ARMA NUCLEARĂ, CHIMICĂ ŞI BACTERIOLOGICĂ

7/23/2019 ARMA NUCLEARĂ, CHIMICĂ ŞI BACTERIOLOGICĂ

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/arma-nucleara-chimica-si-bacteriologica 1/42

ema nr.1: ARMA NUCLEARĂ,

CHIMICĂ ŞI BAC ERIOLOGICĂ

Probleme1. Noţ!nea "e arme "e nm#re $n ma%&

'. Noţ!nea "e arm& n!#lear&. (!rle e)(lo*e

n!#leare. +a#or "%r!#- a e)(lo*e n!#leare.

. /ae 0enerale "e%(re arma #m#&. 2!b%anţele

o)#e.

3. Noţ!nea "e arm& ba#erolo0#& 4bolo0#&5



1. Noţ!nea "e arme "e nm#re $n

ma%&

6 Armele "e nm#re $n ma%& 4ANM5 %$n arme#! #a(a#ae mare "e lo-re "e%nae (enr!(ro"!#erea (er"erlor 7 "%r!0erlor $n ma%&./n #ae0orle e)%ene "e ANM 8a# (arearma n!#lear&, arma #m#& 7 arma

ba#erolo0#& 4bolo0#&5. 9 -areae a armen!#leare e%e arma #! ne!ron.6

Arma n!#lear& 4AN5 a a(&r! la %8r7!l #el!"e;al "olea r&*bo mon"al $n 8orm& "e bombe"e a-on lan%ae (enr! (rma "a& "e #&re2UA a%!(ra ora7elor <a(one*e Hro%ma 7Na0a%a= $n a!0!% 1>3?. @#me ale a#e%e#rme a! "e-en #r#a 99 m "e oamen. Arman!#lear& e%e #el ma (!ern# 8el "e ANM.



6

Arma #m#& 4AC5 a 8o% $nreb!nţa& (enr!(rma "a& "e #&re nemţ $m(or-a r!(elor 8ran#o;en0le*e $n (rm!l r&*bo mon"al 4la '' a(rle 1>1?5.In #el "e;al "olea r&*bo mon"al AC n! %;a

$nreb!nţa. /!(& #el "e;al "olea r&*bo mon"alarma #m#& %;a (er8e#ţona. Armaele ţ&rlorNATO a! (rm $n "oare %!b%anţe o)#e 42T5 #!#a(a#aea "e a (ro"!#e nm#rea $n ma%& a 8orţe- (e %!(ra8eţe mar $n ermene %#!re 7 a e)er#ao n8l!enţ& moral;(%olo0#& (!ern#& a%!(ra

(er%onal!l!.6

Arma ba#erolo0#& 4bolo0#&5 4AB5 a a(&r! mar*! "e# #ea #m#&, "e7 $n#er#&rle #re&r 7 $nreb!nţ&r e a! 8o% 8&#!e "e Germana $n#& $nm(!l (rm!l! r&*bo mon"al. nanea #el! "e;al"olea r&*bo mon"al l!#r&r "e #reare a AB a! 8o%

$nre(rn%e $n a(ona. /n 1>3' "e #rearea AB a! $n#e(! %& %e o#!(e 2UA. /!(& #el "e;al "olear&*bo mon"al (ro"!#erea AB %;a real*a $n An0la,A!%rala, Cana"a, #are a! (ol0oane e)(ermenale7 #enre "e #er#e&r 7nţ8#e #om!ne.



'. Noţ!nea "e arm& n!#lear&. (!rle

e)(lo*e n!#leare. +a#or

"%r!#- a e)(lo*e n!#leare.2e n!me7earm & n!#l ar&

arma "e nm#re $n ma%& #! e8e#

e)(lo*-, ba*a& (e 8olo%rea ener0e n!#leare #e %e elberea*&la rea#ţle $n lanţ "e 8%!ne a n!#leelor 0rele ale !nor *oo("e !ran! 7 (l!on! %a! la rea#ţle ermon!#leare "e %ne*&a n!#leelor !7oare ale *oo(lor "e "ro0en 4"e!er! 7 r!5 $n n!#lee ma 0rele, "e e)em(l!, n!#lee ale *oo(lor "e el!.

6

E)(lo*a n!#lear& e%e $n%oţ& "e elberarea !ne #an&ţenorme "e ener0e, "n #are mo-e ea "!(& e8e#!l "e

"%r!0ere 7 nm#re (oae %& "e(&7ea%#& "e %!e 7 m "eor e)(lo*le #elor ma mar m!nţ $n#&r#ae #! %!b%anţee)(lo*-e ob7n!e.

6 Prnre m<loa#ele mo"eme "e l!(& arma& arma n!#lear& e%e m<lo#!l (rn#(al "e nm#re a nam#!l!. Arma n!#lear&e%e "e%na& (enr! a "%r!0e m<loa#e "e nm#re $n ma%&ale nam#!l!, "e a; (ro"!#e $nr;!n m( %#!r (er"er mar $n

8orţa -e 7 en#& "e l!(&, "e a "%r!0e l!#r&rle 7 aleobe#e m(orane, a n8e#a eren!l #! %!b%anţe ra"oa#-e,(re#!m 7 a e)er#a o n8l!enţ& (!ern#& moral;(%olo0#&a%!(ra (er%onal!l! 7 a #rea (rn a#ea%a (&rţ #are $nreb!nţea*& arma n!#lear& #on"ţ 8a-orable (enr!obţnerea -#ore $n l!(&.



6 M<loa#ele "e $nreb!nţare a armen!#leare %!n: ra#eele a##e, a##;o(era-e 7 %rae0#e a-oanele

(!r&oare "e arm& n!#lear& ra#eele #!ar( %!bmarnele arlera #are $nreb!nţea*& m!nţe n!#lear& mnelen!#leare.

6

n 8!n#ţe "e m%!nle #are %e re*ol-& (rn $nreb!nţarea arme n!#leare, e)(lo*len!#leare (o 8 e)e#!ae $n aer, la%!(ra8aţa (&mn!l! 7 a(e, %!b (&mn

7 a(&. Prn !rmare "eo%ebm e)(lo* la $n&lţme mare, aerene, la %!(ra8aţa %ol!l!4a(e5 7 %!berane 4%!bmarne5 480. 15.



Fig. 1. Exploziile nucleare:a - aeriană; b - la suprafaţa pământului; c - subterană; d – submarină



6

E)(lo*a n!#lear& la $n&lţme mare e%e o e)(lo*e#are %e (ro"!#e #! %#o(!l nm#r $n *bor ara#eelor 7 a-oanelor la o $n&lţme ne(er#!loa%&(enr! obe#ele ere%re 4(e%e 19 =m5. +a#or

"%r!#- a e)(lo*e la mare $n&lţme %$n: !n"a "e7o#, em%!nea "e l!mn&, ra"aţa (eneran& 7m(!l%!l ele#roma0ne# 4IEM5.

6 E)(lo*a n!#lear& aeran& e%e o e)(lo*e (ro"!%&la o $n&lţme "e (n& la 19 =m #n" %8era l!mnoa%&

n! an0e %!(ra8aţa (&mn!l! 4a(e5. E)(lo*leaerene (o 8 <oa%e 7 $nale. Conamnareara"oa#-& (!ern#& a eren!l! %e (ro"!#e n!ma

$n a(ro(erea e(#enrelor e)(lo*lor aerene <oa%e.Conamnarea eren!l! (e !rma nor!l! ra"oa#-

n! e)er#& n8l!enţ& e%enţal& a%!(ra a#ţ!nlor(er%onal!l!. La e)(lo*a n!#lear& aeran& #el mam!l %e man8e%& !n"a "e 7o#, em%!nea "e l!mn&,ra"aţa (eneran& 7 m(!l%!l ele#roma0ne#.



6

E)(lo*a n!#lear& la %ol 4la %!(ra8aţa a(e

5e%e o e)(lo*e e)e#!a& la %!(ra8aţa %ol!l!4a(e5, la #are %8era l!mnoa%& an0e

%!(ra8aţa (&mn!l! 4a(e5, ar #oloana "e(ra8 4"e a(&5 e%e !n& #! nor!l e)(lo*e "nmomen!l 8orm&r.

6 Par#!laraea #ara#er%#& a e)(lo*e

n!#leare la %ol 4la %!(ra8aţa a(e5 e%e#onamnarea ra"oa#-& (!ern#& a eren!l!4a(e5 a $n raon!l e)(lo*e, #$ 7 (e "re#ţa"e "e(la%are a nor!l! e)(lo*e. +a#or

"%r!#- a a#e%e

e)(lo* %$n !n"a "e7o#, em%!nea "e l!mn&, ra"aţa (eneran&,#onamnarea ra"oa#-& a eren!l! 7 IEM.



6

E)(lo*a n!#lear& %!beran& 4%!bmarn&5

e%e o e)(lo*e e)e#!a& %!b (&mn 4%!ba(&5 7 %e #ara#er*ea*& (rn ar!n#area !ne

#an&ţ mar "e %ol 4"e a(&5 ame%e#a #!(ro"!%ele %!b%anţe e)(lo*-e n!#leare 4#!8ra0mene "e 8%!ne a !ran!l!;'? %a!(l!on!l!;'>5. +a#or "%r!#- a e)(lo*en!#leare %!berane %!n !n"ele %e%m#ee)(lo*-e 48a#or!l "%r!#- (rn#(al5,8ormarea (lne "e (&mn 7 (rn#onamnarea ra"oa#-& (!ern#& aeren!l!. Em%!nea "e l!mn& 7 ra"aţa

(eneran& l(%e%#. Cara#er%# (enr!e)(lo*a %!bmarn& e%e 8ormarea #oloane "ea(&, !n"e "e ba*& #are a(are la (r&b!7rea#oloane "e a(&.



+a#or "%r!#- a e)(lo*e n!#leare. M<loa#ele 7

(ro#e"eele "e (roe#ţe $m(or-a a#e%ora

6

Un"a "e 7o#

a e)(lo*e n!#leare a(are $n #on%e#nţa"la&r ma%e n#an"e%#ene l!mnoa%e "e 0a*e "n

#enr!l e)(lo*e 7 re(re*n& o *on& "e #om(re%!nebr!%#& a aer!l!, #are %e (ro(a0& "e la #enr!l e)(lo*e#! o -e*& %!(er%on#&. A#ţ!nea e "!rea*& #e-a%e#!n"e. /%anţa "e 1 =m !n"a "e 7o# o (ar#!r0e $n ' %, '=m ; $n ? %, =m ; $n D %.

6 Le*!nle #a!*ae "e !n"a "e 7o# %$n (ro-o#ae a (rn

a#ţ!nea (re%!n e)#e"enare, #$ 7 (rn e8e#!lar!n#&or al a#e%ea 4(rn (re%!nea ra("&5, #on"ţona"e "e(la%area !n"e aerene. Per%onal!l, armamen!l 7en#a "e l!(&, "%(!%e $n eren "e%#o(er, %$n lo-ema ale% $n re*!la!l e8e#!l! ar!n#&or al !n"e "e 7o#,ar obe#ele "e "men%!n mar 4#l&"rle e#.5 ; (rna#ţ!nea (re%!n e)#e"enare.

6

Le*!nle (o 8 #a!*ae, "e a%emenea, $n #on%e#nţaa#ţ!n n"re#e a !n"e "e 7o# 4#! %8&rm&!r "e #l&"r,#o(a# e#.5. $n !nele #a*!r 0ra-aea le*!nlor #a!*ae"e a#ţ!nle n"re#e (o 8 ma mar "e# #ele "e laa#ţ!nea nem<lo#& a !n"e "e 7o#, ar n!m&r!l -#melor; (re"omnan.



6 A"&(o%rea (er%onal!l! $n %(aele "eal!rlor7 era%amenelor, $n r&(, -&0&!n 7 (&"!rnere, 8olo%rea 8or8#aţlor, an#!rlor, ML,

TAB 7 alor ma7n "e l!(& re"!#e 0ra"!l "elo-re #! !n"a "e 7o#. A%8el, (er%onal!l "%(!% $n ran7ee "e%#o(ere e%e -&&ma "e !n"a"e 7o# "e ' or ma (!ţn "e# #el "%(!% $neren "e%#o(er. Armamen!l, en#a 7 ale

m<loa#e maerale (o 8 "eerorae "ea#ţ!nea !n"e "e 7o# %a! "%r!%e #om(le./n a#e%e mo-e, #oman"anţ "e oaen-el!rle reb!e %& n%r!a%#& (er%onal!l "n%!bor"ne %& (oa& 8olo% (enr! (roe#ţa lora##"enele na!rale ale eren!l! 4"eal!rle,#!ele "e eren e#.5, en#a mlar& "n"oare 7 a"&(o%!rle.



6

Em%!nea "e l!mn& a e)(lo*e n!#leare e%e ora"aţe -*bl& !lra-ole& 7 n8raro7e, #area#ţonea*& $n #!r% "e #e-a %e#!n"e. Ea (oae(ro-o#a la (er%onal ar%!r, -&&marea o#lor 7orbrea em(orar&. Ar%!rle a(ar "n #a!*a e8e#!l!

nem<lo# al em%!n "e l!mn& a%!(ra (&rţlor"e%#o(ere ale #or(!l! 4ar%!rle (rmare5, (re#!m 7"n #a!*a anelor a(rn%e $n 8o#arele "e n#en"!4ar%!rle %e#!n"are5. In 8!n#ţe "e 0ra-aea -&&m&rar%!rle %e $m(ar $n (ar! 0ra"e: 0ra"!l $n ;ro7eaţ&, e"em #!ana 7 %en%blae la "!rerea (el

0ra"!l "o ; 8ormarea b&7#lor 0ra"!l re ;ne#ro*area (el 7 ţe%!!rlor 0ra"!l (ar! ;#arbon*area (el.

6 Ar%!rle 8!n"!l! "e o# 4$n #a*!l (r-r "re#e ae)(lo*e5 %$n (o%ble la "%anţe #are "e(&7e%#ra*ele *onelor "e a#ţ!ne a%!(ra a (el. Orbreaem(orar& a(are "e ob#e noa(ea 7 $n am!r0, n!"e(n"e "e "re#ţa (r-r $n momen!l e)(lo*e 7 -aa-ea !n #ara#er $n ma%&. !a a(are n!ma "a#&(r-e7 e)(lo*a. Orbrea em(orar& re#e re(e"e, n!la%& !rm&r 7 n! ne#e%& "e ob#e a%%enţ&me"#al&.



6

n %#o(!l (roe#ţe o#lor $m(or-a orbr(er%onal!l reb!e %& %e a8le (e #$ (o%bl $n m<loa#eleen#e #! obloanele $n#%e, reb!e 8olo%e8or8#aţle 7 (ro(re&ţle "e (roe#ţe ale eren!l!.

6

Em%!nea "e l!mn& a e)(lo*e n!#leare (ro-oa#&

a(rn"erea

7 #arbon*area maeralelor n8lamable:elemenelor "n lemn 7 (la%# 4#a!#!#5 alearmamen!l! 7 en#, !%elor la an#!r, TAB 7 ML.

6

Ra"aţa (eneran& a e)(lo*e n!#leare e%e !n 8l!)"e #!ane 0ama 7 "e ne!ron. C!anele 0ama 7

ne!ron, (ro(a0n"!;%e $n or#e me"!, (ro-oa#&on*area a#e%!a. 2!b a#ţ!nea ne!ronlor, $n a8ar& "ea#ea%a, aom nera"oa#- a me"!l! %e ran%8orm& $n ra"oa#-, a"#& %e 8ormea*& a7a;n!ma a#-ae

n"!%&. n #on%e#nţa on*&r aomlor #are 8a# (are"n or0an%m!l -! %e "eran<ea*& (ro#e%ele "e

a#-ae -al& a #el!lelor 7 or0anelor, #eea #e "!#ela $mboln&-re "e boal& a#n#&.

Ra"aţa (eneran&(ro-oa#& $n!ne#area o(#, e8e#!l e)(!ner lal!mn& a maeralelor 8oo0ra8#e %en%ble la l!mn&, 7%#oae "n !* a(araa<!l ra"oele#ron#, ma ale% a#el! #e #onţne elemenele #! %em#on"!#oare.



A#ţ!nea -&&m&oare a ra"aţe (enerane %e#ara#er*ea*& (rn m&rmea "o*e "e ra"aţe,a"#& (rn#anaea "e ener0e a em%!nlor ra"oa#-e ab%orb&"e o !nae "e ma%& a me"!l! %!(!% ra"er. /eo%ebm"o*a "e e)(!nere 7 "o*a ab%orb&.

/o*a "e e)(!nere

%em&%oar& $n roen0en 4r5. Un roen0en e%e o a%8el "e "o*&"e ra"aţe 0ama, #are #reea*& $n 1 #m "e aer #r#a 'mlar"e (ere# "e on. /o*a ab%orb& %e m&%oar& $nra*. Un ra" e%e o a%8el "e "o*&, la #are ener0a "era"aţe "e 199 er0 %e ran%me !n! 0ram "e %!b%anţ&4!naea "e m&%!r& a "o*e ab%orbe. n %%em!l 2I e%e

0re!l. 1 0r F 199 ra*5.@&&marea (er%onal!l! #! ra"aţa (eneran& %e"eermn& (rn "o*a oal& ab%orb& "e or0an%m,#ara#er!l ra"er 7 "!raa a#e%ea. $n 8!n#ţe "e "!raara"er %$n a(robae !rm&oarele "o*e oale "e ra"aţe0ama #are n! "!# la re"!#erea 8orţe #omba-e a(er%onal!l!: ra"erea nere(ea& 4(rn m(!l%!r %a! $n#!r%!l (rmelor 3 *le5 ; ?9 ra* ra"erea re(ea& 4#onn!&%a! (ero"#&5 $n #!r%!l (rmelor 9 *le ; 199 ra*, $n #!r%"e re l!n ; '99 ra*, $n #!r%!l !n! an ; 99 ra*.Proe#ţa (er%onal!l! $m(or-a ra"aţe (enerane %ea%0!r& (rn 8olo%rea m<loa#elor bln"ae 7 8or8#aţlor4a"&(o%!rlor, bln"a<elor, ran7eelor a#o(ere5.



6

Conamnarea ra"oa#-& a eren!l!, %ra!l!amo%8ere "e la %!(ra8aţa (&mn!l!, %(aţ!l! aeran,a(e 7 alor obe#e a(are $n #on%e#nţa "e(!ner%!b%anţelor ra"oa#-e "n nor!l e)(lo*e n!#leare $nm(!l "e(la%&r a#e%!a. /e(!nn"!;%e re(a (e%!(ra8aţa (&mn!l!, %!b%anţele ra"oa#-e #reea*& o87e "e eren #onamna& ra"oa#-, #are %e n!me7e

!rma nor!l! ra"oa#-.

6 2!r%ele (rn#(ale ale #onamn&r ra"oa#-e %$n8ra0menele "e 8%!ne a $n#&r#&!r n!#leare 7a#-aea n"!%& a %ol!l!. /e*ne0rarea a#e%or%!b%anţe ra"oa#-e e%e $n%oţ& "e ra"aţ 0ama 7bea. Conamnarea ra"oa#-& a eren!l! %e#ara#er*ea*& (rn n-el!l ra"aţe 4(rn (!erea "o*e"e e)(!nere5 #e %e m&%oar& $n roen0en (e or& 4r5.

6 /!(& 0ra"!l "e (er#ol (enr! (er%onal !rma ra"oa#-&

%e $m(are #on-enţonal $n (ar! *one: *ona A ;#onamnare mo"era& *ona B ; #onamnare (!ern#&*ona C ; #onamnare (er#!loa%& *ona / ; #onamnaree)rem "e (er#!loa%&. N-el!rle ra"aţe 4(!erle"o*elor5 la lmele e)eroare ale a#e%or *one (e%e oora "!(& e)(lo*e #on%!e D, D9, '39 7 D99 r, ar

(e%e 19ore ; 9,?, ?, 1? 7 ?9 r re%(e#-.



6 /e%(re 0ra"!l "e #onamnare 4(ol!are5

#! %!b%anţe ra"oa#-e a %!(ra8eţelor"8erelor obe#e, a e#(amen!l!(er%onal!l! 7 $n-el7!l! #!ana %e <!"e#& "!(& m&rmea (!er "o*e "e

e)(!nere ra"aţe 0ama $n a(ro(ere "e%!(ra8eţele #onamnae "eermna& $nmlreon0en (e or& 4mr5 1 mr F 19; r.

6

C! %#o(!l "e a (roe<a (er%onal!l #area#-ea*& $n eren #onamna %e8olo%e7e en#a mlar&, a"&(o%!rlena!rale 7 8or8#aţle.

4IEM5 E l l l " l



6

Im(!l%!l ele#roma0ne#

4IEM5. E)(lo*le n!#leare "!# laa(arţa #m(!rlor ele#roma0ne#e (!ern#e. /eoare#e a#e%e#m(!r a! o e)%enţ& "e %#!r& "!ra&, ele %$n "en!me m(!l%ele#roma0ne#, #are %e man8e%& #el ma "e(ln $n #a*!le)(lo*lor aerene <oa%e %a! #elor "e la %!(ra8aţa (&mn!l!.

6 IEM a#ţonea*&, $n (rm!l rn", a%!(ra a(araa<!l!ra"oele#ron# 7 ele#roen#, #! #are e%e "oa& en#amlar& 7 ale obe#e. 2!b a#ţ!nea IEM $n a(araa<!l n"#a %en"!# #!renţ 7 en%!n ele#r#e, #are (o (ro-o#a %r&(!n0erea*olaţe, "eerorarea ran%8ormaoarelor, ar"erea e#laoarelor,"%r!0erea a(araelor #! %em#on"!#oare, ar"erea %0!ranţelor

8!*ble 7 alor elemene ale "%(o*-elor ra"oen#e. Cel mam!l %$n e)(!%e (er#ol!l! a#ţ!n IEM lnle "e ran%m%!n, "e%emnal*are 7 "e "r<are. Cn" m&rmea IEM e n%!8#en&(enr! "eerorarea a(araelor %a! a !nor (e%e, a!n# e (o%bl&"e#lan7area m<loa#elor "e (roe#ţe 4%0!ranţelor 8!*ble,(arar&%neelor5 7 "eran<area #a(a#&ţ "e 8!n#ţonare a lnlor.

6 /a#& e)(lo*le n!#leare %e -or (ro"!#e $n a(ro(ere "e lnle "ealmenare #! ener0e, "e ran%m%!n #e a! l!n0me mare, a!n#en%!nle n"!%e $n a#e%ea (o %& %e (ro(a0e (rn #abl!r la"%anţe #on%"erable 7 %& (ro-oa#e "eerorarea a(araa<!l! 7-&&marea (er%onal!l! a8la la "%anţe ne(er#!loa%e $n #e(r-e7e alţ 8a#or "%r!#- a e)(lo*e n!#leare.



. /ae 0enerale "e%(re arma

#m#&. 2!b%anţele o)#e.

6 Arma #m#& 4AC5

n#l!"e %!b%anţele o)#e 7 m<loa#ele "e $nreb!nţare a a#e%ora. 2e n!me%#%!b%anţe o)#e 42 5

#om(!7 #m# o)# "e%naţ (enr! nm#rea $n ma%& a8orţe - la $nreb!nţarea $n l!(& a a#e%ora. 2!b%anţele o)#e#on%!e ba*a arme #m#e 7 %e a8l& $n $n*e%rarea armaelor!n! 7r "e ţ&r. n armaa 2UA 8e#are 2T are !n an!m #8r!leral. /!(& #ara#er!l a#ţ!n a%!(ra or0an%m!l! !man 2T %e

$m(ar $n %!b%anţe ne!ro(aral#e, "ermao-e*#ale, o)#e0enerale, %!8o#ane, (%o#m#e 7 rane.6 /!(& ra("aea %!r-enr e8e#!l! -!lnera 2T 4$n armaa 2UA5

%e $m(ar $n %!b%anţe leale, %!b%anţe #are %#o em(orar "nl!(& 8orţa -e 7 %!b%anţele #are %#o (enr! o %#!r& "!ra&"n l!(& 8orţa -e. La $nreb!nţarea $n l!(& 2T leale (ro-oa#&

n8e#&r 0ra-e 4leale5 8orţe -. /n a#e% 0r!( 8a# (are 2Tleale #! e8e# ne!ro(aral# -e*#an, o)# 0eneral 7 %!8o#an,o)na bo!ln#& 4%!b%anţa R5. 2T #are %#o em(orar "nl!(& 8orţa -e 4#! a#ţ!ne (%o#m#& 7 o)na %a8lo#o##&PG5 l(%e%# (er%onal!l "e #omba-ae (e !n ermen "e la#$e-a ore ($n& la #$e-a *le. E8e#!l -!lneran al 2T #are %#o(enr! o %#!r& "!ra& "n l!(& 8orţa -e 4#! a#ţ!ne ran&5 %e

man8e%& (e "!raa a8l&r $n #ona# #! a#e%ea 7 %e menţnem( "e #e-a ore "!(& e7re "n amo%8era n8e#a&.



6 n momen!l $nreb!nţ&r $n l!(& 2T %e (o a8la $n%are "e -a(or, "e aero%ol 7 l#". n %are "e -a(or7 "e aero%ol 8n "%(er%a 48!m, #eaţ&5 %e re# 2T $nreb!nţae (enr! n8e#area %ra!l! "e aer "e la

%!(ra8aţa (&mn!l!. Nor!l "e -a(or 7 aero%ol 8orma $n momen!l $nreb!nţ&r m!nţe #m#e %e n!me7enor (rmar "e aer n8e#a 4AI5. Nor!l "e -a(or 8orma(e #on!l e-a(or&r 2T "e(!%e (e %ol %e n!me7e nor

%e#!n"ar. 2T %!b 8orm& "e -a(or 7 aero%ol 8n"%(er%a (!rae "e -n n8e#ea*& 8orţa -e n! n!ma

$n raon!l "e $nreb!nţare, "ar 7 la "%anţe#on%"erable. A"n#mea (ro(a0&r AI $n erena##"ena 7 $m(&"!r e "e 1,?; or ma m#& "e# $neren "e%#o(er.

6 Penr! n8e#area eren!l!, armamen!l! 7 en#mlare, $mbr&#&mne, e#(amen!l! 7 $n-el7!l!

#!ana al oamenlor 2T %e $nreb!nţea*& %!b 8orm& "eaero%ol ma#ro"%(er% 7 (#&!r. Teren!l, armamen!l,en#a mlar& 7 ale obe#e n8e#ae %$n %!r%e "en8e#are a oamenlor $n a#e%e #on"ţ (er%onal!l -a 8ne-o !n m( $n"el!n0a, #on"ţona "e (er%%enţa2T, %& %e a8le $n m<loa#ele "e (roe#ţe, #eea #e -a

re"!#e #a(a#aea "e l!(a a r!(elor.



6

Per%%enţa 2 $n eren e%e m(!l "e la $nreb!nţarea a#e%ora (n& $n momen!l #n"(er%onal!l (oae %& rea#& %e#or!l n8e#a %a!%& %e a8le $n a#e%a 8&r& m<loa#e "e (roe#ţe.

6

2T (o (&r!n"e $n or0an%m (rn a(ara!lre%(raor, (rn %!(ra8eţele r&ne, (rn m!#oa%&7 $n-el7!l #!ana. n #a* "e #on%!mare aalmenelor 7 a(e n8e#ae 2T (&r!n" (rnra#!l 0a%rone%nal. Ma<oraea 2T (o%e"&#a(a#aea "e a#!m!lare a e8e#!l! o)#.

6

2!b%anţele o)#e #! a#ţ!ne ne!ro(aral#&

6 P&r!n*n" $n or0an%m, 2T #! a#ţ!nene!ro(aral#& aa#& %%em!l ner-o%.Par#!laraea #ara#er%#& a a#e%! aa# %eman8e%& (rn $n0!%area (!(lelor 4mo*&5.

6 In armaa 2UA re(re*enanţ (rn#(al a a#e%!0r!( "e 2T %$n %&rn!l 4GB5 7 @e;I)!l 4@5.



6

2&rn!l 4GB5 e%e !n l#" -olal n#olor %a!0&lb! $n 8on" 8&r& mro%, arna n! $n0eaţ&. 2eame%e#& #! a(& 7 #! %ol-enţ or0an# $n or#e(ro(orţ, %e "*ol-& bne $n 0r&%m. E%e %abl

la a#ţ!nea a(e, #eea #e #on"ţonea*&n8e#area ba*nelor "e a(& %&&oare (enr!!n m( $n"el!n0a ; (n& la ' l!n. Nmern" (e(elea om!l!, (e $mbr&#&mne, $n#&lţ&mne 7ale maerale (oroa%e %e $mbb& re(e"e $n ele.

6

2&rn!l %e $nreb!nţea*& (enr! -&&marea8orţe - (rn n8e#area %ra!l! "e aer "e la%!(ra8aţa (&mn!l! #! a<!or!l a(l#&r#o#anelor "e 8o# "e arlere "e %#!r& "!ra&,lo-!rlor #! ra#ee 7 #! a-aţa a##&.

2area "e l!(& "e ba*& a %&rn!l! %$n -a(or.@a(or "e %&rn $n #a*!l #on"ţlormeeorolo0#e me" %e (o (ro(a0a #! a<!or!l-n!l! (n& la '9 =m "e la lo#!l a(l#&r.Per%%ena %&rn!l! 4$n (ln5 -ara ; #e-a

ore, arna ; (n& la ' *le.



6 n #a*!l a#ţ!nlor %!b!n&ţlor (e en#a "el!(&, $n amo%8era n8e#a& #! %&rn (enr!(roe#ţe %e 8olo%e%# m&7le an0a* 7#om(le!l mlar #om(le) "e (roe#ţe. n #a*!la#ţ!nlor $n eren!l n8e#a $n 8ormaţe (e <o%%e $mbra#& %!(lmenar #ora( "e (roe#ţe. In#a*!l a8l&r $n"el!n0ae $n raoanele #!#onţn! $nal "e -a(or "e %&rn reb!e "e8olo% (enr! (roe#ţe ma%#a an0a* 7#om(le!l mlar "e (roe#ţe $n 8orm& "e#ombne*on. Proe#ţa $m(or-a %&rn!l! %ea%0!r&, "e a%emenea, (rn 8olo%rea en# 7a"&(o%!rlor "e ( erme*a $n*e%rae #!n%alaţ "e 8lro-enlaţe. @a(or "e %&rn (o

8 ab%orbţ "e #&re e#(amen 7 "!(& e7rea"n amo%8era n8e#a& %e (o e-a(ora "n no!,n8e#n" aer!l #!ra. /e a#eea m&7le an0a*%e %#o n!ma "!(& e8e#!area ra&r %(e#alea e#(amen!l!, $mbr&#&mne 7 #onrol!l

n8e#&r aer!l!.



6

@e;I)!l 4@5 e%e !n l#" n#olor (!ţn -olal, n! aremro% 7 n! $n0eaţ& arna, $n a(& %e "*ol-& mo"era4?J5, $n %ol-enţ or0an# 7 $n 0r&%m K bne. In8e#ea*&ba*nele "e a(& "e%#o(ere (enr! o (eroa"& 8oare

$n"el!n0a& ; (n& la l!n. 2area "e l!(& "e ba*& ;aero%ol "%(er%a 0ro%er. Aero%ol @ n8e#ea*&%ra!rle "e aer "e la %!(ra8aţa (&mn!l! 7 %e(ro(a0& (e "re#ţa -n!l! la a"n#m "e la ? (n& la'9 =m, n8e#ea*& 8orţa -e (rn a(ara!l re%(raor,

(orţ!nle "e%#o(ere ale (el 7 (rn $mbr&#&mneamlar& ob7n!&, "e a%emenea, n8e#ea*& eren!l,armamen!l, en#a mlar& 7 ba*nele "e a(&"e%#o(ere. @ e%e $nreb!nţa "e arlere, a-aţe4#a%ee 7 a(arae "e a-aţe (enr! -&r%are5, (re#!m 7#! a<!or!l 8!0a%elor #m#e. Armamen!l 7 en#a "e

l!(& n8e#ae #! (#&!r "e @ (re*n& (er#ol -ara $n#!r% "e 1 ; *le, arna ; 9 ; 9 *le. Per%%ena @ ; l!

$n eren -ara ; "e la (n& la 1? *le, arna ; (enr! oa&(eroa"a (n& la $n#&l*re. Proe#ţa $m(or-a @; l!:ma%#a an0a*, #om(le!l mlar "e (roe#ţe, en#a

"e l!(& 7 a"&(o%!rle erme*ae.



6 /n %!b%anţele o)#e #! a#ţ!nene!ro(aral#& 8a#e (are, "e a%emenea, %oman!l 4G/5, #are "!(& (ro(re&ţle %aleo#!(& o (o*ţe nerme"ar& $nre %&rn 7 @.2!b%anţele o)#e ne!ro(aral#e (o %&;ln8e#e*e (e om n"8eren "e (ro#e%!l "e(&r!n"ere a a#e%ora $n or0an%m. Lan8e#area !7oar& (rn nalaţe %e ob%er-&%#&"erea -e"er, $n0!%area (!(lelor 4mo*a5,

$n0re!narea re%(raţe, %en*aţa "e 0re!ae $n(e(, am(l8#area "e0a<&r %al-e 7m!#!%!l! na*al. A#e%e 8enomene %$n $n%oţe"e "!rer (!ern#e "e #a( 7 (o %& (er%%e "ela ' (n& la *le. $n #a*!l a#ţ!n a%!(ra

or0an%m!l! a #on#enraţlor leale "e 2Ta(are o mo*& (!ern#&, %!8o#area, %al-aţa 7ran%(raţa ab!n"en&, a(are %en*aţa "e 8r#&,-omarea 7 "areea, #are (o %& "!re*e #e-aore, (er"erea #!no7nţe. 28r7!l leal -ne"n #a!*a (aral*e re%(raor 7 #ar"o(le0e.



n #a*!l (&r!n"er (rn (ele ablo!l n8e#&r, $n 8on", e%eanalo0# #! n8e#area (rn nalaţe. 2e "eo%ebe7e n!ma (rna#eea #& %m(oamele %e man8e%& (e%e !n oare#are m( 4"ela #e-a mn!e (n& la #e-a ore5 $n a#e% #a* a(aremo#lona $n lo#!l (&r!n"er 2T, a(o #on-!l%a, ma%ena 7

(aral*a.6 Prm!l a<!or.

Cel! n8e#a %e (!ne ma%#a an0a* 4"a#&aero%ol!l %a! (#&!rle "e 2T l#"& a! nmer (e (elea 8eţe,ma%#a an0a* %e (!ne n!ma "!(& (rel!#rarea 8eţe #! l#""n (a#e!l an#m# n"-"!al 4PAI5. 2e nro"!#e an"o!l#! a<!or!l !b!l!;%ern0& #! #&(&#el ro7! "n r!%a n"-"!al&#! me"#amene 7 %e $n"e(&rea*& -#ma "n amo%8era

n8e#a&. /a#& $n #!r% "e 19 mn. #on-!l%a n! e $nl&!ra&,an"o!l %e nro"!#e $n#& o "a& $n #a* "e %e o(re7ere%(raţa, %e 8a#e re%(raţe ar8#al&. /a#& 2T nmere7e (e#or(, %e (rel!#rea*& me"a lo#!rle n8e#ae #! a<!or!l PAI./a#& 2T nmere7e $n %oma#, %e (ro-oa#& -omarea, %e %(al&,"a#& e (o%bl, %oma#!l #! %ol!ţe "e 1J "e b#arbona "e %o"!almenar %a! #! a(& #!ra&, o# n8e#aţ %e %(al& #! %ol!ţe

"e 'J "e b#arbona "e %o"! almenar %a! #! a(& #!ra&.Per%onal!l n8e#a %e a"!#e la (!n#!l me"#al.6 E)%ena 2T ne!ro(aral#e $n aer, $n eren, (e armamen 7

en#a mlar& %e "ee#ea*& #! a<!or!l a(araelor "e#er#eare #m#& 4!b!7or!l n"#aor #! nel 7 (!n# ro7!5 7 ala-er*oarelor "e %!b%anţe o)#e "e l!(&. Penr! "ee#areaaero%ollor "e @ %er-e7e (el#!la n"#aoare AP;1.



6 2!b%anţele o)#e #! a#ţ!ne or&-oare 0eneral&,nmern" $n or0an%m, "ere0lea*& ran%mereao)0en!l! "n %n0e la ţe%!!r. A#e%e 2T a! #eama ra("& a#ţ!ne. Ele %$n re(re*enae (rn #an!ra

"e "ro0en 4AC5 7 #lor#an 4C5 $n armaa 2UA#an!ra "e "ro0en 7 #lor#an!l %$n 2T "e re*er-&.6 Can!ra "e "ro0en e%e !n l#" n#olor #e %e

e-a(or& re(e"e #! mro% "e m0"ale amare $n eren"e%#o(er %e e-a(or& re(e"e 4(e%e 191? mn.5, n!n8e#ea*& eren!l 7 en#a. /e0a*area $n#&(erlor,a"&(o%!rlor 7 ma7nlor $n#%e %e 8a#e (rnaer%re. n #on"ţ "e #am(ane e (o%bl& ab%orbţa#on%"erabl& a #an!r "e "ro0en $n $mbr&#&mne./e*n8e#area %e obţne, "e a%emenea, (rn aer%re.Tem(era!ra "e $n0eţare a #an!r "e "ro0en e%e

;13C, "e a#eea $n m(!l re#e ea %e $nreb!nţea*& $name%e# #! #lor#an %a! #! ale 2T. Can!ra "e"ro0en (oae 8 $nreb!nţa& $n bombele #m#e"e a-aţe "e #albr! mare. In8e#area %e (ro"!#e(rn n%(raţa aer!l! n8e#a 4e (o%bl& n8e#area(rn (ele $n #a*!l a#ţ!n $n"el!n0ae a

#on#enraţlor 8oare $nale5.

/re( $m(or-a #an!r "e "ro0en %$n



/re( m<loa#e "e (roe#ţe $m(or-a #an!r "e "ro0en %$nma%#a an0a*, a"&(o%!rle 7 en#a amena<ae #! n%alaţ "e8lro-enlaţe. n #a*!l n8e#&r #! #an!r& "e "ro0en a(are !n0!% ne(l&#! meal# 7 %en*aţa "e ar%!r& $n 0!r&, amorţrea -r8!l!lmb, e)#aţa 8arn0el!, a%na 7 ameţeala. Pe !rm& a(are%en*aţa "e 8r#&, m"ra*a, (!l%!l "e-ne rar, ar re%(raţanere0!la&. @#ma $7 (er"e #!no7nţa 7 %e $n#e(e #r*a#on-!l%-&, "!(& #are %!r-ne (aral*a. Moarea %!r-ne $n !rma !n!%o( re%(raor. n #a*!l a#ţ!n #on#enraţlor 8oare $nale a(area7a;n!ma 8orm& 8!l0er&oare "e n8e#are: -#ma me"a $7 (er"e#!no7nţa, re%(raţa "e-ne %!(er8#al&, %!r-ne #on-!l%a, (aral*a7 moarea $n #a*!l n8e#&r #! #an!r& "e "ro0en %e %emnalea*&#!loarea ran"a8rr a 8eţe 7 m!#oa%elor. Can!ra "e "ro0en n!(o%e"& e8e#!l #!m!la-.

Prm!l a<!or. 2e (!ne -#me ma%#a an0a*, %e %(ar0e 8ola #!an"o!l (enr! #an!ra "e "ro0en 7 %e nro"!#e $n %(aţ!l #a0!le"n neror!l m&7 an0a* $n #a* "e ne#e%ae, %e 8a#e re%(raţear8#al&. /a#& %m(oamele n8e#&r (er%%&, an"o!l (oae 8nro"!% $n#& o "a&. Can!ra "e "ro0en %e "ee#ea*& #! a<!or!l

!b!7or!l! n"#aor #! re nele -er* #! a(araele @PHR 7 PPHR.

Clor#an!l 4C5 e%e !n l#" n#olor ma -olal "e# #an!ra "e"ro0en #! mro% (&r!n*&or ne(l&#!. /!(& (ro(re&ţle %aleo)#e e%e a%em&n&or #! #an!ra "e "ro0en, $n%&, %(re "eo%ebre"e a#ea%a, r& #&le re%(raor %!(eroare 7 o#. M<loa#ele "e

$nreb!nţare, "e (roe#ţe, "e "e0a*are %$n a#elea7 #a 7 (enr!

#an!ra "e "ro0en



2!b%,anţ l ,o)# #! a#ţ!n %!8o#an,&

/n a#e% 0r!( "e 2T 8a#e (are 8o%0en!l. n armaa 2UA 8o%0en!l 4CG5e%e o 2T "e re*er-&.+o%0en!l 4CG5 $n #on"ţ ob7n!e e%e !n 0a* n#olor ma 0re! "e#aer!l "e ,? or, #! mro% #ara#er%# 8n!l! m!#e0& %a! 8r!#elor(!re"e. 2e "*ol-& (ro% $n a(& 7 !7or %e "e%#om(!ne "e #&re

a#ea%a. 2area "e l!(& -a(or. Per%%enţa $n eren 9 ?9 mn. ,e (o%bl& %a0narea -a(orlor $n ran7ee, r&( "e la ' (n& la ore.A"n#mea (ro(a0&r aer!l! n8e#a "e la ' (n& la =m.+o%0en!l a8e#ea*& or0an%m!l n!ma la nalarea -a(orlor a#e%!a, $n a#e% #a* %e %me o rare %lab& a m!#oa%e o#lor, l&#rmarea, !n0!% ne(l&#! "!l#e $n 0!r&, o ameţeal& !7oar&, a%ena, %en*aţa "e#on%r#ţe ora##&, 0reaţa. /!(& e7re "n amo%8era n8e#a&

a#e%e 8enomene re# 7 $n #!r% "e 3? ore -#ma %e a8l& $n %a"!l"e b!n&%are ma0nar&. Pe !rm&, "n #a!*a e"em!l! (!lmonar,%!r-ne o $nr&!&ţre br!%#& a %&r: %e a##elerea*& re%(raţa, a(ar!%a (!ern#&, "!rer "e #a(, "%(neea, $n-neţrea b!*elor, (leoa(elor,na%!l!, a##elerarea (!l%!l!, "!rer "e nm&, a%ena 7 %!8o#area. 2er"#& em(era!ra #or(!l! (n& la D ; >C. E"em!l (!lmonar"!rea*& #e-a *le 7 %e ermn&, "e ob#e, (rn %8r7!l leal.

Prm!l a<!or.

2e (!ne -#me ma%#a an0a*, %e %#oae "namo%8era n8e#a&, %e a#or"& !n re(a!% ab%ol!, %e !7!rea*&re%(raţa 4%e %#oae #en!ra, %e "e%#ee na%!r5, %e $n-ele7e $m(or-a 8r0!l!, %e "& #e-a 8erbne "e b&! 7 %e a"!#e #$ mare(e"e la (!n#!l me"#al.Proe#ţa $m(or-a 8o%0en!l! ; ma%#a an0a*, a"&(o%!l 7 en#aamena<ae #! n%alaţ "e 8lro-enlaţe. +o%0en!l %e "ee#ea*& #!

a<!or!l !b!7or!l! n"#aor #! re nele -er* #! a(araele @PHR 7PPHR.



. 2!b %,anţ l ,o)# #! a#ţ!n (%1o#1m #&

n (re*en armaele m!lor ţ&r a! $n "oare %!b%anţa o)#&(%o#m#& Be;e 4B5.Be;e 4B5

e%e o %!b%anţ& alb& 8&r& mro%, n! %e "*ol-& $n a(&,%e "*ol-& bne $n #loro8orm, "#lorean 7 $n a(& a#"!la&. 2area"e l!(& (rn#(al& K aero%ol!l. 2e $nreb!nţea*& #! a<!or!l#a%eelor "e a-aţe 7 al 0eneraoarelor "e aero%ol.B n8e#ea*& or0an%m!l (rn nalarea aer!l! n8e#a 7#on%!marea almenelor 7 a(e n8e#ae. A#ţ!nea l! B $n#e(e%& %e man8e%e (e%e 9,? ore. /a#& a#ţonea*& #on#enraţm#, %!r-ne %omnolenţa 7 re"!#erea #a(a#&ţ "e l!(&. /a#&a#ţonea*& #on#enraţ mar, la ea(a nţal&, $n #!r% "e #e-a

ore, %e %emnalea*& a#ar"a, )ero"erma 7 )ero%oma, m"ra*a7 re"!#erea #a(a#&ţ "e l!(&. In !rm&oarele D ore %!r-ne $nţe(enrea 7 %area "e nbţe -erbal&. A(o !rmea*& o (eroa"&"e e)#aţe #e "!rea*& (n& la 3 *le. Pe%e '; *le "!(& a#ţ!nea2T $n#e(e re-enrea re(a& la %area normal&.Prm!l a<!or.

2e (!ne -#me ma%#a an0a* 7 %e $n"e(&rea*&"n 8o#ar!l "e n8e#are. /!(& e7re (e !n eren nen8e#a %e 8a#eraarea %anar& (arţal& a (orţ!nlor "e%#o(ere ale #or(!l! #!a<!or!l PAI, %e %#!!r& $mbr&#&mnea, %e %(al& #! a(& #!ra&o# 7 na*o8arn0ele.Pre*ena l! B $n amo%8er& %e "ee#ea*& #! a(araele mlare"e #er#eare #m#& @PHR 7 PPHR, #! a<!or!l !b!7oarelorn"#aoare #! !n nel #a8en!.

Proe#a $m(or-a l! B ; ma%#a an0a* en#a 7 a"&(o%!nleamena<ae #! n%alaţ "e 8lro-enlaţe.



+,o,o)#anţ

6

+oo)#anţ %$n %!b%anţe #m#e #e (ro-oa#&nm#rea -e0eaţe. Planele raae #! 8oo)#an(er" 8r!n*7!l, %e !%!#& 7 %e "%r!0. Penr! %#o(!r

mlare %e $nreb!nţea*& re#e(!r %(e#ale "e $nal& o)#ae. Armaa 2UA are $n "oare re 8el!r"e re#e(!r: Q(oro#aleQ, Qalb&Q 7 Qalba%r&Q.A(l#area a#e%or re#e(!r %e real*ea*& (rn(!l-er*are "n a-oane 7 el#o(ere #! a<!or!l

"%(o*-elor %(e#ale.6 La a(l#area re#e(!r Q(oro#alQ (e%e o

%&(&mn& are lo# "%r!0erea #om(le& a-e0eaţe. In #a*!l a(l#&r re#e(!rlor alb&Q 7alba%r&Q (e%e ' ; *le %e (ro"!#e #&"erea oal&

7 nm#rea 8r!n*elor, ar (e%e ;19 *le ; "%r!0erea-e0eaţe. La a(l#area re#e(!rlor Q(oro#aleQ 7Qalb&Q -e0eaţa n! %e re%able7e $n #!r%!l $nre0!l! %e*on, ar la a(l#area re#e(!r Qalba%reQ%e (ro"!#e %erl*area #om(le& a %ol!l! 7

-e0eaţa n! %e re%able7e $n #!r%!l !n! 7r "e an.



6 M<loa# l " a(l#ar a %!b%,anţ lor ,o)#

6 Toae m!nţle #m#e ale armae 2UA %$n -o(%e $n#!loare 0r. Pe #or(!l m!nţe %e a(l#& nele #olorae,#8r!l 2T, %e n"#& #albr!l m!nţe, %emnele re8eroarela ma%&, mo"el!l 7 #8r!l m!nţe 7 n!m&r!l lo!l!.

6 M!nţle $n#&r#ae #! %!b%anţe o)#e leale %emar#ea*& #! nele "e #!loare -er"e, ar #ele #!%!b%anţe #e %#o 8orţa -e "n l!(& em(orar %a!(enr! o %#!r& "!ra& ; #! nele ro7. M!nţle #m#e#e #onţn 2T ne!ro(aral#e a! re nele -er*, 2T

-e*#ane ; "o!& nele -er*, 2T 0eneral& 7 %!8o#an& ;!n nel -er"e. M!nţle $n#&r#ae #! 2T "e a#ţ!ne(%o#m#& a! "o!& nele ro7, ar #! 2T ran& ; !nnel ro7!.

6 C8r!l %!b%anţelor o)#e @ ; Q@;GA2Q, %arn!l ; QGB;

GA2Q, (era en#& ; QH;GA2Q, (era "%la& ; QH/;GA2Q, #an!ra "e "ro0en ; QAC;GA2Q, #lor#an!l K C;GA2Q, 8o%0en!l ; QCG;GA2Q, B ; QB;RoQ, C2 ; QC2;RoQ, CR ; QCR;RoQ,;#lora#eo8enona ; QCN;RoQ. To)nabo!ln#& are #8r!l QRQ, eneroo)na %a8lo#o##& ;

QPGQ.



6 In armaa 2UA a(l#area 2T e%e (re-&*!& #! a<!or!l(roe#lelor;ra#e& ne"r<ae ( QOne% /<onQ 7 alra#eelor "r<ae Q2er0enQ 7 QLan%Q. M<lo#!l (rn#(al"n "oare e%e ra#ea QLan%Q. 2e (lan8#& a(l#area 2T#! ra#eele #! ar(. Com(onenele "e l!(& ale a#e%orra#ee %$n n7e #a%ee $n#&r#ae #! bombe "e 8orm&%8er#& #! 0abar re"!%, $n 8e#are "nre ele 8n" #e9, =0 "e 2T %arn. Com(onenele "e l!(& ale ra#eelor%e "e%#" la $n&lţmea "e 1,? ; =m 7 elemenele#a%eelor %e $m(r&7e (e o %!(ra8aţ& "e #r#a 1=m'.

6 Cn" %e lo-e%# "e (&mn, bombele e)(lo"ea*& 7#onţn!!l lor re#e $n %are "e l!(&. In"#le (rn#(ale"e a(l#are a ra#eelor #m#e %n: %(ar0erea (&rţo0-ale $n aer 7 %(ar0erea %m!lan& 4(ra##n%ananee5 a !n! n!m&r mare "e bombe la lo-re "e(&mn %a! "ea%!(ra a#e%!a. A-aţa (oae %& a(l#e2T #! a<!or!l bombelor #m#e "e a-aţe, #a%eelor,(roe#lelor rea#-e aer;%ol 7 #! a<!or!l a(araelor "e(!l-er*are "n a-on. +orţele aerene ale 2UA a! $n"oare bombe "e a-aţe #albr!l ?9, ?99 7 19 8n.M!nţle "n "oare %e $n#ar#& #! %arn, C2, CR 7 B E(o%bl& $n#&r#area bombelor #! (er&, #an!r& "e"ro0en, #lor#an, 8o%0en.

19 8 &



6 Bombele #al. 19 8n %e $n#ar#& #! %arn %a!B 7 %e $nreb!nţea*&, "e ob#e, $n#a%eele #al 1999 8n 4%arn5 7 ?9 8n 4B5

(enr! n8e#area 8orţe - (rn n8e#areaamo%8ere. Bombele #al ?9 8n %e $n#ar#&#! %arn, #al ?99 8n ; #! %arn, C2 %a! #!CR.

6

/!(& 8orma %a bomba #m#& n! %e"eo%ebe7e "e #ea 8!0a%& 480. '5. Ca-aeae neroar& %e !m(le #! %!b%anţ& o)#&,

bomba are o m#& $n#&r#&!r& "e e)(lo*e./e a#eea la e)(lo"area bombelor #m#e%e (ro"!#e !n %!ne $n8!n"a, $n %ol %e8ormea*& (ln m#.



Fig !ombac"imică#$-1 cal %&' fna - (edere generală) b - secţiune % *i + - focos de cap *i 1' - corp , - conul

posterior cu stabilizator) *i - buc*e) & - cilindru din carton de fibră) / -0ncărcătură de explozie) - teaca 0ncărcăturii de explozie 21 - substanţă toxică 1- loca*uri pentru urec"ile de suspendare



6 Ca%eele "e a-aţe %$n n7e

#onanere "e "8er -ol!m !m(l!e#! elemene $n#&r#ae #! %!b%anţeo)#e. /e%#"erea #onanerelorla $n&lţmea (re%abl& a%0!r&

$m(r&7erea elemenelor (e o are#on%"erabl&, #eea #e "!#e lan8e#area !nor ma%e mar "e aer la

%ol. Elemenele #a%eelor %e $n#ar#& #! %arn, C2, CR 7 B. E(o%bl& $n#&r#area #! R 7 PG.



Fig. ,. 3roiectilele c"imice de artilerie:

a - proiectilul c"imic 4#/,1 cal. 1&& mm; b - proiectilul c"imic cal. 1&& mm; f *i - focos; - 0ncărcătură de pulbere; , - diafragmă; - tub perforat; & - calupuri de$5; / *i + - corp; % - fundul proiectilului; 1' - $5; 11 -teaca 0ncărcăturii de explozie;

1 - 0ncărcătura de explozie.



Fig. . Fugasele c"imice: a - fugasa #l; b - fugasa 6!7-#,

Fig. &. 8umânările *i grenadele c"imice:a - lumânarea c"imică #1/; b - grenada c"imică

#%6



3. Noţ!nea "e arm& ba#erolo0#&

4bolo0#&

Arma ba#erolo0#& 4bolo0#&5 re(re*n& n7e m!nţ %(e#ale 7

a(arae "e l!(& #! m<loa#e "e ran%(orare e#(ae #! m<loa#eba#erene 4bolo0#e5.6 n #alae "e m<loa#e ba#erene 4bolo0#e5 (o 8 $nreb!nţae:Penr! -&&marea oamenlor:6 a0enţ (ao0en ba#erolo0# a bollor 4(e%& !lareme, br!#elo*&,

anra), oler&56 a0enţ (ao0en -ro# a bollor 4-arol&, 8ebr& 0alben&,

en#e8alomela e#-n& "e @ene*!ela56 a0enţ (ao0en a r#=e%o*elor 48o% e)anema#, 8ebr& (&a& a

m!nţlor %n#o7, 8ebr& a!%ralan&56 a0enţ (ao0en a bollor m#o#e 4#o##"o"om#o*&, (o#ar"o*&,

%o(la%mo*&5Penr! -&&marea anmalelor:

6

a0enţ (ao0en a 8ebre a8oa%e, (e%e bo-ne, (e%e (or#ne,anra)e, mor-e, 8ebre a8r#ane a (or#nelor, (%e!"o!rb&r 7 alorbol

Penr! nm#rea (lanelor:6 a0enţ (ao0en a r!0n #erealelor, mane #aro8!l!, -e7e*r

ba#erene a (or!mb!l! 7 alor #!l!r

6

n%e#ele "&!n&oare ale (lanelor a0r#ole6 8oo)#anţ, "e8olanţ, erb#"ele 7 ale %!b%anţe #m#e



9 (ar#!larae e%enţal& a arme ba#erolo0#e4bolo0#e5 e%e e)%ena (eroa"e laene

6 "e a#ţ!ne, $n #!r%!l #&rea #e -&&maţ $7 #onn!&a#-aea, $n"e(lnn"!;7 $n"aorrle,

6

a(o br!%# %e $mboln&-e%#. Peroa"a laen& (oae 8"8er&, "e e)em(l!, $n #a*!l n8e#&r #!6 #!m& %a! oler& ea (oae %& "!re*e "e la #e-a ore

(n& la *le, #! !lareme ; (n& la *le,6 #! 8o% e)anema# ; (n& la 13 *le.Penr! ran%(or!l m<loa#elor ba#erene 4bolo0#e5 %e

8olo%e%# a#ea7 (!r&or #a 7 (enr! armele n!#lear& 7#m#& 4bombele "e a-aţe, (roe#lele, mnele,ra#eele, 0eneraoarele "e aero%ol 7 ale m<loa#e5 $na8ar& "e a#ea%a, re#e(!rle ba#erene 4bolo0#e5 (o 8a(l#ae 7 (e #& "-er%on%e.

Pro#e"e!l (rn#(al "e a(l#are a m<loa#elor ba#erene

4bolo0#e5 e%e n8e#area %ra!l! "e aer "e la%!(ra8aţa %ol!l!. La e)(lo"area m!nţlor %a! la"e#lan7area 0eneraoarelor %e 8ormea*& nor!l "eaero%ol, (e #alea "e (ro(a0are a #&r!a (ar#!lele "ere#e(!r& n8e#ea*& eren!l. E (o%bl& $nreb!nţaream<loa#elor ba#erene 4bolo0#e5 #! a<!or!l n%e#elor,#&(!7elor, ro*&oarelor e#. n8e#ae #! m#rob

(ao0en.



A(l#area "e #&re nam# a armeba#erolo0#e 4bolo0#e5 (oae 8 #on%aa&"!(& !rm&oarele %emne e)eroare -*ble:

6

8ormarea nor!l! "e aero%ol "!(& e)(lo"aream!nţe %a! (!nerea $n 8!n#ţ!ne a0eneraoarelor

6 "e%#o(errea r&m&7ţelor #onanerelor

%(e#ale, m!nţlor 7 alor 8el!r "e armamen6 e)%ena !n! n!m&r mare "e n%e#e, #&(!7e,

ro*&oare ne#!no%#!e $n re0!nea "a& e#.M#rob (ao0en n! (o 8 "e%#o(erţ #!

or0anele "e %mţ ale om!l!. A#e% l!#r! e(o%bl n!ma #! a<!or!l m<loa#elor en#e"e #er#eare ba#erolo0#& 4bolo0#&5ne%(e#8#&.

A ţ & " $ l



6 A0enţ (ao0en (o (&r!n"e $n or0an%m!l!man (e "8ere #&:

6 la n%(rarea aer!l! n8e#a

6 la #on%!marea a(e 7 almenelor n8e#ae6 la (&r!n"erea m#roblor $n %n0e (rn r&nle

"e%#%e 7 %!(ra8eţele "e ar%!r&6 (rn $nţe(&!rle n%e#elor n8e#ae6 $n #a*!l #ona#!l! #! oamen bolna-,

anmalele bolna-e, #! obe#ele n8e#ae 7 n!n!ma $n momen!l a(l#&r m<loa#elorba#erene 4bolo0#e5, # 7 (e%e !n m( $n"el!n0a "!(& a(l#area a#e%ora, "a#& n! %;ae8e#!a raarea %anar& a (er%onal!l!.

6 In"# 0eneral ale m!lor bol n8e#ţoa%e %$nem(era!ra $nal& a #or(!l! 7 a%ena#on%"erabl&, (re#!m 7 r&%(n"rea ra("& aa#e%ora, #eea #e "!#e la a(arţa 8o#arelor "e

n8e#ţe 7 no)#aţe.

Proe#ţa nem<lo#& a (er%onal!l! $n (eroa"a



6 Proe#ţa nem<lo#& a (er%onal!l! $n (eroa"aa(l#&r "e #&re nam# a arme ba#erolo0#e4bolo0#e5 %e a%0!r& (rn $nreb!nţarea m<loa#elorn"-"!ale 7 #ole#-e "e (roe#ţe, (re#!m 7(rn 8olo%rea m<loa#elor "e (ro8la)e !r0en&

e)%ene $n r!%a 8arma#e!#& n"-"!al&.6 Per%onal!l a8la $n 8o#ar!l "e n8e#ţe ba#erolo0#&

4bolo0#&5 e%e obl0a %& 8olo%ea%#& la m( 7#ore# m<loa#ele "e (roe#ţe, %& re%(e#e #!%r#eţe re0!lle "e 0en& (er%onal&, %& n! %#oa&m<loa#ele n"-"!ale "e (roe#ţe 8&r& (erm%!nea

#oman"an!l!, %& n! an0& armamen!l, en#amlar& 7 maeralele (n& la "e*n8e#areaa#e%ora, %& n! #on%!me a(& 7 (ro"!%e almenarea8lae $n 8o#ar!l "e n8e#ţe, %& n! ran%m&%!b!n&ţlor 7 (o(!laţe #-le nen8e#a& m<loa#eba#erene 4bolo0#e5 7 %& n! le ran%m& (ro"!%e,%& r"#e (ra8, %& n! !mble (rn !87!r 7 (rn arb&"ea%&, %& n! nre $n #ona# #! (er%onal!lalmenar, a(&, $mbr&#&mne, en#& 7 alemaerale, %& ra(ore*e me"a #oman"an!l! 7 %&#ear& a<!or me"#al la a(arţa (rmelor n"# "e $mboln&-re 4"!rer "e #a(, n"%(o*ţe, r"#area

Documents

ARMA NUCLEARĂ, CHIMICĂ ŞI BACTERIOLOGICĂ