Archezoa

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Archaezoa

Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life

Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!

Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)

Growth = irreversible change in size

Reproduction…failure = extinction

Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior

Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8

Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria

Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans

Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids

Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes

Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae

Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae

Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae

Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds

True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi

Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes

Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes

Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans

Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Lumpers SplittersAnimalia Protista

How Many Kingdoms?

Mul

ticell

ular

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trache

ophy

tes

Bryop

hytes

True F

ungi

Slime M

olds

Red al

gae

Brown A

lgae

Green A

lgae

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Archez

oans

Archae

bacte

ria

Bacter

ia

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Protista appears

How Many Kingdoms?

Mul

ticell

ular

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trache

ophy

tes

Bryop

hytes

True F

ungi

Slime M

olds

Red al

gae

Brown A

lgae

Green A

lgae

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Archez

oans

Archae

bacte

ria

Bacter

ia

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Protista appears

Protista refined

How Many Kingdoms?

Mul

ticell

ular

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trache

ophy

tes

Bryop

hytes

True F

ungi

Slime M

olds

Red al

gae

Brown A

lgae

Green A

lgae

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Archez

oans

Archae

bacte

ria

Bacter

ia

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Protista appears

Protista refined

Still needs refining!

How Many Kingdoms?

Mul

ticell

ular

Animals

Myx

ozoa

ns

Proto

zoan

s

Trache

ophy

tes

Bryop

hytes

True F

ungi

Slime M

olds

Red al

gae

Brown A

lgae

Green A

lgae

Chrys

ophy

tes

Euglen

oids

Archez

oans

Archae

bacte

ria

Bacter

ia

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Cyanobacterium endosymbiosis

Eukaryotes ARE Chim

eras!

Eubacteriumendosymbiosis

http

://w

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n.jp

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Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events!

Archezoans

• “Protozoan parasites without mitochondria or Golgi”

• Oldest nucleated cells Diverged from other Eukaryotes 2bybp…

prior to ER and Golgi evolution

Lack peroxisomes

Ribosomes are 70S but NOT 80S

• 400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!)

• Three phyla:1. Archaeamoebae/Pelobiontida (Pelomyxa)2. Metamonada (Giardia)3. Microsporidia

http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html

Uroid

Glycogen body

Vacuoles

Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria

Pelomyxa palustrisFree-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic)

Phagocytosis active

At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons!

Anterior uroid (macropseudopodium) for amoeboid movement

Smaller pseudopodia do not enlarge

Accumulate glycogen reserves

http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/frame3.html

Reproduction:

Nuclei

“Daughter” Amoeba

Mitosis of nucleus

Cytokinesis by furrowing

What would you suggest has been a large component of this individual’s phagocytosis diet?

Diplomonad intestinal parasite

2 nuclei in anterior of cell

Motility 2 anterior flagella 4 ventral flagella 2 posterior flagella

Ventral disc ridges provide adhesion to host

Giardia lamblia

http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-trph.jpg

http://www.nps.gov/olym/people/giardia.jpg

Giardia lamblia

Humans ingest water… cyst grows into trophozoite (shown)… parasite attaches to intestinal wall

Parasite proliferates and, as digestion continues, are torn from lining leading to bloody diarrhea

http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-cyst2.jpg

Parasite cyst in feces of beaver released into watershed

Giardia lamblia

http://atlas.or.kr/atlas/include/viewImg.html?uid=302

http

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Parasite cyst showing environmentally-stable wall of cyst, ectoplasm, endoplasm with 2 of 4 nuclei

Trophozoites in various planes of section showing nuclei, flagellae, etc.

Adhesive disc from ventral surface of trophozoite.

http://bioweb.usu.edu/emlab/Galleries/parasites/color_microsporidia.jpg

Nosema locustae

Microsporidian parasite of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets

http

://e

ntom

olog

y.un

l.edu

/im

ages

/ben

efic

ials

/pro

tozo

an/n

osem

a1.jp

g

http://www.agecology.com/productlogos/nolobait.gif

Used as a form of biological control

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/entomology/brooks/6a_d.jpg

Nosema algerae

Microsporidian parasite of mosquitoes

Wet Mount

Scanning EM

Transmission EM

Nosema apis

http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/hartmann/images/fumagillin.jpg

Control by Fumagillin-B from

Aspergillus fumigatus

http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/pest&disease/slide39.htm

Microsporidian parasite of honeybees

Swollen intestinal system, loss of banding patterns

Diarrhea, winterkill