arapska gramatika

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Naglaa Ghali

Copyright © 2007 Fun with Arabic

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without thepermission in writing from the copyright owner. Reproducing passages from thisbook without such written permission is an infringement of copyright law.

Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be e-mailed to Fun with Arabic, [email protected]

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Ghali, NaglaaArabic grammar unravelled / Naglaa Ghali.

Includes index.ISBN 978-0-9730512-2-3

1. Arabic language—Grammar. 2. Arabic language—Text-booksfor second language learners—English speakers. I. Title.

PJ6307.G48 2008 492.782’421 C2007-905108-1

This book was printed in China

1 2 3 4 5 12 11 10 09 08

All inquiries should be addressed [email protected]://www.funwitharabic.com

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ARABIC GRAMMAR UNRAVELLED is an introductory coursecovering the fundamentals of Modern Standard Arabicgrammar. With so many irregularities and rules behindvocalizations, coupled with the fact that spoken Arabic doesnot strictly adhere to rules of grammar, Arabic grammar canbe an intimidating and difficult subject to study.

In this book, you will learn the essentials of grammar withoutlengthy explanation of rules. The book focuses on the languageas it is used by today’s speakers. It only includes rules thatare key to Modern Standard Arabic, and not that of classicalArabic. It does not encompass the entire Arabic grammar; somerules are beyond the scope of this book.

The book gives a brief explanation of each topic, which providesa jumpstart for new learners of the language and a quickreference guide for advanced learners of Arabic.

The exercises and drills offered in this book are excellentpractice for those who like a hands-on approach for learningthe language. They are designed to be interesting andstimulating to the learner, and they aim at making you love thelanguage. Not only will you learn the rules of Arabic grammaryou will also be introduced to new vocabulary, phrases andshort dialogues, which are useful for day-to-day situations.

Modern Standard Arabic is the written form of the language. Itis only spoken in newscasts, public speeches, and other formalsettings. Spoken Arabic varies between one Arab country andanother, while written Arabic is the same throughout the Arab

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world. Occasionally, you will encounter different styles inwriting, vocabulary, and pronunciations. Just as the Englishlanguage varies between its uses of “colour” and “color” or“cookies” and “biscuits,” Arabic too has various styles of writing.The differences are not profound and are understood by themajority of speakers. This book adopts the Egyptian style ofwriting Modern Standard Arabic.

People study Arabic for a variety of reasons. Whether forbusiness or leisure, to discover the culture, or travel, this booktries to cater for different learners’ needs. Unless you want topursue advanced Arabic studies, don’t be intimidated by theirregularities of the language. Study the rule first and keepirregularities as a reference. Set your own pace and keep onstudying. After you have mastered enough Arabic, you can goback to lessons that you may have found difficult in thebeginning, and try to study them again. Always remember thatnot all Arabic speakers adhere to all of the grammatical rulesyou are about to study. In this book, we will often point outrules, which are generally ignored by native speakers.

Transliteration provided in this book is intended to help youimitate the pronunciation of the Arabic words. Sounds that areunique to the Arabic language are provided using a capitalletter. These usually indicate an emphatic sound, not the stresson a syllable. In general, Arabic does not have stressedsyllables. Arabic also has no silent letters, all letters need tobe pronounced. Rules governing vocalization of arabic aretricky to study, vowel marks are generally not written in ModernStandard Arabic. Transliteration provided in this book onlyincludes vowel sounds that are key to pronunciation or whichhelp explain grammatical rules.

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You (masculine, singular)

You (feminine, singular)

He

She

We

You (dual)

You (masculine, plural)

You (feminine, plural)

They (dual)

They (masculine)

They (feminine)

Personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things. InEnglish there are eight pronouns; in Arabic, there are twelve.

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The personal pronoun “It” does not exist in the Arabiclanguage. In Arabic, all nouns are either masculine or feminine,including inanimate objects and abstracts. We will cover thisin more detail in the Nouns and Adjectives section.

A special characteristic of Arabic is that it has personalpronouns for duals. This refers to two persons and is the samefor both masculine and feminine. Another characteristic of thelanguage is that it has a special pronoun for the second andthird person feminine plural (you & they). First person singularand plural (I & we) are the same for both masculine andfeminine.

In spoken Arabic, the feminine plural and the dual aregenerally ignored. The masculine plural form is used insteadof the feminine plural and also replaces the masculine andfeminine duals. This also applies to informal written Arabic.

In Arabic, the gender and number of a pronoun are usuallyunderstood from the structure of a verb. That is why personalpronouns are often omitted from a sentence. You will learnmore about this when you study Verbs and Tenses.

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My name is

She is pretty

We are friends

Where are you (f,s) from?

You (d) are from Australia

You (m,s) speak Arabic

They (f) are from Lebanon

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Mother

Father

Son

Uncle (maternal)

Uncle (paternal)

Brother

Sister

Fiancé

Husband

Friend

Girl (young woman)

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Hello

Hello and welcome

Here you are/Please come in

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You’re welcome/Pardon

Fine/O.K.

Where?

From where?

Beautiful

Big

Small

Good morning

Good morning (reply)

Good evening

God willing

Peace be with you

Question particle

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(For questions that require yes or no answer)

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Tarek and a group of his foreign friends meet with Mona. Followtheir conversation. Take note of the exchange of greetings andthe use of personal pronouns. Translation is provided in theAnswers section at the end of the book.

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Arabic nouns are either masculine or feminine. In Arabic, thereare no neutral nouns.Most feminine nouns follow one of the following patterns:

1. The most common form is a noun ending with a taa’marbooTa T�%�UP

2. The alif maqSoora TV�U (see page 7 ).

3. Most —not all—of the nouns ending with an alif and a hamza( ,�� ).

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A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, idea orquality. Arabic nouns share some characteristics that may notbe familiar in English.

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1. Nouns have a gender; they are masculine or feminine.Even inanimate or abstract objects have a gender.2. Nouns are definite or indefinite.3. Nouns are singular, dual, or plural.4. Nouns have three grammatical cases: nominative, accu-sative, and genitive.

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DesertSky

Music

GardenLibrary

A tip to help you out: When forming the feminine, mostnouns related to people, their profession, social status andnationality are formed by adding the taa’ marbooTa to the mas-culine form.

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Man/Woman

Boy/Girl

Sea/Sky

River/Land

Peace/War

Pen/Bag

Desk (office)/Room

House/Garden

Bull/Cow

Rooster/Chicken

Married (m)/(f)

Engineer (m)/(f)

Moroccan (m)/(f)

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The masculine noun is followed by the feminine.

MotherBride

SunFire

5. Plus a few nouns that do not fall into any of these patterns.

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The past tense, also referred to as the perfect tense, is usedto express an action completed in the past. In Arabic, the pasttense is formed by adding suffixes to the root word.

Let’s look at the example ��F� (kataba) or to write.

I wrote

You wrote (m,s)

You wrote (f,s)

He wrote

She wrote

We wrote

You wrote (m,p)

You wrote (f,p)

They wrote (m,p)

They wrote (f,p)

You (m & f,d)

They (m,d)

They (f,d)

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The plane landed

The planes landed

The sparrow escaped from the cage

The sparrows escaped from the cage

In the above examples, note that the noun�J�>`20� “the sparrow”is masculine. The verb given with its plural is in the third personfeminine singular (she).

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One point to remember if you want to dive into theintricacies of the Arabic grammar: The subject of the sentenceis always in the nominative case. That is, it takes a ( � 0 � � ) - 0 T D 2 7 l i n e . r e 9 1 T f v e r b g i v t h e t h i e n w i t o e n t e n c e

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A preposition is a word used to express a noun’s or pronoun’srelation to other words in a sentence. A preposition generallydefines location, direction, or duration of its noun. In Arabic,prepositions are known as huruf al-garr (genitive letters) sincea word following a preposition is always in the genitive. Arabicprepositions are either separate or attached. A separate prepo-sition is a word that comes before a noun. An attached prepo-sition is a letter connected to the noun.

In, at

From

On

To

About, away from

With

For, to

By, with, at, in

Like, as

By (of oath)*

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I live in Australia

I am from Canada

I travelled from Beirut to Cairo

He travelled by train

The book is on the shelf

We met at the university

Successful like his father

By God, I won’t let you go

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Most of the following words are referred to in English asprepositions but are known in Arabic as adverbs of place.

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In front of

Behind

Above

Under

After

Towards

Between

Right

Left

At, near

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Accusative, see Grammatical casesAdjectives 43-49Alif laam 29, 44

Moon letters 29-30Sun letters 29-30

Alphabet 3Case endings 28, 30, 32-33, 38, 57, 106, 108Colours 46Days of the week 114Definite 29, 44 see alif laamDerived verbs 72, 135Dictionary, use of 126-128Dual 11, 17, 38, 103Feminine see GenderGender

Feminine 7, 26-27, 32-34, 43, 46, 102-107Masculine 26-27, 32-33, 46, 102-106

Genitive see Grammatical casesGrammatical Cases

Accusative 28, 30- 32, 38, 57, 97, 104Genitive 28, 30, 32-33, 38, 88, 103Nominative 28, 30, 32, 38, 44, 57

Indefinite 30, 44Masculine see GenderMonth

Western 119, 121Islamic calendar 120-121

Nominative case see Grammatical cases

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NumbersCardinal 102-108Ordinal 109-110

Object 28, 30, 32, 38, 55, 57Plural 32-37, 43, 103Possession 16Prefixes 29, 46, 54, 59, 61, 64Prepositions 28, 38, 88-94Pronouns

Personal 10-14Demonstrative 19-24Possessive 16-17

Pronoun suffixes 16Verbs 78Prepositions 92

Root words 52, 66, 72, 126-128, 135Sentences

Nominal 44, 97Verbal 55-57, 60-62

Shadda 5, 66-68Subject 28, 32, 38, 44, 55, 57Suffixes 16, 32-33, 54, 59, 78, 92Taa’ marbooTa 7, 17, 26-27, 31, 46, 106Tanween 5, 30-31Tenses

Past 54, 96Present 59, 95Imperative 64Future 61, 96

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arapska gramatika