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Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater

Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

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Page 1: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10)

MarineFreshwater

Page 2: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Page 3: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

TypesMarine (saltwater)

Coastal zoneEstuaries

• coastal wetland• bays

Rocky and sandy shores - intertidal zonesbarrier islandscoral reefs

Open Sea

Freshwater lotic lentic

Page 4: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Types of life

Plankton: phytoplankton - cyanobacteria to large

“seaweed” algaeno plants in ocean ecosystems

zooplankton - protozoans to jellyfishNekton: fish, turtles, whalesBenthos: bottom-dwelling

Barnacles, oysters, worms, lobstersDecomposers - mostly bacteria

Page 5: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Three layers -

Depends on depth What other factors?Layers

euphotic zone twilight zone aphotic zone

Page 6: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Physical Factors Factors determining biotic

temperature access to sunlight availability of nutrients

CO2 - reduces global warming• CO2 CaCO3 ; stored: sediments, shells, skeletons

Nutrients• sufficient in most freshwater• open ocean, short supply, except in upwellings

dissolved oxygenWhat factors affect this?

Page 7: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Dep

th (

met

ers)

Concentration of dissolved gas(parts per million by weight)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

90 94 98 102 106 110

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

CO2

O21.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5

CO2

O2

Dep

th (

feet

)

Figure 7-4Page 146

© 2004 B

roo

ks/Co

le – Th

om

son

Learn

ing

Page 8: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Not earth, but Ocean Planet

71% of earth’s surface99.5% of world’s habitable volumeClimate regulation - distribute heatCarbon sinksBiodiversity: unknown numbers of

speciesEconomic services:food, pharmaceuticals,

minerals and energy, recreation

Page 9: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Life Zones: oceans

Coastal areas Estuarine zone Intertidal zone

Open oceans

Page 10: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems
Page 11: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Coastal Zone

From high tide, into estuaries, to edge of continental shelves warm, nutrient rich water Includes intertidal zone 10% of oceans, 90% of all life High productivity

Page 12: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Coastal life zones

Estuaries: fresh mixes with salt Values waste treatment and fish production Breeding and nurseries bays, inlets, river mouths Coastal Wetlands: salt marshes, mangroves

Sandy and Rocky ShoresBarrier Islands

Page 13: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Figure 7-8Page 148

Page 14: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Figure 7-15Page 153

Barrier Islands - Can They Last

Page 15: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Openocean

Sound Shallowbay Creek

Tidalriver

Salt marsh (estuary)

Barrier Islands (pg 152)

How formed?

Why important?

How do humans use and alter them?

Page 16: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Ocean Beach

Intensive recreation,no building

Primary Dune

No direct passage

or building

Trough

Limitedrecreation

and walkways

Secondary Dune

No direct passage

or building

Bay orLagoon

Intensiverecreation

Back Dune

Most suitablefor development

Grasses or shrubs Taller shrubs

Taller shrubs and trees

Bay shoreNo filling

Why protect the dunes?

Figure 7-14Page 152

Page 17: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Herring gulls

Snowyegret

Peregrine falcon

Cordgrass

Short-billeddowitcher

Marshperiwinkle

Bacteria

Clamworm

Soft-shelledclam

Zooplankton andsmall crustaceans

Phytoplankton

Smelt

Producerto primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondaryconsumer

Secondary to higher-levelconsumer

All producers and consumers todecomposers

Figure 7-11Page 150

Page 18: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Barrier beach

Silversides

Blue crab

Low tide

Dwarfolive

Clam

Beach flea

Tiger beetle

High tide

GhostshrimpMole

shrimp

Sandpiper

Peanut worm

White sandmacoma

Sand dollar Moon snail

Figure 7-12 (2)Page 151

Page 19: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Figure 7-13Page 152

Black skimmerseizes small fishat water surface

Flamingofeeds on minuteorganismsin mud

Scaup and otherdiving ducks feed onmollusks, crustaceans,and aquatic vegetation

Brown pelican dives for fish,which it locates from the air

Avocet sweeps bill throughmud and surface water in search of small crustaceans,insects, and seeds

Louisiana heron wades intowater to seize small fish

Oystercatcher feeds onclams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak

Dowitcher probes deeplyinto mud in search ofsnails, marine worms,and small crustaceans

Knot (a sandpiper) picks upworms and small crustaceansleft by receding tide

Herring gull is atireless scavenger

Ruddy turnstone searchesunder shells and pebbles for small invertebrates

Piping plover feedson insects and tinycrustaceans on sandy beaches

Specialized feeding niches = resource partitioning

Page 20: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Coral ReefsAmong oldest, most diverse, most

productive ecosystemsHow are they produced?Threats

Suspended soil sediment from rivers Depletion ozone - UV radiation Chemicals, pesticides runoff Cyanide and commercial fishing Oil spills

Page 21: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Gray reef shark

Green seaturtle

Sea nettle

Fairy basslet

Bluetangs

Brittle star Banded coralshrimp

Sergeant majorParrot fish

Hard coralsAlgae

Phytoplankton

Symbioticalgae

Zooplankton

Sponges

Bacteria

Morayeel

Blackcap basslet

Coney

Producerto primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondaryconsumer

Secondary to higher-levelconsumer

All consumers and producers todecomposers

Figure 7-16Page 154

Page 22: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Threats to coral reefsFigure 7-17Page 155

Ocean warming

Soil erosion

Algae growth from fertilizer runoff

Mangrove destruction

Coral reef bleaching

Rising sea levels

Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion

Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish

Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry

Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers

Page 23: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Open SeaBegins with sharp increase in depth at edge of

continental shelvesLow net productivity, but largest contribution

to overall biomass productionThree zones

euphotic - 90% ocean’s surface, 10% of fishonly area of photosynthesis

bathyal - migration to surface abyssal - high nutrient levels

Drift down may supply most of energy-deposit feeders

some chemosynthesis98% of 250,0000 marine species

Page 24: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Lakes

Distinct zonesLittoral - most productive- Why?Open water

epilimnion thermocline hypolimnion benthos

Why exist: glaciers, volcanoes, crust displacement

Page 25: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems
Page 26: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Oligotropic vs. Eutrophic

Oligtrophic - nutrient poor deeper, colder, low primary productivity very clear water

Eutrophic shallower, water lower visibility, higher

NPP due to phytoplanktonCultural eutrophication

High productivity, followed by lowered DO

Page 27: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Types of Lakes: Oligotrophic

Fig. 7-21 p. 158

Page 28: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Types of Lakes: Eutrophic

Fig. 7-21 p. 158

Page 29: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Seasonal Changes

Summer- Epilimnion: less dense warm and higher

oxygen Hypolimnion: colder, denser, lower DO

Fall and spring: “overturns” as water reaches 40 C. and becomes most dense

Page 30: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Seasonal Changes in Lakes Epilimnion Epilimnion

Thermocline Thermocline

Hypolimnion Hypolimnion

Fall overturn Fall overturn

Springoverturn

Springoverturn Fig. 7-22 p. 159Fig. 7-22 p. 159

Page 31: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Streams and Rivers

Recharge - runoff and groundwaterStream orders

1st: no tributaries2nd: one tributary3rd: 2nd order streams join

Life zones of a river(contrast chacteristics - page 159) Source waters Transition zone - middle reaches Floodplain zone- leading to mouth and estuary

Page 32: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

River Ecosystem

Fig. 7-23 p. 160

Page 33: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Watersheds of PA Major rivers Primary land uses Relative size Pollution concerns Invasive species concerns

Page 34: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

WetlandsDelineation

hydric soils high water table plants adapted to wetland conditions

Types of wetlandsWetland destruction – U.S. loss of at least

50% drained and converted to farmland, filled for

housing developments and industrial facilities, or used to dispose of household and industrial waste.

Page 35: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Values of Wetlands

Wetlands are natural wonderlands of great value.

Wetlands help regulate water levels within watersheds;

improve water quality; reduce flood and storm damages; provide important fish and wildlife habitat; support hunting, fishing, and other

recreational activities.

Page 36: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems
Page 37: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Inland Wetlands

Fig. 7-25 p. 162Fig. 7-25 p. 162

Page 38: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems
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Page 41: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems
Page 42: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Plants and Animals of a Bog EcosystemPlants and Animals of a Bog Ecosystem

Page 43: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems
Page 44: Aquatic Ecosystems (09-10) Marine Freshwater Worlds Aquatic Ecosystems

Protection of Wetlands

Section 401 of Clean Water ActWater Quality Standards and Designated

Uses A use attainability analysis must be conducted

for any water body with designated uses that do not include the "fishable/swimmable" goal uses identified in the section 101(a)(2) of the Act. Such water bodies must be reexamined every three years to determine if new information has become available that would warrant a revision of the standard.