potential effect of NLW shall constitute an

obligation for their employment or a higher

s tandard for employment o f fo rce than

provided for by app licable law. In a ll cases,

th e US ret ains th e option for immediat e use

o f l e t h a l w e a p o n s , w h e n t h e o n - s c e n e

c o m m a n d e r d e e m s i t a p p r o p r i a t e ,consistent with international law.


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Chapter II

PURPOSE, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, AND ORGANIZATION

1. PurposeThe pur pose of NLW is to enh an ce th e

abilities of militar y comma nder s t o conduct

m i s s i o n s a c r o s s t h e r a n g e o f m i l i t a r y

opera tions. Over th e past severa l years,

m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s h a v e g r a v i t a t e d

towards th e lower end of this spectrum an d

have involved US forces in missions, such

as peacekeeping and peace enforcement ,

where the ROE are inherently restrictive.

NLW are designed to address the special

r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h i s l o w - i n t e n s i t yenv i ronm en t . They p rov ide t ool s t h a t

enab l e t he i nd i v i dua l , t eam , o r un i t t o

anticipate and/or respond to provocation

with more appropriate means tha n t hrough

th e use of deadly force. Essen tia lly, NLW

p r o v i d e U S f o r c e s w i t h a n e a r - t e r m

capabili ty for effectively controll ing the

n o n t r a d i t i o n a l b a t t l e f i e l d , w i t h i n t h e

constraints levied by ROE, by mitigating

c a s u a l t i e s a n d m i n i m i z i n g c o l l a t e r a l

damage.

2. System Description

The serv ices are p rocur ing versa t i l e

packages of NLW comprised of commercial

off-the-shelf (COTS) and government off-

th e-shelf (GOTS) equipmen t an d mun itions.

Advanced developmental technologies are

a l s o be i ng exp l o red fo r fu t u re p ro -

c u r e m e n t s . I n a d d i t i o n t o a d d r e s s i n g

cont ingency requi rements , the serv ices

N L W c a p a b i l i t y s e t s a d d r e s s t r a i n i n g

requiremen ts by providing limited sust ain-ment t raining ammun ition a nd appropriate

sustainment training equipment.

The gene r i c NLW capab i l i t y s e t s

components (Appendix A) can be divided

in to four d i s t inc t ca tegor ies : personnel

protectors ; personnel effectors ; miss ion

enha ncers; an d training devices. Personnel

effectors are the NLW in the set.

Personnel Protectors. Personnel pro-t e c t o r s i n c l u d e i t e m s s u c h a s f a c e

shields a nd r iot shields th at protect

t h e i n d i v i d u a l f r o m b l u n t t r a u m a

injuries infl icted by thrown objects ,

clubs, etc.

P e r s o n n e l E ffe ct o r s . P e r s on n e l

ef fec tors inc lude i t ems such as r io t

b a t o n s , s t i n g b a l l g r e n a d e s , p e p p e r

spra ys, and kinetic rounds, designed to,

at a minimum, discourage, or at most,

incapacitate individuals or groups.

Mission E nha ncers . Mission enh an cers

include items such a s bullhorns, comba t

optics, spotlights, and caltrops. These

items are designed to facilitate target

i den t i f i ca t i on and c rowd con t ro l .

Addi t ional ly , these i t ems prov ide a

l i m i t ed ab i l i t y t o a f f ec t veh i cu l a r

movement.

Train ing Devices . Tra ining devices

include i tems such as t raining sui ts ,

t r a i n i n g b a t o n s , a n d i n e r t p e p p e r

sprays. They are designed to facilitate

realistic hands-on scenario training in

preparation for operations.

a. System Relationsh ips an d In ter/

In tr aopera bility. The gener ic NLW cap-

a b i l i t y s e t i s d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e a n

i n f a n t r y b a t t a l i o n - s i z e d e l e m e n t w i t h

l i m i t ed , t ac t i ca l l y dep l oyab l e NLW.

Fielding of this capability set enhances theo p e r a t i o n o f s y s t e m s a n d e q u i p m e n t

a l ready f i e lded and p lanned wi th in the

j oi n t com m u n i t y. The gene r i c NLW

capability set components are compatible

wi th mi l i t a ry equipment tha t i s a l ready

f i e l d e d o r p l a n n e d f o r f u t u r e u s e .

Capabili ty set munitions are either hand-

thrown or can be fired from 12-gauge (ga)

shotguns or 40 mill imeter (mm) grenade


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II-2

laun chers. Other items in the generic NLW

capability set comprise personal protective

gear and support equipment, such as gas

launch adapt ers for the 12-ga shotgun. In

a l l i n s t a n c e s , t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e

capabi l i ty se t a re t echnica l ly unsophis -

t i c a t e d a n d s u p p o r t a b l e w i t h c u r r e n t

military logistic capabilities.

b. Equ ipment Replaced. No equipmen tis replaced by the generic NLW capability

set. The operat iona l int ent of th e capa bility

set is to augment a ba tta lion-sized unit with

t h e r e q u i r e d N L W m u n i t i o n s a n d

equipment to enhance its force projection

capa bi l i ty. The NLW capa bi l i ty se t i s

add i t i ona l equ i pm en t t ha t w i l l r equ i r e

incorporation into lift and load planning.

c. Capa bility Increa se. With the excep-tion of l imited capabili ty within mili tary

police units, the services do not possess an

organ ic NLW capa bility. When fielded, th e

NLW capability set will provide US forces

with the appropriate weapons, munitions,

a n d e q u i p m e n t t o e m p l o y a r a n g e o f

nonleth al options. NLW capability sets will

au gment existing letha l capabilities. The

roles, missions, and quantities of existing

lethal weapons systems a re n ot r eplaced by

nonlethal capabilities.

3. Organization

Organizational structure is not antici-

p a t e d t o c h a n g e a s a r e s u l t o f N L W

capability sets being added t o th e inventory.

a . Sys tem Locat ion /Dis t r ibu t ion . The

g e n e r i c c a p a b i l i t y s e t i s i n t e n d e d t o

provide an interim NLW capability to the

US forces fo r t ra in ing and cont ingency

operat ions. The locations an d distr ibution

procedures for NLW capabili ty sets have

b e e n p l a n n e d f o r U S M a r i n e C o r p s(USMC), US Army (USA), and US Air F orce

(USAF) procur ements but not for U S Na vy

(USN) system s. The USMC will distr ibute

14 NLW capab i l i t y s e t s t o t he g round

combat elements (GCE) of the t hr ee Marine

expedi t ionary forces (MEFs) . The USA

plan s t o field compan y NLW capa bility set s

to the active divisions a nd r etain a limited

nu mber of sets as contingen cy stock. The

USAF is m odern izing set s for security force

uni ts .

b. NLW Capabi l i ty Set Compos i t ion .

The US MC NLW capa bility set is compr ised

of 33 component s (Appendix A). Thir teen

items can be classified as ammunition or

i t e m s t h a t h a v e s p e c i a l s t o r a g erequi rements and wi l l be main ta ined a t

am mun ition storage facilities. Five items

are classified as either serialized weapons,

SL-3 components to weapons , o r i t ems

inherently dangerous to others and will be

m ai n t a i ned i n o rgan i za t i ona l a rm or i e s .

(No te: SL-3 i s a USMC term to descr ibe

eq u i p m en t t h a t i s s econ d a r y t o t h e m a i n

equipment , such as c l eaning equipment ,

t r i pods , e t c . The equiva l en t t erm used by

t h e U S A r m y i s b a s i c - i s s u e i t e m s l i s t

[BIIL] ) . S i x t e e n i t e m s a r e e q u i p m e n t -related i tems and wil l be maintained in

un it supply wareh ouses. In all insta nces,

t hes e i t em s w i l l r em a i n i n app rop r i a t e

storage facilities unless issued for training

or con t i n g e n cy op e r a t i o n s . T h e s a m e

procedures remain true for units deployed

aboard amphibious ready group shipping.

A m m u n i t i o n s t o r a g e w i l l b e d i v i d e d

b e t w e e n d e s i g n a t e d l a n d i n g f o r c e

operat iona l reserve mater ial (LFORM) an d

t r a i n i n g a m m u n i t i o n s t o r a g e c o m p a r t -

men ts. Specific un it ta ble of equipmen t

(T/E) to be affected will be determined by

MEF commanders.

c. Per sonnel Requirem ent s. To dat e no

change or increase in military occupational

specialt y (MOS) codes ha s been det erm ined

in order to field, operate, and maintain the

NLW capability set. However, MEF special

operations training groups (SOTGs) will

poss ib ly requi re up to th ree addi t ional

individuals each to conduct appropriatet r a i n i ng fo r M ar i ne exped i t i ona ry un i t

(MEU) special operations capable (SOC)

units rotating through the unit deployment

cyc l e . I f t hes e add i t i ons occu r , con -

s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o t h e

development of another secondary MOS to

accommodate individuals who specialize in

th e NLW ar ea. Additiona lly because units

other than MEUs are anticipated to train


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II-3

wi t h and po t en t i a l l y em p l oy NLW,

individuals within other MEF organ izat ions

ma y also be identified as tra iners. This

action m ay r equire an increase of manpower

within other structures, or i t may lead to

the appointing of secondary NLW MOSs.

Secondary NLW MOS instructor trainer is

recommen ded in the progra m of instru ction(POI) for the NLW instructor course found

in Appendix C of th is documen t. The USA

wi l l no t c rea te any new MOSs bu t may

assign i t as an additional skil l identifier

(ASI). The USAF will not crea te an y new

Air Force specialt y codes (AFSCs) or special

identifiers.

d. Mission Requirements/Tactical Struc-

ture.

(1) The miss ion requirements and

tactical structure pertinent to the employ-

men t of th e NLW capability set componen ts

w i l l v a r y d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e t y p e o f

cont ingency and subsequent task organ-

iza t ion of the employing un i t . Miss ion

requ iremen ts, der ived from comm an der s

guidance, should be satisfied through the

app rop r i a t e com bi na t i on o f l e t ha l and

nonlethal capabilities.

(2) NLW pr ovide US forces with a

means of shaping their area of operation

beyond traditional verbal threats, shows

of force, or risky riot control formations,

and s ho r t o f em p l oy i ng dead l y fo rce .However, i t is imperative that US forces

retain the means and are ready to employ

le tha l fo rce in the event tha t nonle tha l

force fails to achieve desired outcomes. For

example, NLW employment may provoke a

l e t h a l r e s p o n s e f r o m t h e a d v e r s a r y .

W i t h o u t t h e i m m i n e n t t h r e a t o f l e t h a l

force, nonlethal munitions will prove to be

l e s s e f f ec t i ve and pos s i b l y even

coun t e r p roduc t i ve . M ore i m por t a n t l y,

denying US forces a letha l capa bility would

p l a ce t h e m a t u n a c ce p t a b l e r i s k . I f

nonlethal force is employed without the

threat of lethal force, then the belligerent

ma y opt to exploit a perceived vulnera bility.

The use of NLW then becomes counter-

p r o d u c t i v e , b e c a u s e i t s e r v e s o n l y t o

a g g r a v a t e t h e t h r e a t a n d c a u s e s t h e

situation to deteriorate.


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Chapter III

CAPABILITIES OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS

1. Applicability Across the Range ofMilitary Operations

The range of mil i tary operat ions has

various levels of combat intensity, and

NLW provide one more option to deal with

th e varying inten si ty . MOOTW ma y be

f o u n d a c r o s s t h e r a n g e o f m i l i t a r y

opera t ions and of ten inc lude s i tua t ions

where noncombat an ts ar e mingled with t he

adversaries or involved in acts of violence,

s u c h a s r i o t i n g or l oot i n g . I n s u c h

circumstances, NLW provide commanders

the f lexibi l i ty to influence the s i tuat ion

f a v o r a b l y w i t h r e d u c e d r i s k o f

n o n com b a t a n t fa t a l it i e s a n d c ol la t e r a l

dam age. NLW also provide a mean s by

which to ascertain the intent of individua ls/

bell igerents.

a . T h e n ee d t o r e d u ce t h e r is k s of

serious injury to personnel is not limited

to crowd cont ro l scenar ios . In mi l i t a ryoperations on urbanized terrain (MOUT),

some of the local civil ian populace may

remain in an urban area in the mids t o f

bat t le . The t r adi t ional solut ion to such

challenges has been the implementation of

res t r ict ive ROE. Nonletha l capabi l i t ies

may provide commanders the flexibility to

adapt a f luid approach to MOUT, which

allows their subordinates the freedom of

ac t i on t o em p l oy app rop r i a t e l eve l s o f

mea sur ed militar y force to accomplish th eir

mission.

b. An ot h e r e x a m p le of N LW

a p p l i c a t i o n s i n M O O T W i s i n p e a c e

enforcement. In th ese opera tions, NLW are

us ed i n an a rea den i a l ro l e t o s epa ra t e

bel l igerents wi thout resort ing to deadly

f or c e . T h e y a r e a l s o u s e d t o s u p p o r t

h u m a n i t a r i a n r e l i e f o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n

protecting food and medical distribution

sites.

c. C u r r e n t N LW pr ov id e a li m it e d

capability to address the range of military

operat ions. Ultim at ely, NLW will evolve

t o e n c o m p a s s o t h e r , m o r e a d v a n c e d

t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t w i l l i m p r o v e t h e i r

operational effectiveness and expand their

app licat ions. For examp le, directed ener gy

an d acoustic NLW that a re cur rent ly under

development may provide the means toachieve this ultimate capability.

2. Core Capabilities

Core capabilities ar e those fun damen ta l

competencies tha t enab le us to ach ieve

desired operat iona l outcomes. In th e case

of NLW, th is equa tes to pr oviding a flexible

m eans o f r e s pons e i n o rde r t o p ro t ec t

friendly forces and/or influence the actions

o f p o t e n t i a l a d v e r s a r i e s a n d n o n -combat an ts. These goals can be achieved

without resorting to lethal force and in a

m a n n e r t h a t w i l l m i n i m i z e c o l l a t e r a l

dam age. The core capabilities ass ociat ed

with nonlethal effects fall into two major

c a t e g o r i e s : c o u n t e r p e r s o n n e l a n d

countermateriel .

a . Counterpersonnel Capabil it i es .

(1) N on l e t h a l cou n t e r p e r s on n e l

c a p a b i l i t i e s e n a b l e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f militar y force with r educed risk of fat alities

or serious casu alties am ong noncombat an ts

or even, in some instances, among enemy

forces. Ther e are several specific nonleth al

c o u n t e r p e r s o n n e l c a p a b i l i t i e s t o b e

explored. These include th e mea ns to

influence the behavior and activities of a

potentially host i le crowd, as wel l as the


19/91

III-2

capability to bring a mob engaged in a riot

u n d e r con t r o l. W h i le t h e r e a r e m a n y

similarit ies in these two scenarios, each

involves un ique chal lenges , which may

require radically different solutions.

(2) US forces require the capa bility

t o i n c a p a c i t a t e p e r s o n n e l . F o r t h epurposes of this document, incapacitation

is achieved when weapons effects result in

physical inabi l i ty (real or perceived) or

mental disinclination to act in a hostile or

thr eatening mann er. In keeping with the

gu i d i ng p r i nc i p l e s fo r NLW, t h i s

incapacitation should be readily reversible,

p r e f e r a b l y , s e l f - r e v e r s i n g t h r o u g h t h e

pas sage of time. While th e focus, at least

initially, will be on capabilities that affect

groups of people, NLW will also provide

capabi l i t i es to incapaci ta te ind iv idual s

without affecting those nearby.

(3) US forces r equ i r e a non le t ha l

capability to deny personnel access to an

ar ea. This capa bility can include th e use of

physical barriers or systems that produce

physical or mental discomfort to those who

e n t e r t h e d e n i e d a r e a . N o n e x p lo s iv e

nonlethal area denial technologies would

l i ke l y be exem pt f rom t he r e s t r i c t i ons

app lied to convent iona l land mines. Thu s,t hey can p rov i de new pos s i b i l i t i e s fo r

barr ier planning in any type of mil i tary

operation.


capabi l ity to seize personn el . This may

include some combination of technologies

i n h e r e n t i n o t h e r c o r e c a p a b i l i t i e s .

I n c a p a c i t a t i o n m e t h o d s o r t h e u s e o f

entangling devices, such as those designed

f o r a r e a d e n i a l , m a y a i d i n s e i z i n g

personnel. This capa bili ty is intended toa u g m e n t l e t h a l m e a n s u s e d t o c a p t u r e

s p e c i f i e d i n d i v i d u a l s , s u c h a s e n e m y

combatants or persons who are inciting a

mob or crowd to violence.


capability to clear facilities and structures

o f pe r s onne l . Th i s ap p l i ca t i on w i l l

facil i tate MOUT by reducing the risks of

noncom ba t a n t cas ua l t i es a nd col la t e r a l

damage while simultaneously minimizing

t h e a d v a n t a g e s t o a n e n e m y w h o i s

defending in a built-up area.

b. Countermater ie l Capabi li t ies .

(1) N on l e t h a l cou n t e r m a t e r i e l

capabili t ies would enhance operations by

r e n d e r i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d f a c i l i t i e s

un usable without complete destr uction. A

nonlethal countermateriel capabili ty will

enable the employment of military force to

defuse potentially volatile situations under

circumstances in where more destructive

conventional mili tary means might prove

coun t e r p roduc t i ve . Fo r exam p l e , p r e -

e m p t i v e s t r i k e s a g a i n s t t r o u b l e s o m e ,

a g g r e s s i v e n a t i o n s m a y b e p o l i t i c a l l y

u n a c c e p t a b l e w h e n o n l y c o n v e n t i o n a l

weapons, with their attendant high risk of

personnel casu alties, ar e involved. With

non l e t ha l coun t e rm a t e r i e l capab i l i t i e s ,

however, an enem ys ability to th rea ten its

neighbors could be curtailed with far less

political risk by attacking only weapons of

war and their supporting infrastructure.

(2) The j oi n t NLW app r oach w i l l

focus on th ree speci f i c countermater ie lcapa bilities. US Forces require a nonletha l

capability to deny vehicles to air, land, and

sea ar eas . This requi rement app l ies to

w h e e l e d , t r a c k e d , a n d s u r f a c e e f f e c t s

vehicles, as well as aircraft on the ground.

Ph ysical bar riers or systems t ha t a rt ificially

reduce the trafficability of terrain may be

included in this requirement.

(3) US forces require the ability to

disable ships and other marit ime vessels

or deny their entr y into ta rgeted areas. USforces also require an enhanced ability to

d i s a r m p e r s o n n e l o r d i s a b l e m a r i t i m e

vessels to facilitate boarding.

(4) US forces requi re a nonle tha l

c a p a b i l i t y t o d i s a b l e o r n e u t r a l i z e

equipm ent an d facilities. This capability

encompasses a wide range of subcategories


20/91

III-3

limited only by the variety of the types of

equipment to be ta rgeted. Some examples

a r e s y s t e m s t h a t a l t e r c o m b u s t i o n

p rope r t i e s o f fue l s o r t he v i s cos i t y o f

l u b r i c a n t s a n d s y s t e m s t h a t c a u s e t h e

embr itt lemen t or decay of ma ter iels. In

addi t ion , subs tances tha t a t t ack rubber

tires, gaskets, or hoses and those that actas adhesives or fusing metal parts are also

required.

3. Limitations

The limitations of NLW are conceptual,

phys ica l , an d ta c t i ca l . The conceptu al

l imitation is that polit ical leadership and

media personnel may misunders tand the

appropriate applications of NLW across the

ra nge of militar y operat ions. The incorr ect

perception that NLW will allow wars and

M O O T W t o b e p r o s e c u t e d w i t h o u t

c a s u a l t i e s m a y l e a d t o c o n f l i c t i n g

expectations between political and military

leader s. These conflicts could resu lt in US

forces being vulnerable to misplaced or

inconsist ent ROE . All leader s, political an d

militar y, involved in pla nn ing an d execut ing

mi l i t a ry miss ions mus t unders tand tha t

t h e r e i s n o s u c h t h i n g a s n o n l e t h a l

operations.

The phys i ca l l i m i t a t i ons o f cu r ren t

NLW are their short range, brief effects,

an d t he r elative ease by which experienced

combatan t s o r be l l igeren t s can counter

th eir effects. The curr ent NLW capability

set can also be lethal if improperly applied.

Tact ica l l imi ta t ions inc lude the loss o f

momentu m or tem po th at m ay occur during

t he t r an s i t i on f rom non l e t ha l t o l e t ha l

force. These types of limita tions mu st be

o v e r c o m e b y c o n t i n u a l t r a i n i n g a n d

opera t ional exper ience , which wi l l a l so

instill confidence in using NLW systems.


21/91

IV-1

Chapter IV

TRAINING WITH THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY SET

1. Fundamental Concepts and Training

RequirementsThe successful accomplishment of any

operation in which nonlethal measures are

employed requires extensive preparation,

of which individual, unit, medical support

p e r s o n n e l , a n d t e a m t r a i n i n g a r e v i t a l

par ts. Tra ining should be designed to give

individuals an understanding of the entire

subject area and enable them to function

efficiently, individually, and as members of

a unit. This tr aining must be int ensive an d

rea listic. Trainin g with th e NLW capabilityset is cri t ical if these weapons are to be

employed with confidence. The tr ain ing

f low should betra in ins t ruc tors t ra in

stafftrain unitexercise.

I n i t i a l u n i t t r a i n i n g s h o u l d n o t b e

conducted without qual i f ied ins t ructors .

All nontype classified and COTS nonlethal

muni t ions cannot be f i red without Army

Materiel Command (AMC), Crane Naval

Weapons, or Air Force Munitions Center

a p p r ov i n g t h e t r a i n i n g co u r s e . U n i tsustainment training should be conducted

at a m inimum ann ually.

2. Training of Instructors

Verbal communicat ion sk i l l s , open-h a n d c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e s , r i o t c o n t r o l

agen ts, effects of impa ct weapons, a nd civil

d i s t u r b a n c e t a c t i c s , t e c h n i q u e s , a n d

p r o c e d u r e s ( T T P ) a r e a r e a s t r a i n e d t o

standard at the Military Police School, Fort

McClellan , Alaba ma . The Mar ine Corpsand t he Arm y deve l oped a P rog ram o f

Instr uction (POI) for a Nonleth al In dividual

Weapons Instr uctor Course (NIWIC). This

is the only formal DOD nonlethal training

cour se. The training requirements outlined

i n t h e N I W I C r e p r e s e n t t h e m i n i m u m

tra in ing s tandards to be cons idered fori nc l u s i on i n t he deve l opm en t o f NLW

inst ru ctors . Addi t ional ly, th e US Army

Mil i t a ry Pol ice School i s develop ing a

tr aining support package tha t includes TTP

for small units, company level and below,

in the use of NLW in riot/mob control.

a. The NIWIC is offered as a 14-day

resident course at Fort McClellan and as a

nonresident course instructed by a mobile

tr aining team (MTT). The NIWIC is a tr ain

the trainer program designed to providecommanders nonlethal instructors within

th eir comma nd. The comma nder can then

t a i l o r t h e n o n l e t h a l i n s t r u c t i o n t o f i t

mission needs. The esta blishm ent of th e

service-level NIWIC serves as an assur an ce

m e a s u r e g i v i n g t h e c o m m a n d e r a

quantifiable method of certifying nonlethal

inst ru ctors. Upon completin g th e cour se,

graduates are qual i f ied ins t ructors wi th

cer t i f i ca t ions in communicat ion sk i l l s ,

o leores in caps icum (OC) spray , impact

weapons, and internat ional ly recognized

open-han d cont ro l t echniques . The US

A r m y w i l l a w a r d a n a d d i t i o n a l s k i l l

identifier upon successful completion of

this course.

b. NIWIC Program of Instruction.A p p e n d i x C i s a n e x t r a c t f r o m a

com prehens i ve POI deve l oped f rom

l e s s o n s l e a r n e d d u r i n g r e c e n t d e p l o y -

ment s. Ea ch ann ex within Appendix C has

a lesson plan complete with handouts andtr aining aids. The int ent of this POI is to

produce competent ins t ructors , who wil l

return to their uni t wi th al l the t raining

materials and training aids needed to meet

different NLW training requirements.


22/91

IV-2

3. Nonlethal Training Topics forDeploying Units

The fo l l owi ng 11 t op i c s have been

ident i f ied as essent ial t raining for uni ts

deploying with nonlethal capabilities and

are part of the NIWIC curriculum:

a. Force Continuum . The subcourse is

a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e f e d e r a l f o r c e

cont inuum model as out l ined by Marine

Corps Or der (MCO) 5500.6F,Armin g of Law

Enforcement an d S ecurity Personn el and the

Use of Deadly Force (or o ther serv ice

order s). Levels of re sista nce, ident ifying

t he p rope r l eve l s o f fo rce , and how

non l e t ha l t echno l og i es a f f ec t fo rce

cont inuum are the min imum top ics tha t

should be covered.

b. Crowd Dynam i cs /Crowd Con t ro l.

T h e s u b c o u r s e , a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e

d i f ferences be tween crowds , mobs , and

r i o t s , t eaches t he s t uden t bas i c c rowd

c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e s t h a t w i l l b e e a s i l y

applied to various situ at ions. The student

should be fami l iar ized wi th t ac t i cs and

techniques (as found in Field Manual [FM]

1 9 - 1 5 , F l e e t M a r i n e F o r c e M a n u a l

[ F M F M ] 1 - 3 , F M F M 6 , a n d T r a i n i n g

Circular [TC] 90-1) but will also consider

nontraditional and small unit application.

c. C om m u n i ca t i o n S k i ll s . T h e s u b -course is an introduction to the stages of

confl ict management , verbal aggress ion,

n o n v e r b a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n , p h y s i c a l

aggression, physiological diversions, and

proper mental conditioning. The first NLW

skill an individual must have is the ability

to comm un icat e. Gener al A. M. Gray, form er

Comma ndan t of th e Marine Corps, said, A

warriors m ost form idable weapon is h is

mind . Th e result s of an individuals ment al

processes are evident through actions and

words, and the words and communication

skills in dealing with people are truly the

first line of nonlethal options.

d. Oleoresin Capsicum Aerosol Tra in-ing. The su bcour se is an introduction to the

uses o f OC/pepper spray and o ther r io t

cont rol agents. The stu dent should ha ve

a n a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n

requirements, storage, and shelf life of OC.

Legal and tactical considerations will also

be t a ugh t . Al l OC t r a i n i n g s hou l d be

certified by existing tr aining programs tha t

include live agent training.

e. Open-Hand Contr ol. The subcoursei s a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o p r e s s u r e - p o i n t

control techniques, unarmed self-defense

measures , weapon re ten t ion t echniques ,

a n d o t h e r s u b m i s s i o n / r e s t r a i n t / s e a r c h

techniqu es. H an dcuffing/flexcuffing should

be covered for contact team members.

f. Impact Weapons. In this subcourse,

s tudents are taught how to use the r igid

straight baton, collapsible straight batons,

side handle batons, or riot control batons.

g. In t r oduc t ion t o Mi li t a ry Work i ng

Dogs. The subcour se is an int roduction to

the role of military working dogs and the

p o t e n t i a l s u p p o r t a v a i l a b l e t o f o r c e s

requ i r i ng non l e t ha l fo rce op t i ons (FM

19-10, AFM 31-202).

h . ROE, Law of War , Cons t i tu t iona l

Seizure. The subcour se is an intr oduction

to the ROE, l aw of war , cons t i tu t ional

se izure , and the i r re la t ionsh ips (DODD5100.77, FM 27-10, NWP 1-14M/MCWP

5-2 .1 / COM DTPUB P5800 .7 , and DA

Pamphlet 27-1).

i. Non l et ha l M un it i ons and E m ploy -

ment . The subcour se is an introduction to

t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d e m p l o y m e n t o f

ava ilable nonleth al weapons. When firing

nonlethal muni t ions , t ransi t ion to lethal

munitions for familiarization will follow.

Students participate in live-fire exercises

as outlined in Tables IV-1 through IV-7.

j. Barr iers/Ph ysical Secur ity Measur es.

The subcour se is an intr oduction t o barriers

an d physical secur ity measur es available to

tact ical forces . These measures comple-

ment the use of nonletha l force or mitigate

t h e n e e d f o r d e a d l y f o r c e . A n u n d e r -

standing of proper emplacement of caltrop

and foam are recommended.


23/91

IV-3

Table IV-2. 40mm Wood Baton Round

FAMILIARIZATION TABLE

ROUNDS # TARGET GO/NO GO

2 E-Silhouette

20m

2 E-Silhouette

15m

1 E-Silhouette

10m

5 5.56mm

Transition @ 10m

Table IV-3. 40mm Stinger Round (60 Caliber)

Table IV-4. 12-ga Bean Bag Round



2 E-Silhouette20m

2 E-Silhouette

15m

1 E-Silhouette

10m

5

5.56mm

Transition @ 10m



2 E-Silhouette

20m

2 E-Silhouette

15m

1 E-Silhouette

10m

5

12-ga 00 Buck/7 Shot

Transition @ 10m



2 E-Silhouette

20m

2 E-Silhouette

15m

1 E-Silhouette10m

5 5.56mm

Transition @ 10m

Table IV-1. 40mm Foam Baton Round


24/91

IV-4

Table IV-6. 12-ga Rubber Pellet Round

Table IV-7. Stinger Grenade



2 E-Silhouette

20m

2 E-Silhouette

15m1 E-Silhouette

10m

5

12-ga 7 shot/00 Buck

Transition @ 10m

k. Tactics. The subcourse is an intro-

duction to tactics as outlined in Ch apt er V,

para graph 5. MOUT and tactics tra ining

requ i r e s c l o s e l eade r i nvo l vem en t . US

Army Training and Doctrine Command is

developing training support packages that

will include company level and below TTP.

See Appendix D for sample 9-day uni t -training schedule covering these 11 topics.

5. Unit Training

a. The NIWIC is primarily designed to

p r o d u c e i n s t r u c t o r s w h o w i l l t r a i n

individuals in the use and employment of

NLW. Collective unit t actical tra ining is the

un its r espons ibility; however, a 9-day NLW

example schedule based on NIWIC tra ining

is provided in Appendix D. Units should

conduc t co l l ec t i ve t r a i n i ng be fo re

d e p l o y i n g w i t h N L W . U n i t s t a n d i n g

operat ing procedures (SOPs) and tact icsm a y n e e d a d j u s t i n g t o a l l o w f o r t h e

employmen t of th is new equipmen t. All unit

collective training should include nonlethal

options and decision making.

b. S i m u l a t i on T ra i n i ng . The goa l of

simulation training should be to reinforce

cur rent tr aining cour ses. The Mar ine Corps

Comm an dan ts War fighting Labora tory at



2

Hand Thrown

E-Silhouette 20/40m

1Shotgun Launched

E-Silhouette

40m

5

12-ga 7 Shot/00 Buck

Transition @ 40m

Table IV-5. 12-ga Wood Baton Round



2 E-Silhouette

20m

2 E-Silhouette

15m

1 E-Silhouette10m

5

12-ga 7 shot/00 Buck

Transition @ 10m


25/91

IV-5

Quan tico, Virginia, ha s a comput er t ra ining

simulation system designed to train small

unit leaders in t he a pplicat ion of nonletha l

capabi l i t ies . Given a s i tuat ion, miss ion

sta tement , and ROE, the student will equip

and place fire teams to conduct checkpoint

operations and react to stimulus/events in

a three-dimensional (3-D) representation ofa MOUT site. Curr ently, th ere is a similar

simulation system at the Human Systems

Center at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas,

that can be used for tactics development of

dir ected en ergy NLW. Also, th e Air F orces

F o r c e P r o t e c t i o n B a t t l e L a b o r a t o r y a t

Lack l and A i r Fo rce Bas e , Texas , i s

establishing a similar comput er simu lation

facility. F ina lly, th e DOD is cond uctin g an

ongoing effort to develop other computer

simulation systems.

6. Leader Training

Commanders , uni t leaders , and s taff

members also require NLW training before

deploying. FM 19-15 covers all as pects of

c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e a n d i s r e l e v a n t i n

providing guidan ce for the comma nder an d

staff.

a. An u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e t o pi cs

covered in the NIWIC is recommended.

However they should also possess an in-

depth understa nding of the ROE th at m ust

be implement ed an d enforced as well as th e

politics, culture, and demographics of the

ar ea to which th ey ar e deploying. Becau se

of the in ternat ional a t t en t ion tha t NLW

rece i ve , j un i o r t roops a s we l l a s

commanders should a l so rece ive media

tr aining. Fr om the beginning, comma nders

should involve their public affairs officers

i n NLW m i s s i on p l ann i ng . Supp l y and

logistic staff members also require trainingin NLW maintenance and environmental

i s s u e s u n i q u e t o t h e e q u i p m e n t b e i n g

deployed.

b. C h a p t e r V ou t l in e s s e ve n t a s k s

w h e r e N L W a r e w e l l s u i t e d . D u r i n g

exercises both units and staffs should focus

on six of the seven tasks: crowd control,

incapaci ta t ing personnel , a rea den ia l to

b o t h p e r s o n n e l a n d v e h i c l e s , s e i z e

personnel, and clear facilities of personnel.

Disable/neutralize vehicles/aircraft are not

easily tra ined tasks during exercises. This

l i s t i s no t a l l - i nc l u s i ve and s hou l d bemodified based on mission, enemy, terrain

and weather, troops and support available,

time available (METT-T).

c. W h e n e v er N LW a r e e m p loy ed

du r i ng t r a i n i ng , l e t ha l capab i l i t y m us t

alwa ys be in place. Troops must a lways be

prepared to protect themselves as required

w i t h a l e t h a l r e s p o n s e b e c a u s e i t i s

i m p o s s i b l e t o a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t t h e

response of an individual or mob.

d. Leaders , medical personnel , public

affairs r epresenta tives, an d personnel from

th e St aff J udge Advocate (SJA) office sh ould

be involved in exercises wh en possible. This

wil l give the medical personnel a bet ter

understanding of OC decontamination and

the possible injur ies they ma y encoun ter as

a resu lt of NLW employment . The public

affai rs and SJA special is ts also need to

u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e s e n e w t o o l s a r e

employed in o rder to be t t er adv ise thecomman der on media matt ers an d ROE.

7. Summary

In summary, here are some real-world

lessons captured from recent conflicts that

should never be overlooked or assumed

during training:

a. Never apply a NLW in a si tuation

where deadly force is appropriate.

b. Neverapply NLW in a situat ion t ha t

will place troops in undue danger.

c. Always cover a NLW weapon with

deadly force.


26/91

V-1

Chapter V

EMPLOYMENT OF THE NONLETHAL WEAPONS CAPABILITY

1. Background

Fundamental to employing NLW is a

t h o r o u g h u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e f o r c e

cont inuu m. As s ta ted before, nonletha l

c a p a b i l i t i e s p r o v i d e a w i d e r r a n g e o f

options that augment traditional means of

dead l y fo rce bu t do no t r ep l ace t hem .

Nonlethal alternatives allow a commander

to increase and decrease the amount o f

force applied to accomplish a m ission. The

force continu um is gener ally cont inuous a nd

seamless, yet a car eful examina tion revealsfive broad categories listed below:

a. T h r e a t s . T h e f o r c e c o n t i n u u m

begins with threats . These can be ei ther

implied or expressed. An implied th rea t

may be manifes ted through presence by

forming into r iot cont rol form at ions, fixing

b a y o n e t s , or d on n i n g g a s m a s k s . An

expressed threa t occur s when a comma nder

ma kes kn own th e consequ ences of defiance.

b. Denial Options. Denial options areusually placed in highly visible areas and

ar e often mar ked with placards. Examples

may include concertina, caltrops, barbed

wire , foams enhanced wi th OC (pepper

spray), or other obstacles.

c. M u n i t i o n s t h a t C a u s e P h y s i c a l

Discomfort/ Incapacitate. Muni t ions tha t

cause physical discomfort but fall short of

inflicting trauma include flashbangs,

t ear

gas, and OC. Alth ough the discomfort ori n j u r y m a y b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n

concertina,

th e employmen t of th ese options

require a decis ion to intervene. Factors

such as t r a in ing , d i sc ip l ine , p r e jud ices ,

emotions and judgment all play a part in

their application and require their use to

be viewed closely and judiciously.

d. M u n i t i o n s t h a t I n f l i c t T r a u m a .

Munitions that inflict trauma will inflict

painful injuries that may last from several

hours to several days . These mun i t ions

c o n s t i t u t e t h e u p p e r e n d o f n o n l e t h a l

o p t i o n s w i t h i n t h e f o r c e c o n t i n u u m .

Examples m ight include bat ons, st ingballs,

beanbag, foam and pellet rounds.

e. Lethal Weapons. Lethal weapons

ar e the highest on the spectr um. Although

the particular conditions that merit deadly

fo rce s hou l d be des c r i bed i n t he ROE,lethal options should always be regarded

as part of the force spectrum and not as

a separa te option altogether. This avoids

ambiguity and confusion as to when lethal

weapons are authorized.

Nonle tha l methods and capabi l i t i es

may include the use of common materials

a n d e x i s t i n g s y s t e m s t h a t w e r e n o t

designed as NLW, but they can achieve the

des i red resu l t o f min imizing fa ta l i t i es ,

p e r m a n e n t i n j u r y t o p e r s o n n e l , a n du n d e s i r e d d a m a g e t o p r o p e r t y a n d t h e

environmen t. However, th is chapter will

limit itself primarily to the use of weapons

and components expl ici t ly designed and

p r i m a r i l y e m p l o y e d u n d e r t h e N L W

capability. This focus is not inten ded to

l i m i t t h e c om m a n d e r s o p t i on t o u s e

whatever is avai lable to accomplish the

mission without lethality.

2. Mission Planning Factors

The fundamental principles of mission

p l a n n i n g a r e n o t c h a n g e d b y t h e

incorpora tion of NLWs int o a plan . NLW

a r e i n t e n d e d a s a n o p e r a t i o n a l

e n h a n c e m e n t . T h e f ir s t co n ce r n of a

commander is the successful completion of


27/91

V-2

t h e m i s s i on . R O E a r e cr i t i c a l i n t h e

comm an der s plannin g to determin e the

appropriate use of nonlethal and deadly

force. The availabil i ty of NLW does not

re l i eve the force f rom i t s ob l iga t ion to

defend itself; th erefore, it mu st be equipped

and t rained with both letha l and nonletha l

means.

3. NLW Tasks

The NLW tasks were derived from the

commander in chief's and service's mission

needs statements. These tasks are

Control crowds.

Incapacitat e personnel.

Table V-1. Crowd Control

Deny an area to personnel.

Deny an ar ea t o vehicles.

Disable/neutralize vehicles aircraft,vessels, an d facilities.

Seize personnel.

Clear facilities of personnel.

These tasks ar e fur ther a ddressed in Tables

V- 1 t h r o u g h V- 7. T h e t a b l e s a r e n ot

intended to be all-inclusive but merely a

s t i m u l us t o p l ann i ng . The equ i pm en t

listed is ta ken from the cur rent ly available

systems designed for nonlethal purposes.

The u ser sh ould not limit nonletha l options

to this specific equipment and should be

awar e of the existing an d emerging systems

to achieve the desired mission end state.

TASKS

NLW PLANNIN G

FACTORS EQUIP MENT

EMPLOYMENT

CON SID ER ATION S N OTE S

Crowd

contro l

Admin/Personnel

SJA/claims

planning

Chaplain a ffairs

Casualty

notification

Detaineedisposition plan

PAO/media

planning Information

dissemination

Support Equipment

a . Riot face shieldb. Fu ll length r iot

shield

c. Expan dable riotbaton

d.Riflemanscomba t optic

e. Porta ble bull

horn

Distributed t o troops

in advan ce

Riot ba ton sh ould beemployed only after

proper training

Optic employed withDM to ID mob leader s

Bull horn used forcommu nicating with

crowd and t o contr olformations

ROE needs

to be

strictly

defined

NLWoptions

require

leth al cover

fire

Crowd

contro l

Intelligence

IP B

Backgroun d oncount ry an d

culture

Route/map recon

Sensor

emplacement for

advance

notification

Informa tion onmob leaders

Patr ols and

LP/OPs

Determine reasonfor t he crowd

Kinetics

a . 12 ga bean baground

b. 12 ga rubberbullet

c. 12 ga launching

cartridge

d.40mm ru bber

baton

e. 40mm woodenbaton

f. 40mm stingergrenade

g. Stun grenade

h .Flash bang

Do not employ kinet ics

at less than 20 ft due

to possible fata l

outcome

Target ar ea a t 20-40 ftshould be cent er ma ss

Head shots are not

acceptable

Kinetic round s will notbe skipped fired

Kinetics effectiveagainst selected

targets an d to disperse

individuals

M203 and shotgun ar e

NL complement ar y;

M203 has low rate of

fire, area tar get;

shotgun ha s high rat e

fire, point target


28/91

V-3

Table V-1. Crowd Control (continued)

TASKS

NLW PLANNING

FACTORS EQUIP MENT

EMPLOYMENT

CON SID ER ATION S N OTE S

Crowd

contro l

Operations

Tactical

integrat ion of

NLW and letha l

fires

FSE plans toinclude RCA

Allocat ion of NLW

munitions

Integra tion ofNLW fires an d

maneuver

Engineer barr ier

planning

Understandmission (deny

access/disperse/

monitor)

Riot Cont rol Agent s

a. OC dispenser

b. Team OC

dispenser

c. High volumedispenser

Disrupt/dispersecrowds

Disperse RCAs t o face

an d eyes for full effect

Employ snatch teamsto apprehend

agitators

Crowd

contro l

Logistics

Distribution ofNLW supplies

Securit y of rea r

area facilities

Resupp ly of NLWmunitions

Riot Cont rol

a. Xenonsearchlight

b. Flex cu ffsc. RCA mar kers

Searchlights

dazzle/disorient

individuals (night

only)

Flex cuffs used foragitators

RCA markers ar e

used to mark

agitat ors for futu re ID

Crowd

contro l

Procurement of

medical supplies

Hospita l plann ing

Medic plann ingfor ta ctical u nits


29/91

V-4

Table V-2. Incapacitate Personnel

TASK

NLW PLANNIN G

F ACTORS EQUIP MENT

EMPLOYMENT

CONSIDERATIONS N OTES

Incapacitate

personne l

Admin Personnel

SJA/claimsplanning

Media plan

Support Equipment

a. Riot face shield

b. Full length riot sh ield

c. Expandable riot baton

d. Rifleman s comba t

optic

Distributed t o troops in

advance

Riot baton should notbe employed to the

head

Optic employed withDM to ID mob leaders

and cover with leth alfire

Commander needs

to define in

capacitation

mission

Public dissemina-tion of NLW mu st

take a balanced

approach socountermeasures

cannot be rapidly

developed

NLW options m ustbe covered by

letha l force

Incapacitate

personne l

Intelligence

ID types ofinsurgents and

demonstrators

ID causes an dfactions

ID mob

ringleaders

Kinetics

a .12 ga bean bag round

b. 12 ga ru bber bulletc.12 ga launching

cartridge

d. 40mm ru bber batone. 40mm wooden baton

f. 40mm stinger grenade

g.Stun grenadeh .Flash bangi. M203 and shotguns

are NL

complementary; M203

ha s a low ra te of fire,

area t arget; shotgun

has a high r ate of fire,

point t arget

Do not employ kinet icsat less tha n 20 ft due to

possible fat al outcome

Target ar ea at 20-40 ftshould be center m ass

Head shots are notacceptable

Kinetic rounds will not

be skipped fired Kinetics effective

against selected t argets

and t o disperse

individuals

M203 and shotguns ar eNL complementa ry;

M203 has a low rate of

fire, area t arget;

shotgun ha s a high ra te

of fire, point ta rget

Incapacitate

personne l

Operations

Prepare andconfirm ROE

for NLW

Integrat ion ofNLW and

deadly force

Allocation ofNLW and

designat ed unit

use

Integrat ion ofNLW fires an d

maneuver

Riot Control Agent s

a .OC dispenser

b. Team OC dispenserc.High volume OC

dispenser

Disrupt/dispersecrowds

Disperse RCA to face

an d eyes for full effect

Incapacitate

personne l

Logistics

Distribution ofNLW

munitions

ID special

storagerequirements

Resupp ly of

NLW

munitions

Riot Cont rol

a. Xenon sear chlight

b. Flex cu ffs

c. Chem mar kers

Searchlights dazzle/disorient individuals

(night only)

Flex cuffs us ed foragitators

RCA mar kers are usedto mark agitators for

incapacitation

Incapacitate

personne l

Civil Affair s

Collection ofcivilian int el

Car e of injuredpersonnel

Detention ofcivilian

personnel


30/91

V-5

Table V-3. Deny Area to Personnel

TASK

NLW PLANNING

FACTORS EQUIP MENT

EMPLOYMENT

CON SID ERATION S N OTE S

Deny area to

personnel

Admin Personnel

SJA/claimsplanning

Media plan

Support Equipmenta . Area lightsb. Area sensorsc. Night visiond. Access cont role. Warn ing signs

written in host

nation language

Ensure a rea is welllighted to include

perimeter

Night vision de vicesare generally

employed outside th e

perimeter

Positively ID accessedpersonnel

Employ warning signsin native language

Utilizeappropriate

media to warn

civilians away

from denied

area

Deny area to

personnel

Intelligence

Terrain and ma pstudy

Threat ID

Sensoremplacement

around area

IP B

Kinetics

Deny area topersonnel OperationsPrepare andconfirm ROE

Int egrat ion ofNLW and deadly

force

Allocation of NLWand designated

unit use

Determ ine scope ofmission.

Determ ine accessprocedures

Duration

Use of area

(friendly or t otaldenial)

Riot Control Agents

Deny area to

personnel

Logistics

Distribution ofNLW munitions

ID special storagerequirements

Resu pply of NLWmunitions

Security of rearar ea facilities.

Riot Control

Deny area to

personnel

Civil Affairs

Collection of

civilian intel

Entanglements

a. Caltrops

b. Tanglefootc. Ba rbed wire

d. Foams

e. Concertina/razor

tape

Disrupt/slow in tr usionat tempts

Maintain suita blereaction force

Channel passivetr affic away

Use foam to covercaltrops


31/91

V-6

Table V-4. Deny Area to Vehicles

TASK

NLW PLANNIN G

FACTORS EQUIPMENT

EMPLOYMENT

CONS IDERATIONS N OTES

Deny area to

vehic les

Admin Personnel

SJA/claims

planning

Media pla

Documents

Army, Marine Corps, Navy